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Farman MR, Petráčková D, Kumar D, Držmíšek J, Saha A, Čurnová I, Čapek J, Hejnarová V, Amman F, Hofacker I, Večerek B. Avirulent phenotype promotes Bordetella pertussis adaptation to the intramacrophage environment. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:e2146536. [PMID: 36357372 PMCID: PMC9858536 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2146536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, is an extracellular, strictly human pathogen. However, it has been shown that B. pertussis cells can escape phagocytic killing and survive in macrophages upon internalization. Our time-resolved RNA-seq data suggest that B. pertussis efficiently adapts to the intramacrophage environment and responds to host bactericidal activities. We show that this adaptive response is multifaceted and, surprisingly, related to the BvgAS two-component system, a master regulator of virulence. Our results show that the expression of this regulatory circuit is downregulated upon internalization. Moreover, we demonstrate that the switch to the avirulent Bvg- phase augments a very complex process based on the adjustment of central and energy metabolism, cell wall reinforcement, maintenance of appropriate redox and metal homeostasis, and repair of damaged macromolecules. Nevertheless, not all observed effects could be simply attributed to the transition to Bvg- phase, suggesting that additional regulators are involved in the adaptation to the intramacrophage environment. Interestingly, a large number of genes required for the metabolism of sulphur were strongly modulated within macrophages. In particular, the mutant lacking two genes encoding cysteine dioxygenases displayed strongly attenuated cytotoxicity toward THP-1 cells. Collectively, our results suggest that intracellular B. pertussis cells have adopted the Bvg- mode to acclimate to the intramacrophage environment and respond to antimicrobial activities elicited by THP-1 cells. Therefore, we hypothesize that the avirulent phase represents an authentic phenotype of internalized B. pertussis cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam R. Farman
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Denisa Petráčková
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Post-transcriptional Control of Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dilip Kumar
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Post-transcriptional Control of Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Držmíšek
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Post-transcriptional Control of Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Argha Saha
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Post-transcriptional Control of Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Čurnová
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Post-transcriptional Control of Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Čapek
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Post-transcriptional Control of Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Václava Hejnarová
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Post-transcriptional Control of Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fabian Amman
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ivo Hofacker
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Branislav Večerek
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Post-transcriptional Control of Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology, Prague, Czech Republic, Branislav Večerek Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Post-transcriptional Control of Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology, 14220Prague, Czech Republic
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2
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Matczak S, Bouchez V, Leroux P, Douché T, Collinet N, Landier A, Gianetto QG, Guillot S, Chamot-Rooke J, Hasan M, Matondo M, Brisse S, Toubiana J. Biological differences between FIM2 and FIM3 fimbriae of Bordetella pertussis: not just the serotype. Microbes Infect 2023; 25:105152. [PMID: 37245862 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bordetella pertussis still circulates worldwide despite vaccination. Fimbriae are components of some acellular pertussis vaccines. Population fluctuations of B. pertussis fimbrial serotypes (FIM2 and FIM3) are observed, and fim3 alleles (fim3-1 [clade 1] and fim3-2 [clade 2]) mark a major phylogenetic subdivision of B. pertussis. OBJECTIVES To compare microbiological characteristics and expressed protein profiles between fimbrial serotypes FIM2 and FIM3 and genomic clades. METHODS A total of 19 isolates were selected. Absolute protein abundance of the main virulence factors, autoagglutination and biofilm formation, bacterial survival in whole blood, induced blood cell cytokine secretion, and global proteome profiles were assessed. RESULTS Compared to FIM3, FIM2 isolates produced more fimbriae, less cellular pertussis toxin subunit 1 and more biofilm, but auto-agglutinated less. FIM2 isolates had a lower survival rate in cord blood, but induced higher levels of IL-4, IL-8 and IL-1β secretion. Global proteome comparisons uncovered 15 differentially produced proteins between FIM2 and FIM3 isolates, involved in adhesion and metabolism of metals. FIM3 isolates of clade 2 produced more FIM3 and more biofilm compared to clade 1. CONCLUSION FIM serotype and fim3 clades are associated with proteomic and other biological differences, which may have implications on pathogenesis and epidemiological emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Matczak
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, 28, Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Bouchez
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, 28, Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France; National Reference Center for Whooping Cough and Other Bordetella Infections, Institut Pasteur, 28, Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Pauline Leroux
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, 28, Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Thibaut Douché
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UAR2024, Proteomics Platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, 28, Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Nils Collinet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, 28, Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Annie Landier
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, 28, Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France; National Reference Center for Whooping Cough and Other Bordetella Infections, Institut Pasteur, 28, Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Giai Gianetto
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UAR2024, Proteomics Platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, 28, Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, 28, Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Guillot
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, 28, Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France; National Reference Center for Whooping Cough and Other Bordetella Infections, Institut Pasteur, 28, Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Julia Chamot-Rooke
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UAR2024, Proteomics Platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, 28, Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Milena Hasan
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Cytometry and Biomarkers Unit of Technology and Service (CB UTechS), 28, Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Mariette Matondo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UAR2024, Proteomics Platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, 28, Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Brisse
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, 28, Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France; National Reference Center for Whooping Cough and Other Bordetella Infections, Institut Pasteur, 28, Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Julie Toubiana
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, 28, Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France; National Reference Center for Whooping Cough and Other Bordetella Infections, Institut Pasteur, 28, Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France; Department of General Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Université Paris Cité, 149, Rue de Sèvres, 75015, Paris, France.
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Holubova J, Stanek O, Juhasz A, Hamidou Soumana I, Makovicky P, Sebo P. The Fim and FhaB adhesins play a crucial role in nasal cavity infection and Bordetella pertussis transmission in a novel mouse catarrhal infection model. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010402. [PMID: 35395059 PMCID: PMC9020735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary infections caused by Bordetella pertussis used to be the prime cause of infant mortality in the pre-vaccine era and mouse models of pertussis pneumonia served in characterization of B. pertussis virulence mechanisms. However, the biologically most relevant catarrhal disease stage and B. pertussis transmission has not been adequately reproduced in adult mice due to limited proliferation of the human-adapted pathogen on murine nasopharyngeal mucosa. We used immunodeficient C57BL/6J MyD88 KO mice to achieve B. pertussis proliferation to human-like high counts of 108 viable bacteria per nasal cavity to elicit rhinosinusitis accompanied by robust shedding and transmission of B. pertussis bacteria to adult co-housed MyD88 KO mice. Experiments with a comprehensive set of B. pertussis mutants revealed that pertussis toxin, adenylate cyclase toxin-hemolysin, the T3SS effector BteA/BopC and several other known virulence factors were dispensable for nasal cavity infection and B. pertussis transmission in the immunocompromised MyD88 KO mice. In contrast, mutants lacking the filamentous hemagglutinin (FhaB) or fimbriae (Fim) adhesins infected the nasal cavity poorly, shed at low levels and failed to productively infect co-housed MyD88 KO or C57BL/6J mice. FhaB and fimbriae thus appear to play a critical role in B. pertussis transmission. The here-described novel murine model of B. pertussis-induced nasal catarrh opens the way to genetic dissection of host mechanisms involved in B. pertussis shedding and to validation of key bacterial transmission factors that ought to be targeted by future pertussis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Holubova
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Stanek
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Attila Juhasz
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Illiassou Hamidou Soumana
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Peter Makovicky
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Sebo
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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4
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Cytokine expression patterns in hospitalized children with Bordetella pertussis, Rhinovirus or co-infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10948. [PMID: 34040002 PMCID: PMC8154898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of interaction between Bordetella pertussis and other viral agents are yet to be fully explored. We studied the inflammatory cytokine expression patterns among children with both viral-bacterial infections. Nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) samples were taken from children, aged < 1 year, positive for Rhinovirus, Bordetella pertussis and for Rhinovirus and Bordetella pertussis. Forty cytokines were evaluated in NPA by using human cytokine protein arrays and a quantitative analysis was performed on significantly altered cytokines. Forty cytokines were evaluated in NPA by using human cytokine protein arrays and a quantitative analysis was performed on significantly altered cytokines. Our results show that co-infections display a different inflammatory pattern compared to single infections, suggesting that a chronic inflammation caused by one of the two pathogens could be the trigger for exacerbation in co-infections.
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Jiang W, Wei C, Mou D, Zuo W, Liang J, Ma X, Wang L, Gao N, Gu Q, Luo P, Ma Y, Li J, Liu S, Shi L, Sun M. Infant rhesus macaques as a non-human primate model of Bordetella pertussis infection. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:407. [PMID: 33941094 PMCID: PMC8091708 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalent resurgence of pertussis has recently become a critical public health problem worldwide. To understand pertussis pathogenesis and the host response to both the pathogen and vaccines, a suitable pertussis animal model, particularly a non-human primate model, is necessary. Recently, a non-human primate pertussis model was successfully established with baboons. Rhesus macaques have been shown to be ideal animal models for several infectious diseases, but a model of infectious pertussis has not been established in these organisms. Studies on rhesus macaque models of pertussis were performed in the 1920s–1930s, but limited experimental details are available. Recent monkey pertussis models have not been successful because the typical clinical symptoms and transmission have not been achieved. Methods In the present study, infant rhesus macaques were challenged with Bordetella pertussis (B.p) using an aerosol method to evaluate the feasibility of this system as an animal model of pertussis. Results Upon aerosol infection, monkeys infected with the recently clinically isolated B.p strain 2016-CY-41 developed the typical whooping cough, leukocytosis, bacteria-positive nasopharyngeal wash (NPW), and interanimal transmission of pertussis. Both systemic and mucosal humoral responses were induced by B.p. Conclusion These results demonstrate that a model of pertussis was successfully established in infant rhesus macaques. This model provides a valuable platform for research on pertussis pathogenesis and evaluation of vaccine candidates. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06090-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Jiang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Chen Wei
- Department of Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis Vaccine and Toxins, National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Dachao Mou
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Weilun Zuo
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiangli Liang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis Vaccine and Toxins, National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Lichan Wang
- Department of Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis Vaccine and Toxins, National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Na Gao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Qin Gu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis Vaccine and Toxins, National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Jingyan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Shuyuan Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Li Shi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China.
| | - Mingbo Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China. .,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China.
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Petráčková D, Farman MR, Amman F, Linhartová I, Dienstbier A, Kumar D, Držmíšek J, Hofacker I, Rodriguez ME, Večerek B. Transcriptional profiling of human macrophages during infection with Bordetella pertussis. RNA Biol 2020; 17:731-742. [PMID: 32070192 PMCID: PMC7237194 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2020.1727694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis, a strictly human re-emerging pathogen and the causative agent of whooping cough, exploits a broad variety of virulence factors to establish efficient infection. Here, we used RNA sequencing to analyse the changes in gene expression profiles of human THP-1 macrophages resulting from B. pertussis infection. In parallel, we attempted to determine the changes in intracellular B. pertussis-specific transcriptomic profiles resulting from interaction with macrophages. Our analysis revealed that global gene expression profiles in THP-1 macrophages are extensively rewired 6 h post-infection. Among the highly expressed genes, we identified those encoding cytokines, chemokines, and transcription regulators involved in the induction of the M1 and M2 macrophage polarization programmes. Notably, several host genes involved in the control of apoptosis and inflammation which are known to be hijacked by intracellular bacterial pathogens were overexpressed upon infection. Furthermore, in silico analyses identified large temporal changes in expression of specific gene subsets involved in signalling and metabolic pathways. Despite limited numbers of the bacterial reads, we observed reduced expression of majority of virulence factors and upregulation of several transcriptional regulators during infection suggesting that intracellular B. pertussis cells switch from virulent to avirulent phase and actively adapt to intracellular environment, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Petráčková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Post-transcriptional Control of Gene Expression, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mariam R. Farman
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabian Amman
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irena Linhartová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Bacterial Pathogens, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ana Dienstbier
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Post-transcriptional Control of Gene Expression, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dilip Kumar
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Post-transcriptional Control of Gene Expression, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Držmíšek
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Post-transcriptional Control of Gene Expression, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Hofacker
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Computer Science, Research Group Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Eugenia Rodriguez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CINDEFI (UNLP CONICET La Plata), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Branislav Večerek
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Post-transcriptional Control of Gene Expression, Prague, Czech Republic
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7
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Functional Programming of Innate Immune Cells in Response to Bordetella pertussis Infection and Vaccination. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1183:53-80. [PMID: 31432398 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite widespread vaccination, B. pertussis remains one of the least controlled vaccine-preventable diseases. Although it is well known that acellular and whole cell pertussis vaccines induce distinct immune functionalities in memory cells, much less is known about the role of innate immunity in this process. In this review, we provide an overview of the known differences and similarities in innate receptors, innate immune cells and inflammatory signalling pathways induced by the pertussis vaccines either licensed or in development and compare this to primary infection with B. pertussis. Despite the crucial role of innate immunity in driving memory responses to B. pertussis, it is clear that a significant knowledge gap remains in our understanding of the early innate immune response to vaccination and infection. Such knowledge is essential to develop the next generation of pertussis vaccines with improved host defense against B. pertussis.
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Rivera-Millot A, Lesne E, Solans L, Coutte L, Bertrand-Michel J, Froguel P, Dhennin V, Hot D, Locht C, Antoine R, Jacob-Dubuisson F. Characterization of a Bvg-regulated fatty acid methyl-transferase in Bordetella pertussis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176396. [PMID: 28493897 PMCID: PMC5426589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The whooping cough agent Bordetella pertussis controls the expression of its large virulence regulon in a coordinated manner through the two-component signal transduction system BvgAS. In addition to the genes coding for bona fide virulence factors, the Bvg regulon comprises genes of unknown function. In this work, we characterized a new Bvg-activated gene called BP2936. Homologs of BP2936 are found in other pathogenic Bordetellae and in several other species, including plant pathogens and environmental bacteria. We showed that the gene product of BP2936 is a membrane-associated methyl-transferase of free fatty acids. We thus propose to name it FmtB, for fatty acid methyl-transferase of Bordetella. The role of this protein was tested in cellular and animal models of infection, but the loss of BP2936 did not appear to affect host-pathogen interactions in those assays. The high level of conservation of BP2936 among B. pertussis isolates nevertheless argues that it probably plays a role in the life cycle of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Rivera-Millot
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019- UMR 8204-CIIL-Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Elodie Lesne
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019- UMR 8204-CIIL-Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Luis Solans
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019- UMR 8204-CIIL-Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Loic Coutte
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019- UMR 8204-CIIL-Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Philippe Froguel
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
- Department of Genomics of Common Diseases, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Véronique Dhennin
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - David Hot
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019- UMR 8204-CIIL-Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Camille Locht
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019- UMR 8204-CIIL-Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Rudy Antoine
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019- UMR 8204-CIIL-Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Françoise Jacob-Dubuisson
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019- UMR 8204-CIIL-Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
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9
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Luu LDW, Octavia S, Zhong L, Raftery M, Sintchenko V, Lan R. Characterisation of the Bordetella pertussis secretome under different media. J Proteomics 2017; 158:43-51. [PMID: 28242451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the Bordetella pertussis secretome remains limited including the role of different growth conditions in the secretome. In this study the secretome of L1423, a clinical isolate from the 2008-2012 Australian epidemic, cultured on Stainer-Scholte (SS) and Thalen-IJssel (THIJS) media for 12h was characterised using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In the supernatant, LC-MS/MS identified 260 proteins with 143 bioinformatically predicted to be secreted. Eighty percent of proteins were identified in both media. Proteins secreted were functionally associated with cell surface (41%), pathogenicity (16%) and transport (17%). The most abundant proteins identified were pathogenic proteins including toxins (PtxA and CyaA), adhesins (TcfA) and type III secretion (T3SS) proteins. There were 46 proteins found uniquely in THIJS including 8 virulence associated proteins. These included T3SS proteins, adhesins (FhaL and FhaS) and a putative toxin (BP1251). Nine proteins were found uniquely in SS and these were metabolic and transport-related proteins. None of the unique proteins detected in SS were known to be virulence associated. This study found that THIJS promotes secretion of virulence factors based on the number of unique virulence proteins found and may be a growth media of choice for the study of B. pertussis virulence and vaccine development. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Over the past two decades, the number of B. pertussis notifications has risen despite vaccination. There is a greater need to understand the biology behind B. pertussis infections. The secretome of B. pertussis in two different media was characterised using LC-MS/MS. The results showed that THIJS promotes secretion of importance virulence factors which may be important for the development of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Don Wai Luu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sophie Octavia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ling Zhong
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Raftery
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vitali Sintchenko
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Public Health, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research - Pathology West, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruiting Lan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Kilgore PE, Salim AM, Zervos MJ, Schmitt HJ. Pertussis: Microbiology, Disease, Treatment, and Prevention. Clin Microbiol Rev 2016; 29:449-86. [PMID: 27029594 PMCID: PMC4861987 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00083-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis is a severe respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis, and in 2008, pertussis was associated with an estimated 16 million cases and 195,000 deaths globally. Sizeable outbreaks of pertussis have been reported over the past 5 years, and disease reemergence has been the focus of international attention to develop a deeper understanding of pathogen virulence and genetic evolution of B. pertussis strains. During the past 20 years, the scientific community has recognized pertussis among adults as well as infants and children. Increased recognition that older children and adolescents are at risk for disease and may transmit B. pertussis to younger siblings has underscored the need to better understand the role of innate, humoral, and cell-mediated immunity, including the role of waning immunity. Although recognition of adult pertussis has increased in tandem with a better understanding of B. pertussis pathogenesis, pertussis in neonates and adults can manifest with atypical clinical presentations. Such disease patterns make pertussis recognition difficult and lead to delays in treatment. Ongoing research using newer tools for molecular analysis holds promise for improved understanding of pertussis epidemiology, bacterial pathogenesis, bioinformatics, and immunology. Together, these advances provide a foundation for the development of new-generation diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Kilgore
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum Collage of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Abdulbaset M Salim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum Collage of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Marcus J Zervos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System and Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Heinz-Josef Schmitt
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Pfizer Vaccines, Paris, France Department of Pediatrics, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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11
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Guevara C, Zhang C, Gaddy JA, Iqbal J, Guerra J, Greenberg DP, Decker MD, Carbonetti N, Starner TD, McCray PB, Mooi FR, Gómez-Duarte OG. Highly differentiated human airway epithelial cells: a model to study host cell-parasite interactions in pertussis. Infect Dis (Lond) 2015; 48:177-88. [PMID: 26492208 PMCID: PMC5278880 DOI: 10.3109/23744235.2015.1100323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bordetella pertussis colonizes the human respiratory mucosa. Most studies on B. pertussis adherence have relied on cultured mammalian cells that lack key features present in differentiated human airway cells or on animal models that are not natural hosts of B. pertussis. The objectives of this work were to evaluate B. pertussis infection in highly differentiated human airway cells in vitro and to show the role of B. pertussis fimbriae in cell adherence. METHODS Primary human airway epithelial (PHAE) cells from human bronchi and a human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cell line were grown in vitro under air-liquid interface conditions. RESULTS PHAE and HBE cells infected with B. pertussis wild-type strain revealed bacterial adherence to the apical surface of cells, bacteria-induced cytoskeleton changes, and cell detachment. Mutations in the major fimbrial subunits Fim2/3 or in the minor fimbrial adhesin subunit FimD affected B. pertussis adherence to predominantly HBE cells. This cell model recapitulates the morphologic features of the human airway infected by B. pertussis and confirms the role of fimbriae in B. pertussis adherence. Furthermore, HBE cells show that fimbrial subunits, and specifically FimD adhesin, are critical in B. pertussis adherence to airway cells. CONCLUSIONS The relevance of this model to study host-parasite interaction in pertussis lies in the striking physiologic and morphologic similarity between the PHAE and HBE cells and the human airway ciliated and goblet cells in vivo. These cells can proliferate in vitro, differentiate, and express the same genetic profile as human respiratory cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Guevara
- a Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
| | - Chengxian Zhang
- a Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
| | - Jennifer A Gaddy
- b Tennessee Valley Healthcare Systems , Department of Veterans Affairs
- c Division of Infectious Diseases , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN
| | - Junaid Iqbal
- a Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
| | - Julio Guerra
- a Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
| | - David P Greenberg
- d Department of Pediatrics , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA
- e Scientific and Medical Affairs , Sanofi Pasteur , Swiftwater , PA
| | - Michael D Decker
- e Scientific and Medical Affairs , Sanofi Pasteur , Swiftwater , PA
- f Department of Health Policy , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN
| | - Nicholas Carbonetti
- g Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD
| | - Timothy D Starner
- h Stead Family Department of Pediatrics , University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine , Iowa City , IA
| | - Paul B McCray
- h Stead Family Department of Pediatrics , University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine , Iowa City , IA
| | - Frits R Mooi
- i National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Center for Infectious Diseases Control , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
| | - Oscar G Gómez-Duarte
- a Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
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12
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A critical role for the TLR signaling adapter Mal in alveolar macrophage-mediated protection against Bordetella pertussis. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:982-92. [PMID: 25515629 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough, an infectious disease of the respiratory tract that is re-emerging despite high vaccine coverage. Here we examined the role of Toll-like receptor (TLR) adapter protein Mal in the control of B. pertussis infection in the lungs. We found that B. pertussis bacterial load in the lungs of Mal-defective (Mal(-/-)) mice exceeded that of wild-type (WT) mice by up to 100-fold and bacteria disseminated to the liver in Mal(-/-) mice and 50% of these mice died from the infection. Macrophages from Mal(-/-) mice were defective in an early burst of pro-inflammatory cytokine production and in their ability to kill or constrain intracellular growth of B. pertussis. Importantly, the B. pertussis bacterial load in the lungs inversely correlated with the number of alveolar macrophages. Despite the maintenance and expansion of other cell populations, alveolar macrophages were completely depleted from the lungs of infected Mal(-/-) mice, but not from infected WT mice. Our findings define for the first time a role for a microbial pattern-recognition pathway in the survival of alveolar macrophages and uncover a mechanism of macrophage-mediated immunity to B. pertussis in which Mal controls intracellular survival and dissemination of bacteria from the lungs.
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13
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Cooperative roles for fimbria and filamentous hemagglutinin in Bordetella adherence and immune modulation. mBio 2015; 6:e00500-15. [PMID: 26015497 PMCID: PMC4447244 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00500-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella fimbriae (FIM) are generally considered to function as adhesins despite a lack of experimental evidence supporting this conclusion for Bordetella pertussis and evidence against a requirement for FIM in adherence of Bordetella bronchiseptica to mammalian cell lines. Using B. bronchiseptica and mice, we developed an in vivo adherence assay that revealed that FIM do function as critically important adhesins in the lower respiratory tract. In the first few days postinoculation, FIM-deficient B. bronchiseptica induced a more robust inflammatory response than wild-type bacteria did, suggesting that FIM, like filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), allow B. bronchiseptica to suppress the innate immune response to infection. Localization analyses indicated that FIM are required for efficient attachment to airway epithelium, as bacteria lacking FIM localized to alveoli. FHA-deficient bacteria, in contrast, localized to airways. Bacteria unable to produce both FIM and FHA localized to alveoli and caused increased inflammation and histopathology identical to that caused by FIM-deficient bacteria, demonstrating that lack of FIM is epistatic to lack of FHA. Coinoculation experiments provided evidence that wild-type B. bronchiseptica suppresses inflammation locally within the respiratory tract and that both FHA and FIM are required for defense against clearance by the innate immune system. Altogether, our data suggest that FIM-mediated adherence to airway epithelium is a critical first step in Bordetella infection that allows FHA-dependent interactions to mediate tight adherence, suppression of inflammation, and resistance to inflammatory cell-mediated clearance. Our results suggest that mucosal antibodies capable of blocking FIM-mediated interactions could prevent bacterial colonization of the lower respiratory tract. Although fimbriae (FIM) have been shown to be important mediators of adherence for many bacterial pathogens, there is surprisingly little experimental evidence supporting this role for Bordetella fimbria. Our results provide the first demonstration that Bordetella FIM function as adhesins in vivo, specifically to airway epithelium. Furthermore, our results suggest that FIM mediate initial interactions with airway epithelial cells that are followed by tight filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA)-mediated binding and that together, FIM and FHA allow Bordetella to suppress inflammation, leading to prolonged colonization. Given the shortcoming of the current acellular component pertussis (aP) vaccine in preventing colonization, these findings suggest that generation of antibodies capable of blocking FIM-mediated adherence could potentially prevent Bordetella colonization.
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14
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Raeven RHM, Brummelman J, Pennings JLA, Nijst OEM, Kuipers B, Blok LER, Helm K, van Riet E, Jiskoot W, van Els CACM, Han WGH, Kersten GFA, Metz B. Molecular signatures of the evolving immune response in mice following a Bordetella pertussis infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104548. [PMID: 25137043 PMCID: PMC4138111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide resurgence of pertussis necessitates the need for improvement of pertussis vaccines and vaccination strategies. Since natural infections induce a longer-lasting immunity than vaccinations, detailed knowledge of the immune responses following natural infection can provide important clues for such improvement. The purpose was to elucidate the kinetics of the protective immune response evolving after experimental Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis) infection in mice. Data were collected from (i) individual analyses, i.e. microarray, flow cytometry, multiplex immunoassays, and bacterial clearance; (ii) twelve time points during the infection; and (iii) different tissues involved in the immune responses, i.e. lungs, spleen and blood. Combined data revealed detailed insight in molecular and cellular sequence of events connecting different phases (innate, bridging and adaptive) of the immune response following the infection. We detected a prolonged acute phase response, broad pathogen recognition, and early gene signatures of subsequent T-cell recruitment in the lungs. Activation of particular transcription factors and specific cell markers provided insight into the time course of the transition from innate towards adaptive immune responses, which resulted in a broad spectrum of systemic antibody subclasses and splenic Th1/Th17 memory cells against B. pertussis. In addition, signatures preceding the local generation of Th1 and Th17 cells as well as IgA in the lungs, considered key elements in protection against B. pertussis, were established. In conclusion, molecular and cellular immunological processes in response to live B. pertussis infection were unraveled, which may provide guidance in selecting new vaccine candidates that should evoke local and prolonged protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- René H. M. Raeven
- Intravacc, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda Brummelman
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L. A. Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection (GZB), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Betsy Kuipers
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kina Helm
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cecile A. C. M. van Els
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wanda G. H. Han
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gideon F. A. Kersten
- Intravacc, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
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15
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Abstract
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, has recently re-emerged as a major public health threat despite high levels of vaccination against the aetiological agent Bordetella pertussis. In this Review, we describe the pathogenesis of this disease, with a focus on recent mechanistic insights into B. pertussis virulence-factor function. We also discuss the changing epidemiology of pertussis and the challenges facing vaccine development. Despite decades of research, many aspects of B. pertussis physiology and pathogenesis remain poorly understood. We highlight knowledge gaps that must be addressed to develop improved vaccines and therapeutic strategies.
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16
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Fisher ML, Sun W, Curtiss R. The route less taken: pulmonary models of enteric Gram-negative infection. Pathog Dis 2013; 70:99-109. [PMID: 24259516 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pathogens are capable of causing a fulminant infection in pulmonary tissues of mammals. Animal models have provided an extensive understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis as well as host immune response in the lungs. Many clinically relevant Gram-negative bacteria are host-restricted. Thus, the powerful, informative tools of mouse models are not available for study with these organisms. However, over the past 30 years, enterprising work has demonstrated the utility of pulmonary infection with enteric pathogens. Such infection models have increased our understanding host-pathogen interactions in these organisms. Here, we provide a review and comparison of lung models of infection with enteric, Gram-negative bacteria relative to naturally occurring lung pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Fisher
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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17
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Moreno G, Errea A, Van Maele L, Roberts R, Léger H, Sirard JC, Benecke A, Rumbo M, Hozbor D. Toll-like receptor 4 orchestrates neutrophil recruitment into airways during the first hours of Bordetella pertussis infection. Microbes Infect 2013; 15:708-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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18
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Lamberti Y, Gorgojo J, Massillo C, Rodriguez ME. Bordetella pertussis entry into respiratory epithelial cells and intracellular survival. Pathog Dis 2013; 69:194-204. [PMID: 23893966 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent of pertussis, aka whooping cough. Although generally considered an extracellular pathogen, this bacterium has been found inside respiratory epithelial cells, which might represent a survival strategy inside the host. Relatively little is known, however, about the mechanism of internalization and the fate of B. pertussis inside the epithelia. We show here that B. pertussis is able to enter those cells by a mechanism dependent on microtubule assembly, lipid raft integrity, and the activation of a tyrosine-kinase-mediated signaling. Once inside the cell, a significant proportion of the intracellular bacteria evade phagolysosomal fusion and remain viable in nonacidic lysosome-associated membrane-protein-1-negative compartments. In addition, intracellular B. pertussis was found able to repopulate the extracellular environment after complete elimination of the extracellular bacteria with polymyxin B. Taken together, these data suggest that B. pertussis is able to survive within respiratory epithelial cells and by this means potentially contribute to host immune system evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanina Lamberti
- CINDEFI (UNLP CONICET La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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19
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Pertussis resurgence: waning immunity and pathogen adaptation - two sides of the same coin. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 142:685-94. [PMID: 23406868 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268813000071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis or whooping cough has persisted and resurged in the face of vaccination and has become one of the most prevalent vaccine-preventable diseases in Western countries. The high circulation rate of Bordetella pertussis poses a threat to infants that have not been (completely) vaccinated and for whom pertussis is a severe, life-threatening, disease. The increase in pertussis is mainly found in age groups in which immunity has waned and this has resulted in the perception that waning immunity is the main or exclusive cause for the resurgence of pertussis. However, significant changes in B. pertussis populations have been observed after the introduction of vaccinations, suggesting a role for pathogen adaptation in the persistence and resurgence of pertussis. These changes include antigenic divergence with vaccine strains and increased production of pertussis toxin. Antigenic divergence will affect both memory recall and the efficacy of antibodies, while higher levels of pertussis toxin may increase suppression of the innate and acquired immune system. We propose these adaptations of B. pertussis have decreased the period in which pertussis vaccines are effective and thus enhanced the waning of immunity. We plead for a more integrated approach to the pertussis problem which includes the characteristics of the vaccines, the B. pertussis populations and the interaction between the two.
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20
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Contribution of Bordetella filamentous hemagglutinin and adenylate cyclase toxin to suppression and evasion of interleukin-17-mediated inflammation. Infect Immun 2012; 80:2061-75. [PMID: 22473603 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00148-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica establish respiratory infections with notorious efficiency. Our previous studies showed that the fhaB genes of B. pertussis and B. bronchiseptica, which encode filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), are functionally interchangeable and provided evidence that FHA-deficient B. bronchiseptica induces more inflammation in the lungs of mice than wild-type B. bronchiseptica. We show here that the robust inflammatory response to FHA-deficient B. bronchiseptica is characterized by the early and sustained influx of interleukin-17 (IL-17)-positive neutrophils and macrophages and, at 72 h postinoculation, IL-17-positive CD4(+) T cells, suggesting that FHA allows the bacteria to suppress the development of an IL-17-mediated inflammatory response. We also show that the cyaA genes of B. pertussis and B. bronchiseptica, which encode adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT), are functionally interchangeable and that ACT, specifically its catalytic activity, is required for B. bronchiseptica to resist phagocytic clearance but is neither required for nor inhibitory of the induction of inflammation if bacteria are present in numbers sufficient to persist during the first 3 days postinoculation. Incubation of bone marrow-derived macrophages with a ΔcyaA strain caused decreased production of IL-1β and increased production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IL-12, while incubation with a ΔcyaA ΔfhaB strain caused increased production of IL-23. These data suggest that FHA and ACT both contribute to suppress the recruitment of neutrophils and the development of an IL-17-mediated immune response. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a microbial pathogen suppressing IL-17-mediated inflammation in vivo as a strategy to evade innate immunity.
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de Gouw D, Diavatopoulos DA, Bootsma HJ, Hermans PW, Mooi FR. Pertussis: a matter of immune modulation. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2011; 35:441-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00257.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Advani A, Gustafsson L, Ahrén C, Mooi FR, Hallander HO. Appearance of Fim3 and ptxP3-Bordetella pertussis strains, in two regions of Sweden with different vaccination programs. Vaccine 2011; 29:3438-42. [PMID: 21396900 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
After introduction of a mono-component vaccine, containing only pertussis toxoid (PT), the incidence of pertussis was significantly higher in the Gothenburg area among children during the period October 1, 1997 until end of 2006 compared to the Rest of Sweden where a vaccine containing PT and two other pertussis antigens was used. To investigate a possible cause of this difference, the Bordetella pertussis populations in both regions were compared by determining the fimbrial serotype (Fim), the PFGE-type and the pertussis toxin promoter allele type (ptxP). Strains with the ptxP1 allele were successively replaced by ptxP3 strains producing more pertussis toxin. In Gothenburg compared to the Rest of Sweden, Fim3 and ptxP3 strains were observed earlier and reached higher frequencies in the studied period. Since ptxP3 strains have been shown to be more virulent, their higher prevalence may have contributed to the higher incidence of pertussis in the Gothenburg area. In addition we found a high degree of linkage between PFGE-profile and ptxP3. Our results highlight the importance of strain typing to gain insight into the mechanisms of immunity-associated selection of microbial subtypes and the causes of changes in incidences of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Advani
- Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden.
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23
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Abstract
Although Bordetella pertussis has been observed to survive inside macrophages, its ability to resist or evade degradation in phagolysosomes has not been defined. We here investigated the trafficking of B. pertussis upon entry into human macrophages. During the first hours following phagocytosis, a high percentage of bacteria were destroyed within acidic compartments positive for the lysosome-associated membrane proteins (LAMP). However, roughly one-fourth of the bacteria taken up evade this initial killing event, remaining in nonacidic compartments. Forty-eight hours after infection, the number of intracellular bacteria per cell increased, suggesting that B. pertussis is capable of replicating in this type of compartment. Viable bacteria accumulated within phagosomal compartments positive for the early endosomal marker Rab5 but not the late endosomal marker LAMP. Moreover, B. pertussis-containing phagosomes acquired exogenously added transferrin, indicating that intracellular bacteria have access to extracellular components and essential nutrients via the host cell recycling pathway. Overall, these results suggest that B. pertussis survives and eventually replicates in compartments with characteristics of early endosomes, potentially contributing to its extraordinary ability to persist within hosts and populations.
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24
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Mooi FR. Bordetella pertussis and vaccination: the persistence of a genetically monomorphic pathogen. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2009; 10:36-49. [PMID: 19879977 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 10/11/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Before childhood vaccination was introduced in the 1950s, pertussis or whooping cough was a major cause of infant death worldwide. Widespread vaccination of children was successful in significantly reducing morbidity and mortality. However, despite vaccination, pertussis has persisted and, in the 1990s, resurged in a number of countries with highly vaccinated populations. Indeed, pertussis has become the most prevalent vaccine-preventable disease in developed countries with estimated infection frequencies of 1-6%. Recently vaccinated children are well protected against pertussis disease and its increase is mainly seen in adolescents and adults in which disease symptoms are often mild. The etiologic agent of pertussis, Bordetella pertussis, is extremely monomorphic and its ability to persist in the face of intensive vaccination is intriguing. Numerous studies have shown that B. pertussis populations changed after the introduction of vaccination suggesting adaptation. These adaptations did not involve the acquisition of novel genes but small genetic changes, mainly SNPs, and occurred in successive steps in a period of 40 years. The earliest adaptations resulted in antigenic divergence with vaccine strains. More recently, strains emerged with increased pertussis toxin (Ptx) production. Here I argue that the resurgence of pertussis is the compound effect of pathogen adaptation and waning immunity. I propose that the removal by vaccination of naïve infants as the major source for transmission was the crucial event which has driven the changes in B. pertussis populations. This has selected for strains which are more efficiently transmitted by primed hosts in which immunity has waned. The adaptation of B. pertussis to primed hosts involved delaying an effective immune response by antigenic divergence with vaccine strains and by increasing immune suppression through higher levels of Ptx production. Higher levels of Ptx may also benefit transmission by enhancing clinical symptoms. The study of B. pertussis populations has not only increased our understanding of pathogen evolution, but also suggests way to improve pertussis vaccines, underlining the public health significance of population-based studies of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frits R Mooi
- Lab for Infectious Diseases and Screening, Netherlands Centre for Infectious Diseases Control, Natl Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands.
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Elahi S, Holmstrom J, Gerdts V. The benefits of using diverse animal models for studying pertussis. Trends Microbiol 2007; 15:462-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Revised: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Vandebriel RJ, Gremmer ER, Vermeulen JP, Hellwig SMM, Dormans JAMA, Roholl PJM, Mooi FR. Lung pathology and immediate hypersensitivity in a mouse model after vaccination with pertussis vaccines and challenge with Bordetella pertussis. Vaccine 2007; 25:2346-60. [PMID: 17224216 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2004] [Revised: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
While evaluating vaccine efficacy against clinical Bordetella pertussis isolates in mice, after challenge vaccinated mice showed increased lung pathology with eosinophilia, compared to challenged, non-vaccinated animals. This led us to study bacterial clearance, lung pathology, lung TNF-alpha expression, and parameters of immediate hypersensitivity (IH), being serum IgE levels, eosinophil numbers in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and ex vivo IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, and IFN-gamma production by the bronchial lymph node cells. BALB/c mice received a combined Diphtheria (D), Tetanus (T), Poliomyelitis, and whole-cell Pertussis vaccine (WCV), a combined D, T, and three-component acellular Pertussis vaccine (ACV), aluminium hydroxide adjuvant, or PBS, 28 and 14 days before B. pertussis infection. Similarly treated non-infected mice were taken as a control. Infection induced pathology; this induction was stronger after (especially WCV) vaccination. WCV but not ACV vaccination induced TNF-alpha expression after challenge. After challenge, IH parameters were strongly increased by (especially ACV) vaccination. Vaccinated IL-4 KO mice showed similar clearance and pathology, in the absence of IgE and with reduced numbers of eosinophils. Vaccinated (Th1-deficient) T-bet KO mice showed reduced clearance and similar pathology. In summary, after challenge vaccination increased lung pathology, TNF-alpha expression (only WCV), and IH parameters. Th1 cells were critical for clearance.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Bordetella pertussis/growth & development
- Bordetella pertussis/immunology
- Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine/administration & dosage
- Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine/immunology
- Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine/toxicity
- Female
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/chemically induced
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin E/blood
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Interleukin-13/metabolism
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Interleukin-5/metabolism
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/microbiology
- Lung/pathology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Knockout
- Pertussis Vaccine/administration & dosage
- Pertussis Vaccine/immunology
- Pertussis Vaccine/toxicity
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Vaccines, Acellular/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Acellular/immunology
- Vaccines, Acellular/toxicity
- Whooping Cough/immunology
- Whooping Cough/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob J Vandebriel
- Laboratory for Toxicology, Pathology and Genetics, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Dias AADSDO, Boller MAA, Werneck LMC, Hirata Junior R, Mattos-Guaraldi AL. Evaluation of respiratory model employing conventional NIH mice to access the immunity induced by cellular and acellular pertussis vaccines. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2006; 101:749-54. [PMID: 17160282 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762006000700007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 09/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing number of pertussis cases reported on the last twenty years and the existence of new acellular vaccines reinforce the need of research for experimental models to assure the quality of available pertussis vaccines. In this study, allotments of whole-cell and acellular pertussis vaccines were tested through the Intranasal Challenge Model (INM) using conventional NIH mice. The results have been compared to those achieved by the "Gold standard" Intracerebral Challenge Model (ICM). In contrast to ICM, INM results did not show intralaboratorial variations. Statistical analysis by Anova and Ancova tests revealed that the INM presented reproducibility and allowed identification and separation of different products, including three-component and four-component accellular pertussis vaccines. INM revealed differences between pertussis vaccines. INM provides lower distress to the mice allowing the reduction of mice number including the possibility of using conventional mice (less expensive) under non-aseptic environment. Thus, INM may be used as an alternative method of verifying the consistence of allotment production, including acellular pertussis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Alves de Souza de Oliveira Dias
- Laboratório de Vacinas Bacterianas, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fiocruz, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Banus HA, Vandebriel RJ, de Ruiter H, Dormans JAMA, Nagelkerke NJ, Mooi FR, Hoebee B, van Kranen HJ, Kimman TG. Host genetics of Bordetella pertussis infection in mice: significance of Toll-like receptor 4 in genetic susceptibility and pathobiology. Infect Immun 2006; 74:2596-605. [PMID: 16622195 PMCID: PMC1459714 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.5.2596-2605.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The susceptibility to and the severity of Bordetella pertussis infections in infants and children varies widely, suggesting that genetic differences between individuals influence the course of infection. We have previously identified three novel loci that influence the severity of whooping cough by using recombinant congenic strains of mice: Bordetella pertussis susceptibility loci 1, 2, and 3 (Bps1, -2, and -3). Because these loci could not account for all genetic differences between mice, we extended our search for additional susceptibility loci. We therefore screened 11 inbred strains of mice for susceptibility to a pertussis infection after intranasal infection. Susceptibility was defined by the number of bacteria in the lungs, being indicative of the effect between the clearance and replication of bacteria. The most resistant (A/J) and the most susceptible (C3H/HeJ) strains were selected for further genetic and phenotypic characterization. The link between bacterial clearance and chromosomal location was investigated with 300 F2 mice, generated by crossing A/J and C3H/HeJ mice. We found a link between the delayed clearance of bacteria from the lung and a large part of chromosome 4 in F2 mice with a maximum log of the odds score of 33.6 at 65.4 Mb, which is the location of Tlr4. C3H/HeJ mice carry a functional mutation in the intracellular domain of Tlr4. This locus accounted for all detectable genetic differences between these strains. Compared to A/J mice, C3H/HeJ mice showed a delayed clearance of bacteria from the lung, a higher relative lung weight, and increased body weight loss. Splenocytes from infected C3H/HeJ mice produced almost no interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) upon ex vivo restimulation with B. pertussis compared to A/J mice and also showed a delayed gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production. TNF-alpha expression in the lungs 3 days after infection was increased fivefold compared to uninfected controls in A/J mice and was not affected in C3H/HeJ mice. In conclusion, Tlr4 is a major host factor explaining the differences in the course of infection between these inbred strains of mice. Functional Tlr4 is essential for an efficient IL-1-beta, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma response; efficient clearance of bacteria from the lung; and reduced lung pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Banus
- Laboratory of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Mattoo S, Cherry JD. Molecular pathogenesis, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of respiratory infections due to Bordetella pertussis and other Bordetella subspecies. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005; 18:326-82. [PMID: 15831828 PMCID: PMC1082800 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.18.2.326-382.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 778] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella respiratory infections are common in people (B. pertussis) and in animals (B. bronchiseptica). During the last two decades, much has been learned about the virulence determinants, pathogenesis, and immunity of Bordetella. Clinically, the full spectrum of disease due to B. pertussis infection is now understood, and infections in adolescents and adults are recognized as the reservoir for cyclic outbreaks of disease. DTaP vaccines, which are less reactogenic than DTP vaccines, are now in general use in many developed countries, and it is expected that the expansion of their use to adolescents and adults will have a significant impact on reducing pertussis and perhaps decrease the circulation of B. pertussis. Future studies should seek to determine the cause of the unique cough which is associated with Bordetella respiratory infections. It is also hoped that data gathered from molecular Bordetella research will lead to a new generation of DTaP vaccines which provide greater efficacy than is provided by today's vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Mattoo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1752, USA
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David S, van Furth R, Mooi FR. Efficacies of whole cell and acellular pertussis vaccines against Bordetella parapertussis in a mouse model. Vaccine 2004; 22:1892-8. [PMID: 15121300 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2003] [Revised: 08/11/2003] [Accepted: 11/07/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pertussis vaccine development has mainly focused on Bordetella pertussis, and consequently these vaccines contain B. pertussis antigens only. However, the related species Bordetella parapertussis can also cause pertussis, although symptoms associated with the disease are generally considered to be milder. Recent field studies have shown that in some outbreaks B. parapertussis can prevail. Using a mouse model we compared the efficacy against B. parapertussis of two commercially available acellular vaccines and two whole cell vaccines, used in The Netherlands and Finland, respectively. The efficacies of the two whole cell vaccines against B. parapertussis were similar, but much lower compared to the efficacy against B. pertussis. Although, the acellular vaccines conferred some protection against B. parapertussis early in infection, the values were not significant. Later in infection, a highly significant enhancement of colonisation by B. parapertussis was observed in mice vaccinated with acellular vaccines. The whole cell vaccines protected significantly better than the acellular vaccines against B. parapertussis. The possible consequences of a switch from whole cell to acellular vaccines was discussed in the light of our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke David
- Research Laboratory for Infectious Diseases, National Institute Of Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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