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Gu X, Chen Y, Lou Y, Zheng J. Separation and characterization of forced degradation products in homoharringtonine injection by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 176:112801. [PMID: 31430625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A rapid ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) method was developed for separation and characterization of the degradation products in HHT injection. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18 HD column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.8μm) using methanol- ammonium formate (pH 3.0; 30 mM) (30:70, v/v) as mobile phase in an isocratic mode of elution. Forced degradation studies were conducted under hydrolytic (acidic and alkaline), oxidative, photolytic and thermal stress conditions as described in ICH. A total of eleven forced degradation products were detected and the drug was found to be susceptible to all the tested stress conditions. The degradation products were characterized through Q-TOF fragmentation studies and their fragmentation pathways were proposed. Seven of them have not been reported or described as degradation product before, and one of them was further confirmed by reference substance. In addition, plausible mechanisms for the formation of the degradation products were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Gu
- Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou 310004, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou 310004, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongjun Lou
- Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou 310004, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinqi Zheng
- Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou 310004, Zhejiang, China.
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Pérard-Viret J, Quteishat L, Alsalim R, Royer J, Dumas F. Cephalotaxus Alkaloids. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2017; 78:205-352. [PMID: 28838429 PMCID: PMC7110560 DOI: 10.1016/bs.alkal.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cephalotaxus alkaloids represent a family of plant secondary metabolites known for 60 years. Significant activity against leukemia in mice was demonstrated for extracts of Cephalotaxus. Cephalotaxine (CET) (1), the major alkaloid of this series was isolated from Cephalotaxus drupacea species by Paudler in 1963. The subsequent discovery of promising antitumor activity among new Cephalotaxus derivatives reported by Chinese, Japanese, and American teams triggered extensive structure elucidation and biological studies in this family. The structural feature of this cephalotaxane family relies mainly on its tetracyclic alkaloid backbone, which comprises an azaspiranic 1-azaspiro[4.4]nonane unit (rings C and D) and a benzazepine ring system (rings A and B), which is linked by its C3 alcohol function to a chiral oxygenated side chain by a carboxylic function alpha to a tetrasubstituted carbon center. The botanical distribution of these alkaloids is limited to the Cephalotaxus genus (Cephalotaxaceae). The scope of biological activities of the Cephalotaxus alkaloids is mainly centered on the antileukemic activity of homoharringtonine (HHT) (2), which in particular demonstrated marked benefits in the treatment of orphan myeloid leukemia and was approved as soon as 2009 by European Medicine Agency and by US Food and Drug Administration in 2012. Its exact mechanism of action was partly elucidated and it was early recognized that HHT (2) inhibited protein synthesis at the level of the ribosome machinery. Interestingly, after a latency period of two decades, the topic of Cephalotaxus alkaloids reemerged as a prolific source of new natural structures. To date, more than 70 compounds have been identified and characterized. Synthetic studies also regained attention during the past two decades, and numerous methodologies were developed to access the first semisynthetic HHT (2) of high purity suitable for clinical studies, and then high grade enantiomerically pure CET (1), HHT (2), and analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Pérard-Viret
- Université Paris Descartes, CNRS, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Laith Quteishat
- Université Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Rana Alsalim
- Université Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Jacques Royer
- Université Paris Descartes, CNRS, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Dumas
- Université Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Liu D, Xing J, Xiong F, Yang F, Gu N. Preparation and in vivo safety evaluations of antileukemic homoharringtonine-loaded PEGylated liposomes. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 43:652-660. [PMID: 28005445 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2016.1275670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve the in vivo safety and specific delivery efficiency of the antileukemic homoharringtonine (HHT) at the targets, the long-circulating PEGylated liposomes loaded with HHT (LCLipo-HHT) were prepared. Their physical characteristics, in vitro drug release, in vivo pharmacokinetic properties and elementary toxicity were evaluated. The mean diameter of the prepared LCLipo-HHT is 75.6 ± 3.2 nm and the zeta potential is -16.9 ± 2.5 mV. The entrapment efficiency of HHT in the liposomes is 69.5 ± 1.7%. In pharmacokinetic experiments, an increased plasma concentration as well as blood circulation time was obtained when distearoyl phosphoethanolamine-PEG 2000 lipid was added in the formulation, which results in enhancing drug delivery efficiency. Hemolysis test, vascular irritation test and acute toxicity test were used to demonstrate toxicity of LCLipo-HHT. Compared with clinical HHT injection dosage, LCLipo-HHT indicated no vascular irritation, good hemocompatibility, as well as much better safety. Therefore, the prepared LCLipo-HHT can be used as a promising anticancer formulation for antileukemic therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices , School of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China.,b Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine R&D , West Anhui University , Lu'an , P.R. China
| | - Jing Xing
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices , School of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Fei Xiong
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices , School of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Fang Yang
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices , School of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Ning Gu
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices , School of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China
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Validation of high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assays quantifying omacetaxine mepesuccinate and its 4'‑des-methyl and cephalotaxine metabolites in human plasma and urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1002:152-9. [PMID: 26319804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Omacetaxine mepesuccinate (hereafter called omacetaxine) is a modified cephalotaxine and is registered (Synribo(®)) for the treatment of adult patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) with resistance and/or intolerance to two or more tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of omacetaxine, sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assays for the quantification of omacetaxine and its inactive 4'-des-methyl (4'-DMHHT) and cephalotaxine metabolites in human plasma and urine were developed and validated. Since omacetaxine is mainly metabolised by esterases, the plasma samples were immediately stabilised after collection with an esterase inhibitor and stored at a nominal temperature of -80°C. Urine samples were stored at -80°C immediately after collection. Protein precipitation was applied as the sample pretreatment method for the plasma samples, and urine samples were processed using solid-phase extraction (SPE). For both assays, the dried and reconstituted extracts were injected on a XBridge BEH Phenyl column for analysis of all analytes. Gradient elution was applied with 0.1% formic acid in water and methanol as mobile phases. Analytes were ionised using a turbospray ionisation source in positive mode and detected with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The validated plasma assay quantifies all analytes in the concentration range of 0.1-100ng/mL and the urine assay in the range of 0.1-50ng/mL. At all concentrations, the accuracies were within ±15% of the nominal concentrations and precisions were ≤15%. The developed methods have successfully been applied in a human mass balance study of omacetaxine.
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Lee JY, Kim JH. Removal of residual methylene chloride from homoharringtonine by pre-treatment with ethanol. Process Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Marenah L, Allan EK, Mountford JC, Holyoake TL, Jørgensen HG, Elliott MA. Investigation into omacetaxine solution stability for in vitro study. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 26:545-7. [PMID: 21830228 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Omacetaxine is a natural product extract originating from Chinese medicine and finding therapeutic use as a potent myelosuppressive agent in leukemia. When planning in vitro cell biology experiments to assess omacetaxine activity against primary leukemic stem cells, it became apparent that the literature rarely describes the in vitro stability of the molecule, although accessible chromatographic methods have been published. Clearly whole organisms vs their component cells will differ in the way in which they handle xenobiotics, with the latter more dependent on physiochemical parameters such as pH and temperature in the absence of active metabolism or excretion. This could impact on the cells' experience of drug in culture. We therefore report here on examination of a modified, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with assessment of degradant production from a 72 h solution stability study, clearly demonstrating that omacetaxine is highly stable in representative cell culture conditions (37 °C, neutral pH) and persists for many days in marked contrast to its short-half life in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamin Marenah
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Davidson Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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Kim BS, Kim JH. Characterization of solvent induced crystalline and amorphous homoharringtonine. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-009-0181-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Stanisz B. Liquid Chromatographic Studies of the Stability of Benazepril in Pure Form and in Tablets. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-200032748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Stanisz
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Poznań University of Medical Sciences , 6 Grunwaldzka Str. 60‐780, Poznań , Poland
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Tsai TH. Analytical approaches for traditional chinese medicines exhibiting antineoplastic activity. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 764:27-48. [PMID: 11817032 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00277-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicines have attracted great interest in recent researchers as alternative antineoplastic therapies. This review focuses on analytical approaches to various aspects of the antineoplastic ingredients of traditional Chinese medicines. Emphasis will be put on the processes of biological sample extraction, separation, clean-up steps and the detection. The problems of the extraction solvent selection and different types of column chromatography are also discussed. The instruments considered are gas chromatography, capillary electrophoresis (CE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) connected with various detectors (ultraviolet, fluorescence, electrochemistry, mass, etc.). In addition, determinations of antineoplastic herbal ingredients, including camptothecin, taxol (paclitaxel), vinblastine. vincristine, podophyllotoxin, colchicine, and their related compounds, such as irinotecan, SN-38, topotecan, 9-aminocamptothecin, docetaxel (taxotere) and etoposide, are briefly summarized. These drugs are structurally based on the herbal ingredients, and some of them are in trials for clinical use. Evaluation of potential antineoplastic herbal ingredients, such as harringtonine, berberine, emodin, genistein, berbamine, daphnoretin, and irisquinone, are currently investigated in laboratories. Other folk medicines are excluded from this paper because their antineoplastic ingredients are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Tsai
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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