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Homann C, Wilke V, Eckey I, Chuppava B, Kaltschmitt M, Zimmermann A, Visscher C. Rye Bran as a Component in the Diets of Lactating Sows-Effects on Sow and Piglet Performance. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:380. [PMID: 38338022 PMCID: PMC10854610 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
From a cost and sustainability perspective, the use of by-products such as rye bran in sow diets is of particular interest. Rye bran has valuable ingredients that have potential benefits for the gut health of sows. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of including 15% rye bran in the sows' feed on the performance of sows and piglets. The feeding started one week before the farrowing date and ended at weaning. Performance was evaluated by measuring sow (n = 175) and piglet body weight (n = 1372) and sows' backfat thickness (n = 80). These data were additionally used to calculate the colostrum intake of the suckling piglets and the sows' milk production. It was found that there were no differences in the performance parameters between the experimental and control groups. However, this study showed that the piglets with light birth weight (LBW (<1000 g)) and medium birth weight (MBW (1000-1500 g) consumed more colostrum when the sows were fed rye bran (LBW: C/R 203.0 ± 39.2 g/214.3 ± 35.9 g; MBW: 291.3 ± 39.0 g/298.5 ± 36.4 g). It can be concluded that including 15% rye bran in the feed of lactating sows has no obvious negative effects on the performance of sows and piglets. Further studies are needed to evaluate the possible positive effects of rye bran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Homann
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (C.H.); (I.E.); (C.V.)
| | - Volker Wilke
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (C.H.); (I.E.); (C.V.)
| | - Isabell Eckey
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (C.H.); (I.E.); (C.V.)
| | - Bussarakam Chuppava
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (C.H.); (I.E.); (C.V.)
| | - Martin Kaltschmitt
- Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany; (M.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Andreas Zimmermann
- Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany; (M.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (C.H.); (I.E.); (C.V.)
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Mykhalevych A, Polishchuk G, Nassar K, Osmak T, Buniowska-Olejnik M. β-Glucan as a Techno-Functional Ingredient in Dairy and Milk-Based Products-A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:6313. [PMID: 36234850 PMCID: PMC9573285 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The article systematizes information about the sources of β-glucan, its technological functions and practical aspects of its use in dairy and milk-based products. According to the analysis of scientific information, the main characteristics of β-glucan classifications were considered: the source of origin, chemical structure, and methods of obtention. It has been established that the most popular in the food technology of dairy products are β-glucans from oat and barley cereal, which exhibit pronounced technological functions in the composition of dairy products (gel formation, high moisture-binding capacity, increased yield of finished products, formation of texture, and original sensory indicators). The expediency of using β-glucan from yeast and mushrooms as a source of biologically active substances that ensure the functional orientation of the finished product has been revealed. For the first time, information on the use of β-glucan of various origins in the most common groups of dairy and milk-based products has been systematized. The analytical review has scientific and practical significance for scientists and specialists in the field of food production, in particular dairy products of increased nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Mykhalevych
- Department of Milk and Dairy Products Technology, National University of Food Technologies, Volodymyrska St. 68, 01033 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Galyna Polishchuk
- Department of Milk and Dairy Products Technology, National University of Food Technologies, Volodymyrska St. 68, 01033 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Khaled Nassar
- Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22516, Egypt
| | - Tetiana Osmak
- Department of Milk and Dairy Products Technology, National University of Food Technologies, Volodymyrska St. 68, 01033 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Magdalena Buniowska-Olejnik
- Department of Dairy Technology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, Ćwiklinskiej 2D St., 35601 Rzeszow, Poland
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Zhu T, Mu Y. Effects of the mashing process and macromolecule contents on the filterability of barley malt. J Food Sci 2022; 87:3048-3056. [PMID: 35638348 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The filterability of barley malt is a critical quality parameter in beer brewing. The effects of two mashing processes (processes A and B) on the filterability of the three barley malts and their macromolecule contents were investigated. Filtration volume increased by 4%, 9%, and 13% for the Baudin, Ganpi, and Gangpi malts, respectively, and the final filtration volume of Gangpi was still poorer than that of Baudin. A downward mashing process (process C) was applied to measure the β-glucan, arabinoxylans (AX), the polymeric arabinoxylan (PAX), and high molecular weight nitrogen (HMWN) content. The β-glucan degradation rate of well-modified malt during malting was higher than that of poorly modified malt, whereas the PAX and HMWN solubilization rates during malting were lower in well-modified malt than in poorly modified malt. The filterability of poorly modified malt did not effectively improve with an initial mashing phase at 37℃. β-Glucan degradation and PAX and HMWN solubilization during malting were critical for ensuring malt quality. Thus, the goal of predicting the filterability of malt was achieved by applying a downward mashing process. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Quality of wort and beer as well as production efficiency is affected by the malt quality. The filterability of barley malt can affect the production efficiency and quality of wort. The change in the macromolecule contents during malting is important to ensure the production of high-quality malt. The results of this study can provide a good method for the detection of malt filtration performance, and it also may contribute to the purpose of prediction the changes in barley malt and the resulting barley malt filterability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiandi Zhu
- Biotechnology Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuwen Mu
- Agricultural Product Storage and Processing Research Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Martínez-Subirà M, Romero MP, Moralejo M, Macià A, Puig E, Savin R, Romagosa I. Post-anthesis thermal stress induces differential accumulation of bioactive compounds in field-grown barley. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:6496-6504. [PMID: 34000070 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a healthy grain because of its high content of dietary fibre and phenolic compounds. It faces periods of high temperature during grain filling, frequently reducing grain weight. Heat stress may also affect some of the bioactive compounds present in the grain. To produce quality grains that provide nutritional and health benefits, it is important to understand the effect of environmental stresses on the quantity and quality of bioactive compounds. RESULTS We have studied the effect of post-anthesis thermal stress on barley bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity under Mediterranean field conditions during two consecutive growing seasons in four barley genotypes. Thermal stress affected grain weight and size and changed the relative composition of bioactive compounds. The relationship between heat stress and grain β-glucans and arabinoxylans content was indirect, as the resulting increases in concentrations were due to the lower grain weight under stress. Conversely, heat stress had a significant direct impact on some phenolic compounds, increasing their concentrations differentially across genotypes, which contributed to an improvement in antioxidant capacity of up to 30%. CONCLUSION Post-anthesis thermal stress had a significant effect on β-glucans, arabinoxylans, phenolic compound concentration and antioxidant capacity of barley grains. Final grain quality could, at least partially, be controlled in order to increase the bioactive concentrations in the barley grain, by cultivation in growing areas prone to heat stress. Late sowings or late flowering genotypes could also be considered, should a premium be implemented to compensate for lower yields. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marian Moralejo
- University of Lleida - AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Alba Macià
- University of Lleida - AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Eva Puig
- University of Lleida - AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Roxana Savin
- University of Lleida - AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, Lleida, Spain
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Habiyaremye C, Schroeder KL, Reganold JP, White D, Packer D, Murphy KM. Effect of Nitrogen and Seeding Rate on β-Glucan, Protein, and Grain Yield of Naked Food Barley in No-Till Cropping Systems in the Palouse Region of the Pacific Northwest. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.663445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) has a storied history as a food crop, and it has long been a dietary staple of peoples in temperate climates. Contemporary research studies have focused mostly on hulled barley for malt and animal feed. As such, nitrogen (N) and seeding rate agronomic data for naked food barley are lacking. In this study, we evaluated the effects of N on ß-glucan and protein content, and N and seeding rate on phenotypic characteristics of naked food barley, including grain yield, emergence, plant height, days to heading, days to maturity, test weight, percent plump kernels, and percent thin kernels. Experiments were conducted at two no-till farms, located in Almota, WA, and Genesee, ID, in the Palouse region of the Pacific Northwest from 2016 to 2018. The experiment comprised two varieties (“Havener” and “Julie”), employed N rates of 0, 62, 95, 129, and 162 kg N ha−1, and seeding rates of 250, 310, and 375 seeds/m−2. Increased N fertilization rate was shown to significantly increase all response variables, except β-glucan content of the variety Julie, days to heading, test weight, and percent plump and thin kernels. Increased N fertilization resulted in higher mean grain yield of Havener and Julie in both Almota and Genesee up to 95 kg N ha−1. Havener had higher yields (3,908 kg N ha−1) than Julie (3,099 kg N ha−1) across locations and years. Julie had higher β-glucan (8.2%) and protein (12.6%) content compared to Havener (β-glucan = 6.6%; protein = 9.1%). Our results indicate that β-glucan content is associated with genotype, environmental, and agronomic factors in dryland cropping systems of the Palouse.
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Geng L, Li M, Xie S, Wu D, Ye L, Zhang G. Identification of genetic loci and candidate genes related to β-glucan content in barley grain by genome-wide association study in International Barley Core Selected Collection. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2021; 41:6. [PMID: 37309529 PMCID: PMC10236047 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-020-01199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
β-glucan is an important trait to be improved in barley breeding programs, as it greatly affects the quality of the end products when barley grains are used as raw material of feed or malt production or consumed as food for human. Although the genes associated with β-glucan synthesis have been identified, genetic regulation of β-glucan accumulation in barley grains is still completely unclear. In this study, 100 accessions from International Barley Core Selected Collection (BCS) were planted in two environments for two consecutive years to determine the genotypic variation of grain β-glucan content. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified 14 stable marker-trait associations (MTAs) (-Log10(P)> 4) for grain β-glucan content. Significantly positive correlation was found between grain β-glucan content and the number of favorable alleles of 14 stable MTAs. Seven putative candidate genes encoding some enzymes in glucose metabolism were found to be associated with β-glucan content. One of the putative genes, HORVU6Hr1G088380, could be an important gene controlling barely β-glucan content, with the SNPs being closely linked in all tested accessions and divided into two haplotypes. High resolution melting (HRM) analysis of the first SNP suggested that the HRM-SNP marker is valid for marker-assisted selection in barley breeding. This study provides useful information for the genes and markers related to grain β-glucan content in barley. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-020-01199-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- La Geng
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Mengdi Li
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Shanggeng Xie
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Dezhi Wu
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Lingzhen Ye
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi, 276000 China
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi, 276000 China
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7
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Baasandorj T, Ohm J, Simsek S. Physicochemical and bread‐making characteristics of millstreams obtained from an experimental long‐flow mill in hard red spring wheat. Cereal Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cche.10391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jae‐Bom Ohm
- USDA‐ARS Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center Cereal Crops Research Unit Hard Spring and Durum Wheat Quality Laboratory North Dakota State University Fargo ND USA
| | - Senay Simsek
- Department of Plant Sciences North Dakota State University Fargo ND USA
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8
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Yousif AM, Evans DE. Changes in malt quality during production in two commercial malt houses. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adel M. Yousif
- Australian Export Grains Innovation Centre; 3 Baron-Hay Court South Perth WA 6151 Australia
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, College of Science and Engineering; University of Tasmania; Sandy Bay Campus TAS 7005 Australia
| | - D. Evan Evans
- The Tassie Beer Dr Consulting; 15 Rianna Road Lindisfarne Tasmania 7015 Australia
- School of Natural Sciences; University of Tasmania; Sandy Bay Tasmania 7005 Australia
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9
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Simsek S, Budak B, Schwebach CS, Ovando‐Martínez M. Historical vs. modern hard red spring wheat: Analysis of the chemical composition. Cereal Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cche.10198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Senay Simsek
- Department of Plant Sciences North Dakota State University Fargo ND USA
| | - Bilge Budak
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Campus Kocaeli Turkey
| | | | - Maribel Ovando‐Martínez
- Department of Plant Sciences North Dakota State University Fargo ND USA
- Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas Universidad de Sonora Hermosillo Mexico
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10
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Nishantha MDLC, Zhao X, Jeewani DC, Bian J, Nie X, Weining S. Direct comparison of β-glucan content in wild and cultivated barley. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2018.1500486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest Agriculture & Forest University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Diddugodage Chamila Jeewani
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest Agriculture & Forest University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianxin Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest Agriculture & Forest University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaojun Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest Agriculture & Forest University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Song Weining
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest Agriculture & Forest University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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11
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Han JY, Schwarz PB. Arabinoxylan Composition in Barley, Malt, and Beer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-54-0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jee Yup Han
- Department of Cereal Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105
| | - P. B. Schwarz
- Department of Cereal Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105
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12
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Ullrich SE, Clancy JA, Cuti JG, Tompkins CM. Analysis of β-Glucans in Barley and Malt: A Comparison of Four Methods. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-49-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. E. Ullrich
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6420
| | - J. A. Clancy
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6420
| | - J. G. Cuti
- Great Western Malting Co., Box 1529, Vancouver, WA 98663-1529
| | - C. M. Tompkins
- Great Western Malting Co., Box 1529, Vancouver, WA 98663-1529
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13
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Kenn DA, Dagg AHS, Stuart IM. Effect of Environment and Genotype on the Fermentability of Malt Produced from Four Australian Barley Varieties. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-51-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Kenn
- Joe White Makings Ltd, 105 Victoria Parade, Collingwood 3066 Australia
| | - A. H. S. Dagg
- Joe White Makings Ltd, 105 Victoria Parade, Collingwood 3066 Australia
| | - I. M. Stuart
- Joe White Makings Ltd, 105 Victoria Parade, Collingwood 3066 Australia
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Schwarz PB, Han JY. Arabinoxylan Content of Commercial Beers. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-53-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul B. Schwarz
- Department of Cereal Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105
| | - Jee-Yup Han
- Department of Cereal Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105
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15
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Lee YT, Bamforth CW. Variations in Solubility of Barley β-Glucan during Malting and Impact on Levels of β-Glucan in Wort and Beer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-2009-0226-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Tack Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Charles W. Bamforth
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA
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16
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Lu YLAJ, Gu G, Mao Z. Characterization of the Enzymatic Degradation of Arabinoxylans in Grist Containing Wheat Malt Using Response Surface Methodology. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-63-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Li and Jian Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Southern Yangtze University, Wuxi, 214036, P.R. China
| | - Guoxian Gu
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Yangtze University, Wuxi, 214036, P.R. China
| | - Zhonggui Mao
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Yangtze University, Wuxi, 214036, P.R. China
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17
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Whitney K, Simsek S. Reduced Gelatinization, Hydrolysis, and Digestibility in Whole Wheat Bread in Comparison to White Bread. Cereal Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-05-17-0116-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Whitney
- North Dakota State University, Department of Plant Sciences, P.O. Box 6050, Dept. 7670 Fargo, ND 58108-6050, U.S.A
| | - Senay Simsek
- North Dakota State University, Department of Plant Sciences, P.O. Box 6050, Dept. 7670 Fargo, ND 58108-6050, U.S.A
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18
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Döring C, Jekle M, Becker T. Technological and Analytical Methods for Arabinoxylan Quantification from Cereals. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 56:999-1011. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.749207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Houston K, Russell J, Schreiber M, Halpin C, Oakey H, Washington JM, Booth A, Shirley N, Burton RA, Fincher GB, Waugh R. A genome wide association scan for (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan content in the grain of contemporary 2-row Spring and Winter barleys. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:907. [PMID: 25326272 PMCID: PMC4213503 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background (1,3;1,4)-β-Glucan is an important component of the cell walls of barley grain as it affects processability during the production of alcoholic beverages and has significant human health benefits when consumed above recommended threshold levels. This leads to diametrically opposed quality requirements for different applications as low levels of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan are required for brewing and distilling and high levels for positive impacts on human health. Results We quantified grain (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan content in a collection of 399 2-row Spring-type, and 204 2-row Winter-type elite barley cultivars originating mainly from north western Europe. We combined these data with genotypic information derived using a 9 K Illumina iSelect SNP platform and subsequently carried out a Genome Wide Association Scan (GWAS). Statistical analysis accounting for residual genetic structure within the germplasm collection allowed us to identify significant associations between molecular markers and the phenotypic data. By anchoring the regions that contain these associations to the barley genome assembly we catalogued genes underlying the associations. Based on gene annotations and transcript abundance data we identified candidate genes. Conclusions We show that a region of the genome on chromosome 2 containing a cluster of CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE (Csl) genes, including CslF3, CslF4, CslF8, CslF10, CslF12 and CslH, as well as a region on chromosome 1H containing CslF9, are associated with the phenotype in this germplasm. We also observed that several regions identified by GWAS contain glycoside hydrolases that are possibly involved in (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan breakdown, together with other genes that might participate in (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthesis, re-modelling or regulation. This analysis provides new opportunities for understanding the genes related to the regulation of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan content in cereal grains. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-907) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robbie Waugh
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland.
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Lafiandra D, Riccardi G, Shewry PR. Improving cereal grain carbohydrates for diet and health. J Cereal Sci 2014; 59:312-326. [PMID: 24966450 PMCID: PMC4064937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Starch and cell wall polysaccharides (dietary fibre) of cereal grains contribute to the health benefits associated with the consumption of whole grain cereal products, including reduced risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and colorectal cancer. The physiological bases for these effects are reviewed in relation to the structures and physical properties of the polysaccharides and their behaviour (including digestion and fermentation) in the gastro-intestinal tract. Strategies for modifying the content and composition of grain polysaccharides to increase their health benefits are discussed, including exploiting natural variation and using mutagenesis and transgenesis to generate further variation. These studies will facilitate the development of new types of cereals and cereal products to face the major health challenges of the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Lafiandra
- Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Department of Agriculture, Forestry, Nature and Energy, Via S.C. De Lellis, Viterbo 01100, Italy
| | - Gabriele Riccardi
- Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Via Pansini 5, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Peter R. Shewry
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Whiteknights Road, Reading RG6 6AR, UK
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Agu RC, Palmer GH. Evaluation of the potentials of millet, sorghum and barley with similar nitrogen contents malted at their optimum germination temperatures for use in brewing. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reginald C. Agu
- The Scotch Whisky Research Institute; Research Avenue North; Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AP UK
| | - Geoff. H. Palmer
- International Centre for Brewing and Distilling; Heriot-Watt University; Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
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Mendis M, Ohm JB, Delcour JA, Gebruers K, Meinhardt S, Simsek S. Variability in Arabinoxylan, Xylanase Activity, and Xylanase Inhibitor Levels in Hard Spring Wheat. Cereal Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-08-12-0103-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihiri Mendis
- North Dakota State University, Department of Plant Sciences, Cereal Science Graduate Program, P.O. Box 6050, Department Number 7670, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, U.S.A
| | - Jae-Bom Ohm
- USDA-ARS Hard Red Spring and Durum Wheat Quality Laboratory, Harris Hall, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, U.S.A
| | - Jan A. Delcour
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kurt Gebruers
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Meinhardt
- North Dakota State University, Department of Plant Pathology, P.O. Box 6050, Department Number 7660, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, U.S.A
| | - Senay Simsek
- North Dakota State University, Department of Plant Sciences, Cereal Science Graduate Program, P.O. Box 6050, Department Number 7670, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, U.S.A
- Corresponding author. Phone: (701) 231-7737. Fax: (701) 231-8474. E-mail:
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Skerritt JH, Hayes G, Henry RJ. A SIMPLE AND RAPID TEST FOR ASSESSMENT OF ENDOSPERM PROTEIN MODIFICATION DURING MALTING*. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1987.tb04529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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ÖZkara R, Basman A, Köksel H, ÇElík S. EFFECTS OF CULTIVAR AND ENVIRONMENT ON β-GLUCAN CONTENT AND MALTING QUALITY OF TURKISH BARLEYS. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1998.tb00995.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kumar V, Sinha AK, Makkar HPS, de Boeck G, Becker K. Dietary roles of non-starch polysaccharides in human nutrition: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2012; 52:899-935. [PMID: 22747080 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2010.512671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nonstarch polysaccharides (NSPs) occur naturally in many foods. The physiochemical and biological properties of these compounds correspond to dietary fiber. Nonstarch polysaccharides show various physiological effects in the small and large intestine and therefore have important health implications for humans. The remarkable properties of dietary NSPs are water dispersibility, viscosity effect, bulk, and fermentibility into short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These features may lead to diminished risk of serious diet related diseases which are major problems in Western countries and are emerging in developing countries with greater affluence. These conditions include coronary heart disease, colo-rectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, breast cancer, tumor formation, mineral related abnormalities, and disordered laxation. Insoluble NSPs (cellulose and hemicellulose) are effective laxatives whereas soluble NSPs (especially mixed-link β-glucans) lower plasma cholesterol levels and help to normalize blood glucose and insulin levels, making these kinds of polysaccharides a part of dietary plans to treat cardiovascular diseases and Type 2 diabetes. Moreover, a major proportion of dietary NSPs escapes the small intestine nearly intact, and is fermented into SCFAs by commensal microflora present in the colon and cecum and promotes normal laxation. Short chain fatty acids have a number of health promoting effects and are particularly effective in promoting large bowel function. Certain NSPs through their fermented products may promote the growth of specific beneficial colonic bacteria which offer a prebiotic effect. Various modes of action of NSPs as therapeutic agent have been proposed in the present review. In addition, NSPs based films and coatings for packaging and wrapping are of commercial interest because they are compatible with several types of food products. However, much of the physiological and nutritional impact of NSPs and the mechanism involved is not fully understood and even the recommendation on the dose of different dietary NSPs intake among different age groups needs to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar
- Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
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Bryce JH, Goodfellow V, Agu RC, Brosnan JM, Bringhurst TA, Jack FR. Effect of Different Steeping Conditions on Endosperm Modification and Quality of Distilling Malt. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2010.tb00408.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Chemical Composition in Barley Grains and Malt Quality. ADVANCED TOPICS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN CHINA 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-01279-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Burton RA, Collins HM, Fincher GB. The Role of Endosperm Cell Walls in Barley Malting Quality. ADVANCED TOPICS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN CHINA 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-01279-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Anker-Nilssen K, Sahlstrøm S, Knutsen SH, Holtekjølen AK, Uhlen AK. Influence of growth temperature on content, viscosity and relative molecular weight of water-soluble β-glucans in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). J Cereal Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2008.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Lazaridou A, Chornick T, Biliaderis CG, Izydorczyk MS. Sequential solvent extraction and structural characterization of polysaccharides from the endosperm cell walls of barley grown in different environments. Carbohydr Polym 2008; 73:621-39. [PMID: 26048229 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Revised: 12/31/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the composition and molecular structure of the endosperm cell walls (CW) derived from barley grain grown in three environments in Canada, and differing in grain hardness, protein, and total β-glucan contents. The endosperm CW were isolated from barley, cv. Metcalfe, grown in Davidson, SK (Sample A), Hythe, AB (sample B), and Hamiota, MB (sample C). The CW were sequentially extracted with water at 65(o)C, saturated Ba(OH)2, again with water at 25(o)C, and 1M NaOH, resulting in fractions designated WE65, BaE, Ba/WE, and NaE, respectively. The monosaccharide analysis indicated the presence of β-glucans, arabinoxylans, and small amounts of arabinogalactans, glucomannans, and xyloglucans. Cellulose was detected in the CW remnants. The CW of sample A, exhibiting a lower grain hardness than sample B, contained the lowest amount of β-glucans, but the highest amount of arabinoxylans and the mannose-containing polysaccharides. The CW of sample C, characterized by very high protein content in the grain, contained the highest amount of β-glucans and the lowest amount of other polysaccharides. Polysaccharides in the CW of sample B, exhibiting the highest grain hardness, were characterized by the highest weight average molecular weights (Mw). β-Glucans in the CW of Sample B showed the highest ratio of DP3/DP4 and the longest cellulosic fragments in the polymeric chains. Of the three barley samples, arabinoxylans in the endosperm CW of sample A exhibited the lowest degree of branching, the highest amount of unsubstituted Xyl residues, and the highest ratio of singly to doubly substituted Xylp. The highest water solubility of the CW of sample C was associated with the highest concentration of β-glucans, the lowest DP3/DP4 ratio, and the lowest Mw of the polymeric constituents. Arabinoxylans with the lowest amount of doubly substituted but the highest amount of unsubstituted xylose residues and long sequences of unsubstituted xylan regions were found in the NaE fractions. The NaE fractions showed a high ratio of →4)-Glcp-(1→ to →3)-Glcp-(1→ linkages and some →4)-Manp-(1→ linkages, indicating a high level of long cellulosic regions in β-glucan chains and the presence of glucomannans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Lazaridou
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural & Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man., Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Tricia Chornick
- Grain Research Laboratory, 1404-303 Main Street, Winnipeg, Man., Canada R3C 3G8
| | - Costas G Biliaderis
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry & Biochemistry, Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University, GR-541 14 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marta S Izydorczyk
- Grain Research Laboratory, 1404-303 Main Street, Winnipeg, Man., Canada R3C 3G8.
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Li Y, Liu Z, Cui F, Xu Y, Zhao H, Liu Z. Application of Statistical Experimental Design to Optimize Culture Requirements of Aspergillus sp. Zh-26 Producing Xylanase for Degradation of Arabinoxylans in Mashing. J Food Sci 2007; 72:E320-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Finnie SM, Bettge AD, Morris CF. Influence of Cultivar and Environment on Water-Soluble and Water-Insoluble Arabinoxylans in Soft Wheat. Cereal Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1094/cc-83-0617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Finnie
- Department of Food Science and Toxicology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2312; affiliated with the USDA-ARS Western Wheat Quality Laboratory
| | - A. D. Bettge
- USDA-ARS Western Wheat Quality Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman Washington, 99164-6394. Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by the USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable
| | - C. F. Morris
- USDA-ARS Western Wheat Quality Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman Washington, 99164-6394. Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by the USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable
- Corresponding author. Phone: +1.509.335.4062. Fax: +1.509.335.8573. E-mail:
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Izydorczyk MS, Jacobs M, Dexter JE. Distribution and Structural Variation of Nonstarch Polysaccharides in Milling Fractions of Hull-less Barley with Variable Amylose Content. Cereal Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem.2003.80.6.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Izydorczyk
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, 1404-303 Winnipeg MB Canada R3C 3G8. Contribution no. 291
- Corresponding author. Phone: 204-983-1300. E-mail:
| | - M. Jacobs
- Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - J. E. Dexter
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, 1404-303 Winnipeg MB Canada R3C 3G8. Contribution no. 291
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39
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Cyran M, Izydorczyk MS, MacGregor AW. Structural Characteristics of Water-Extractable Nonstarch Polysaccharides from Barley Malt. Cereal Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem.2002.79.3.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Cyran
- Department of Nutritional Evaluation of Plant Materials, Institute of Plant Breeding, Radzikow, 05-870 Blonie, Poland
| | - M. S. Izydorczyk
- Grain Research Laboratory, 1404-303 Main Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3C 3G8 Canada
- Corresponding author: E-mail: Phone: 204-983-1300. Fax: 204-983-0724
| | - A. W. MacGregor
- Grain Research Laboratory, 1404-303 Main Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3C 3G8 Canada
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Cultivar and Environmental Effects on (1→3,1→4)-β-D-Glucan and Protein Content in Malting Barley. J Cereal Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1006/jcrs.2001.0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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42
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Structural and functional aspects of cereal arabinoxylans and β-glucans. NOVEL MACROMOLECULES IN FOOD SYSTEMS 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4501(00)80016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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43
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Genetic and Environmental Variations in Water-Extractable Arabinoxylans Content and Flour Extract Viscosity. J Cereal Sci 1999. [DOI: 10.1006/jcrs.1998.0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Elfverson C, Andersson AAM, Åman P, Regnér S. Chemical Composition of Barley Cultivars Fractionated by Weighing, Pneumatic Classification, Sieving, and Sorting on a Specific Gravity Table. Cereal Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem.1999.76.3.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Elfverson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agricultural Engineering, P.O. Box 7033, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A. A. M. Andersson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Food Science, P.O. Box 7051, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P. Åman
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Food Science, P.O. Box 7051, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S. Regnér
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agricultural Engineering, P.O. Box 7033, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Manthey FA, Hareland GA, Huseby DJ. Soluble and Insoluble Dietary Fiber Content and Composition in Oat. Cereal Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem.1999.76.3.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank A. Manthey
- Assistant Professor and Chemist, respectively, Department of Cereal Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Gary A. Hareland
- Research Food Technologist, USDA/ARS, Hard Red Spring and Durum Wheat Quality Laboratory, Cereal Crops Research, Fargo, ND 58105
| | - Donna J. Huseby
- Assistant Professor and Chemist, respectively, Department of Cereal Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105
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Izydorczyk MS, Biliaderis CG. Cereal arabinoxylans: advances in structure and physicochemical properties. Carbohydr Polym 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0144-8617(95)00077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 648] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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48
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Girhammar U, Nair BM. Certain physical properties of water soluble non-starch polysaccharides from wheat, rye, triticale, barley and oats. Food Hydrocoll 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0268-005x(09)80001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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49
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Compositional analysis of laboratory-prepared and commercial samples of linseed meal and of hull isolated from flax. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02540631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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