1
|
Sasaki T, Islam J, Hara K, Nochi T, Tanemura K. Male mice are susceptible to brain dysfunction induced by early-life acephate exposure. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1404009. [PMID: 39050668 PMCID: PMC11266133 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1404009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Acephate is a widely used organophosphate insecticide. Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals, such as acephate, can interfere with neurodevelopment in childhood, increasing the risk of higher brain dysfunction later in life. Furthermore, brain dysfunction may be related to chemical exposure-related disturbances in the gut microbiota. However, the effects of early acephate exposure on the brains of adult males and females as well as on the adult gut environment remain poorly understood. Methods This study investigated the effects of perinatal acephate exposure on the central nervous system and gut microbiota of mice, including sex differences and environmentally relevant concentrations. C57BL/6 N pups were exposed to acephate (0, 0.3, 10, and 300 ppm) via the dam in their drinking water from embryonic day (E) 11.5 to postnatal day 14. We examined its effects on the central nervous system of adult males and females. Results In the male treatment group, impairments in learning and memory were detected. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a decrease in SOX2-, NeuN-, DCX-, and GFAP-positive cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus in males compared to the control group, whereas GFAP-positive cells were fewer in females. In addition, gut microbiota diversity was reduced in both sexes in the experimental group. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that the effects of early-life exposure to acephate are more pronounced in males than in females and can lead to a lasting impact on adult behavior, even at low doses, and that the gut microbiota may reflect the brain environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sasaki
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Development, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jahidul Islam
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenshiro Hara
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Development, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nochi
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tanemura
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Development, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
The Role of Brain Methamidophos in Acephate Poisoning in Mice. J UOEH 2021; 43:197-203. [PMID: 34092764 DOI: 10.7888/juoeh.43.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We gave mice a 540 mg/kg dose of LD50 acephate, followed by an assessment of acephate, methamidophos (MP), and choline esterase (ChE) activity for up to 4 hours (hr) in order to investigate the time course of acephate intoxication. At 1 hr, the blood acephate and MP levels were 428 ± 90 µg/ml (mean ± SEM) and 4.2 ± 0.4 µg/ ml, respectively. The liver acephate levels were similar to those in the blood, but the liver MP levels were approximately 3.5 times that of the blood at 1 hr. The brain MP level tended to be higher than the blood MP at 1 hr. These levels decreased gradually over 4 hr, but the brain acephate and MP levels surpassed the blood levels significantly at 4 hr, and after 2 hr, respectively. Serum, liver, cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem cholinesterase activity (ChE) were inhibited at 1 hr, and remained inhibited in all but the cerebellum until the end of the experiment. The obtained data were applied to previously reported autopsy cases of acephate intake. Experimental data suggest that brain MP is involved in acute acephate-induced poisoning, even after a reduction in blood acephate. In autopsy cases with suspected acephate poisoning, the MP level in the brain should be considered in addition to the ChE activity to diagnose the cause of death.
Collapse
|
3
|
Osman MJ, Wan Yunus WMZ, Ong KK, Chieng BW, Mohd Kassim NA, Mohd Noor SA, Feizal Knight V, Abd Rashid JI, Teoh CC. Image Digitization of Colorimetric Detection of Acephate Based on Its Complexation with Citrate-Capped Gold Nanoparticles. J CHEM-NY 2020; 2020:1-10. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/8872048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Acephate (Ac), an organophosphate (OP) insecticide, is very harmful to human and the environment. Conventional techniques of detection are sensitive and selective but relatively time-consuming, expensive, and require trained personnel. This paper describes the use of an image processing technique to digitize the red values (RVs) of the colour image of Ac-capped gold nanoparticles (Ac-Cit-AuNPs) complex captured using a digital microscope to improve the detection accuracy and precision. The formation of the suspension was characterised using laser test, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR). The linear regression analysis revealed that the detection sensitivity improved as the smaller gold nanoparticles were used. For quantitative measurement using image processing, a good linear relationship (R2 = 0.9905 and 0.9924) for Cit-HAuNPs and Cit-MAuNPs, respectively, between the concentration of Ac and average red values was obtained in the range of 0–8 mM. The limit of detection (LOD) for Ac was found to be 0.3 mM and 0.4 mM for Cit-MAuNPs and Cit-HAuNPs, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Junaedy Osman
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Sg Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Wan Md Zin Wan Yunus
- Centre for Tropicalisation, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Sg Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Keat Khim Ong
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Sg Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
- Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Sg Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Buong Woei Chieng
- Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Sg Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Noor Azilah Mohd Kassim
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Sg Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
- Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Sg Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Siti Aminah Mohd Noor
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Sg Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Victor Feizal Knight
- Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Sg Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Jahwarhar Izuan Abd Rashid
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Sg Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Chin Chuang Teoh
- Engineering Research Centre, MARDI Headquarter Serdang, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nagaraju R, Joshi AKR, Vamadeva SG, Rajini PS. Deregulation of hepatic lipid metabolism associated with insulin resistance in rats subjected to chronic monocrotophos exposure. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22506. [PMID: 32267039 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, we demonstrated the potential of monocrotophos (MCP), an organophosphorus insecticide (OPI), to induce glucose intolerance, insulin resistance (IR), and dyslipidemia with hyperinsulinemia in rats after chronic exposure. As hyperinsulinemia is likely to exert an impact on hepatic lipid metabolism, we carried out this study to establish the effect of chronic MCP exposure (0.9 and 1.8 mg/kg/day for 180 days) on hepatic lipid metabolism in rats. The state of IR induced by MCP in rats was associated with an increase in the liver lipid content (triglyceride and cholesterol) and expression levels of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins, PPARγ, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and fatty acid synthase in the liver. Similarly, activities of key enzymes (acetyl-COA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, lipin 1, malic enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), which regulate lipogenesis, were enhanced in livers of pesticide-treated rats. A strong correlation was observed between insulin levels, hepatic lipid content, and plasma lipid profile in treated rats. Our study suggests that long-term exposure to OPIs not only has a propensity to induce a state of hyperinsulinemic IR, but it is also associated with augmented hepatic lipogenesis, which may explain dyslipidemia induced by chronic exposure to MCP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raju Nagaraju
- Food Protectants and Infestation Control Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Apurva K R Joshi
- Food Protectants and Infestation Control Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sowmya G Vamadeva
- Food Protectants and Infestation Control Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Padmanabhan S Rajini
- Food Protectants and Infestation Control Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Plasma paraoxonase1 activity in rats treated with monocrotophos: a study of the effect of duration of exposure. Interdiscip Toxicol 2020; 12:129-135. [PMID: 32210701 PMCID: PMC7085301 DOI: 10.2478/intox-2019-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have earlier demonstrated the potential of monocrotophos (MCP), a highly toxic organophosphorus insecticide (OPI), to elicit insulin resistance in rats after chronic exposure. Given the understanding of role of paraoxonase1 (PON1) in OPI toxicity and diabetes pathology, this study was envisaged to understand the effect of duration of exposure to MCP on plasma PON1 activity in rats. Rats were administered MCP per os at 1/20 and 1/10th LD50 as daily doses for 180 days. Interim blood samples were collected at 15, 30, 45, 90 and 180 d for analysis of plasma parameters. Exposure to MCP for 45 resulted in persistent trend of hyperinsulinemia, while significant increase in fasting glucose levels was observed after 180 days. MCP caused suppression of plasma cholinesterase activity though the study period, albeit extent of inhibition was more severe during the early phase of the study. Exposure to MCP for 180 d resulted in hypertriglyceridemia and marginal decrease in HDL-C levels. MCP failed to modulate PON1 activity in plasma during the early phase of the study (up to 45 d). However, prolonged exposure resulted in significant increase in the plasma PON1 activity. This suggests that manifestation of insulin resistance in rats subjected to chronic exposure to MCP is associated with increase in PON1 activity. Our work provides rationale for studying whether the increase in PON1 activity observed in the present study serves to counter the deleterious effect of long term exposure to organophosphorus insecticides on metabolic homeostasis.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang Y, Liu X, Qiu S, Zhang Q, Tang W, Liu H, Guo Y, Ma Y, Guo X, Liu Y. A Flexible Acetylcholinesterase-Modified Graphene for Chiral Pesticide Sensor. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:14643-14649. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xiaotong Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Shi Qiu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Qiuqi Zhang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Yunlong Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Yongqiang Ma
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Guo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rajak P, Khatun S, Dutta M, Mandi M, Roy S. Chronic exposure to acephate triggers ROS-mediated injuries at organismal and sub-organismal levels of Drosophila melanogaster. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:874-887. [PMID: 30310664 PMCID: PMC6116822 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00052b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study demonstrates ROS-mediated organismal and sub-organismal injuries in Drosophila melanogaster following chronic acephate exposure. Larvae and adults of Drosophila were reared on food supplemented with sub-lethal concentrations (1-6 μg mL-1) of acephate (LC50 8.71 μg mL-1). The longevity of the treated adults was reduced to half at 6 μg mL-1 exposure along with declined neuromuscular coordination and physical activities. Apparent developmental defects in the compound eyes were confirmed through the detection of apoptotic lesions in larval eye imaginal discs. The larval gut manifested tissue damage at various sites. Neural and fat cell viability was reduced by ∼1.89- and ∼3.38-fold at 6 μg mL-1 acephate treatment, respectively. A significant reduction in hemocyte viability confirmed the immunotoxic potential of acephate. Nearly 1-3-fold enhancement in the expression of OS markers (MDA, protein carbonyl contents, SOD, catalase and HSP70) in the treated larvae served as evidence of ROS production. The post-treatment increase in CYP450 and GST activities reflects the 'switch-on' states of the phase-I and phase-II detoxification mechanism. The genotoxic potential of acephate was confirmed through alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis. Thus, the findings of the present study validate the fact that besides traditional cholinesterase inhibition, chronic sub-lethal exposure to acephate potentially induces ROS-mediated toxic responses in Drosophila.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prem Rajak
- Post Graduate Department of Zoology , A. B. N. Seal College , Cooch Behar , West Bengal , India
| | - Salma Khatun
- Toxicology Research Unit , Department of Zoology , The University of Burdwan , West Bengal , India .
| | - Moumita Dutta
- Toxicology Research Unit , Department of Zoology , The University of Burdwan , West Bengal , India .
| | - Moutushi Mandi
- Toxicology Research Unit , Department of Zoology , The University of Burdwan , West Bengal , India .
| | - Sumedha Roy
- Toxicology Research Unit , Department of Zoology , The University of Burdwan , West Bengal , India .
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu X, Zhang Q, Li S, Mi P, Chen D, Zhao X, Feng X. Developmental toxicity and neurotoxicity of synthetic organic insecticides in zebrafish (Danio rerio): A comparative study of deltamethrin, acephate, and thiamethoxam. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 199:16-25. [PMID: 29427810 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic organic insecticides, including pyrethroids, organophosphates, neonicotinoids and other types, have the potential to alter the ecosystems and many are harmful to humans. This study examines the developmental toxicity and neurotoxicity of three synthetic organic insecticides, including deltamethrin (DM), acephate (AP), and thiamethoxam (TM), using embryo-larval stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Results showed that DM exposure led to embryo development delay and a significant increase in embryo mortality at 24 and 48 h post-fertilization (hpf). DM and AP decreased embryo chorion surface tension at 24 hpf, along with the increase in hatching rate at 72 hpf. Moreover, DM caused ntl, shh, and krox20 misexpression in a dose-dependent manner with morphological deformities of shorter body length, smaller eyes, and larger head-body angles at 10 μg/L. TM did not show significant developmental toxicity. Furthermore, results of larval rest/wake assay indicated that DM (>0.1 μg/L) and AP (0.1 mg/L) increased activity behavior with different patterns. Interestingly, as an insect-specific pesticide, TM still could alter locomotor activity in zebrafish larvae at concentrations as low as 0.1 mg/L. Our results indicate that different types of synthetic organic insecticides could create different toxicity outcomes in zebrafish embryos and larvae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- XingYu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - QiuPing Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - ShiBao Li
- The Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information Systems, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ping Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - DongYan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Xin Zhao
- The Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information Systems, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - XiZeng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
He X, Gao J, Dong T, Chen M, Zhou K, Chang C, Luo J, Wang C, Wang S, Chen D, Zhou Z, Tian Y, Xia Y, Wang X. Developmental Neurotoxicity of Methamidophos in the Embryo-Larval Stages of Zebrafish. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 14:ijerph14010023. [PMID: 28036051 PMCID: PMC5295274 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Methamidophos is a representative organophosphate insecticide. The knowledge of its developmental neurotoxicity is limited, especially for zebrafish in the early stages of their life. Four hour post-fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos were exposed to several environmentally relevant concentrations of methamidophos (0, 25, and 500 μg/L) for up to 72 hpf. Locomotor behavior was then studied in the zebrafish larvae at this timepoint. Acridine orange (AO) staining was carried out in the zebrafish larvae, and the mRNA levels of genes associated with neural development (mbp and syn2a) were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The number of escape responders for mechanical stimulation was significantly decreased in exposed groups. AO staining showed noticeable signs of apoptosis mainly in the brain. In addition, the mRNA levels of mbp and syn2a were both significantly down-regulated in exposed groups. Our study provides the first evidence that methamidophos exposure can cause developmental neurotoxicity in the early stages of zebrafish life, which may be caused by the effect of methamidophos on neurodevelopmental genes and the activation of cell apoptosis in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei He
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Jiawei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Tianyu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Minjian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China.
| | - Kun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Chunxin Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Jia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Shoulin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Daozhen Chen
- Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China.
| | - Zuomin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Ying Tian
- MOE and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China.
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Yankai Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Xinru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nagaraju R, Joshi AKR, Rajini PS. Organophosphorus insecticide, monocrotophos, possesses the propensity to induce insulin resistance in rats on chronic exposure. J Diabetes 2015; 7:47-59. [PMID: 24698518 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our earlier studies had shown that monocrotophos (MCP), an organophosphorus insecticide (OPI), has the propensity to augment the secondary complications associated with type-1 diabetes. The present study investigates whether rats exposed for prolonged periods to monocrotophos would develop insulin resistance mediated by alteration in glucose homeostasis. METHODS Male rats were administered sublethal doses of monocrotophos daily for 180 days. Interim blood samples were collected to measure alteration in blood glucose and lipid profile. Rats were also subjected to glucose and insulin tolerance test and fasting blood glucose and insulin levels were measured to calculate insulin resistance by HOMA-IR method. After 180 days, the rats were also evaluated for pancreatic histology and activities of hepatic gluconeogenetic enzymes. RESULTS Monocrotophos elicited a gradual and sustained increase in blood glucose and insulin resistance in rats with concomitant glucose intolerance and reduced insulin sensitivity. MCP exposure was also associated with increase in weights of key white adipose pads, activities of gluconeogenesis enzymes and increase in pancreatic islet diameter, all of which led to hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidaemia. CONCLUSION Long-term exposure of rats to MCP resulted in glucose intolerance with hyperinsulinemia, a hallmark of insulin resistance. Our data suggest that chronic exposure to low doses of monocrotophos, might lead to development of insulin resistance by altering lipid profile and glucose homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raju Nagaraju
- Food Protectants and Infestation Control Department, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lima CS, Dutra-Tavares AC, Nunes F, Nunes-Freitas AL, Ribeiro-Carvalho A, Filgueiras CC, Manhães AC, Meyer A, Abreu-Villaça Y. Methamidophos exposure during the early postnatal period of mice: immediate and late-emergent effects on the cholinergic and serotonergic systems and behavior. Toxicol Sci 2013; 134:125-39. [PMID: 23596261 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphates (OPs) are among the most used pesticides. Although some OPs have had their use progressively more restricted, other OPs are being used without sufficient investigation of their effects. Here, we investigated the immediate neurochemical and delayed neurochemical and behavioral actions of the OP methamidophos to verify whether there are concerns regarding exposure during early postnatal development. From the third to the nineth postnatal day (PN), Swiss mice were sc injected with methamidophos (1mg/kg). At PN10, we assessed cholinergic and serotonergic biomarkers in the cerebral cortex and brainstem. From PN60 to PN63, mice were submitted to a battery of behavioral tests and subsequently to biochemical analyses. At PN10, the effects were restricted to females and to the cholinergic system: Methamidophos promoted increased choline transporter binding in the brainstem. At PN63, in the brainstem, there was a decrease in choline transporter, a female-only decrease in 5HT1A and a male-only increase in 5HT2 receptor binding. In the cortex, choline acetyltransferase activity was decreased and 5HT2 receptor binding was increased both in males and females. Methamidophos elicited behavioral alterations, suggestive of increased depressive-like behavior and impaired decision making. There were no significant alterations on anxiety-related measures and on memory/learning. Methamidophos elicited cholinergic and serotonergic alterations that depended on brain region, sex, and age of the animals. These outcomes, together with the behavioral effects, indicate that this OP is deleterious to the developing brain and that alterations are indeed identified long after the end of exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla S Lima
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bhadaniya AR, Kalariya VA, Joshi DV, Patel BJ, Chaudhary S, Patel HB, Patel JM, Patel UD, Patel HB, Ghodasara SN, Savsani HH. Toxicopathological evaluation in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) following repeated oral exposure to acephate. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 31:9-17. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233712468017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of exposure at different doses of acephate on hematology, blood biochemistry, oxidative stress and immune system of Wistar rats. The experiment was carried out on 40 Wistar rats, which were divided in four groups. Animals of the three treatment groups were given with different sublethal doses (1/40th, 1/20th, 1/10th of lethal dose 50 value) of acephate by oral gavage. The hematology, blood biochemistry, oxidative stress marker, humoral immune response and cell-mediated immunity were evaluated following acephate exposure. Significant alteration in hematological parameters was not observed following different doses of acephate; however, significant alteration in alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transferase, acetyl cholinesterase, lipid peroxidase and superoxide dismutase was observed in medium- and high-dose group animals. Nonsignificant decrease in antibody titer in animals exposed to high dose has been observed compared with animals of control group. However, significant alteration in cell-mediated immunity was not observed in animals treated with acephate at different doses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit R Bhadaniya
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science & A.H., Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India
| | - Vinay A Kalariya
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science & A.H., Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India
| | - Dilip V Joshi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science & A.H., Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Dantiwada, Gujarat, India
| | - Bakor J Patel
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science & A.H., Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Dantiwada, Gujarat, India
| | - Sandhya Chaudhary
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Science & A.H., Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Dantiwada, Gujarat, India
| | - Hitesh B Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science & A.H., Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Dantiwada, Gujarat, India
| | - Jignesh M Patel
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science & A.H., Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India
| | - Urvesh D Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science & A.H., Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India
| | - Harshad B Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science & A.H., Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India
| | - Sanjay N Ghodasara
- Cattle Breeding Farm, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India
| | - Harish H Savsani
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science & A.H., Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sankhala LN, Tripathi SM, Bhavsar SK, Thaker AM, Sharma P. Hematological and Immunological Changes Due to Short-term Oral Administration of Acephate. Toxicol Int 2012; 19:162-6. [PMID: 22778515 PMCID: PMC3388761 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6580.97217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate immunotoxicological effects of environmental chemical, subacute toxicity of repeated (28 day) oral administration of acephate (Ace) in BALB/c mice was assessed. Thirty two (sixteen male and sixteen female) mice were divided into four different groups with each group containing eight (four male and four female) mice. Mice of Group C1 were administered normal saline only and served as control. Group T1 was given 1/40(th) of apparent LD(50) (ALD(50)) (8.78 mg/kg), and group T2 was put on 1/30(th) of ALD(50) [11.7 mg/kg], while group T3 received 1/20(th) of ALD(50) [17.55 mg/kg] of Ace suspended in normal saline. The blood samples were collected from mice after 28 days of oral administration and analyzed for hematological, biochemical, and immunological parameters. The study showed that hematological parameters (monocytes and granulocytes) remained unaffected except total leukocyte count and lymphocyte which were decreased highly significantly [P≤0.01] in mice of group T3 on the 28(th) day of experiment. Serum total protein (TP) and serum globulin decreased significantly in mice of treatment groups dose dependently; however, no significant change was seen in serum albumin. Progressive increase in live body weight of mice decreased significantly in extremely toxic group only while spleen:body weight ratio decreased significantly in dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, Ace produced suppressed humoral immune response and the delayed-type hypersensitivity response to Sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) was altered nonsignificantly. The results of this study describe the suppression of immune responses following exposure to Ace at low concentrations in experimental mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laxmi N Sankhala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mostafalou S, Eghbal MA, Nili-Ahmadabadi A, Baeeri M, Abdollahi M. Biochemical evidence on the potential role of organophosphates in hepatic glucose metabolism toward insulin resistance through inflammatory signaling and free radical pathways. Toxicol Ind Health 2011; 28:840-51. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233711425073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Several studies show that organophosphate pesticides exert several effects on glucose homeostasis. The current study investigates the influence of subchronic exposure to malathion (MT) on hepatic gluconeogenesis in relation to acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the rat. MT was administered by gavage at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg for 32 days. Fasting hyperglycemia was seen in line with an increased activity of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, glucose 6-phosphatase and tumor necrosis factor α. In addition to the impaired glucose tolerance and inhibition of AChE in a dose-dependent manner, there were significant increases in hepatic lipid peroxidation, carbonyl groups and 8-deoxyguanosine as the biomarkers of reactive oxygen species–mediated damage to lipid, protein and DNA, respectively. Altered quality of the liver in glucose production especially gluconeogenesis could be a compensatory mechanism against MT toxicity or even result in tissue damage. MT-induced insulin resistance in the liver occurs through oxidative and inflammatory signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mostafalou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Eghbal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Nili-Ahmadabadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Baeeri
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Farag AT, Radwan AH, Eweidah MH, ElMazoudy RH, El-Sebae AEK. Evaluation of male-mediated reproductive toxic effects of methamidophos in the mouse. Andrologia 2011; 44:116-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2010.01113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
16
|
Ghadimi S, Mousavi SL, Rahnama Z, Rahimi M. Synthesis and Characterization of O,S-Dimethylphosphoramidothioate and N-Acetyl O,S-Dimethylphosphoramidothioate. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500902797079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Ghadimi
- a Chemistry Department , Imam Hossein University , Tehran, Iran
| | - S. L. Mousavi
- b Biology Department , Shahed University , Tehran, Iran
| | - Z. Rahnama
- a Chemistry Department , Imam Hossein University , Tehran, Iran
| | - M. Rahimi
- a Chemistry Department , Imam Hossein University , Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Urinary elimination kinetics of acephate and its metabolite, methamidophos, in urine after acute ingestion. J Med Toxicol 2009; 5:68-72. [PMID: 19415590 DOI: 10.1007/bf03161090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acephate (AP) is a widely available organophosphorus (OP) insecticide considered to have low mammalian toxicity. In plants and insects, AP is metabolized extensively to methamidophos (MP), a more potent OP insecticide. The limited mammalian metabolism of AP to MP has been studied in laboratory rat models and suggests that initial formation of MP from AP may inhibit further formation. No case reports of human ingestion with urine AP and MP levels have been previously published. CASE REPORT A 4-year-old male being evaluated for altered mental status and head trauma was noted to have muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic signs. Further history suggested possible ingestion of a commercial AP product at an unknown time. Ingestion of AP was confirmed by the presence of urinary AP and MP and severely depressed red blood cell (RBC) cholinesterase and pseudocholinesterase activity levels. The patient initially received atropine in two 0.02 mg/kg IV boluses, then was started on 0.05 mg/kg IV per hour and titrated accordingly to clinical signs of cholinergic toxicity. Pralidoxime was also given at 20 mg/kg IV bolus, followed by an infusion of 10 mg/kg per hour. The patient required mechanical ventilation for 18 days and atropine infusion for 20 days. After a complicated intensive care unit course, he recovered and was discharged after a total of 32 days of hospitalization. METHODS Four urine samples collected at different times were analyzed for AP and MP by using high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Kinetic calculations were performed by using standard equations. RESULTS Suspected ingestion was confirmed by the presence of AP and MP in urine. The amount of MP found in urine suggests some limited human metabolism to this more toxic compound. CONCLUSIONS Urinary elimination kinetics of AP demonstrates low metabolic conversion of AP to MP in humans.
Collapse
|
18
|
Tomei F, Rosati MV, Baccolo TP, Bernardini A, Ciarrocca M, Tomao E. Plasma Concentration of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone in Traffic Policemen. J Occup Health 2003; 45:242-7. [PMID: 14646285 DOI: 10.1539/joh.45.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate whether traffic policemen exposed to urban pollutants and possible psycho-social stressors could be at risk of changes on plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH(P)] levels compared to a control group. Traffic policemen were matched by sex, age, length of service and drinking habit (<50 g of wine or beer per day) with a control group after excluding principal confounding factors; 62 traffic policemen with outdoor activity (34 men and 28 women) and 62 control subjects with indoor activity (34 men and 28 women) were included in the study. The levels of ACTH(P) were significantly higher in male and female traffic policemen than in the control subjects (respectively P=0.040, P=0.043). The authors hypothesise that occupational exposure to chemical and physical stressors, that may interact with possible psycho-social stressors, could cause a change in ACTH(P) levels in traffic policemen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Tomei
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome La Sapienza, Via Monte delle Gioie No. 13, 00199 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|