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Park GN, Shin J, Choe S, Kim KS, Kim JJ, Lim SI, An BH, Hyun BH, An DJ. Safety and Immunogenicity of Chimeric Pestivirus KD26_E2LOM in Piglets and Calves. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1622. [PMID: 37897024 PMCID: PMC10610696 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A chimeric pestivirus (KD26_E2LOM) was prepared by inserting the E2 gene of the classical swine fever virus (CSFV) LOM strain into the backbone of the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) KD26 strain. KD26_E2LOM was obtained by transfecting the cDNA pACKD26_E2LOM into PK-15 cells. KD26_E2LOM chimeric pestivirus proliferated to titers of 106.5 TCID50/mL and 108.0 TCID50/mL at 96 h post-inoculation into PK-15 cells or MDBK cells, respectively. It also reacted with antibodies specific for CSFV E2 and BVDV Erns, but not with an anti-BVDV E2 antibody. Piglets (55-60 days old) inoculated with a high dose (107.0 TCID50/mL) of KD26_E2LOM produced high levels of CSFV E2 antibodies. In addition, no co-habiting pigs were infected with KD26_E2LOM; however, some inoculated pigs excreted the virus, and the virus was detected in some organs. When pregnant sows were inoculated during the first trimester (55-60 days) with a high dose (107.0 TCID50/mL) of KD26_E2LOM, anti-CSFV E2 antibodies were produced at high levels; chimeric pestivirus was detected in one fetus and in the ileum of one sow. When 5-day-old calves that did not consume colostrum received a high dose (107.0 TCID50/mL) of KD26_E2LOM, one calf secreted the virus in both feces and nasal fluid on Day 2. A high dose of KD26_E2LOM does not induce specific clinical signs in most animals, does not spread from animal to animal, and generates CSFV E2 antibodies with DVIA functions. Therefore, chimeric pestivirus KD26_E2LOM is a potential CSFV live marker vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu-Nam Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (G.-N.P.); (J.S.); (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (J.-J.K.); (S.-I.L.); (B.-H.H.)
| | - Jihye Shin
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (G.-N.P.); (J.S.); (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (J.-J.K.); (S.-I.L.); (B.-H.H.)
| | - SeEun Choe
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (G.-N.P.); (J.S.); (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (J.-J.K.); (S.-I.L.); (B.-H.H.)
| | - Ki-Sun Kim
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (G.-N.P.); (J.S.); (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (J.-J.K.); (S.-I.L.); (B.-H.H.)
| | - Jae-Jo Kim
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (G.-N.P.); (J.S.); (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (J.-J.K.); (S.-I.L.); (B.-H.H.)
| | - Seong-In Lim
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (G.-N.P.); (J.S.); (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (J.-J.K.); (S.-I.L.); (B.-H.H.)
| | - Byung-Hyun An
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (G.-N.P.); (J.S.); (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (J.-J.K.); (S.-I.L.); (B.-H.H.)
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (G.-N.P.); (J.S.); (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (J.-J.K.); (S.-I.L.); (B.-H.H.)
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Immunogenicity of a secreted, C-terminally truncated, form of bovine viral diarrhea virus E2 glycoprotein as a potential candidate in subunit vaccine development. Sci Rep 2023; 13:296. [PMID: 36609424 PMCID: PMC9818055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26766-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Both current live, attenuated, and killed virus vaccines for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) have their limitations. Here, we report the development of a BVDV subunit vaccine by (i) the expression of a secreted form of a recombinant E2 glycoprotein using BHK21 cells and (ii) determination of the immune responses in mice. The E2 glycoprotein was modified by deletion of the C-terminal transmembrane anchor domain and fusion to a V5 epitope tag. This allowed detection using anti-V5 monoclonal antibodies together with simple purification of the expressed, secreted, form of E2 from the cell media. Furthermore, we genetically fused green fluorescent protein (GFP) linked to E2 via a Thosea asigna virus 2A (T2A) ribosome skipping sequence thereby creating a self-processing polyprotein [GFP-T2A-BVDV-E2trunk-V5], producing discrete [GFP-T2A] and [E2trunk-V5] translation products: GFP fluorescence acts, therefore, as a surrogate marker of E2 expression, BALB/c mice were inoculated with [E2trunk-V5] purified from cell media and both humoral and cellular immune responses were observed. Our antigen expression system provides, therefore, both (i) a simple antigen purification protocol together with (ii) a feasible strategy for further, large-scale, production of vaccines.
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Epigenomic and Proteomic Changes in Fetal Spleens Persistently Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus: Repercussions for the Developing Immune System, Bone, Brain, and Heart. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030506. [PMID: 35336913 PMCID: PMC8949278 DOI: 10.3390/v14030506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection during early gestation results in persistently infected (PI) immunotolerant calves that are the primary reservoirs of the virus. Pathologies observed in PI cattle include congenital defects of the brain, heart, and bone as well as marked functional defects in their immune system. It was hypothesized that fetal BVDV infection alters T cell activation and signaling genes by epigenetic mechanisms. To test this, PI and control fetal splenic tissues were collected on day 245 of gestation, 170 days post maternal infection. DNA was isolated for reduced representation bisulfite sequencing, protein was isolated for proteomics, both were analyzed with appropriate bioinformatic methods. Within set parameters, 1951 hypermethylated and 691 hypomethylated DNA regions were identified in PI compared to control fetuses. Pathways associated with immune system, neural, cardiac, and bone development were associated with heavily methylated DNA. The proteomic analysis revealed 12 differentially expressed proteins in PI vs. control animals. Upregulated proteins were associated with protein processing, whereas downregulated proteins were associated with lymphocyte migration and development in PI compared to control fetal spleens. The epigenetic changes in DNA may explain the immune dysfunctions, abnormal bone formation, and brain and heart defects observed in PI animals.
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Koethe S, König P, Wernike K, Schulz J, Reimann I, Beer M. Bungowannah Pestivirus Chimeras as Novel Double Marker Vaccine Strategy against Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10010088. [PMID: 35062749 PMCID: PMC8778585 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Marker or DIVA (differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals) vaccines are beneficial tools for the eradication of animal diseases in regions with a high prevalence of the designated disease. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)-1 (syn. Pestivirus A) is a flavivirus that infects predominantly cattle resulting in major economic losses. An increasing number of countries have implemented BVDV eradication programs that focus on the detection and removal of persistently infected cattle. No efficient marker or DIVA vaccine is yet commercially available to drive the eradication success, to prevent fetal infection and to allow serological monitoring of the BVDV status in vaccinated farms. Bungowannah virus (BuPV, species Pestivirus F), a related member of the genus Pestivirus with a restricted prevalence to a single pig farm complex in Australia, was chosen as the genetic backbone for a marker vaccine candidate. The glycoproteins E1 and E2 of BuPV were substituted by the heterologous E1 and E2, which are major immunogens, of the BVDV-1 strain CP7. In addition, the candidate vaccine was further attenuated by the introduction of a deletion within the Npro protein coding sequence, a major type I interferon inhibitor. Immunization of cattle with the chimeric vaccine virus BuPV_ΔNpro_E1E2 CP7 (modified live or inactivated) followed by a subsequent experimental challenge infection confirmed the safety of the prototype strain and provided a high level of clinical protection against BVDV-1. The serological discrimination of vaccinated cattle could be enabled by the combined detection of BVDV-1 E2- in the absence of both BVDV NS3- and BVDV Erns-specific antibodies. The study demonstrates for the first time the generation and application of an efficient BVDV-1 modified double marker vaccine candidate that is based on the genetic background of BuPV accompanied by commercially available serological marker ELISA systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Koethe
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Patricia König
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jana Schulz
- Institute of Epidemiology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ilona Reimann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Tesfaye A, Omer A, Hussein A, Garoma A, Guyassa C, Paeshuyse J, Tolera TS. Seroprevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Local Borana Cattle Breed and Camels ( Camelus dromedarius) in Ethiopia. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2021; 12:141-148. [PMID: 34136370 PMCID: PMC8197621 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s305198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background Bovine viral diarrhea, caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), has been considered a disease of cattle but is now emerging in camels. In Ethiopia it has been detected in exotic and cross-bred dairy cattle but no information is available on its occurrence in indigenous cattle breeds and camels. This study was, therefore, conducted to estimate the prevalence of BVDV infection in indigenous Borana cattle and camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Moyale and Miesso pastoral districts. Methodology Serological investigation was carried out on 219 cattle from 44 herds and 137 camels from 11 herds in contact with the selected cattle herds in Boranara zone and 348 camels from 41 herds in Shinille zone. The sera samples were tested using a competitive enzyme lnked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) to detect antibodies against p80 protein of BVDV. In addition, all of the cattle sera were tested using antigen detection ELISA for identification of persistent infection. Results Among the 219 cattle tested, 177 (80.82%; 95% CI: 74.97–85.81) were found to be positive for antibodies against BVDV in Moyale district, Borena Zone. The prevalence varied among different age groups and parity. The highest prevalence was observed in cattle aged 8 years and older (84.0%; 95% CI: 69.6–98.4) and in primiparous cattle (85.5%; 95% CI: 76.2–94.8). Two of the 219 cattle tested (0.05%; 95% CI: 0.02–0.08) were found to be positive with antigen detection ELISA. In addition, out of a total of 137 camels tested, two (1.46%; 95% CI: 0.18–5.17) were found to be positive in this district. Among the 348 camels tested, eight (2.29%; 95% CI: 0.99–4.485) were found to be positive for antibodies against BVDV. In conclusion, this study revealed a high prevalence of infection in Borana cattle. In addition, it recorded the occurrence of infection with BVDV in camel herds. None of the camels tested positive for the antigen of BVDV using antigen ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asamenew Tesfaye
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Abdi Omer
- Jigjiga University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jigjiga, Somali Regional State, Ethiopia
| | - Abdi Hussein
- Jigjiga University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jigjiga, Somali Regional State, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Garoma
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Chala Guyassa
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Jan Paeshuyse
- KU Leuven, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Teshale Sori Tolera
- Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Department of Clinical Studies, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
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Su A, Fu Y, Meens J, Yang W, Meng F, Herrler G, Becher P. Infection of polarized bovine respiratory epithelial cells by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Virulence 2021; 12:177-187. [PMID: 33300445 PMCID: PMC7801128 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1854539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is affecting cattle populations all over the world causing acute disease, immunosuppressive effects, respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal, and reproductive failure in cattle. The virus is taken up via the oronasal route and infection of epithelial and immune cells contributes to the dissemination of the virus throughout the body. However, it is not known how the virus gets across the barrier of epithelial cells encountered in the airways. Here, we analyzed the infection of polarized primary bovine airway epithelial cells (BAEC). Infection of BAEC by a non-cytopathogenic BVDV was possible via both the apical and the basolateral plasma membrane, but the infection was most efficient when the virus was applied to the basolateral plasma membrane. Irrespective of the site of infection, BVDV was efficiently released to the apical site, while only minor amounts of virus were detected in the basal medium. This indicates that the respiratory epithelium can release large amounts of BVDV to the environment and susceptible animals via respiratory fluids and aerosols, but BVDV cannot cross the airway epithelial cells to infect subepithelial cells and establish systemic infection. Further experiments showed that the receptor, bovine CD46, for BVDV is expressed predominantly on the apical membrane domain of the polarized epithelial cells. In a CD46 blocking experiment, the addition of an antibody directed against CD46 almost completely inhibited apical infection, whereas basolateral infection was not affected. While CD46 serves as a receptor for apical infection of BAEC by BVDV, the receptor for basolateral infection remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Su
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation , Hannover, Germany
| | - Yuguang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou, China
| | - Jochen Meens
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation , Hannover, Germany
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation , Hannover, Germany.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin, China
| | - Fandan Meng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation , Hannover, Germany.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Harbin, China
| | - Georg Herrler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation , Hannover, Germany
| | - Paul Becher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation , Hannover, Germany
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Hironaka K, Imai S, Kashimura A, Matsumoto H, Inenaga T, Moritomo Y. Tethered spinal cord related to caudal spinal dysraphism in a tailless Holstein calf. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1816-1820. [PMID: 33191387 PMCID: PMC7804041 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A rare dysraphic caudal spinal anomaly, or caudal agenesis, comprising a tethered spinal cord, was found in a tailless Holstein calf that presented ataxia and
paresis with analgesia of the hind limbs. The gently and slimly tapered conus medullaris was poorly formed between S2 and S3 which indicated that it was lying
more caudally. The caudal end of the filum terminale adhered to the inner periosteum of the vertebral arch at S4, which is compatible with tethering of the
spinal cord. The dysraphic changes from the secondary neurulation error and the longitudinal deranged cord morphology that may have been caused by the caudad
traction due to tethering were confirmed. This represents the first bovine case with definitive morphological confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Hironaka
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, 9-1-1 Higashiku, Toroku, Kumamoto 862-8652, Japan
| | - Saki Imai
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, 9-1-1 Higashiku, Toroku, Kumamoto 862-8652, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kashimura
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, 9-1-1 Higashiku, Toroku, Kumamoto 862-8652, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Matsumoto
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, 9-1-1 Higashiku, Toroku, Kumamoto 862-8652, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Inenaga
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, 9-1-1 Higashiku, Toroku, Kumamoto 862-8652, Japan
| | - Yasuo Moritomo
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, 9-1-1 Higashiku, Toroku, Kumamoto 862-8652, Japan
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Koethe S, König P, Wernike K, Pfaff F, Schulz J, Reimann I, Makoschey B, Beer M. A Synthetic Modified Live Chimeric Marker Vaccine against BVDV-1 and BVDV-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040577. [PMID: 33023099 PMCID: PMC7712951 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a pestivirus which exists in the two distinct species BVDV-1 (syn. Pestivirus A) and BVDV-2 (syn. Pestivirus B), is the causative agent of one of the most widespread and economically important virus infections in cattle. For economic as well as for animal health reasons, an increasing number of national BVDV control programs were recently implemented. The main focus lies on the detection and removal of persistently infected cattle. The application of efficient marker or DIVA (differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals) vaccines would be beneficial for the eradication success in regions with a high BVDV prevalence to prevent fetal infection and it would allow serological monitoring of the BVDV status also in vaccinated farms. Therefore, a marker vaccine based on the cytopathic (cp) BVDV-1b strain CP7 was constructed as a synthetic backbone (BVDV-1b_synCP7). For serological discrimination of vaccinated from infected animals, the viral protein Erns was substituted by the heterologous Erns of Bungowannah virus (BuPV, species Pestivirus F). In addition, the vaccines were attenuated by a deletion within the type I interferon inhibitor Npro protein encoding sequence. The BVDV-2 vaccine candidate is based on the genetic sequence of the glycoproteins E1 and E2 of BVDV-2 strain CS8644 (CS), which were introduced into the backbone of BVDV-1b_synCP7_ΔNpro_Erns Bungo in substitution of the homologous glycoproteins. Vaccine virus recovery resulted in infectious cytopathic virus chimera that grew to titers of up to 106 TCID50/mL. Both synthetic chimera BVDV-1b_synCP7_ΔNpro_Erns Bungo and BVDV-1b_synCP7_ΔNpro_Erns Bungo_E1E2 BVDV-2 CS were avirulent in cattle, provided a high level of protection in immunization and challenge experiments against both BVDV species and allowed differentiation of infected from vaccinated cattle. Our study presents the first report on an efficient BVDV-1 and -2 modified live marker vaccine candidate and the accompanying commercially available serological marker ELISA system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Koethe
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (S.K.); (P.K.); (K.W.); (F.P.); (I.R.)
| | - Patricia König
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (S.K.); (P.K.); (K.W.); (F.P.); (I.R.)
| | - Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (S.K.); (P.K.); (K.W.); (F.P.); (I.R.)
| | - Florian Pfaff
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (S.K.); (P.K.); (K.W.); (F.P.); (I.R.)
| | - Jana Schulz
- Institute of Epidemiology Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Ilona Reimann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (S.K.); (P.K.); (K.W.); (F.P.); (I.R.)
| | - Birgit Makoschey
- Intervet International B.V., MSD Animal Health, 5831 AN Boxmeer, The Netherlands;
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (S.K.); (P.K.); (K.W.); (F.P.); (I.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38351-71200
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Finlaison DS, Kirkland PD. The Outcome of Porcine Foetal Infection with Bungowannah Virus Is Dependent on the Stage of Gestation at Which Infection Occurs. Part 2: Clinical Signs and Gross Pathology. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080873. [PMID: 32785119 PMCID: PMC7472345 DOI: 10.3390/v12080873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bungowannah virus is a novel pestivirus identified from a disease outbreak in a piggery in Australia in June 2003. The aim of this study was to determine whether infection of pregnant pigs with Bungowannah virus induces the clinical signs and gross pathology observed during the initial outbreak and how this correlates with the time of infection. Twenty-four pregnant pigs were infected at one of four stages of gestation (approximately 35, 55, 75 or 90 days). The number of progeny born alive, stillborn or mummified, and signs of disease were recorded. Some surviving piglets were euthanased at weaning and others at ages up to 11 months. All piglets were subjected to a detailed necropsy. The greatest effects were observed following infection at 35 or 90 days of gestation. Infection at 35 days resulted in a significant reduction in the number of pigs born alive and an increased number of mummified foetuses (18%) and preweaning mortalities (70%). Preweaning losses were higher following infection at 90 days of gestation (29%) and were associated with sudden death and cardiorespiratory signs. Stunting occurred in chronically and persistently infected animals. This study reproduced the clinical signs and gross pathology of the porcine myocarditis syndrome and characterised the association between the time of infection and the clinical outcome.
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Finlaison DS, Kirkland PD. The Outcome of Porcine Foetal Infection with Bungowannah Virus is Dependent on the Stage of Gestation at Which Infection Occurs. Part 1: Serology and Virology. Viruses 2020; 12:E691. [PMID: 32604932 PMCID: PMC7354495 DOI: 10.3390/v12060691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bungowannah virus is a novel porcine pestivirus identified in a disease outbreak in Australia in 2003. The aim of this study was to determine the outcome of infection of the pregnant pig with this virus. Twenty-four pregnant pigs were infected at days 35, 55, 75 or 90 of gestation. Blood, tonsillar and rectal swabs were collected from each pig at birth and then weekly until euthanasia or death. Tissues were sampled at necropsy. Viral load was measured by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and antibody levels in serum by peroxidase-linked immunoassay. Bungowannah virus was detected in the serum and excretions of all infected pigs at birth regardless of the stage of gestation at which infection occurred. Persistent infections occurred following infection prior to the development of foetal immunocompetence. Unexpectedly some animals infected at day 55 of gestation later cleared the virus and seroconverted. Viraemia and viral shedding resolved quickest following infection in late gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah S. Finlaison
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia;
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Macías-Rioseco M, Silveira C, Fraga M, Casaux L, Cabrera A, Francia ME, Robello C, Maya L, Zarantonelli L, Suanes A, Colina R, Buschiazzo A, Giannitti F, Riet-Correa F. Causes of abortion in dairy cows in Uruguay. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: A case series study was conducted to determine the frequency of causes of abortion in dairy cattle in Uruguay. The sample size of 102 cases was composed of 53 fetuses, 35 fetuses with placentas, and 14 placentas without an associated fetus. All cases underwent gross and microscopic pathologic examinations as well as microbiological and serological testing. The etiology was determined in 54 (53%) of cases, 51 of which were caused by infectious agents. Within the observed 102 cases, 30 (29%) were caused by Neospora caninum, six (6%) by Coxiella burnetii and two (2%) by Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis. Bovine Parainfluenza-3 virus and Salmonella enterica serovar Newport caused one abortion each. Opportunistic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Mannheimia sp., Trueperella pyogenes, and Providencia stuartii) were associated with 11 abortions. In two cases the fetal death was attributed to dystocia, and in one case the fetus had a congenital mesothelioma. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection was identified in three fetuses; two of which were co-infected with and had typical lesions of N. caninum. No lesions were observed in the other fetus infected by BVDV. Leptospira interrogans was identified in one fetus without lesions. Despite the relatively low overall success rate in establishing an etiological diagnosis in cases of abortion in cattle, a systemic workup of bovine abortion is necessary to establish prevention and control strategies. This also facilitates monitoring and surveillance of reproductive diseases in dairy cattle, some of which represent a risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Macías-Rioseco
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Uruguay; Universidad de la Republica, Uruguay
| | - Caroline Silveira
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Uruguay; Universidad de la Republica, Uruguay
| | - Martin Fraga
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Uruguay
| | - Laura Casaux
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Uruguay; Universidad de la Republica, Uruguay
| | | | | | | | | | - Leticia Zarantonelli
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Uruguay; Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Uruguay
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12
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Han JH, Weston JF, Heuer C, Gates MC. Estimation of the within-herd transmission rates of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in extensively grazed beef cattle herds. Vet Res 2019; 50:103. [PMID: 31783904 PMCID: PMC6884759 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0723-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many research groups have developed mathematical models to simulate the dynamics of BVDV infections in cattle herds. However, most models use estimates for within-herd BVDV transmission rates that are either based on expert opinion or adapted from other dairy herd simulation models presented in the literature. There is currently little information on the transmission rates for BVDV in extensively grazed beef herds partly due to the logistical challenges in obtaining longitudinal data of individual animal’s seroconversion, and it may not be appropriate to apply the same transmission rates from intensive dairy herds given the significant differences in herd demographics and management. To address this knowledge gap, we measured BVDV antibody levels in 15 replacement heifers in each of 75 New Zealand beef breeding farms after their first calving and again at pregnancy scanning or weaning to check for seroconversion. Among these, data from 9 farms were used to infer the within-herd BVDV transmission rate with an approximate Bayesian computation method. The most probable within-herd BVDV transmission rate was estimated as 0.11 per persistently infected (PI) animal per day with a 95% highest posterior density interval between 0.03 and 0.34. This suggests that BVDV transmission in extensively grazed beef herds is generally slower than in dairy herds where the transmission rate has been estimated at 0.50 per PI animal per day and therefore may not be sufficient to ensure that all susceptible breeding females gain adequate immunity to the virus before the risk period of early pregnancy for generating new PI calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hee Han
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Jenny F Weston
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Cord Heuer
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - M Carolyn Gates
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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13
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Diseases associated with bovine viral diarrhea virus subtypes 1a and 2b in beef and dairy cattle in Uruguay. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 51:357-368. [PMID: 31650465 PMCID: PMC7058746 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV, Pestivirus) causes significant economic losses to the livestock industry worldwide. Although serological surveys show that BVDV exposure is widespread in cattle in Uruguay, BVDV-associated diseases are greatly underreported. The aim of this work is to describe the epidemiological, clinical, pathological, and virological findings from spontaneous outbreaks of BVDV-associated diseases in cattle in Uruguay. Diagnostic investigations were performed during 6 spontaneous disease outbreaks on beef and dairy cattle farms in the departments of Colonia, Rio Negro, and Soriano between November 2016 and April 2018. Carcasses of 8 naturally deceased cattle from these outbreaks were necropsied and subjected to histological examination and immunohistochemistry to detect BVDV antigen in the tissues. Reverse transcription real-time PCR and genomic sequencing were also performed to identify BVDV at the species and subtype levels. Other ancillary diagnostic tests, including bacterial cultures, were performed on a case-by-case basis to rule in/out differential diagnoses based on initial clinicopathological presumptive diagnoses. BVDV-associated conditions that were diagnosed in the 8 cases included mucosal disease, transient postnatal BVDV infections associated with digestive/septicemic salmonellosis by Salmonella serovar typhimurium, Histophilus somni bronchopneumonia, urinary tract coinfections with Escherichia coli and Streptococcus sp., enteric coinfection with coccidia, and transplacental fetal infections and abortions with Neospora caninum coinfection. BVDV-1a and BVDV-2b were each identified in four of the eight cases. We conclude that BVDV-1a and BVDV-2b contribute significantly to disease and mortality in cattle in Uruguay. Future research should estimate the economic impact of BVDV in the Uruguayan livestock sector.
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14
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Han JH, Weir AM, Weston JF, Heuer C, Gates MC. Elimination of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in New Zealand: a review of research progress and future directions. N Z Vet J 2018; 66:273-280. [PMID: 30091684 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2018.1509030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The major impacts of bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) on cattle health and production have prompted many countries to embark on national elimination programmes. These programmes typically involve identifying and removing persistently infected (PI) cattle in infected herds and implementing biosecurity measures, such as pre- or post-movement testing. In order to design a systematic national control programme to eliminate BVD in New Zealand, which achieves the greatest benefits to the industries at the lowest cost to individual farmers, an accurate understanding is necessary of the epidemiology, economics and social motivation for BVD control in New Zealand. In this article we briefly review the pathogenesis of BVD, transmission and diagnosis of BVD virus infection, and effectiveness of vaccination. We summarise the current state of knowledge of the prevalence, risk factors for transmission, and financial impacts of BVD in New Zealand. We describe control programmes in Europe and then discuss the challenges that must be addressed to design a cost-effective national control programme to eliminate BVD in New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-H Han
- a EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University , Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - A M Weir
- b Eltham District Veterinary Services , PO Box 24, Eltham , New Zealand
| | - J F Weston
- c School of Veterinary Science, Massey University , Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - C Heuer
- a EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University , Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - M C Gates
- a EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University , Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North , New Zealand
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15
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Amelung S, Hartmann M, Haas L, Kreienbrock L. Factors associated with the bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) status in cattle herds in Northwest Germany. Vet Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29519519 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In Germany, all calves are tested for the presence of bovine viral diarrhoea/mucosal disease virus (BVDV) virus since January 1, 2011. The basis for this compulsory investigation is the BVDV Federal Regulation (BVDVV), which demands testing of calves before the age of six months and according to the new regulation of June 2016 within four weeks or before entering another stock. In 2012, a questionnaire was sent to 7250 Lower Saxony cattle farmers to identify potential factors associated with the presence of BVDV. Completed questionnaires were received from 2542 farms for further analysis. For BVD status determination of these farms, the diagnostic results of 425,911 ear notch samples of calves as part of the BVD eradication period from June 2010 to December 2013 were used. For the analysis of the completed questionnaires, a univariable analysis was performed by the chi-square or Wilcoxon test for each variable studied. In addition, a multivariable logistic model was performed. Four potential risk factors remained after a backward selection in the final logistic regression model: the dairy production compared to the suckling and other types of production, the herd size, the purchase of animals and the location in western region in comparison with the central and eastern regions. In summary, according to the results of this study, the farm with the highest probability of a BVDV infection in Lower Saxony is a large dairy farm that purchases cattle and is located in a cattle-dense region. When the complete eradication of the virus will be achieved, the results of the present study may help to conduct a risk-oriented monitoring programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Amelung
- Institute for Animal Health, LUFA Nord-West, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Maria Hartmann
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ludwig Haas
- Institute for Virology, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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16
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Ranjan R, Biswal JK, Subramaniam S, Dash BB, Singh KP, Arzt J, Rodriguez LL, Pattnaik B. Evidence of subclinical foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in young calves born from clinically recovered cow under natural condition. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 50:1167-1170. [PMID: 29388163 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1518-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically important, transboundary viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. It is known that an asymptomatic, persistent FMD virus (FMDV) infection may occur subsequent to acute or subclinical FMDV infection in adult ruminants. However, virus persistence in young calves has not been studied. In the current investigation, FMDV infection parameters were examined for calves born to FMD-clinically recovered cows (CRC), asymptomatic cows from infected herds (ASC) and cows from with no history of FMD (NHF). The study was conducted in natural condition after FMD outbreaks in two dairy herds in India. No calves described herein had any clinical signs of FMD. Six out of 12 calves born to CRC had detectable FMDV RNA in oesophageal-pharyngeal fluid consistent with asymptomatic FMDV infection. Three of the 12 calves of CRC group had seroreactivity against FMDV non-structural proteins. One calf had detectable FMDV RNA at two consecutive samplings at 2 months apart. However, infectious FMDV was not isolated from any calf in the study. None of the calves in the ASC or NHF groups had any evidence of FMDV infection. Overall, these data are consistent with earlier report on calves having been infected in utero. Further investigation of FMDV persistence in calves under controlled conditions may lead to greater understanding of the viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Ranjan
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263138, India.
| | - Jitendra K Biswal
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263138, India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263138, India
| | - Bana B Dash
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263138, India
| | - Karam P Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS PIADC, New York, NY, 11944, USA
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS PIADC, New York, NY, 11944, USA
| | - Bramhadev Pattnaik
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263138, India
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17
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Peddireddi L, Foster KA, Poulsen EG, An B, Hoang QH, O'Connell C, Anderson JW, Thomson DU, Hanzlicek GA, Bai J, Hesse RA, Oberst RD, Anderson GA, Leyva-Baca I. Molecular detection and characterization of transient bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections in cattle commingled with ten BVDV persistently infected cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:413-422. [PMID: 29322882 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717753962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty-three cattle of unknown serologic status that were not persistently infected (PI) with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) were commingled with 10 cattle that were PI with different strains of BVDV, and were monitored for an extended commingle period using a reverse-transcription real-time PCR (RT-rtPCR) BVDV assay on various sample types. Transient infections with BVDV were also assessed by virus isolation, virus neutralization (VN) assays, and direct buffy coat 5'-UTR sequencing. Infections were demonstrated in all cattle by RT-rtPCR; however, the detection rate was dependent on the type of sample. Buffy coat samples demonstrated a significantly greater number of positive results ( p ≤ 0.05) than either serum or nasal swab samples. Presence of elevated BVDV VN titers at the onset inversely correlated with the number of test days positive that an individual would be identified by RT-rtPCR from buffy coat samples, and directly correlated with the average Ct values accumulated over all RT-rtPCR test days from buffy coat samples. Both single and mixed genotype/subgenotype/strain infections were detected in individual cattle by direct sample 5'-UTR sequencing. A BVDV-2a strain from a PI animal was found to be the predominant strain infecting 64% of all non-PI cattle; BVDV-1b strains originating from 3 PI cattle were never detected in non-PI cattle. Although direct sample 5'-UTR sequencing was capable of demonstrating mixed BVDV infections, identifying all strains suspected was not always efficient or possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalitha Peddireddi
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Kelly A Foster
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Elizabeth G Poulsen
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Baoyan An
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Quoc Hung Hoang
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Catherine O'Connell
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Joseph W Anderson
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Daniel U Thomson
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Gregg A Hanzlicek
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Richard A Hesse
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Richard D Oberst
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Gary A Anderson
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Ivan Leyva-Baca
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
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18
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Hasegawa MY, Custódio de Souza Hunold Lara MDC, Monteforte Cassaro Villa Lobos E, Carrillo Gaeta N, Hayashi M, Shirayama L, Soares de Castro R, Gregory L. An experimental study on the vertical transmission of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus from naturally infected females to their offspring. Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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A newly developed BVDV-1 RT-qPCR Taqman assay based on Italian isolates: evaluation as a diagnostic tool. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2017; 62:279-286. [PMID: 28127668 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-017-0497-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A single-step TaqMan® RT-qPCR was developed for the detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (BVDV-1), an important pathogen of cattle worldwide. The assay was based on conserved 5'UTR sequences of Italian BVDV-1 isolates. In order to establish a diagnostic protocol which simplifies sample collection and processing, the assay was tested on a variety of biological specimens collected from persistently infected calves. The samples analyzed included PBMCs, plasma, dry blood, ear notch and hair bulb. Time and costs required for the analysis of each type of specimen were compared. The RT-qPCR, whose lower limit of detection was 100 copies of viral RNA (1 TCID50), correctly identified all PI animals, irrespective of the type of specimen. The highest copy numbers were obtained from the RNAs extracted from PBMCs, ear notches and hair bulbs. Hair bulb-supernatants directly used as a template allowed identification of all PI animals. In conclusion, based on time and cost evaluation, the most effective and efficient protocol was the one based on the direct analysis of hair bulb-supernatants, avoiding the RNA extraction step.
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20
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Keshavarzi H, Sadeghi-Sefidmazgi A, Kristensen AR, Stygar AH. Abortion studies in Iranian dairy herds: I. Risk factors for abortion. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Tokudome K, Ito S, Kato T, Yanase T, Kawarasaki T, Moritomo Y. Segmental spinal dysgenesis with caudal agenesis in a Holstein calf. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 79:277-281. [PMID: 27980290 PMCID: PMC5326931 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A rare complex dysraphic malformation, comprising segmental spinal dysgenesis with caudal
agenesis, was found in a Holstein calf that was unable to stand and was slightly short at
the lumbosacral spine with taillessness. The thoracolumbar and sacrococcygeal regions of
the midline axial segments showed severe deformities. In the spinal cord, the
thoracolumbar region showed severe constriction with myelodysplastic changes, and the
sacrococcygeal region showed dorsoventral separation with connection to a neural mass. In
the spine, vertebral anomalies according to the degree of the segmentation error were
confirmed. The cervical and thoracic segments also showed milder dysraphic changes. These
changes suggest a multisegmental causal insult impairing the early embryonic notochord.
This represents the first bovine case definitively confirmed morphologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Tokudome
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, 9-1-1, Higashiku, Toroku, Kumamoto 862-8652, Japan
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22
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Newcomer BW, Givens D. Diagnosis and Control of Viral Diseases of Reproductive Importance: Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis and Bovine Viral Diarrhea. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2016; 32:425-41. [PMID: 27140298 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Both bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine herpesvirus 1 can have significant negative reproductive impacts on cattle health. Vaccination is the primary control method for the viral pathogens in US cattle herds. Polyvalent, modified-live vaccines are recommended to provide optimal protection against various viral field strains. Of particular importance to bovine viral diarrhea control is the limitation of contact of pregnant cattle with potential viral reservoirs during the critical first 125 days of gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Newcomer
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 127 Sugg Laboratory, Auburn, AL 36849-5516, USA
| | - Daniel Givens
- Office of Academic Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 217 Veterinary Education Center, Auburn, AL 36849-5536, USA.
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23
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Ridpath JF, Bayles DO, Neill JD, Falkenberg SM, Bauermann FV, Holler L, Braun LJ, Young DB, Kane SE, Chase CCL. Comparison of the breadth and complexity of bovine viral diarrhea (BVDV) populations circulating in 34 persistently infected cattle generated in one outbreak. Virology 2015; 485:297-304. [PMID: 26319211 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV) results in acute and persistent infections. Persistent infections result from in utero exposure during the first trimester of gestation. Clinical presentation, in persistently infected cattle (PI), is highly variable. The reasons for this variation is largely unknown. The BVDV circulating in PI exist as quasispecies (swarms of individual viruses). An outbreak resulting in 34 PI cattle presented an opportunity to compare a large number of PI׳s. Methods were developed to compare the circulating viral populations within PI animals. It was found that PI animals generated in the same outbreak carry circulating viral populations that differ widely in size and diversity. Further, it was demonstrated that variation in PI viral populations could be used as a quantifiable phenotype. This observation makes it possible to test the correlation of this phenotype to other phenotypes such as growth rate, congenital defects, viral shed and cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Ridpath
- National Animal Disease Center, ARS/USDA, Ames, IA 50010, United States.
| | - D O Bayles
- National Animal Disease Center, ARS/USDA, Ames, IA 50010, United States
| | - J D Neill
- National Animal Disease Center, ARS/USDA, Ames, IA 50010, United States
| | - S M Falkenberg
- National Animal Disease Center, ARS/USDA, Ames, IA 50010, United States
| | - F V Bauermann
- National Animal Disease Center, ARS/USDA, Ames, IA 50010, United States
| | - L Holler
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University Brookings, SD 57006, United States
| | - L J Braun
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University Brookings, SD 57006, United States
| | - D B Young
- Antelope Research Station, Buffalo, SD 57720, United States
| | - S E Kane
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University Brookings, SD 57006, United States
| | - C C L Chase
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University Brookings, SD 57006, United States
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24
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Lanyon SR, Hill FI, Reichel MP, Brownlie J. Bovine viral diarrhoea: Pathogenesis and diagnosis. Vet J 2014; 199:201-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Pestiviruses cause economically important diseases among domestic ruminants and pigs, but they may also infect a wide spectrum of wild species of even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla). Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and Border disease virus of sheep infect their hosts either transiently or persistently. Cellular and humoral immunotolerance to the infecting strain is a unique feature of persistent infection (PI) by ruminant pestiviruses. Persistence, caused by transplacental infection early in fetal development, depends on virally encoded interferon antagonists that inactivate the host's innate immune response to the virus without globally interfering with its function against other viruses. At epidemiological equilibrium, approximately 1-2% of animals are PI. Successful BVDV control programs show that removal of PI animals results in viral extinction in the host population. The nucleotide sequences of ruminant pestiviruses change little during persistent infection. Nevertheless, they display large heterogeneity, pointing to a long history of virus-host coevolution in which avirulent strains are more successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schweizer
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Bern, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland; ,
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26
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Ratta B, Yadav BS, Pokhriyal M, Saxena M, Sharma B. Microarray chip based identification of a mixed infection of bovine herpesvirus 1 and bovine viral diarrhea 2 from Indian cattle. Curr Microbiol 2013; 68:127-31. [PMID: 24026447 PMCID: PMC7080061 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-013-0448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) and bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 (BVD2) are endemic in India although no mixed infection with these viruses has been reported from India. We report first mixed infection of these viruses in cattle during routine screening with a microarray chip. 62 of the 69 probes of BHV1 and 42 of the 57 BVD2 probes in the chip gave positive signals for the virus. The virus infections were subsequently confirmed by RT-PCR. We also discuss the implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkha Ratta
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 India
| | - Brijesh Singh Yadav
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 India
| | - Mayank Pokhriyal
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 India
| | - Meeta Saxena
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 India
| | - Bhaskar Sharma
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 India
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27
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Kelling CL, Topliff CL. Bovine maternal, fetal and neonatal responses to bovine viral diarrhea virus infections. Biologicals 2013; 41:20-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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28
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Transient elimination of circulating bovine viral diarrhoea virus by colostral antibodies in persistently infected calves: a pitfall for BVDV-eradication programs? Vet Microbiol 2012; 161:13-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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29
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Barrett DJ, More SJ, Graham DA, O'Flaherty J, Doherty ML, Gunn HM. Considerations on BVD eradication for the Irish livestock industry. Ir Vet J 2011; 64:12. [PMID: 21967764 PMCID: PMC3199273 DOI: 10.1186/2046-0481-64-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal Health Ireland has produced clear guidelines for the control of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) infection in Irish cattle herds. In the course of developing these guidelines it was clear that a framework for regional and/or national BVD control would be required to increase the uptake of BVD control at farm level and reduce the overall prevalence of the disease. This paper assessed the economic impact of BVD, epidemiological aspects of the disease to its control, models of BVD control, international experiences of BVD control programmes. The technical knowledge and test technology exists to eradicate BVD. Indeed, many countries have successfully and others are embarking on control of the disease. The identification and prompt elimination of PI cattle will form the basis of any control programme. The trade of such animals must be curtailed. Pregnant and potentially pregnant carrying PI foetuses pose a significant threat. International experience indicates systematic, well coordinated programmes have the most success, while voluntary programmes can make good initial progress but ultimately fail. The farming community must buy into any proposed programme, and without their support, failure is likely. To buy into the programme and create such a demand for BVD control, farmers must first be well informed. It is likely that stemming economic loss and improving productivity will be the primary motivator at individual farm level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien J Barrett
- Dept Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Sligo Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Doonally, Sligo, Ireland.
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30
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Makoschey B, Patel JR, van Gelder PTJA. Serum-free produced Bovine Herpesvirus type 1 and Bovine Parainfluenza type 3 virus vaccines are efficacious and safe. Cytotechnology 2011; 39:139-45. [PMID: 19003306 DOI: 10.1023/a:1023982003258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The studies described in this report were performed to determine, whether it is possible to produce live virus vaccines without serum or fractions thereof used during any cell or virus passage, thus completely serum-free. Two viruses were included in the experiments: Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) and Bovine Parainfluenza type 3 virus (PI3). Both viruses were found to grow to satisfactory titers, and to be stable after freeze-drying and subsequent storage at temperatures of +4 degrees C and -20 degrees C for at least one year. Moreover, a vaccine containing serum free produced BHV-1 was tested in a vaccination-challenge experiment. For comparison, a vaccine batch with BHV-1 grown in serum-containing cell culture medium was included in the study. Both vaccine preparations performed equally well and both met the strict requirements as laid down in the European Phamacopeia. Moreover, in two separate experiments the safety of serum-free produced BHV-1 and PI3 after overdose and repeated administration even in very young calves and even after four administrations has been demonstrated. This report is the first, which to our knowledge demonstrates the safety and efficacy of serum-free produced live vaccines in the target animal as well as the stability of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Makoschey
- Department of Virological R&D, Intervet International B.V., Boxmeer, 5839 AA, The Netherlands
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31
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Ali H, Ali AA, Atta MS, Cepica A. Common, Emerging, Vector-Borne and Infrequent Abortogenic Virus Infections of Cattle. Transbound Emerg Dis 2011; 59:11-25. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Zemke J, König P, Mischkale K, Reimann I, Beer M. Novel BVDV-2 mutants as new candidates for modified-live vaccines. Vet Microbiol 2009; 142:69-80. [PMID: 19875253 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Protection against Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 2 infection of commercially available vaccines is often limited due to marked genetic and antigenic differences between BVDV types 1 (BVDV-1) and 2 (BVDV-2). Therefore, the immunogenicity of selected BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 mutants derived from infectious full-length cDNA clones and their use as modified-live vaccine candidates against challenge infection with a virulent heterologous BVDV-2 field isolate were investigated. Deletion mutants of BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 lacking a part of the N(pro) gene (BVDV-1DeltaN(pro)/BVDV-2DeltaN(pro)) were used as well as a packaged replicon with a deletion in the structural core protein encoding region (BVDV-2DeltaC-pseudovirions). The 25 calves used in this vaccination/challenge trial were allocated in five groups (n=5/group). One group received BVDV-1DeltaN(pro) (1 shot), one group BVDV-2DeltaN(pro) (1 shot), one group received both, BVDV-1DeltaN(pro) and BVDV-2DeltaN(pro) (1 shot), and one group was immunised with the BVDV-2DeltaC-pseudovirions (2 shots). The fifth group served as non-vaccinated control group. All groups were challenged intranasally with the BVDV-2 strain HI916 and monitored for signs of clinical disease, virus shedding and viremia. All tested BVDV vaccine candidates markedly reduced the outcome of the heterologous virulent BVDV-2 challenge infection showing graduated protective effects. The BVDV-2DeltaN(pro) mutant was able to induce complete protection and a "sterile immunity" upon challenge. Thus it represents a promising candidate for an efficacious future live vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Zemke
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
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33
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Brülisauer F, Lewis FI, Ganser AG, McKendrick IJ, Gunn GJ. The prevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection in beef suckler herds in Scotland. Vet J 2009; 186:226-31. [PMID: 19747863 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) is an endemic disease of cattle that causes substantial losses to both beef and dairy production worldwide. The goal of this study was to estimate the prevalence of active BVD virus (BVDV) infection in beef suckler herds in Scotland. Information was collected from 301 herds using a stratified random sampling design based on agricultural census data. Herds were classified as with and without active infection based on the within-herd BVDV seroprevalence in young stock using Bayesian finite mixture modelling. This method accounted for within- and between-herd variability and allowed for classification error by the diagnostic tests. The observed sample data enabled the discrimination of three distinct seroprevalence cohorts. The results provided evidence of active BVDV infection in 16% of herds and no evidence of recent exposure in approximately two thirds of herds. The epidemiological significance of the further 16% of herds containing young stock with a median BVDV seroprevalence of 26.3-38.5% remains unclear. The fact that a large percentage of herds did not show evidence of recent infection is encouraging from an animal health and welfare perspective and the study provides a model for the further exploration of strategies aimed at BVD control at national level.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Brülisauer
- Epidemiology Research Unit, SAC Research, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK.
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34
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Diéguez FJ, Yus E, Vilar MJ, Sanjuán ML, Arnaiz I. Effect of the bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection on dairy calf rearing. Res Vet Sci 2009; 87:39-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Regeneration and characterization of a recombinant bovine viral diarrhea virus and determination of its efficacy to cross the bovine placenta. Virus Genes 2008; 38:129-35. [PMID: 19067148 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-008-0308-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of different bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) strains to cause transplacental infection is variable. BVDV strain SD-1 was isolated from a persistently infected heifer. Its genome represents the only reported nucleotide sequence of a noncytopathic viral isolate determined without cell culture passage in the laboratory. Thus, SD-1 might possess biological advantages over other NCP BVDV strains to be used as a model virus for investigation of viral transplacental transmission. To evaluate if a molecularly generated BVDV SD-1 is capable of crossing the bovine placenta efficiently, a full-length cDNA clone of SD-1 was constructed using RT-PCR amplification and standard molecular techniques. In vitro transcripts synthesized from the cDNA template directed the generation of infectious virus in MDBK cells with a transfection efficiency as high as 4.7 x 10(5) FFU/mug RNA. The recovered virus termed ASD1 harbored five silent point mutations engineered as genetic markers and was similar to wild type (wt) SD-1 in viral growth kinetics. As evaluated in the pregnant heifers, ASD1 was capable of crossing the bovine placenta efficiently, suggesting that NCP BVDV SD-1 is a suitable viral backbone for investigation of the role of viral genetic element(s) in viral transplacental transmission by allowing for evaluation of newly created viral mutants.
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36
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Diéguez FJ, Yus E, Sanjuán ML, Vilar MJ, Arnaiz I. Monitoring bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection status in dairy herds. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2008001200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to assess the relationship between antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) determined in the bulk tank milk (BTM) and the within-herd seroprevalence. We also assessed the efficiency of measuring antibody levels in BTM samples to monitor BVDV infection status in a herd. In the 81 farms included in the study, BTM samples were obtained and blood samples withdrawn from all cattle older than one year. The infection status was then determined in serum and milk using a commercial blocking ELISA based on the detection of anti-p80 antibodies. Apart from these baseline serum and milk samples, another BTM sample was collected from each herd 9 months later, and a third BTM sample obtained 9 months after this. In these second and third milk samples, anti-BVDV antibodies were determined using the same ELISA kit. Statistical tests revealed good agreement between herd seroprevalences (% seropositive animals in the herd) and the antibody levels detected in the BTM samples. During the 18 months of follow-up, the farms with persistently infected cattle at the study outset (14.8% of the herds) showed a significant decrease in BTM antibody titers after virus clearance. Conversely, a significant increase in BTM antibody levels was observed in the herds infected with BVDV during the follow-up period. Our findings indicate that monitoring antibody levels in the BTM is a useful method of identifying changes in the BVDV infection status of a herd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ignacio Arnaiz
- Laboratorio de Sanidad y Producción Animal de Galicia, Spain
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37
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Heuer C, Healy A, Zerbini C. Economic Effects of Exposure to Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus on Dairy Herds in New Zealand. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:5428-38. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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38
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Al-Afaleq AI, Abu-Elzein EME, Al-Khalyfah M. Severe malformations in calves associated with bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) virus infection in a dairy cattle herd. Trop Anim Health Prod 2007; 39:463-6. [PMID: 17969709 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-007-9031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During late may 2004, Some dairy cows at Al-Kharj area of central Saudi Arabia, gave birth to severely malformed calves which died, few hours to few days following birth. Samples were collected from the affected calves and their dams of virological and serological investigations. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus was detected by capture enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA) in the brains of affected calves. Serum antibodies were detected in the dams. The present study indicated that in spite of vaccination against BVD in the country, still severe affections of the disease are encountered. Further insight epidemiological studies to elucidate the BVD situation in Saudi Arabia is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Al-Afaleq
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, P.O. Box1757, Alhasa 31982, Saudi Arabia.
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39
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Zhao Y, Qin J, Guo H, Zuo Y, Zhang B, Zhang L. Cloning and sequence analysis of genetic variation on NS2–3 of bovine viral diarrhea virus (HB-DCZ) strain in Hebei Province, China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11703-007-0058-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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40
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Reimann I, Semmler I, Beer M. Packaged replicons of bovine viral diarrhea virus are capable of inducing a protective immune response. Virology 2007; 366:377-86. [PMID: 17544049 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Revised: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) replicons with deletions within the capsid, E(RNS) or E1 encoding region were constructed and efficiently packaged with a helper cell line. High titres of packaged replicons were observed as early as 24 h after transfection, whereas no virus progeny could be detected after transfection of non-complementing cells. Infection of bovine cell cultures with rescued viruses resulted in one cycle of replication without release of infectious virus particles, and no genetic reversion of the generated viruses was detected. Packaged replicons with a deletion within the capsid-coding region were characterized in vivo in immunization and challenge trials. Following immunization of calves with the replication-deficient virus, neither virus shedding nor viremia was detected. After challenge infection with virulent BVDV, all vaccinates were completely protected from disease as measured by the absence of viremia and shedding of challenge virus, which indicated that a 'sterilizing immunity' could be induced with the generated replication-deficient packaged replicons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Reimann
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Boddenblick 5a, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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41
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Quadros VL, Mayer SV, Vogel FSF, Weiblen R, Brum MCS, Arenhart S, Flores EF. A search for RNA insertions and NS3 gene duplication in the genome of cytopathic isolates of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Braz J Med Biol Res 2007; 39:935-44. [PMID: 16862285 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2006000700012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Calves born persistently infected with non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (ncpBVDV) frequently develop a fatal gastroenteric illness called mucosal disease. Both the original virus (ncpBVDV) and an antigenically identical but cytopathic virus (cpBVDV) can be isolated from animals affected by mucosal disease. Cytopathic BVDVs originate from their ncp counterparts by diverse genetic mechanisms, all leading to the expression of the non-structural polypeptide NS3 as a discrete protein. In contrast, ncpBVDVs express only the large precursor polypeptide, NS2-3, which contains the NS3 sequence within its carboxy-terminal half. We report here the investigation of the mechanism leading to NS3 expression in 41 cpBVDV isolates. An RT-PCR strategy was employed to detect RNA insertions within the NS2-3 gene and/or duplication of the NS3 gene, two common mechanisms of NS3 expression. RT-PCR amplification revealed insertions in the NS2-3 gene of three cp isolates, with the inserts being similar in size to that present in the cpBVDV NADL strain. Sequencing of one such insert revealed a 296-nucleotide sequence with a central core of 270 nucleotides coding for an amino acid sequence highly homologous (98%) to the NADL insert, a sequence corresponding to part of the cellular J-Domain gene. One cpBVDV isolate contained a duplication of the NS3 gene downstream from the original locus. In contrast, no detectable NS2-3 insertions or NS3 gene duplications were observed in the genome of 37 cp isolates. These results demonstrate that processing of NS2-3 without bulk mRNA insertions or NS3 gene duplications seems to be a frequent mechanism leading to NS3 expression and BVDV cytopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Quadros
- Setor de Virologia, Departamentos de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
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42
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Duong MC, Alenius S, Huong LTT, Björkman C. Prevalence of Neospora caninum and bovine viral diarrhoea virus in dairy cows in Southern Vietnam. Vet J 2007; 175:390-4. [PMID: 17349807 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Neospora caninum and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in some dairy herds in Southern Vietnam, and to ascertain whether there were differences in seroprevalences between herds with imported and locally bred cows. Serum samples collected on five state farms and 97 smallholder herds were analysed for the presence of antibodies to N. caninum and BVDV. All BVDV antibody-negative sera were further tested by antigen-ELISA in order to identify persistently infected individuals. The N. caninum prevalence varied between 16% and 53% in the state herds, and was higher in the four herds that had imported cows than in the herd that only had locally bred cows. Nineteen percent of the samples collected on smallholder farms, which all had only locally bred cows, had antibodies to N. caninum. The BVDV seroprevalence varied between 58% and 93% on the state farms. In smallholder herds, the prevalence of BVDV among the sampled cows was 18% and even lower on the state farms. Despite the high seroprevalence for BVDV in the state herds, no persistently BVDV infected cows were found. Given the high prevalence for Neospora and BVDV among herds with imported cows, it seems advisable to test for both infections before cattle are imported into the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Chi Duong
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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43
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Schweizer M, Mätzener P, Pfaffen G, Stalder H, Peterhans E. "Self" and "nonself" manipulation of interferon defense during persistent infection: bovine viral diarrhea virus resists alpha/beta interferon without blocking antiviral activity against unrelated viruses replicating in its host cells. J Virol 2006; 80:6926-35. [PMID: 16809298 PMCID: PMC1489018 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02443-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), together with Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and Border disease virus (BDV) of sheep, belongs to the genus Pestivirus of the Flaviviridae. BVDV is either cytopathic (cp) or noncytopathic (ncp), as defined by its effect on cultured cells. Infection of pregnant animals with the ncp biotype may lead to the birth of persistently infected calves that are immunotolerant to the infecting viral strain. In addition to evading the adaptive immune system, BVDV evades key mechanisms of innate immunity. Previously, we showed that ncp BVDV inhibits the induction of apoptosis and alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) synthesis by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Here, we report that (i) both ncp and cp BVDV block the induction by dsRNA of the Mx protein (which can also be induced in the absence of IFN signaling); (ii) neither biotype blocks the activity of IFN; and (iii) once infection is established, BVDV is largely resistant to the activity of IFN-alpha/beta but (iv) does not interfere with the establishment of an antiviral state induced by IFN-alpha/beta against unrelated viruses. The results of our study suggest that, in persistent infection, BVDV is able to evade a central element of innate immunity directed against itself without generally compromising its activity against unrelated viruses ("nonself") that may replicate in cells infected with ncp BVDV. This highly selective "self" and "nonself" model of evasion of the interferon defense system may be a key element in the success of persistent infection in addition to immunotolerance initiated by the early time point of fetal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schweizer
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Bern, Laenggass-Str. 122, P.O. Box, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland.
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Gil LHVG, Ansari IH, Vassilev V, Liang D, Lai VCH, Zhong W, Hong Z, Dubovi EJ, Donis RO. The amino-terminal domain of bovine viral diarrhea virus Npro protein is necessary for alpha/beta interferon antagonism. J Virol 2006; 80:900-11. [PMID: 16378992 PMCID: PMC1346884 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.2.900-911.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) system is the first line of defense against viral infection and a critical link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. IFN-alpha/beta secretion is the hallmark of cellular responses to acute RNA virus infections. As part of their survival strategy, many viruses have evolved mechanisms to counteract the host IFN-alpha/beta response. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) (genus Pestivirus) was reported to trigger interferon production in infected cultured cells under certain circumstances or to suppress it under others. Our studies with various cultured fibroblasts and epithelial bovine cells indicated that cytopathic (cp) BVDV induces IFN-alpha/beta very inefficiently. Using a set of engineered cp BVDVs expressing mutant Npro and appropriate controls, we found that the IFN-alpha/beta response to infection was dependent on Npro expression and independent of viral replication efficiency. In order to investigate whether the protease activity of Npro is required for IFN-alpha/beta antagonism, we engineered Npro mutants lacking protease activity by replacement of amino acid E22, H49, or C69. We found that E22 and H49 substitutions abolished the ability of Npro to suppress IFN, whereas C69 had no effect, suggesting that the structural integrity of the N terminus of Npro was more important than its catalytic activity for IFN-alpha/beta suppression. A catalytically active mutant with a change at a conserved Npro region near the N terminus (L8P) in both BVDV biotypes did not antagonize IFN-alpha/beta production, confirming its involvement in this process. Taken together, these results not only provide direct evidence for the role of Npro in blocking IFN-alpha/beta induction, but also implicate the amino-terminal domain of the protein in this function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H V G Gil
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 68583-0905, USA
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Lindberg A, Houe H. Characteristics in the epidemiology of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) of relevance to control. Prev Vet Med 2005; 72:55-73; discussion 215-9. [PMID: 16214248 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2004] [Revised: 07/05/2005] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An understanding of the driving forces of BVDV transmission can be gained by considering the reproductive rate, between individuals and between herds. The former determines the prospects for eliminating the infection from herds, and the latter is the key to persistence at the population level. In this paper, the relation between these two characteristics, their underlying parameters and measures and priorities for BVDV control are discussed. A general model for BVDV control is outlined, with bio-security, virus elimination and monitoring as three necessary consecutive elements, and with immunization as an optional step. A distinction is made between systematic and non-systematic approaches to BVDV control (where the former refers to a monitored and goal-oriented reduction in the incidence and prevalence of BVDV infection and the latter to where measures are implemented on a herd-to-herd decision basis and without systematic monitoring in place). Predictors of progress for systematic control approaches in general are discussed in terms of the abilities: to prevent new infections, to rapidly detect new cases of infection, to take action in infected herds and to gain acceptance by stakeholders. We conclude that an understanding not only of the biology, but also of the social factors - human behavior, the motives that makes stakeholders follow advice and the cultural differences in this respect - are important factors in forming recommendations on alternative strategies for BVDV control.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lindberg
- Swedish Dairy Association, Research and Development, P.O. Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Fairbanks KK, Rinehart CL, Ohnesorge WC, Loughin MM, Chase CCL. Evaluation of fetal protection against experimental infection with type 1 and type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus after vaccination of the dam with a bivalent modified-live virus vaccine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004; 225:1898-904. [PMID: 15643841 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2004.225.1898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of a modified-live virus (MLV) combination vaccine containing type 1 and type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in providing fetal protection against challenge with heterologous type 1 and type 2 BVDV. DESIGN Prospective study. ANIMALS 55 heifers. PROCEDURE Heifers were vaccinated with a commercial MLV combination vaccine or given a sham vaccine (sterile water) and bred 47 to 53 days later. Heifers were challenged with type 1 or type 2 BVDV on days 75 to 79 of gestation. Clinical signs of BVDV infection, presence of viremia, and WBC count were assessed for 14 days after challenge. Fetuses were collected on days 152 to 156 of gestation, and virus isolation was attempted from fetal tissues. RESULTS Type 1 BVDV was not isolated in any fetuses from vaccinated heifers and was isolated in all fetuses from nonvaccinated heifers challenged with type 1 BVDV. Type 2 BVDV was isolated in 1 fetus from a vaccinated heifer and all fetuses from nonvaccinated heifers challenged with type 2 BVDV. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A commercial MLV combination vaccine containing type 1 and type 2 BVDV given to the dam prior to breeding protected 100% of fetuses against type 1 BVDV infection and 95% of fetuses against type 2 BVDV infection. Use of a bivalent MLV vaccine in combination with a comprehensive BVDV control program should result in decreased incidence of persistent infection in calves and therefore minimize the risk of BVDV infection in the herd.
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MESH Headings
- Abortion, Veterinary/prevention & control
- Abortion, Veterinary/virology
- Animals
- Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease/prevention & control
- Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease/virology
- Cattle
- Diarrhea Virus 1, Bovine Viral/immunology
- Diarrhea Virus 1, Bovine Viral/isolation & purification
- Diarrhea Virus 2, Bovine Viral/immunology
- Diarrhea Virus 2, Bovine Viral/isolation & purification
- Female
- Fetal Diseases/prevention & control
- Fetal Diseases/veterinary
- Fetal Diseases/virology
- Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control
- Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/veterinary
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/prevention & control
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/veterinary
- Prospective Studies
- Treatment Outcome
- Vaccines, Attenuated
- Vaccines, Combined/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Combined/immunology
- Viral Vaccines
- Viremia/epidemiology
- Viremia/prevention & control
- Viremia/veterinary
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris K Fairbanks
- Rural Technologies Incorporated, 1008 32nd Ave, Brookings, SD 57006, USA
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Makoschey B, Becher P, Janssen MGJ, Orlich M, Thiel HJ, Lütticken D. Bovine viral diarrhea virus with deletions in the 5'-nontranslated region: reduction of replication in calves and induction of protective immunity. Vaccine 2004; 22:3285-94. [PMID: 15308351 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2003] [Revised: 02/19/2004] [Accepted: 03/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) with deletions in the 5'-nontranslated region (5'-NTR) were tested for their suitability as live BVD vaccines. Firstly, the genetic stability of the mutants was established by culturing over 15 passages in bovine cells. Secondly, two deletion mutants and the parent strain CP7-5A were characterised with respect to in vivo replication competence, attenuation and induction of protective immunity against BVDV. Naïve calves (n = 5 per group) were inoculated with mutants d2-31 and d5-57 or CP7-5A and 5 weeks later, a challenge with the BVDV type 1 strain New York was performed. The mutants were found to be genetically and phenotypically stable. Moreover, the results indicate that the mutants were attenuated with regard to effects including pyrexia and drop in leucocyte counts. Infection with the mutants induced moderate to high titers of BVDV neutralizing antibodies and completely prevented viremia after challenge infection with a heterologous BVDV strain. Taken together, the 5'-NTR deletion mutants combine a good safety profile with good efficacy and are therefore well suited as candidate live vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Makoschey
- Virology R&D Department, Intervet International BV, Wim de Körverstraat 35, 5831 Boxmeer, The Netherlands.
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de Melo CB, Leite RC, Lobato ZIP, Leite RC. Infection by Neospora caninum associated with bovine herpesvirus 1 and bovine viral diarrhea virus in cattle from Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2004; 119:97-105. [PMID: 14746970 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2003.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is a canine parasite which is considered a significant cause of bovine abortion. Two cattle herd groups were serologically studied with the objective of studying the prevalence of infection by N. caninum associated with BHV1 and BVDV infections. In group I, 15 dairy herds (476 samples) naturally infected by the three infectious agents were analyzed,. In group II, three dairy herds (100 samples) of cows vaccinated for two viruses were analyzed, in order to determine the infection prevalence by N. caninum. In the first group, an infection prevalence of 12.61, 34 and 28.3% was determined for N. caninum BHV1 and BVDV, respectively. In the second group, a seropositive prevalence of 46, 85 and 76%, respectively, was determined for N. caninum, BVH1 and BVDV. In the first group, the virus and N. caninum had shown in the first group 4.41% positive samples in association with BVH1, 3.15% with BVDV, and 8.41% with BVH1 and BVDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B de Melo
- DEA, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Cidade Universitária "Prof. José Aloísio de Campos", Av. M. Rondon, s/n, J. Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão CEP 49100-000, Sergipe, Brazil.
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Thobokwe G, Heuer C. Incidence of abortion and association with putative causes in dairy herds in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2004; 52:90-4. [PMID: 15768103 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2004.36411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To estimate the distribution and causes of abortion in dairy herds across New Zealand during the 2001/2002 breeding season. METHODS A questionnaire survey was sent to all veterinary practices that employed members of the New Zealand Veterinary Association. Veterinarians were requested to record the numbers of dairy herds serviced by their practice in which the rate of aborting cows was zero (0%), low (1-5%) and high (6-10% and >10%), and all laboratory submissions, specimens, tests and results related to their investigation of abortions in these herds, for each category. RESULTS Forty-two large animal practices serving 1,431 dairy clients from all except one region in New Zealand responded. The within-herd incidence of abortion was zero in 497 herds (34.7%), low in 876 herds (61.2%), and high in 58 herds (4.1%) in the season 2001/2002. Within the high category, 0.6% herds reported abortions at a frequency as high as may be expected in epidemic abortions (>10%). Compared to other regions, the abortion incidences tended to be relatively high in Northland, Auckland and the Bay of Plenty, and low in Hawke Bay, Waikato and Nelson (p<0.001). Cases were submitted for laboratory investigation from 51/934 (5.5%) herds. Even though submission rates increased with the level of abortion, most submissions originated from herds with a low abortion rate. The main agents identified among submissions as the cause of abortion were Neospora caninum (Nc) (35%) and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) (16%). Among 39 submissions from low abortion herds, 33% were suspected due to Nc and 15% to BVDV, and this was not statistically different (p>0.10) from the distribution in 13 submissions from high abortion herds (46% Nc, 23% BVDV). While cases associated with Nc were submitted in April, May and June, submissions for suspected BVDV spread evenly over the months of March to July. CONCLUSION In the 2001/2002 season, approximately 4% of dairy herds in New Zealand recorded a relatively high incidence of abortion (>5%) and 0.6% herds experienced an incidence of >10%. BVDV and Nc were the most frequently diagnosed agents associated with abortion, regardless of whether the seasonal incidence of abortion within a herd was low or high.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Thobokwe
- Epicentre, Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Abstract
Control of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection is economically important to the cattle industry because the virus causes a variety of clinical diseases that adversely affect essentially all stages of the production cycle. Production losses primarily stem from reproductive failure and from immunosuppression during acute BVDV infection, which predisposes calves to respiratory or enteric diseases. Control is achieved by implementing herd health pro-grams focused on limiting exposure by avoiding persistently infected (PI) carrier cattle and by optimizing protective immunity through immunization. Vaccination cannot be relied upon solely to protect against fetal infection and losses due to BVD. This is because no single BVDV vaccine has been shown to give complete fetal protection. In addition to strategic use of vaccines, herd management practices should also be implemented to identify and eliminate PI carrier cattle and to avoid exposure to BVDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton L Kelling
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, 124 Veterinary Diagnositc Center, Lincoln, NE 68583-0905, USA.
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