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Xu Y, Yang S, Xue G. The role of long non-coding RNA in abdominal aortic aneurysm. Front Genet 2023; 14:1153899. [PMID: 37007957 PMCID: PMC10050724 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1153899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is characterized by segmental expansion of the abdominal aorta and a high mortality rate. The characteristics of AAA suggest that apoptosis of smooth muscle cells, the production of reactive oxygen species, and inflammation are potential pathways for the formation and development of AAA. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is becoming a new and essential regulator of gene expression. Researchers and physicians are focusing on these lncRNAs to use them as clinical biomarkers and new treatment targets for AAAs. LncRNA studies are beginning to emerge, suggesting that they may play a significant but yet unidentified role in vascular physiology and disease. This review examines the role of lncRNA and their target genes in AAA to increase our understanding of the disease’s onset and progression, which is crucial for developing potential AAA therapies.
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2
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Jafarinia A, Armour CH, Gibbs RGJ, Xu XY, Hochrainer T. Shear-driven modelling of thrombus formation in type B aortic dissection. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1033450. [PMID: 36394040 PMCID: PMC9643857 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1033450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Type B aortic dissection (TBAD) is a dangerous pathological condition with a high mortality rate. TBAD is initiated by an intimal tear that allows blood to flow between the aortic wall layers, causing them to separate. As a result, alongside the original aorta (true lumen), a false lumen (FL) develops. TBAD compromises the whole cardiovascular system, in the worst case resulting in complete aortic rupture. Clinical studies have shown that dilation and rupture of the FL are related to the failure of the FL to thrombose. Complete FL thrombosis has been found to improve the clinical outcomes of patients with chronic TBAD and is the desired outcome of any treatment. Partial FL thrombosis has been associated with late dissection-related deaths and the requirement for re-intervention, thus the level of FL thrombosis is dominant in classifying the risk of TBAD patients. Therefore, it is important to investigate and understand under which conditions complete thrombosis of the FL occurs. Method: Local FL hemodynamics play an essential role in thrombus formation and growth. In this study, we developed a simplified phenomenological model to predict FL thrombosis in TBAD under physiological flow conditions. Based on an existing shear-driven thrombosis model, a comprehensive model reduction study was performed to improve computational efficiency. The reduced model has been implemented in Ansys CFX and applied to a TBAD case following thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) to test the model. Predicted thrombus formation based on post-TEVAR geometry at 1-month was compared to actual thrombus formation observed on a 3-year follow-up CT scan. Results: The predicted FL status is in excellent agreement with the 3-year follow-up scan, both in terms of thrombus location and total volume, thus validating the new model. The computational cost of the new model is significantly lower than the previous thrombus model, with an approximate 65% reduction in computational time. Such improvement means the new model is a significant step towards clinical applicability. Conclusion: The thrombosis model developed in this study is accurate and efficient at predicting FL thrombosis based on patient-specific data, and may assist clinicians in choosing individualized treatments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Jafarinia
- Institute of Strength of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- *Correspondence: Alireza Jafarinia, ; Xiao Yun Xu,
| | - Chlöe H. Armour
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard G. J. Gibbs
- Regional Vascular Unit, St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service Trust, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xiao Yun Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Alireza Jafarinia, ; Xiao Yun Xu,
| | - Thomas Hochrainer
- Institute of Strength of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
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3
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Zhou H, Wang L, Liu S, Wang W. The role of phosphoinositide 3-kinases in immune-inflammatory responses: potential therapeutic targets for abdominal aortic aneurysm. Cell Cycle 2022; 21:2339-2364. [PMID: 35792922 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2022.2094577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) includes inflammatory responses, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) degradation, VSMC apoptosis, oxidative stress, and angiogenesis, among which the inflammatory response plays a key role. At present, surgery is the only curing treatment, and no effective drug can delay AAA progression in clinical practice. Therefore, searching for a signaling pathway related to the immune-inflammatory response is an essential direction for developing drugs targeting AAA. Recent studies have confirmed that the PI3K family plays an important role in many inflammatory diseases and is involved in regulating various cellular functions, especially in the immune-inflammatory response. This review focuses on the role of each isoform of PI3K in each stage of AAA immune-inflammatory response, making available explorations for a deeper understanding of the mechanism of inflammation and immune response during the formation and development of AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Zhou
- Department of General &vascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of General &vascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of General &vascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of General &vascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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4
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The Detrimental Role of Intraluminal Thrombus Outweighs Protective Advantage in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Pathogenesis: The Implications for the Anti-Platelet Therapy. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070942. [PMID: 35883500 PMCID: PMC9313225 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a common cardiovascular disease resulting in morbidity and mortality in older adults due to rupture. Currently, AAA treatment relies entirely on invasive surgical treatments, including open repair and endovascular, which carry risks for small aneurysms (diameter < 55 mm). There is an increasing need for the development of pharmacological intervention for early AAA. Over the last decade, it has been increasingly recognized that intraluminal thrombus (ILT) is involved in the growth, remodeling, and rupture of AAA. ILT has been described as having both biomechanically protective and biochemically destructive properties. Platelets are the second most abundant cells in blood circulation and play an integral role in the formation, expansion, and proteolytic activity of ILT. However, the role of platelets in the ILT-potentiated AAA progression/rupture remains unclear. Researchers are seeking pharmaceutical treatment strategies (e.g., anti-thrombotic/anti-platelet therapies) to prevent ILT formation or expansion in early AAA. In this review, we mainly focus on the following: (a) the formation/deposition of ILT in the progression of AAA; (b) the dual role of ILT in the progression of AAA (protective or detrimental); (c) the function of platelet activity in ILT formation; (d) the application of anti-platelet drugs in AAA. Herein, we present challenges and future work, which may motivate researchers to better explain the potential role of ILT in the pathogenesis of AAA and develop anti-platelet drugs for early AAA.
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5
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Endothelial Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040509. [PMID: 35454098 PMCID: PMC9030795 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), defined as a focal dilation of the abdominal aorta beyond 50% of its normal diameter, is a common and potentially life-threatening vascular disease. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying AAA pathogenesis remain unclear. Healthy endothelial cells (ECs) play a critical role in maintaining vascular homeostasis by regulating vascular tone and maintaining an anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic local environment. Increasing evidence indicates that endothelial dysfunction is an early pathologic event in AAA formation, contributing to both oxidative stress and inflammation in the degenerating arterial wall. Recent studies utilizing single-cell RNA sequencing revealed heterogeneous EC sub-populations, as determined by their transcriptional profiles, in aortic aneurysm tissue. This review summarizes recent findings, including clinical evidence of endothelial dysfunction in AAA, the impact of biomechanical stress on EC in AAA, the role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) uncoupling in AAA, and EC heterogeneity in AAA. These studies help to improve our understanding of AAA pathogenesis and ultimately may lead to the generation of EC-targeted therapeutics to treat or prevent this deadly disease.
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6
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Wanhainen A, Mani K, Kullberg J, Svensjö S, Bersztel A, Karlsson L, Holst J, Gottsäter A, Linné A, Gillgren P, Langenskiöld M, Hultgren R, Roy J, Gilgen NP, Ahlström H, Lederle FA, Björck M. The effect of ticagrelor on growth of small abdominal aortic aneurysms-a randomized controlled trial. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:450-456. [PMID: 31135888 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate if ticagrelor, an effective platelet inhibitor without known non-responders, could inhibit growth of small abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). METHODS AND RESULTS In this multi-centre randomized controlled trial, double-blinded for ticagrelor and placebo, acetylic salicylic acid naïve patients with AAA and with a maximum aortic diameter 35-49 mm were included. The primary outcome was mean reduction in log-transformed AAA volume growth rate (%) measured with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 12 months compared with baseline. Secondary outcomes include AAA-diameter growth rate and intraluminal thrombus (ILT) volume enlargement rate. A total of 144 patients from eight Swedish centres were randomized (72 in each group). MRI AAA volume increase was 9.1% for the ticagrelor group and 7.5% for the placebo group (P = 0.205) based on intention-to-treat analysis, and 8.5% vs. 7.4% in a per-protocol analysis (P = 0.372). MRI diameter change was 2.5 mm vs. 1.8 mm (P = 0.113), US diameter change 2.3 mm vs. 2.2 mm (P = 0.778), and ILT volume change 12.9% vs. 10.4% (P = 0.590). CONCLUSION In this RCT, platelet inhibition with ticagrelor did not reduce growth of small AAAs. Whether the ILT has an important pathophysiological role for AAA growth cannot be determined based on this study due to the observed lack of thrombus modulating effect of ticagrelor. TRIAL REGISTRATION The TicAAA trial is registered at the US National Institutes of Health (ClinicalTrials.gov) #NCT02070653.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Wanhainen
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Vascular Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden
| | - Kevin Mani
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Vascular Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden
| | - Joel Kullberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75185, Sweden.,Antaros Medical, BioVenture Hub, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal SE-43183, Sweden
| | - Sverker Svensjö
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Vascular Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden.,Department of Surgery, Falun County Hospital, Falun SE-79182, Sweden
| | - Adam Bersztel
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Vascular Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Västerås county hospital, Västerås SE-72335, Sweden
| | - Lars Karlsson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Vascular Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden.,Department of Surgery, Gävle County Hospital, Gävle SE-80188, Sweden
| | - Jan Holst
- Department of Vascular Diseases, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö SE-21421, Sweden
| | - Anders Gottsäter
- Department of Vascular Diseases, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö SE-21421, Sweden
| | - Anneli Linné
- Department of Surgery, Vascular Surgery and Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet at Södersjukhuset, Stockholm SE-11883, Sweden
| | - Peter Gillgren
- Department of Surgery, Vascular Surgery and Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet at Södersjukhuset, Stockholm SE-11883, Sweden
| | - Marcus Langenskiöld
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg SE-41345, Sweden.,Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-41345, Sweden
| | - Rebecka Hultgren
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm SE-17164, Sweden
| | - Joy Roy
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm SE-17164, Sweden
| | - Nils-Peter Gilgen
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Vascular Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden.,Department of Surgery, Mälarsjukhuset, Eskilstuna SE-63349, Sweden
| | - Håkan Ahlström
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75185, Sweden.,Antaros Medical, BioVenture Hub, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal SE-43183, Sweden
| | - Frank A Lederle
- Department of Medicine (III-0), Veterans Affairs Medical Center, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417, USA
| | - Martin Björck
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Vascular Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden
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7
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Watson JDB, Gifford SM, Bandyk DF. Aortic aneurysm screening using duplex ultrasound: Choosing wisely who to examine. Semin Vasc Surg 2020; 33:54-59. [PMID: 33308596 DOI: 10.1053/j.semvascsurg.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The noninvasive vascular laboratory plays a critical role in screening patients at risk for development of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). One-time duplex ultrasound screening reduces aneurysm-related mortality due to rupture and is cost-effective. Population screening based on AAA risk factors is recommended, as it allows for proactive, elective repair of aneurysms at risk for rupture, and surveillance of smaller aneurysms for enlargement. Utilization of societal screening guidelines, such as those published by the Society for Vascular Surgery, can be employed by vascular laboratories to justify individual patient screening, aid primary care physicians to refer patients for testing, and encourage integrated medical health care systems to build prompts in patient electronic health records to ensure compliance with a AAA screening program. Risk factors for developing AAA, that is, age older than 65 years, male sex, family history, and a smoking history of >100 cigarettes, should be used to recommend patient screening, including for women and other elderly (older than 75 years) patients who fall outside of professional societal guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Devin B Watson
- David Grant US Air Force Medical Center, Heart, Lung, and Vascular Center, 101 Bodin Circle, Travis Air Force Base, CA 95435.
| | - Shaun M Gifford
- David Grant US Air Force Medical Center, Heart, Lung, and Vascular Center, 101 Bodin Circle, Travis Air Force Base, CA 95435
| | - Dennis F Bandyk
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of California-San Diego, 9434 Medical Center Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037.
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8
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Lomazzi C, Trimarchi S, Pyeritz RE, Bekeredjian R, Erlich MP, Braverman AC, Pacini D, Shermerhorn M, Myrmel T, Eagle KA. Lesson learned from the International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection (IRAD). ITALIAN JOURNAL OF VASCULAR AND ENDOVASCULAR SURGERY 2020. [DOI: 10.23736/s1824-4777.20.01452-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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9
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Machine Learning to Predict the Rapid Growth of Small Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2020; 44:37-42. [DOI: 10.1097/rct.0000000000000958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Reza MMS, Arzani A. A critical comparison of different residence time measures in aneurysms. J Biomech 2019; 88:122-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Cameron SJ, Russell HM, Owens AP. Antithrombotic therapy in abdominal aortic aneurysm: beneficial or detrimental? Blood 2018; 132:2619-2628. [PMID: 30228233 PMCID: PMC6302498 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-08-743237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a degenerative vascular pathology resulting in significant morbidity and mortality in older adults due to rupture and sudden death. Despite 150 000 new cases and nearly 15 000 deaths annually, the only approved treatment of AAA is surgical or endovascular intervention when the risk for aortic rupture is increased. The goal of the scientific community is to develop novel pharmaceutical treatment strategies to reduce the need for surgical intervention. Because most clinically relevant AAAs contain a complex structure of fibrin, inflammatory cells, platelets, and red blood cells in the aneurysmal sac known as an intraluminal thrombus (ILT), antithrombotic therapies have emerged as potential pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of AAA progression. However, the efficacy of these treatments has not been shown, and the effects of shrinking the ILT may be as detrimental as they are beneficial. This review discusses the prospect of anticoagulant and antiplatelet (termed collectively as antithrombotic) therapies in AAA. Herein, we discuss the role of the coagulation cascade and platelet activation in human and animal models of AAA, the composition of ILT in AAA, a possible role of the ILT in aneurysm stabilization, and the implications of antithrombotic drugs in AAA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Cameron
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and
- Department of Surgery (Cardiac Surgery), University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY; and
| | - Hannah M Russell
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease and
- Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - A Phillip Owens
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease and
- Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
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12
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Hampton T, Walsh D, Tolias C, Fiorella D. Mural destabilization after aneurysm treatment with a flow-diverting device: a report of two cases. J Neurointerv Surg 2018; 10:i51-i55. [PMID: 30037958 DOI: 10.1136/jnis.2010.002873.rep] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flow-diverting stents have demonstrated great promise for the treatment of cerebral aneurysms; however, clinical experience with the devices remains very preliminary. We present two cases of spontaneous delayed complications-one fatal aneurysm rupture and one symptomatic increase in aneurysm volume-following the treatment of intradural aneurysms with the Pipeline Embolization Device (PED). PRESENTATION/INTERVENTION Two patients with unruptured, intradural aneurysms of the carotid artery underwent uneventful treatment with the PED (eV3, Irvine, California, USA). One patient, with a giant aneurysm of the carotid terminus, experienced worsening headache 5 days after the procedure and ultimately collapsed and became unresponsive. CT of the head demonstrated acute subarachnoid and intraventricular hemorrhage. The patient died the following day. A second patient with a large left posterior communicating artery aneurysm presented with progressive memory loss 3 months after PED reconstruction of the carotid artery. Although serial CT angiograms showed progressive thrombosis of the aneurysm to near-complete occlusion, MR of the brain demonstrated marked interval growth of the collective aneurysm-intra-aneurysmal thrombus mass with extensive edema throughout the adjacent left temporal lobe. CONCLUSIONS Flow-diverting devices have demonstrated tremendous promise for the treatment of complex, unruptured cerebral aneurysms. However, experience with this novel approach to aneurysm treatment is preliminary and the consequences of its application within the cerebrovasculature remain incompletely defined. Mural destabilization resulting in delayed, spontaneous, aneurysm growth and/or rupture may occur in the days to weeks following the application of flow-diverting devices to treat previously unruptured intracranial aneurysms. A better understanding of the incidence and etiology of these complications is essential for this technology to be optimally applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Hampton
- Department of Cerebrovascular and Endovascular Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Donal Walsh
- Department of Cerebrovascular and Endovascular Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Christos Tolias
- Department of Cerebrovascular and Endovascular Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - David Fiorella
- Division of Cerebrovascular and Endovascular Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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13
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Kemmerling EMC, Peattie RA. Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Pathomechanics: Current Understanding and Future Directions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1097:157-179. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96445-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Moñux G, Zamorano-León JJ, Marqués P, Sopeña B, García-García JM, Laich de Koller G, Calvo-Rico B, García-Fernandez MA, Serrano J, López-Farré A. FXa inhibition by rivaroxaban modifies mechanisms associated with the pathogenesis of human abdominal aortic aneurysms. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 83:2661-2670. [PMID: 28735510 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate if rivaroxaban, an oral factor Xa (FXa) inhibitor, could modify the expression in vitro of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in abdominal aortic aneurysmal (AAA) sites showing intraluminal thrombus. METHODS AAA sites with intraluminal mural thrombus were obtained from six patients undergoing elective AAA repair. In addition, control abdominal aortic samples were obtained from six organ donors. AAA sites were incubated in the presence and absence of 50 nmol l-1 rivaroxaban. RESULTS AAA sites showing thrombus demonstrated higher content of FXa than control. Interleukin-6 levels released from AAA [Control: median: 23.45 (interquartile range: 16.17-37.15) vs. AAA: median: 153.07 (interquartile range: 100.80-210.69) pg ml-1 mg tissue-1 , P < 0.05] and the expression levels of nitric oxide synthase 2 were significantly higher in AAA than in control. The protein expression level of NADPH oxidase subunits gp67-and gp91-phox, but did not gp47-phox, were also significantly higher in the AAA sites than in control. Addition of rivaroxaban to AAA sites explants significantly reduced the release of interleukin-6 [median: 51.61 (interquartile range: 30.87-74.03) pg ml-1 mg tissue-1 , P < 0.05 with respect to AAA alone] and the content of nitric oxide synthase 2, gp67 and gp91-phox NADPH subunits. The content of matrix metallopeptidase 9 was significantly higher in the AAA sites as compared to control. Rivaroxaban also reduced matrix metallopeptidase 9 content in AAA sites to similar levels to control. CONCLUSIONS FXa inhibition by rivaroxaban exerted anti-inflammatory and antioxidative stress properties in human AAA sites, suggesting a role of FXa in these mechanisms associated with the pathogenesis of AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Moñux
- Vascular Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose J Zamorano-León
- Technological Innovation and Clinical Practice University Class (AINTEC), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Marqués
- Vascular Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernardo Sopeña
- Technological Innovation and Clinical Practice University Class (AINTEC), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J M García-García
- Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Bibiana Calvo-Rico
- Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Miguel A García-Fernandez
- Technological Innovation and Clinical Practice University Class (AINTEC), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Serrano
- Vascular Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio López-Farré
- Technological Innovation and Clinical Practice University Class (AINTEC), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Shakur SF, Carlson AP, Harris D, Alaraj A, Charbel FT. Rupture After Bypass and Distal Occlusion of Giant Anterior Circulation Aneurysms. World Neurosurg 2017; 105:1040.e7-1040.e13. [PMID: 28684368 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.06.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giant aneurysms are very high-risk lesions both in terms of natural history and treatment. Bypass with distal occlusion is thought to be a safe treatment option for these aneurysms. Here, we report 2 cases of aneurysm rupture after bypass and distal occlusion, review the literature, and discuss the possible underlying mechanisms, in the hopes of influencing treatment planning and averting such complications in the future. CASE DESCRIPTION Two patients successfully underwent surgical treatment of a giant anterior circulation aneurysm via bypass and distal vessel occlusion. In each case, there was sudden thrombosis of the aneurysm without any sign of rupture at the time of surgery. Both patients then experienced delayed postoperative rupture with devastating consequences. CONCLUSIONS Aneurysm rupture can occur after bypass and distal occlusion, despite initial appearances of intraoperative stability. We suggest that the mechanisms are not a simple pressure within the dome and may be due to rapid thrombosis with subsequent aneurysm wall destabilization or stretching and capacitance causing persistent filling. When possible, it seems that complete trapping or proximal occlusion may be preferable to distal occlusion for these giant aneurysms. The optimal management of these highly morbid lesions remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia F Shakur
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew P Carlson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Dominic Harris
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Ali Alaraj
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Fady T Charbel
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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16
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Quantitative Aortic Distensibility Measurement Using CT in Patients with Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Reproducibility and Clinical Relevance. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:5436927. [PMID: 28484713 PMCID: PMC5412143 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5436927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. To investigate the reproducibility of aortic distensibility (D) measurement using CT and assess its clinical relevance in patients with infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Methods. 54 patients with infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm were studied to determine their distensibility by using 64-MDCT. Aortic cross-sectional area changes were determined at two positions of the aorta, immediately below the lowest renal artery (level 1.) and at the level of its maximal diameter (level 2.) by semiautomatic segmentation. Measurement reproducibility was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman analyses. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to assess linear associations between aortic D and anthropometric and biochemical parameters. Results. A mean distensibility of Dlevel 1. = (1.05 ± 0.22) × 10−5 Pa−1 and Dlevel 2. = (0.49 ± 0.18) × 10−5 Pa−1 was found. ICC proved excellent consistency between readers over two locations: 0.92 for intraobserver and 0.89 for interobserver difference in level 1. and 0.85 and 0.79 in level 2. Multivariate analysis of all these variables showed sac distensibility to be independently related (R2 = 0.68) to BMI, diastolic blood pressure, and AAA diameter. Conclusions. Aortic distensibility measurement in patients with AAA demonstrated high inter- and intraobserver agreement and may be valuable when choosing the optimal dimensions graft for AAA before endovascular aneurysm repair.
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Lozowy RJ, Kuhn DCS, Ducas AA, Boyd AJ. The Relationship Between Pulsatile Flow Impingement and Intraluminal Thrombus Deposition in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2016; 8:57-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s13239-016-0287-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Carrell TWG, Burnand KG, Booth NA, Humphries J, Smith A. Intraluminal Thrombus Enhances Proteolysis in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms. Vascular 2016; 14:9-16. [PMID: 16849017 DOI: 10.2310/6670.2006.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether intraluminal thrombus in abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) is a source of fibrinolytic activity and proteolysis that could weaken the aneurysm wall. Plasmin, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) activity, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), and α2-antiplasmin (α2AP) antigen were measured in the AAA wall and juxtamural and luminal aspects of intraluminal thrombus in 18 patients. The aneurysm wall contained 100-fold higher tPA activity (1.06 ± 0.34 [standard error of measurement] U/mg soluble protein) compared with juxtamural thrombus (JMT) (0.011 ± 0.001 ) and luminal thrombus (LT) (0.01 ± 0.001) ( p < .00001) and over 6-fold higher uPA activity (29.3 ± 3.4 IU/mg compared with the JMT (4.3 ± 2.4, p = .00024) and LT (7.9 ± 1.76, p = .0005). The LT had significantly lower levels of PAI-1 (1.26 ± 0.34 ng/mg) than the AAA wall (2.08 ± 0.51, p = .04) and the JMT (3.94 ± 0.85, p = .007). The levels of α2AP in the wall (19.4 ± 3.1 ng/mg) were lower than in the JMT or LT (43.0 ± 7.9 ng/mg, p = .013, and 47.6 ± 6.0 ng/mg, p = .002, respectively). There was no significant difference, however, in plasmin activity among the AAA wall, JMT, and LT. There were significant amounts of latent gelatinase B (matrix metalloproteinase [MMP]-9) in the AAA, JMT, and LT. Mean levels of activated MMP-9 activity were similar in the AAA, JMT, and LT. Plasmin activation of MMPs at the interface between intraluminal thrombus and the aneurysm wall may enhance proteolysis and accelerate aneurysm expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom W G Carrell
- Academic Department of Surgery, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
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Kontopodis N, Pantidis D, Dedes A, Daskalakis N, Ioannou CV. The - Not So - Solid 5.5 cm Threshold for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair: Facts, Misinterpretations, and Future Directions. Front Surg 2016; 3:1. [PMID: 26835458 PMCID: PMC4725249 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2016.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) represent a focal dilation of the aorta exceeding 1.5 times its normal diameter. It is reported that 4-8% of men and 0.5-1% of women above 50 years of age bear an AAA. Rupture represents the most disastrous complication of aneurysmal disease that is accompanied by an overall mortality of 80%. Autopsy data have shown that nearly 13% of AAAs with a maximum diameter ≤5 cm were ruptured and 60% of the AAAs >5 cm in diameter never ruptured. It is therefore obvious that the "maximum diameter criterion," as a single parameter that fits all patients, is obsolete. Investigators have begun a search for more reliable rupture risk markers for AAA expansion, such as the level and change of peak wall stress or AAA geometry. Furthermore, it is becoming more and more evident that intraluminal thrombus (ILT), which is present in 75% of all AAAs, affects AAA features and promotes their expansion. Though these hemodynamic properties of AAAs are significant and seem to better describe rupture risk, they are in need of specialized equipment and software and demand time for processing making them difficult in use and unattractive to clinicians in everyday practice. In the search for the addition of other risk factors or user-friendly tools, which may predict AAA expansion and rupture, the use of the asymmetrical ILT deposition index seems appealing since it has been reported to identify AAAs that may have an increased or decreased growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Kontopodis
- Vascular Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete Medical School , Crete , Greece
| | - Dimitrios Pantidis
- Vascular Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete Medical School , Crete , Greece
| | - Athansios Dedes
- Vascular Surgery Department, Red Cross Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Nikolaos Daskalakis
- Vascular Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete Medical School , Crete , Greece
| | - Christos V Ioannou
- Vascular Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete Medical School , Crete , Greece
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Owens AP, Edwards TL, Antoniak S, Geddings JE, Jahangir E, Wei WQ, Denny JC, Boulaftali Y, Bergmeier W, Daugherty A, Sampson UK, Mackman N. Platelet Inhibitors Reduce Rupture in a Mouse Model of Established Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:2032-2041. [PMID: 26139462 PMCID: PMC4552620 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms causes a high morbidity and mortality in the elderly population. Platelet-rich thrombi form on the surface of aneurysms and may contribute to disease progression. In this study, we used a pharmacological approach to examine a role of platelets in established aneurysms induced by angiotensin II infusion into hypercholesterolemic mice. APPROACH AND RESULTS Administration of the platelet inhibitors aspirin or clopidogrel bisulfate to established abdominal aortic aneurysms dramatically reduced rupture. These platelet inhibitors reduced abdominal aortic platelet and macrophage recruitment resulting in decreased active matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9. Platelet inhibitors also resulted in reduced plasma concentrations of platelet factor 4, cytokines, and components of the plasminogen activation system in mice. To determine the validity of these findings in human subjects, a cohort of aneurysm patients were retrospectively analyzed using developed and validated algorithms in the electronic medical record database at Vanderbilt University. Similar to mice, administration of aspirin or P2Y12 inhibitors was associated with reduced death among patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that platelets contribute to abdominal aortic aneurysm progression and rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Phillip Owens
- Department of Medicine Division of Hematology and Oncology, UNC McAllister Heart Institute University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Phone: 919-843-3961
| | - Todd L Edwards
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN 37203 Phone: 615-322-3652
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN 37203 Phone: 615-322-3652
| | - Silvio Antoniak
- Department of Medicine Division of Hematology and Oncology, UNC McAllister Heart Institute University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Phone: 919-843-3961
| | - Julia E. Geddings
- Department of Medicine Division of Hematology and Oncology, UNC McAllister Heart Institute University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Phone: 919-843-3961
| | - Eiman Jahangir
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute Ochsner Clinical School - The University of Queensland School of Medicine New Orleans, LA 70115 Phone: 504-392-3131
| | - Wei-Qi Wei
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN 37203 Phone: 615-322-3652
| | - Joshua C. Denny
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN 37203 Phone: 615-322-3652
| | - Yacine Boulaftali
- Department of Medicine Division of Hematology and Oncology, UNC McAllister Heart Institute University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Phone: 919-843-3961
| | - Wolfgang Bergmeier
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UNC McAllister Heart Institute University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Phone: 919-843-3961
| | - Alan Daugherty
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center University of Kentucky Lexington, KY 40536 Phone: 859-323-3512
| | - Uchechukwu K.A. Sampson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN 37203 Phone: 615-322-3652
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN 37203 Phone: 615-322-3652
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN 37203 Phone: 615-322-3652
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Department of Medicine Division of Hematology and Oncology, UNC McAllister Heart Institute University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Phone: 919-843-3961
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Tong J, Holzapfel GA. Structure, Mechanics, and Histology of Intraluminal Thrombi in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms. Ann Biomed Eng 2015; 43:1488-501. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1332-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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22
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Metaxa E, Kontopodis N, Tzirakis K, Ioannou CV, Papaharilaou Y. Effect of Intraluminal Thrombus Asymmetrical Deposition on Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Growth Rate. J Endovasc Ther 2015; 22:406-12. [DOI: 10.1177/1526602815584018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To determine the relationship between asymmetrical intraluminal thrombus (ILT) deposition in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and growth rate and to explore its biomechanical perspective. Methods: Thirty-four patients with AAA underwent at least 2 computed tomography scans during surveillance. The volumes of the AAA (VAAA) and thrombus (VILT) and the maximum thrombus thickness (ILTthick) were computed. Thrombus distribution was evaluated by introducing the asymmetrical thrombus deposition index (ATDI), with positive and negative values (–1<ATDI<1) associated with anterior and posterior ILT deposition, respectively. Finite element analysis was applied to estimate wall stress. Aneurysms were divided into high and low growth rate groups based on the cohort’s median growth rate, and the abovementioned parameters were compared between groups. Results: Most AAAs had asymmetrical anterior thrombus deposition. The high and low growth rate groups did not present significant differences in maximum diameter, VAAA, VILT, or maximum ILTthick. However, the high growth rate group had significantly higher ATDI (p=0.02). The ATDI<0 group (posterior ILT distribution) presented a significantly lower median growth rate compared to that of ATDI≥0 group (anterior or symmetrical ILT deposition; p=0.029). The specificity of an ATDI<0 criterion for identifying AAAs with a growth rate below the cohort median was 89%. The ATDI<0 group had a significantly lower posterior maximum wall stress compared with that of the ATDI≥0 group (p=0.03). Overall peak wall stress did not differ between groups. Conclusion: Posterior thrombus deposition in AAAs is associated with significantly lower growth rate and lower posterior maximum wall stress compared with that of AAAs with anterior thrombus deposition and could potentially indicate a lower rupture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Metaxa
- Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics, Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kontopodis
- Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics, Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Vascular Surgery Department, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tzirakis
- Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics, Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Christos V. Ioannou
- Vascular Surgery Department, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Yannis Papaharilaou
- Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics, Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Sakalihasan N, Nienaber CA, Hustinx R, Lovinfosse P, El Hachemi M, Cheramy-Bien JP, Seidel L, Lavigne JP, Quaniers J, Kerstenne MA, Courtois A, Ooms A, Albert A, Defraigne JO, Michel JB. (Tissue PET) Vascular metabolic imaging and peripheral plasma biomarkers in the evolution of chronic aortic dissections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 16:626-33. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeu283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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24
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Erhart P, Hyhlik-Dürr A, Geisbüsch P, Kotelis D, Müller-Eschner M, Gasser TC, von Tengg-Kobligk H, Böckler D. Finite element analysis in asymptomatic, symptomatic, and ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms: in search of new rupture risk predictors. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2014; 49:239-45. [PMID: 25542592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare biomechanical rupture risk parameters of asymptomatic, symptomatic and ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) using finite element analysis (FEA). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective biomechanical single center analysis of asymptomatic, symptomatic, and ruptured AAAs. Comparison of biomechanical parameters from FEA. MATERIALS AND METHODS From 2011 to 2013 computed tomography angiography (CTA) data from 30 asymptomatic, 15 symptomatic, and 15 ruptured AAAs were collected consecutively. FEA was performed according to the successive steps of AAA vessel reconstruction, segmentation and finite element computation. Biomechanical parameters Peak Wall Rupture Risk Index (PWRI), Peak Wall Stress (PWS), and Rupture Risk Equivalent Diameter (RRED) were compared among the three subgroups. RESULTS PWRI differentiated between asymptomatic and symptomatic AAAs (p < .0004) better than PWS (p < .1453). PWRI-dependent RRED was higher in the symptomatic subgroup compared with the asymptomatic subgroup (p < .0004). Maximum AAA external diameters were comparable between the two groups (p < .1355). Ruptured AAAs showed the highest values for external diameter, total intraluminal thrombus volume, PWS, RRED, and PWRI compared with asymptomatic and symptomatic AAAs. In contrast with symptomatic and ruptured AAAs, none of the asymptomatic patients had a PWRI value >1.0. This threshold value might identify patients at imminent risk of rupture. CONCLUSIONS From different FEA derived parameters, PWRI distinguishes most precisely between asymptomatic and symptomatic AAAs. If elevated, this value may represent a negative prognostic factor for asymptomatic AAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Erhart
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Hyhlik-Dürr
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P Geisbüsch
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D Kotelis
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Müller-Eschner
- Department of Radiology, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T C Gasser
- Department of Solid Mechanics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H von Tengg-Kobligk
- Department of Radiology, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - D Böckler
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Germany
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Duftner C, Seiler R, Dejaco C, Chemelli-Steingruber I, Schennach H, Klotz W, Rieger M, Herold M, Falkensammer J, Fraedrich G, Schirmer M. Antiphospholipid antibodies predict progression of abdominal aortic aneurysms. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99302. [PMID: 24979700 PMCID: PMC4076179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) frequently occur in autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases and correlate with a worse clinical outcome. In the present study, we evaluated the association between antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs), markers of inflammation, disease progression and the presence of an intra-aneurysmal thrombus in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) patients. APLs ELISAs were performed in frozen serum samples of 96 consecutive AAA patients and 48 healthy controls yielding positive test results in 13 patients (13.5%) and 3 controls (6.3%; n.s.). Nine of the 13 aPL-positive AAA patients underwent a second antibody testing >12 weeks apart revealing a positive result in 6 cases. APL-positive patients had increased levels of inflammatory markers compared to aPL-negative patients. Disease progression was defined as an increase of the AAA diameter >0.5 cm/year measured by sonography. Follow-up was performed in 69 patients identifying 41 (59.4%) patients with progressive disease. Performing multipredictor logistic regression analysis adjusting for classical AAA risk factors as confounders, the presence of aPLs at baseline revealed an odds ratio of 9.4 (95% CI 1.0–86.8, p = 0.049) to predict AAA progression. Fifty-five patients underwent a computed tomography in addition to ultrasound assessment indicating intra-aneurysmal thrombus formation in 82.3%. Median thrombus volume was 46.7 cm3 (1.9–377.5). AAA diameter correlated with the size of the intra-aneurysmal thrombus (corrcoeff = 0.721, p<0.001), however neither the presence nor the size of the intra-aneurysmal thrombus were related to the presence of aPLs. In conclusion, the presence of aPLs is associated with elevated levels of inflammatory markers and is an independent predictor of progressive disease in AAA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Duftner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinic of Internal Medicine VI, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital Kufstein, Kufstein, Austria
| | - Rüdiger Seiler
- Department of Operative Medicine, Clinic of Vascular Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Dejaco
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinic of Internal Medicine VI, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Rheumatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Harald Schennach
- Institute of Blood Transfusion and Immunology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Werner Klotz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinic of Internal Medicine VI, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Rieger
- Department of Radiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manfred Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinic of Internal Medicine VI, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jürgen Falkensammer
- Department of Operative Medicine, Clinic of Vascular Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Wilhelminenhospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gustav Fraedrich
- Department of Operative Medicine, Clinic of Vascular Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Schirmer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinic of Internal Medicine VI, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Common and uncommon CT findings in rupture and impending rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Clin Radiol 2013; 68:962-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kitagawa A, Mastracci TM, von Allmen R, Powell JT. The role of diameter versus volume as the best prognostic measurement of abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 2013; 58:258-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Kitagawa A, Mastracci T. Part One: For the Motion. External Diameter for AAA Size. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2013; 46:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2013.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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29
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Scott DJA, Allen CJ, Honstvet CA, Hanby AM, Hammond C, Johnson AB, Perry SL, Jones PF. Lymphangiogenesis in abdominal aortic aneurysm. Br J Surg 2013; 100:895-903. [DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Ongoing angiogenesis is implicated in the inflammatory environment that characterizes abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Although lymphangiogenesis has been associated with chronic inflammatory conditions, it has yet to be demonstrated in AAA. The aim was to determine the presence of lymphangiogenesis and to delineate the relationship between inflammation and neovascularization in AAA tissue.
Methods
AAA samples and preoperative computed tomography images were obtained from patients undergoing elective AAA repair. Control samples were age-matched abdominal aortic tissue. Specific immunostains for blood vessels (CD31, CD105), lymphatic vessels (D2-40), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) A and VEGF receptor (VEGFR) 3 allowed characterization and quantitation of vasculature.
Results
The AAA wall contained high levels of inflammatory infiltrate; microvascular densities of blood (P < 0·001) and lymphatic (P = 0·003) vessels were significantly increased in AAA samples compared with controls. Maximal AAA vascularity was observed in inflammatory areas, with vessels that stained positively for CD31 (ρ = 0·625, P = 0·017), CD105 (ρ = 0·692, P = 0·009) and D2-40 (ρ = 0·675, P = 0·008) correlating positively with the extent of inflammation. Increased VEGFR-3 and VEGF-A expression was also evident within inflammatory AAA areas.
Conclusion
These findings demonstrated lymphatic vessel involvement in end-stage AAA disease, which was associated with the degree of inflammation, and confirmed the involvement of neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J A Scott
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - C J Allen
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - C A Honstvet
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - A M Hanby
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - C Hammond
- Department of Vascular Radiology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK
| | - A B Johnson
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - S L Perry
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - P F Jones
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
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Autologous mesenchymal stem cell endografting in experimental cerebrovascular aneurysms. Neuroradiology 2013; 55:741-9. [PMID: 23515660 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-013-1167-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coiling is the gold standard for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. However, some issues associated with endovascular treatment limit its long-term efficiency. Recanalization with coil compaction is certainly the most important. New approaches may be considered to promote thrombus colonization by mesenchymal cells and aneurysm healing. In the present study, we have percutaneously delivered autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) to an elastase-induced rabbit carotid aneurysm model in vivo. METHODS Autologous mesenchymatous stem cells were obtained after femoral puncture and bone marrow aspiration. After 2 weeks of in vitro cell culture, five million BMSCs were grafted in the carotid aneurysm using an endovascular approach. RESULTS We demonstrated the feasibility of in vivo percutaneous seeding of autologous BMSCs in the aneurysm by positive Hoechst fluorostaining. Two weeks later, conventional angiography showed an increase in median aneurysmal surface in the sham group, whereas this surface was decreased in the group treated with BMSCs, +28.4 versus -26.4 %, respectively (p = 0.01). BMSC seeding resulted in intimal hyperplasia with cell colonization and disappearance of the thrombus. CONCLUSION In conclusion, percutaneous seeding of BMSCs may colonize and heal the arterial wall thus limiting aneurysm expansion.
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31
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Liu O, Jia L, Liu X, Wang Y, Wang X, Qin Y, Du J, Zhang H. Clopidogrel, a platelet P2Y12 receptor inhibitor, reduces vascular inflammation and angiotensin II induced-abdominal aortic aneurysm progression. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51707. [PMID: 23284748 PMCID: PMC3527447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Medial degeneration and inflammation are features of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). However, the early inflammatory event initiating aneurysm formation remains to be identified. Activated platelets release abundant proinflammatory cytokines and are involved in initial inflammation in various vascular diseases. We investigated the role of platelets in progression of AAA in vivo and in vitro. Histological studies of tissues of patients with AAA revealed that the number of platelets was increased in aneurysm sites along with the increased infiltration of T lymphocytes and augmented angiogenesis. In a murine model of AAA, apolipoprotein E-knockout mice infused with 1,000 ng/kg/min angiotensin II, treatment with clopidogrel, an inhibitor of platelets, significantly suppressed aneurysm formation (47% decrease, P<0.05). The clopidogrel also suppressed changes in aortic expansion, elastic lamina degradation and inflammatory cytokine expression. Moreover, the infiltration of macrophages and production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were also significantly reduced by clopidogrel treatment. In vitro incubation of macrophages with isolated platelets stimulated MMP activity by 45%. These results demonstrate a critical role for platelets in vascular inflammation and AAA progression.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/toxicity
- Animals
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/chemically induced
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/metabolism
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/prevention & control
- Apolipoproteins E/physiology
- Blood Platelets/drug effects
- Blood Platelets/metabolism
- Blood Pressure Determination
- Clopidogrel
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/prevention & control
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/cytology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Matrix Metalloproteinases/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Receptors, Purinergic P2Y12/chemistry
- Receptors, Purinergic P2Y12/metabolism
- Ticlopidine/analogs & derivatives
- Ticlopidine/pharmacology
- Vasculitis/metabolism
- Vasculitis/prevention & control
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Ou Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education; Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Lixin Jia
- The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education; Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxi Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education; Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yueli Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education; Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwen Qin
- The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education; Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Du
- The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education; Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JD); (HZ)
| | - Hongjia Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education; Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JD); (HZ)
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Intraluminal abdominal aortic aneurysm thrombus is associated with disruption of wall integrity. J Vasc Surg 2012; 57:77-83. [PMID: 23127983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An association of intraluminal thrombus (ILT) with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) growth has been suggested. Previous in vitro experiments have demonstrated that aneurysm-associated thrombus may secrete proteolytic enzymes and may develop local hypoxia that might lead to the formation of tissue-damaging reactive oxygen species. In this study, we assessed the hypothesis that ventral ILT thickness is associated with markers of proteolysis and with lipid oxidation in the underlying AAA vessel wall. METHODS Ventral AAA tissue was collected from asymptomatic patients at the site of maximal diameter during open aneurysm repair. Segments were divided, one part for biochemical measurements and one for histologic analyses. We measured total cathepsin B, cathepsin S levels, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 activity. Myeloperoxidase and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were determined as measures of lipid oxidation. Histologic segments were analyzed semiquantitatively for the presence of collagen, elastin, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and inflammatory cells. Preoperative computed tomography angiography scans of 83 consecutive patients were analyzed. A three-dimensional reconstruction was obtained, and a center lumen line of the aorta was constructed. Ventral ILT thickness was measured in the anteroposterior direction at the level of maximal aneurysm diameter on the orthogonal slices. RESULTS Ventral ILT thickness was positively correlated with aortic diameter (r=0.25; P=.02) and with MMP-2 levels (r=0.27; P=.02). No biochemical correlations were observed with MMP-9 activity or cathepsin B and S expression. No correlation between ventral ILT thickness and myeloperoxidase or thiobarbituric acid reactive substances was observed. Ventral ILT thickness was negatively correlated with VSMCs (no staining, 18.5 [interquartile range, 12.0-25.5] mm; minor, 17.6 [10.7-22.1] mm; moderate, 14.5 [4.6-21.7] mm; and heavy, 8.0 [0.0-12.3] mm, respectively; P=.01) and the amount of elastin (no staining, 18.6 [12.2-30.0] mm; minor, 16.5 [9.0-22.1] mm; moderate, 11.7 [2.5-15.3] mm; and heavy 7.7 [0.0-7.7] mm, respectively; P=.01) in the medial aortic layer. CONCLUSIONS ILT thickness appeared to be associated with VSMCs apoptosis and elastin degradation and was positively associated with MMP-2 concentrations in the underlying wall. This suggests that ILT thickness affects AAA wall stability and might contribute to AAA growth and rupture. ILT thickness was not correlated with markers of lipid oxidation.
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Sagan A, Mrowiecki W, Mikolajczyk TP, Urbanski K, Siedlinski M, Nosalski R, Korbut R, Guzik TJ. Local inflammation is associated with aortic thrombus formation in abdominal aortic aneurysms. Relationship to clinical risk factors. Thromb Haemost 2012; 108:812-23. [PMID: 22955940 DOI: 10.1160/th12-05-0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Intraluminal thrombus formation in aortic abdominal aneurysms (AAA) is associated with adverse clinical prognosis. Interplay between coagulation and inflammation, characterised by leukocyte infiltration and cytokine production, has been implicated in AAA thrombus formation. We studied leukocyte (CD45+) content by flow cytometry in AAA thrombi from 27 patients undergoing surgical repair. Luminal parts of thrombi were leukocyte-rich, while abluminal segments showed low leukocyte content. CD66b+ granulocytes were the most prevalent, but their content was similar to blood. Monocytes (CD14+) and T cells (CD3+) were also abundant, while content of B lymphocytes (CD19+) and NK cells (CD56+CD16+) were low. Thrombi showed comparable content of CD14highCD16- monocytes and lower CD14highCD16+ and CD14dimCD16+, than blood. Monocytes were activated with high CD11b, CD11c and HLA-DR expression. Total T cell content was decreased in AAA thrombus compared to peripheral blood but CD8 and CD3+CD4-CD8- (double negative T cell) contents were increased in thrombi. CD4+ cells were lower but highly activated (high CD69, CD25 and HLA-DR). No differences in T regulatory (CD4+CD25+FoxP3+) cell or pro-atherogenic CD4+CD28null lymphocyte content were observed between thrombi and blood. Thrombus T cells expressed high levels of CCR5 receptor for chemokine RANTES, commonly released from activated platelets. Leukocyte or T cell content in thrombi was not correlated with aneurysm size. However, CD3+ content was significantly associated with smoking in multivariate analysis taking into account major risk factors for atherosclerosis. In conclusion, intraluminal AAA thrombi are highly inflamed, predominantly with granulocytes, CD14highCD16- monocytes and activated T lymphocytes. Smoking is associated with T cell infiltration in AAA intraluminal thrombi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Sagan
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, J Dietl Hospital, Ul Skarbowa 1, 31-121 Cracow, Poland
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Guzik TJ, Dulak J. Vessel wall--where coagulation meets cell biology and immunology. Thromb Haemost 2012; 108:416-8. [PMID: 22898929 DOI: 10.1160/th12-08-0558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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35
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Celi S, Losi P, Berti S. Investigation on regional variation of intraluminal thrombus: A mechanical and histological study. BIOINSPIRED BIOMIMETIC AND NANOBIOMATERIALS 2012. [DOI: 10.1680/bbn.12.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The abdominal aortic aneurysm is an irreversible dilatation of the artery and when this pathology is localized in the aortic district, the intraluminal thrombus (ILT) is present in approximately 75% of cases. The rupture risk of AAA is thought to be associated with increased levels of wall stress. In recent decades, finite element analysis (FEA) have been used to predict wall stresses in a patient-specific, noninvasive manner. However, FE simulations are mainly based on homogeneous behavior for ILT material. The purpose of this work was to investigate the biomechanical behavior of ILT and to derive an appropriate constitutive relation for ventral and posterior regions. Uniaxial tensile tests were carried out and histological investigations were performed on four fresh thrombi to correlate with the change in the mechanical properties. A second-order polynomial, large-strain, hyperelastic constitutive model was developed and used to fit the uniaxial tensile testing data for determination of the material parameters. Our results indicate that the microstructure of ILT differs between the ventral and dorsal region, with the area region characterized by a nonlinear behavior and the lateral posterior area stiffer than the budge region. The peak stretch values were (mean±SEM) 1·24±0·04 and 1·1±0·09 for the ventral and lateral posterior area of the ILT, respectively. The material models for the thrombi are in excellent agreement with the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Celi
- Postdoctoral Researcher at Institute of Clinical Physiology of National Council of Research. Laboratory of Biomechanics at Gabriele Monasterio Tuscany Foundation, Heart Hospital, Massa, Italy
| | - Paola Losi
- Researcher at Institute of Clinical Physiology of National Council of Research. Laboratory for Biomaterials and Graft Technology, Massa, Italy
| | - Sergio Berti
- Main Director of the Adult Cardiology Unit at Gabriele Monasterio Tuscany Foundation, Heart Hospital, Massa, Italy
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Khan JA, Abdul Rahman MNA, Mazari FAK, Shahin Y, Smith G, Madden L, Fagan MJ, Greenman J, McCollum PT, Chetter IC. Intraluminal thrombus has a selective influence on matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases) in the wall of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Ann Vasc Surg 2012; 26:322-9. [PMID: 22305865 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of intraluminal thrombus (ILT) on the proteolytic environment within the wall of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is unknown. This is the first study to examine the correlation between ILT thickness and the levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their natural inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases [TIMPs]) within the adjacent AAA wall. METHODS Thirty-five patients undergoing elective repair of AAAs were studied. A single full-thickness infrarenal aortic sample was obtained uniformly from the arteriotomy site from each patient. All samples were snap frozen and analyzed for total and active MMP 2, 8, and 9 and TIMP 1 and 2. Thrombus thickness at the specimen site was measured on the preoperative contrast computed tomographic angiograms. RESULTS There was a statistically significant correlation between ILT thickness, concentration of TIMP 1, and active concentration of MMP 9. MMP 2 (active and total) and TIMP 2 demonstrated a positive correlation with ILT thickness, although not statistically significant. CONCLUSION In this novel study, we found a significant positive correlation of ILT thickness with active MMP 9 and TIMP 1 concentration in the adjacent AAA wall, and this may have implications for AAA expansion and eventual rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junaid A Khan
- Academic Vascular Surgical Unit, Hull York Medical School and University of Hull, Hull, UK.
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Chow M, McDougall C, O'Kelly C, Ashforth R, Johnson E, Fiorella D. Delayed spontaneous rupture of a posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm following treatment with flow diversion: a clinicopathologic study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2011; 33:E46-51. [PMID: 21835950 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a2532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we present the fatal spontaneous delayed rupture of a previously unruptured large PICA aneurysm following treatment with the PED. Pathology at postmortem examination has supported the theory that intra-aneurysmal thrombus may acutely destabilize the aneurysm wall. Aneurysms with an anatomic arrangement that promote continued flow into the neck may not be optimal candidates for the flow-diversion treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chow
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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38
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Labruto F, Blomqvist L, Swedenborg J. Imaging the Intraluminal Thrombus of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: Techniques, Findings, and Clinical Implications. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2011; 22:1069-75; quiz 1075. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2011.01.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Ene F, Gachon C, Delassus P, Carroll R, Stefanov F, O'Flynn P, Morris L. In vitro evaluation of the effects of intraluminal thrombus on abdominal aortic aneurysm wall dynamics. Med Eng Phys 2011; 33:957-66. [PMID: 21478044 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The optimum time to treat abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) still remains an uncertain issue. The decision to intervene does not take in account the effects that wall curvature, intraluminal thrombus (ILT) properties and thickness have on rupture. The role of ILT in aneurysm dynamics and rupture has been controversial. In vitro testing of four silicone AAA models incorporating the ILT and aortic bifurcation was studied under physiological conditions. Pressures (P) and diameters (D) were analysed for models with and without ILT at different locations. The diametral strain, compliance and P/D curves were influenced by the presence, elastic stiffness and thickness of the ILT. In this case, the inclusion of ILT reduced the lumen area by 77% that resulted in a 0.5-81% reduction in compliance depending on ILT properties. With an increase in ILT stiffness from 0.05 to 0.2 MPa, the compliance was reduced by 81%. In the region of maximum diameter, there was a reduction of diametral strain and compliance except for the softer ILT which was more compliant throughout the proximal region. The shifting of the maximum diametral strain and compliance to the proximal neck was pronounced by an increase in ILT stiffness, thus creating a possible rupture site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentina Ene
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Galway Medical Technologies Centre (GMedTech), Galway Mayo Institute of Technology (GMIT), Dublin Road, Galway, Ireland.
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40
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Moxon JV, Parr A, Emeto TI, Walker P, Norman PE, Golledge J. Diagnosis and monitoring of abdominal aortic aneurysm: current status and future prospects. Curr Probl Cardiol 2011; 35:512-48. [PMID: 20932435 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in elderly men, and prevalence is predicted to increase in parallel with a global aging population. AAA is commonly asymptomatic, and in the absence of routine screening, diagnosis is usually incidental when imaging to assess unrelated medical complaints. In the absence of approved diagnostic and prognostic markers, AAAs are monitored conservatively via medical imaging until aortic diameter approaches 50-55 mm and surgical repair is performed. There is currently significant interest in identifying molecular markers of diagnostic and prognostic value for AAA. Here we outline the current guidelines for AAA management and discuss modern scientific techniques currently employed to identify improved diagnostic and prognostic markers.
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Parr A, McCann M, Bradshaw B, Shahzad A, Buttner P, Golledge J. Thrombus volume is associated with cardiovascular events and aneurysm growth in patients who have abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 2011; 53:28-35. [PMID: 20934838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2010.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) are predisposed to cardiovascular events and often experience continual expansion of their aneurysm. Cardiovascular events and expansion rates are positively correlated with aneurysm size. AAA is usually associated with intraluminal thrombus, which has previously been implicated in AAA pathogenesis. This study prospectively assessed the association of infrarenal abdominal aortic thrombus volume with cardiovascular events and AAA growth. METHODS Ninety-eight patients with AAAs underwent computed tomography angiography (CTA). The volume of infrarenal aorta thrombus was measured by a previously validated technique. Patients were monitored prospectively for a median of 3 years (interquartile range [IQR], 2.0-3.6 years), and cardiovascular events (nonfatal stroke, nonfatal myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization, amputation, and cardiovascular death) were recorded. Of the original patients, 39 underwent repeat CTA a median of 1.5 years (IQR, 1.1-3.3 years) after entry to the study. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional analysis were used to examine the association of aortic thrombus with cardiovascular events and average weighted AAA growth. RESULTS There were 28 cardiovascular events during follow-up. The incidence of cardiovascular events was 23.4% and 49.2% for patients with small (smaller than the median) and large (median or larger) volumes of aortic thrombus, respectively, at 4 years (P = .040). AAA thrombus volume of median or larger was associated with increased cardiovascular events (relative risk [RR] 2.8, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-5.24) independent of other risk factors, including initial AAA diameter, but was only of borderline significance when patients were censored at the time of AAA repair (RR, 2.35; 95% CI, 0.98-5.63). In the subset of patients with CTA follow-up, the median annual increase in AAA volume was 5.1 cm³ (IQR, 0.8-10.3 cm³). Annual AAA volume increase was positively correlated with initial AAA diameter (r = 0.44, P = .006) and thrombus volume (r = 0.50, P = .001). Median or larger aortic thrombus volume was associated with rapid AAA volume increase (≥ 5 cm/y), independent of initial aortic diameter (RR, 15.0; 95% CI, 1.9-115.7; P = .009). CONCLUSION In this small cohort, infrarenal aortic thrombus volume was associated with the incidence of cardiovascular events and AAA progression. These results need to be confirmed and mechanisms underlying the associations clarified in large further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Parr
- Vascular Biology Unit, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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Quantification of particle residence time in abdominal aortic aneurysms using magnetic resonance imaging and computational fluid dynamics. Ann Biomed Eng 2010; 39:864-83. [PMID: 21103933 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-010-0202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hemodynamic conditions are hypothesized to affect the initiation, growth, and rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), a vascular disease characterized by progressive wall degradation and enlargement of the abdominal aorta. This study aims to use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to quantify flow stagnation and recirculation in eight AAAs by computing particle residence time (PRT). Specifically, we used gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography to obtain images of the vessel lumens, which were used to generate subject-specific models. We also used phase-contrast MRI to measure blood flow at supraceliac and infrarenal locations to prescribe physiologic boundary conditions. CFD was used to simulate pulsatile flow, and PRT, particle residence index, and particle half-life of PRT in the aneurysms were computed. We observed significant regional differences of PRT in the aneurysms with localized patterns that differed depending on aneurysm geometry and infrarenal flow. A bulbous aneurysm with the lowest mean infrarenal flow demonstrated the slowest particle clearance. In addition, improvements in particle clearance were observed with increase of mean infrarenal flow. We postulate that augmentation of mean infrarenal flow during exercise may reduce chronic flow stasis that may influence mural thrombus burden, degradation of the vessel wall, and aneurysm growth.
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Meyer CA, Guivier-Curien C, Moore JE. Trans-Thrombus Blood Pressure Effects in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms. J Biomech Eng 2010; 132:071005. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4001253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
How much and how the thrombus supports the wall of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is unclear. While some previous studies have indicated that thrombus lacks the mechanical integrity to support much load compared with the aneurysm wall, others have shown that removing thrombus in computational AAA models drastically changes aneurysm wall stress. Histopathological studies have shown that thrombus properties vary through the thickness and it can be porous. The goal of this study is to explore the variations in thrombus properties, including the ability to isolate pressure from the aneurysm wall, incomplete attachment, and their effects on aneurysm wall stress, an important parameter in determining risk for rupture. An analytical model comprised of cylinders and two patient specific models were constructed with pressurization boundary conditions applied at the lumen or the thrombus/aneurysm wall interface (to simulate complete transmission of pressure through porous thrombus). Aneurysm wall stress was also calculated in the absence of thrombus. The potential importance of partial thrombus attachment was also analyzed. Pressurizing at either surface (lumen versus interface) made little difference to mean von Mises aneurysm wall stress values with thrombus completely attached (3.1% analytic, 1.2% patient specific) while thrombus presence reduced mean von Mises stress considerably (79% analytic, 40–46% patient specific) in comparison to models without it. Peak von Mises stresses were similarly influenced with pressurization surface differing slightly (3.1% analytic, 1.4% patient specific) and reductions in stress by thrombus presence (80% analytic, 28–37% patient specific). The case of partial thrombus attachment was investigated using a cylindrical model in which there was no attachment between the thrombus and aneurysm wall in a small area (10 deg). Applying pressure at the lumen resulted in a similar stress field to fully attached thrombus, whereas applying pressure at the interface resulted in a 42% increase in peak aneurysm wall stress. Taken together, these results show that the thrombus can have a wall stress reducing role even if it does not shield the aneurysm wall from direct pressurization—as long as the thrombus is fully attached to the aneurysm wall. Furthermore, the potential for porous thrombus to transmit pressure to the interface can result in a considerable increase in aneurysm wall stress in cases of partial attachment. In the search for models capable of accurately assessing the risk for rupture, the nature of the thrombus and its attachment to the aneurysm wall must be carefully assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clark A. Meyer
- Equipe de Biomécanique Cardiovasculaire, IRPHE UMR 6594 CNRS, Marseille 13451, France
| | - Carine Guivier-Curien
- Equipe de Biomécanique Cardiovasculaire, IRPHE UMR 6594 CNRS, Marseille 13451, France
| | - James E. Moore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, TAMU 3120, Zachry Engineering Center, College Station, TX 77843-3120
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Effects of partial thrombosis on distal aorta after repair of acute DeBakey type I aortic dissection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 139:841-7.e1; discussion 847. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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45
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Nchimi A, Defawe O, Brisbois D, Broussaud TKY, Defraigne JO, Magotteaux P, Massart B, Serfaty JM, Houard X, Michel JB, Sakalihasan N. MR Imaging of Iron Phagocytosis in Intraluminal Thrombi of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in Humans. Radiology 2010; 254:973-81. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.09090657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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46
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Speelman L, Schurink GWH, Bosboom EMH, Buth J, Breeuwer M, van de Vosse FN, Jacobs MH. The mechanical role of thrombus on the growth rate of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg 2010; 51:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2009.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Filis KA, Lagoudianakis EE, Markogiannakis H, Kotzadimitriou A, Koronakis N, Bramis K, Xiromeritis K, Theodorou D, Manouras A. Complete abdominal aortic aneurysm thrombosis and obstruction of both common iliac arteries with intrathrombotic pressures demonstrating a continuing risk of rupture: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep 2009; 3:9292. [PMID: 20062781 PMCID: PMC2803815 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-3-9292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although mural thrombus in an abdominal aortic aneurysm is frequent and its role has been studied extensively, complete thrombosis of an abdominal aneurysm is extremely rare and its natural history in relation to the risk of rupture is not known. The case of a patient with a completely thrombosed infrarenal aneurysm is presented along with a literature review. Case presentation We report the case of a 56-year-old Caucasian man with an infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm, presenting at our hospital due to critical ischemia of his right lower limb. Computed tomography and angiography demonstrated complete aneurysm thrombosis and obstruction of both common iliac arteries. Conclusion During the operation, systolic and mean intrathrombotic pressures, measured in different levels, constituted 74.5-90.2% and 77.5-92.5% of systolic and mean intraluminal pressure and 73-88.4% and 76.5-91.3% of systemic pressure, respectively. Our findings show that there may be a continuing risk of rupture in cases of a thrombosed abdominal aortic aneurysm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos A Filis
- 1st Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, Hippokrateion Hospital, Athens Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Ayyalasomayajula A, Polk A, Basudhar A, Missoum S, Nissim L, Vande Geest JP. Three dimensional active contours for the reconstruction of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Ann Biomed Eng 2009; 38:164-76. [PMID: 19902358 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-009-9833-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An aneurysm is a gradual and progressive ballooning of a blood vessel due to wall degeneration. Rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) constitutes a significant portion of deaths in the US. In this study, we describe a technique to reconstruct AAA geometry from CT images in an inexpensive and streamlined fashion. A 3D reconstruction technique was implemented with a GUI interface in MATLAB using the active contours technique. The lumen and the thrombus of the AAA were segmented individually in two separate protocols and were then joined together into a hybrid surface. This surface was then used to obtain the aortic wall. This method can deal with very poor contrast images where the aortic wall is indistinguishable from the surrounding features. Data obtained from the segmentation of image sets were smoothed in 3D using a Support Vector Machine technique. The segmentation method presented in this paper is inexpensive and has minimal user-dependency in reconstructing AAA geometry (lumen and wall) from patient image sets. The AAA model generated using this segmentation algorithm can be used to study a variety of biomechanical issues remaining in AAA biomechanics including stress estimation, endovascular stent-graft performance, and local drug delivery studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Ayyalasomayajula
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Sueyoshi E, Sakamoto I, Uetani M. Growth Rate of Affected Aorta in Patients With Type B Partially Closed Aortic Dissection. Ann Thorac Surg 2009; 88:1251-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 06/06/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Houard X, Touat Z, Ollivier V, Louedec L, Philippe M, Sebbag U, Meilhac O, Rossignol P, Michel JB. Mediators of neutrophil recruitment in human abdominal aortic aneurysms. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 82:532-41. [PMID: 19201759 PMCID: PMC2682614 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Neutrophils/platelet interactions are involved in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). The intraluminal thrombus (ILT) is a human model of platelet/neutrophil interactions. The present study focused on mediators involved in neutrophil recruitment in AAA. Methods and results Conditioned media from luminal, intermediate, and abluminal layers of 29 human ILTs were analysed for neutrophil markers [elastase/α1-antitrypsin and MMP9/NGAL complexes, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and α-defensin peptides], RANTES, platelet factor 4 (PF4), and interleukin-8 (IL-8). Their time-dependent release into serum from clots generated in vitro and their plasma concentrations in AAA patients and controls were determined. Immunohistochemistry for neutrophils, platelets, IL-8, PF4, and RANTES on AAA sections was performed; and molecules involved in ILT neutrophil chemotactic function were analysed in vitro. Neutrophils and platelets colocalized in the luminal layer of the thrombus. Consistently, neutrophil markers and platelet-derived RANTES and PF4 were released predominantly by the luminal thrombus pole, where their concentrations were significantly correlated. The luminal ILT layer was also the main source of IL-8, whose immunostaining colocalized with neutrophils. All were also released time dependently from clots and were increased in plasma of AAA patients. Luminal ILT layers displayed potent neutrophil chemotactic activity in vitro, which was inhibited by RANTES- and IL-8-blocking antibodies as well as by reparixin, an antagonist of the IL-8 receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. Conclusion Taken together, these results suggest that platelet-derived RANTES and neutrophil-derived IL-8 are involved in attracting neutrophils to the luminal layer of AAA ILT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Houard
- INSERM U698, Cardiovascular Haematology, Bio-Engineering and Remodelings, Paris 7 Denis Diderot University, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, 46 rue Henri Huchard, F-75877 Paris Cedex 18, France
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