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Nibourg LM, Gelens E, Nibourg SAF, de Jong MR, Kuijer R, van Kooten TG, Koopmans SA. Effects of peptide ratios in nanofibre-based hydrogels for the prevention of capsular opacification. Acta Ophthalmol 2016; 94:721-729. [PMID: 27062370 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To moderate the capsular opacification (CO) response after lens surgery, an experimental study was performed in which nanofibre-based hydrogels (nanogels) with different ratios of attached peptides were applied to provide extracellular matrix-related cues for lens epithelial cells (LECs) in a porcine eye model. METHODS The lens content was removed, and the capsules were refilled with nanogel. Lenses were divided into two groups, the first group (n = 34) was refilled with nanogels containing different ratios of two laminin-derived peptides (IKVAV + YIGSR), and the latter group (n = 26) was refilled with nanogel combinations of a fibronectin-derived and a type IV collagen-derived peptide (RGDS + DGEA). Two lenses were refilled with culture medium to investigate the effect of the medium on LECs. After refilling, lenses were extracted and cultured for 3 weeks. Lens epithelial cells (LECs) were assessed for morphology and alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) expression using confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS Differences were seen in cell morphology between lenses refilled with nanogels with IKVAV + YIGSR and RGDS + DGEA peptides. In nanogels with IKVAV + YIGSR peptides, differences in LEC morphology were largest when ratios between the peptides were unequal, whereas LEC responses from the RGDS + DGEA refilled groups showed variation in LEC morphology dependent on the total quantity of mixed-in peptides. The culture medium did not induce proliferation or transformation of LECs. CONCLUSIONS Ratios and concentrations of cell adhesion-mediating peptides both can direct the LEC response, depending on the adhesion molecules of origin, by influencing LEC proliferation and transformation. Nanogels with incorporated peptides may be tuned towards CO prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne M. Nibourg
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Experimental Ophthalmology; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
- W.J. Kolff Institute; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | | | - Simone A. F. Nibourg
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Experimental Ophthalmology; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | | | - Roel Kuijer
- W.J. Kolff Institute; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Theo G. van Kooten
- W.J. Kolff Institute; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Steven A. Koopmans
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
- W.J. Kolff Institute; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
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Nibourg LM, Gelens E, de Jong MR, Kuijer R, van Kooten TG, Koopmans SA. Nanofiber-based hydrogels with extracellular matrix-based synthetic peptides for the prevention of capsular opacification. Exp Eye Res 2015; 143:60-7. [PMID: 26474493 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanofiber-based hydrogels (nanogels) with different, covalently bound peptides were used as an extracellular environment for lens epithelial cells (LECs) in order to modulate the capsular opacification (CO) response after lens surgery in a porcine eye model. Lenses were divided into 15 groups (n = 4 per group), the lens content was removed and the empty capsules were refilled with nanogel without peptides and nanogels with 13 combinations of 5 different peptides: two laminin-derived, two fibronectin-derived, and one collagen IV-derived peptide representing cell adhesion motifs. A control group of 4 lenses was refilled with hyaluronan. After refilling, lenses were extracted from the porcine eye and cultured for three weeks. LECs were assessed for morphology and alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) expression using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Compared to hyaluronan controls, lenses filled with nanogel had less CO formation, indicated by a lower αSMA expression (P = 0.004). Microscopy showed differences in morphological cell response within the nanogel refilled groups. αSMA expression in these groups was highest in lenses refilled with nanogel without peptides (9.54 ± 11.29%). Overall, LEC transformation is reduced by the presence of nanogels and the response is improved even further by incorporation of extracellular matrix peptides representing adhesion motifs. Thus, nanomaterials targeting biological pathways, in our case interactions with integrin signaling, are a promising avenue toward reduction of CO. Further research is needed to optimize nanogel-peptide combinations that fully prevent CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne M Nibourg
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Dept. of Ophthalmology, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Laboratory for Experimental Ophthalmology, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, W.J. Kolff Institute, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Edith Gelens
- Nano Fiber Matrices B.V., Zernikepark 6-8, 9747 AN Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Menno R de Jong
- Nano Fiber Matrices B.V., Zernikepark 6-8, 9747 AN Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Kuijer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, W.J. Kolff Institute, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo G van Kooten
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, W.J. Kolff Institute, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Steven A Koopmans
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Dept. of Ophthalmology, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, W.J. Kolff Institute, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Koopmans SA, Terwee T, Hanssen A, Martin H, Langner S, Stachs O, van Kooten TG. Prevention of capsule opacification after accommodating lens refilling: pilot study of strategies evaluated in a monkey model. J Cataract Refract Surg 2015; 40:1521-35. [PMID: 25135545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2014.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test 2 strategies to prevent capsule opacification after accommodating lens refilling in a rhesus monkey model. SETTING Animal laboratory and laboratory of European university medical centers. DESIGN Experimental study. METHODS Six rhesus monkeys had refilling of the lens capsular bag. In the first strategy, before it was filled with a silicone polymer, the capsular bag was treated with noncommercial sodium hyaluronate 1.0% containing cytotoxic substances. In the second strategy, the capsular bag was filled with clinically used sodium hyaluronate 1.0% (Healon) after treatment with actinomycin-D. Slitlamp inspection was performed during a follow-up of 40 to 50 weeks. After enucleation, magnetic resonance images were obtained and confocal fluorescence imaging was performed. RESULTS Using the first strategy, capsule opacification developed in all eyes. Using the second strategy, 1 monkey did not develop capsule opacification after a 9-month follow-up. In a second monkey, the lens capsule remained clear for 3 months, after which the hyaluronate refill material was exchanged with a silicone polymer and capsule opacification developed. Combining these results with those in a previous study, the difference in opacification between silicone and sodium hyaluronate as refilling materials was statistically significant (P<.01). CONCLUSIONS That no capsular bag fibrosis occurred in the presence of hyaluronate suggests that the properties of hyaluronate are the reason that remaining lens epithelial cells do not develop into fibrotic cells. The choice of a suitable lens-refilling material prevents the development of capsule opacification. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE Mr. Terwee was an employee of Abbott Medical Optics B.V. during the study period. No other author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Koopmans
- From the Animal Laboratory of the University of Nijmegen (Hanssen), Nijmegen, and the Department of Ophthalmology (Koopmans) and the Department of Biomaterials (van Kooten), University of Groningen, Abbott Medical Optics b.v. (Terwee), Groningen, the Netherlands; the Department of Radiology (Langner), University of Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Biomedical Engineering (Martin), and the Department of Ophthalmology (Stachs), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Thom Terwee
- From the Animal Laboratory of the University of Nijmegen (Hanssen), Nijmegen, and the Department of Ophthalmology (Koopmans) and the Department of Biomaterials (van Kooten), University of Groningen, Abbott Medical Optics b.v. (Terwee), Groningen, the Netherlands; the Department of Radiology (Langner), University of Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Biomedical Engineering (Martin), and the Department of Ophthalmology (Stachs), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alex Hanssen
- From the Animal Laboratory of the University of Nijmegen (Hanssen), Nijmegen, and the Department of Ophthalmology (Koopmans) and the Department of Biomaterials (van Kooten), University of Groningen, Abbott Medical Optics b.v. (Terwee), Groningen, the Netherlands; the Department of Radiology (Langner), University of Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Biomedical Engineering (Martin), and the Department of Ophthalmology (Stachs), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Heiner Martin
- From the Animal Laboratory of the University of Nijmegen (Hanssen), Nijmegen, and the Department of Ophthalmology (Koopmans) and the Department of Biomaterials (van Kooten), University of Groningen, Abbott Medical Optics b.v. (Terwee), Groningen, the Netherlands; the Department of Radiology (Langner), University of Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Biomedical Engineering (Martin), and the Department of Ophthalmology (Stachs), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Soenke Langner
- From the Animal Laboratory of the University of Nijmegen (Hanssen), Nijmegen, and the Department of Ophthalmology (Koopmans) and the Department of Biomaterials (van Kooten), University of Groningen, Abbott Medical Optics b.v. (Terwee), Groningen, the Netherlands; the Department of Radiology (Langner), University of Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Biomedical Engineering (Martin), and the Department of Ophthalmology (Stachs), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Oliver Stachs
- From the Animal Laboratory of the University of Nijmegen (Hanssen), Nijmegen, and the Department of Ophthalmology (Koopmans) and the Department of Biomaterials (van Kooten), University of Groningen, Abbott Medical Optics b.v. (Terwee), Groningen, the Netherlands; the Department of Radiology (Langner), University of Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Biomedical Engineering (Martin), and the Department of Ophthalmology (Stachs), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Theo G van Kooten
- From the Animal Laboratory of the University of Nijmegen (Hanssen), Nijmegen, and the Department of Ophthalmology (Koopmans) and the Department of Biomaterials (van Kooten), University of Groningen, Abbott Medical Optics b.v. (Terwee), Groningen, the Netherlands; the Department of Radiology (Langner), University of Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Biomedical Engineering (Martin), and the Department of Ophthalmology (Stachs), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Prevention of posterior capsular opacification. Exp Eye Res 2015; 136:100-15. [PMID: 25783492 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) is a common complication of cataract surgery. The development of PCO is due to a combination of the processes of proliferation, migration, and transdifferentiation of residual lens epithelial cells (LECs) on the lens capsule. In the past decades, various forms of PCO prevention have been examined, including adjustments of techniques and intraocular lens materials, pharmacological treatments, and prevention by interfering with biological processes in LECs. The only method so far that seems effective is the implantation of an intraocular lens with sharp edged optics to mechanically prevent PCO formation. In this review, current knowledge of the prevention of PCO will be described. We illustrate the biological pathways underlying PCO formation and the various approaches to interfere with the biological processes to prevent PCO. In this type of prevention, the use of nanotechnological advances can play a role.
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Vasavada AR, Raj SM, Shah GD, Nanavaty MA. Posterior capsule opacification after lens implantation: incidence, risk factors and management. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.12.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Cytoskeletal drugs prevent posterior capsular opacification in human lens capsule in vitro. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2011; 250:507-14. [PMID: 22138731 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-011-1869-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine whether the cytoskeletal drugs H-7 and Latrunculin B (LAT-B) inhibit posterior capsular opacification (PCO) in the cultured human lens capsular bag. METHODS Following extracapsular cataract (lens) extraction in human donor eyes, the capsular bag was prepared and cultured by standard techniques. Forty-eight capsular bags were studied, of which 13 were treated with H-7 (50, 100 or 300 μM), 12 with 1% BSS (vehicle of H-7), 11 with LAT-B (2, 5 or 10 μM), and 12 with 0.25% DMSO (vehicle of LAT-B). Forty out of the 48 capsular bags were from paired eyes of 20 donors, with one bag being treated with H-7/LAT-B and the other with BSS/DMSO for each pair, including 20 for the H-7-BSS protocol and 20 for the LAT-B-DMSO protocol. The medium with the cytoskeletal drug/vehicle was replaced every 3-4 days for 4 weeks. PCO was assessed daily using inverted phase-contrast microscopy, and scored on a 4-point scale. RESULTS In all cultures with BSS or DMSO, residual lens epithelial cells (LECs) on the anterior capsule migrated to and proliferated on the posterior capsule by 3-7 days, and apparent LEC growth on the posterior capsule with severe capsular wrinkling (PCO Grade 3) was seen by 2-3 weeks. When treated continuously with H-7 or LAT-B, the migration and proliferation of LECs and the capsular wrinkling were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner, with the inhibition being complete (PCO Grade 0) in the 300 μM H-7 (n = 8, p < 0.001) or 10 μM LAT-B culture (n = 3, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION H-7 and LAT-B dose-dependently inhibited PCO formation in the cultured human lens capsular bags, suggesting that cytoskeletal drugs might prevent PCO formation after surgery in the human eye.
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Koopmans SA, Terwee T, van Kooten TG. Prevention of capsular opacification after accommodative lens refilling surgery in rabbits. Biomaterials 2011; 32:5743-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tian B, Heatley GA, Filla MS, Kaufman PL. Effect of H-7 on secondary cataract after phacoemulsification in the live rabbit eye. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2010; 26:533-9. [PMID: 21029019 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2010.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study is aimed to determine if the serine-threonine kinase inhibitor H-7 inhibits secondary cataract after phacoemulsification in the live rabbit eye. METHODS Eighteen rabbits underwent extracapsular lens extraction by phacoemulsification in 1 eye. The eye was treated with intravitreal H-7 (300 or 1,200 μM; n = 6 or 5) or balanced salt solution (BSS) (n = 7) immediately after the surgery and twice weekly for 10 weeks. Each eye received slit lamp biomicroscopy once a week, during which posterior capsule opacification (PCO) was evaluated. The eye was then enucleated and the lens capsule was prepared, fixed, and imaged. PCO was evaluated again on the isolated lens capsule under a phase microscope. Soemmering's ring area (SRA) and the entire lens capsule area were measured from capsule images on a computer and the percentage of SRA (PSRA) in the entire capsule area was calculated. Wet weight of the capsule (WW) was determined on a balance. RESULTS No significant difference in PCO was observed in any comparison. No significant differences in SRA, PSRA, and WW were observed between the 300 μM H-7-treated eye and the BSS-treated eye. However, SRA, PSRA, and WW in the 1,200 μM H-7-treated eye were significantly smaller than those in the BSS-treated eye [28.3 ± 16.2 vs. 61.4 ± 8.86 mm(2) (P = 0.001), 33% ± 20% vs. 65% ± 15% (P = 0.01), and 65.6 ± 27.9 vs. 127.0 ±37.3 mg (P = 0.01)]. CONCLUSIONS Intravitreal H-7 (1,200 μM) significantly inhibits Soemmering's ring formation in the live rabbit eye, suggesting that agents that inhibit the actomyosin system in cells may prevent secondary cataract after phacoemulsification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohe Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792-3220, USA.
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Walker TD. Pharmacological attempts to reduce posterior capsule opacification after cataract surgery - a review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2008; 36:883-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2009.01921.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wang M, Zhang JJ, Jackson TL, Sun X, Wu W, Marshall J. Safety and efficacy of intracapsular tranilast microspheres in experimental posterior capsule opacification. J Cataract Refract Surg 2008; 33:2122-8. [PMID: 18053915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2007.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a sustained-release agent designed to reduce posterior capsule opacification (PCO). SETTING Department of Ophthalmology, EENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China. METHODS Free tranilast (TFree) was incorporated into polylactic acid microspheres and then tested using a rabbit model of PCO. Twenty-nine rabbits were randomized into 5 groups treated with balanced saline solution (BSS control); TFree; or 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg tranilast microspheres (TMicro). Standard phacoemulsification cataract surgery, including manual aspiration of all visible soft lens matter, was performed in all groups. The selected test agent was then injected into the lens capsule. Postoperative clinical examinations were performed at 1, 3, 7, 14, 30, 60, and 90 days. Posterior capsule opacification was quantified using high-resolution computer image analysis at 1, 2, and 3 months. Histological examination was performed at 3 months. RESULTS Eyes treated with TMicro had significantly less PCO than the eyes in the BSS and TFree groups. While the BSS control eyes had increased PCO over 3 months, eyes in the TMicro group had reduced PCO over time in a dose-dependent fashion. Histological examination showed reduced lens epithelial cell proliferation in the TMicro groups, with no manifest damage to the cornea, iris, or retina compared with the BSS controls. There was a transient increase in postoperative inflammation in all tranilast-treated groups compared with the BSS controls. CONCLUSION Sustained-release intracapsular tranilast reduced PCO in an experimental model of PCO, suggesting further investigation of its therapeutic potential is justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, EENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China.
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Abdelwahab MT, Kugelberg M, Seregard S, Zetterström C. Safety of irrigation with 5-fluorouracil in a sealed-capsule irrigation device in the rabbit eye. J Cataract Refract Surg 2007; 33:1619-23. [PMID: 17720080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2007.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the safety of irrigation with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in the Perfect Capsule sealed-capsule irrigation device (Milvella, Ltd., Epping, Australia). SETTING St. Erik's Eye Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. METHODS Thirty 8-week-old rabbits were divided into 4 groups. Clear lens extraction was performed and the Perfect Capsule was applied in 1 eye in Groups 1, 2 and 3. The sealed system was flushed with balanced salt solution (BSS) in Group 1, 5-FU 50 mg/mL in Group 2, and 5-FU followed by BSS in Group 3. In Group 4, the Perfect Capsule was not applied; instead, 0.2 mL of 5-FU was instilled in the capsule and left there for 30 seconds. An endothelial cell count and pachymetry were performed preoperatively and 24 hours postoperatively. At 24 or 48 hours (half of each group at each time point), the rabbits were killed and the retina and trabecular meshwork histopathologically examined. The endothelial cell count and pachymetry were compared between the Perfect Capsule eye and the control eye in Group 1. RESULTS There was no difference between the groups in endothelial cell count (P = .96) or pachymetry (P = .32). Histologic evaluation showed no damage from the 5-FU. The comparison between eyes in Group 1 showed that the use of the Perfect Capsule did not cause more endothelial cell loss (P = .86) or increase pachymetry more (P = .28) than in the control eye. CONCLUSION Irrigation with 5-FU 50 mg/mL in the sealed-capsule irrigation device was safe and caused no apparent damage to the adjacent intraocular tissues.
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Wederell ED, de Iongh RU. Extracellular matrix and integrin signaling in lens development and cataract. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2006; 17:759-76. [PMID: 17134921 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2006.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
During development of the vertebrate lens there are dynamic interactions between the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the lens capsule and lens cells. Disruption of the ECM causes perturbation of lens development and cataract. Similarly, changes in cell signaling can result in abnormal ECM and cataract. Integrins are key mediators of ECM signals and recent studies have documented distinct repertoires of integrin expression during lens development, and in anterior subcapsular cataract (ASC) and posterior caspsule opacification (PCO). Increasingly, studies are being directed to investigating the signaling pathways that integrins modulate and have identified Src, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and integrin-linked kinase (ILK) as downstream kinases that mediate proliferation, differentiation and morphological changes in the lens during development and cataract formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Wederell
- Department of Anatomy & Histology, Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Kitano A, Saika S, Yamanaka O, Reinach PS, Ikeda K, Okada Y, Shirai K, Ohnishi Y. Genipin suppression of fibrogenic behaviors of the α-TN4 lens epithelial cell line. J Cataract Refract Surg 2006; 32:1727-35. [PMID: 17010875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2006.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine in a lens epithelial cell line, alpha-TN4, whether genipin, an intestinal metabolite component of the herbal medicine inchin-ko-to, suppresses profibrogenic myofibroblast generation and upregulation of fibrogenic cytokines and to evaluate the potential benefit of the medicine in preventing posterior capsule opacification (PCO). SETTING Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan. METHODS In this study, alpha-TN4 cell proliferation, migration, and expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), the hallmark of myofibroblast generation, were assayed with a colorimetric assay, scratch wound assay, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot analysis. Gene expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) was characterized with real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. In addition, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p 38 MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) limb, and Smad signalings were evaluated by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Cytotoxicity of genipin was evaluated using a commercial colorimetric assay kit for nuclear matrix protein 41/7 (NMP41/7) in culture medium. RESULTS Genipin suppressed cell proliferation and migration in association with inhibition of Smad and p38 MAPK phosphorylation, although ERK signaling was enhanced. Genipin suppressed mRNA expression of TGF-beta1 and CTGF. Cytoplasmic fiber formation declined based on less intense alpha-SMA immunocytochemical staining. However, alpha-SMA protein expression was actually not altered. This negative result suggests that genipin attenuated formation of alpha-SMA-containing cytoskeleton. Treatment of the cells with genipin for 48 hours did not increase the release of NMP41/7 to the medium, indicating this compound is not cytotoxic. CONCLUSION Because genipin suppressed alpha-TN4 lens cell fibrogenic behaviors, it may be of therapeutic value in preventing PCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Kitano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera, Wakayama, Japan.
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van Kooten TG, Koopmans S, Terwee T, Norrby S, Hooymans JMM, Busscher HJ. Development of an accommodating intra-ocular lens--in vitro prevention of re-growth of pig and rabbit lens capsule epithelial cells. Biomaterials 2006; 27:5554-60. [PMID: 16872673 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 06/29/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cataract surgery is routinely performed to replace the clouded lens by a rigid polymeric intra-ocular lens unable to accommodate. By implanting a silicone gel into an intact capsular bag the accommodating properties of the natural lens can be maintained or enhanced. The implantation success of accommodating lenses is hampered by the occurrence of capsular opacification (PCO) due to lens epithelial cell (LEC) growth. In order to prevent LEC proliferation, a treatment regime using actinomycin D, cycloheximide and water was developed. The effectiveness of treatment was analyzed using an in vitro, MTT-based cell culture system and an ex vivo pig eye model in which the implanted lens-in-the-bag is cultured as a whole. LEC were exposed to treatment solutions for 5 min, then the cells were allowed to recover and to re-colonize the substratum. MTT conversion by cells was transiently inhibited by cycloheximide dissolved in water and by water alone. Exposure to actinomycin D resulted in a lasting inhibition of MTT conversion and consequently cell proliferation. These in vitro data could not be fully reproduced in the ex vivo pig eye model due to essential differences between both models. Treatment with actinomycin D containing solutions, however, resulted in a nearly complete absence of cells on the capsular wall. The pig eye model is a promising approach to further evaluate the effects of peri-surgical treatment during the accommodating intra-ocular lens implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo G van Kooten
- Department of BioMedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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15
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Pahor D, Gracner B, Gracner T, Pahor A. [Posterior capsule opacification after phacoemulsification in patients with rheumatoid arthritis]. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2006; 118 Suppl 2:38-42. [PMID: 16817042 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-006-0545-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the posterior capsule opacification (PCO) rate after phacoemulsification with polyacrylic intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) compared with the controls, and to assess whether preoperative activity of RA is associated with a higher incidence of PCO. METHODS 24 eyes of 20 RA patients operated in a period of 4 years were included in our study. A control group of 20 eyes from 20 health subjects were also included in our study. All procedures were performed by a single surgeon with the same surgical technique and postoperative medication. RESULTS One year postoperatively in two eyes (8.3%) of RA-patients lens epithelial cells (LEC) migration of grade 1 was observed, in controls also in two eyes (10%). No correlation was observed between age, duration of RA or preoperative activity of RA and the PCO rate. CONCLUSION Following acrylic IOL implantation, the PCO rate one year after surgery was 8.3% in RA patients and 10% in controls. RA patients present no higher risk for PCO development than controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusica Pahor
- Augenabteilung, Lehrkrankenhaus Maribor, Ljubljanska ulica 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
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16
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Okajima Y, Saika S, Sawa M. Effect of surface coating an acrylic intraocular lens with poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) polymer on lens epithelial cell line behavior. J Cataract Refract Surg 2006; 32:666-71. [PMID: 16698492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2006.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2005] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of surface coating of an acrylic intraocular lens (IOL) with poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (MPC) on the behavior of the lens epithelial cell (LEC) line, alpha-TN4. SETTING Department of Ophthalmology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. METHODS A hydrophobic soft acrylic IOL (AF-1, Hoya) was coated with MPC polymer. A noncoated IOL served as control. An IOL from each group was placed on the membrane of collagen I or IV of the cell culture dish. The alpha-TN4 cells were seeded in the insert. Cell behaviors (ie, cell proliferation and spreading) on IOLs and membranes were observed. Cell migration beneath the IOL optic portion was assayed using a computer software program (POCOman system) for posterior capsule opacification (PCO). Type I or IV collagen is the major matrix component of PCO or native lens capsule. RESULTS Cell proliferation was more marked on the noncoated IOL than on the coated IOL. Type IV collagen accelerated proliferation more than type I collagen. Cell migration to the area beneath the IOL optic was more prominent in the group with the type I collagen membrane and noncoated IOL than in other groups. CONCLUSION Coating an acrylic IOL surface with MPC polymer suppressed adhesion and proliferation of LECs, suggesting it improves IOL biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Okajima
- Department of Ophthalmology (Okajima, Sawa), Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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17
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Schild G, Schauersberger J, Amon M, Abela-Formanek C, Kruger A. Lens epithelial cell ongrowth: Comparison of 6 types of hydrophilic intraocular lens models. J Cataract Refract Surg 2005; 31:2375-8. [PMID: 16473234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2005.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the ongrowth of lens epithelial cells (LECs) on the anterior surface of 6 different hydrophilic intraocular lenses (IOLs). SETTING Medical University of Vienna, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Vienna, Austria. METHODS Six models of hydrophilic IOLs were compared in this prospective study: Visionflex A-100 (Distra Softcryl), Rayner Centerflex 570H (Rayner), Collamer CC4204BF-IOL (Staar), Injectacryl F 3000 (Distra), Hydroview H60M (Bausch & Lomb), and MemoryLens (ORC). Postoperative biomicroscopic examinations were performed 1, 3, 7, 30, 90, 180, and 365 days after surgery. Lens epithelial cells in each quadrant of the anterior capsule-free lens surface were graded. The product with the highest density and the number of quadrants with this density were used to measure LEC ongrowth. RESULTS The Hydroview and Visionflex IOLs showed significantly more LECs than the other IOLs starting on day 7 after surgery (P < .028). There was a statistically significant difference in LEC ongrowth on the Memory IOL compared with all other IOLs from day 30 onward (P < .001). The Rayner, Collamer and Injectacryl IOLs had the fewest LECs on the anterior surface compared with all other IOLs from day 7 until the final examination. CONCLUSIONS The findings show that LEC ongrowth on the IOL surface is material dependent. The findings suggest that the material of the recently developed hydrophilic IOLs induces less LEC ongrowth than older models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gebtraud Schild
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Vienna, Austria.
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18
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Matsushima H, Mukai K, Gotoo N, Yoshida S, Yoshida T, Sawano M, Senoo T, Obara Y, Clark JI. The Effects of Drug Delivery Via Hydrophilic Acrylic (Hydrogel) Intraocular Lens Systems on the Epithelial Cells in Culture. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2005. [DOI: 10.3928/1542-8877-20050901-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Auffarth GU, Rabsilber TM, Reuland AJ. [New methods for the prevention of posterior capsule opacification]. Ophthalmologe 2005; 102:579-86. [PMID: 15889259 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-005-1234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Even though tremendous advances have been made especially during the last 10-15 years in terms of surgical techniques and improvement of implant technology, posterior capsule opacification (PCO) still remains a serious long-term complication. New clinical and laboratory studies (especially of autopsy eyes) have improved our understanding of how IOL design and material influence PCO. Sharp edge optic designs of IOLs of various materials have been shown to significantly reduce secondary cataract. The application of pharmacological substances selectively into the capsular bag is now possible due to the development of the PerfectCapsule System for vacuum-sealed capsule irrigation. Major advances in other areas of biotechnology and immunology including gene therapeutic methods offer totally new approaches for the future in the elimination of lens epithelium cells from the capsular bag. This survey gives an update on current and future means and trends to reduce or prevent PCO formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G U Auffarth
- Augenklinik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Heidelberg.
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20
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Oharazawa H, Ibaraki N, Ohara K, Reddy VN. Inhibitory effects of Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide on cell attachment and migration in a human lens epithelial cell line. Ophthalmic Res 2005; 37:191-6. [PMID: 15990462 DOI: 10.1159/000086595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) after cataract surgery is caused by growth of residual human lens epithelial (HLE) cells on the posterior capsule. We have shown that extracellular matrix (ECM) is an essential factor for HLE cell attachment and migration. The purpose of this study was to examine the inhibitory effects of Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide on cell attachment and migration in an HLE cell line. HLE cell line cells (SRA 01/04) that were obtained by transfection of large T antigen of SV40 were cultured in the absence of serum. The culture dishes were coated with type IV collagen, laminin or fibronectin, and Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser-Pro (GRGDSP) RGD peptide (0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 2.0 mg/ml) was added to the medium. The number of attached cells was counted after 90 min of incubation, and the inhibitory effects of GRGDSP RGD peptide on cell attachment were calculated. Cell attachment on the fibronectin-coated dishes was inhibited by GRGDSP RGD peptide at concentrations higher than 0.3 mg/ml; the inhibitory rate was 80% at a concentration of 2.0 mg/ml. The inhibition of cell attachment by GRGDSP RGD peptide on laminin-coated dishes appeared only at a concentration of 2.0 mg/ml, whereas no effects were observed on the type IV collagen-coated dishes. The inhibitory effects of GRGDSP RGD peptide on cell migration were measured in medium containing 2.0 mg/ml of GRGDSP RGD peptide after 1, 3, 5 and 7 days of culture. Cell migration was inhibited by GRGDSP RGD peptide from 1 day of culture on the fibronectin-coated dishes and from 5 days of culture on the laminin-coated dishes, whereas no effects were observed on the type IV collagen-coated dishes. GRGDSP RGD peptide inhibited cell attachment and migration on laminin and fibronectin that have RGD sequences. These data suggested that RGD peptide may have the potential to prevent PCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Oharazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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21
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Sponer U, Pieh S, Soleiman A, Skorpik C. Upregulation of alphavbeta6 integrin, a potent TGF-beta1 activator, and posterior capsule opacification. J Cataract Refract Surg 2005; 31:595-606. [PMID: 15811751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2004.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the predominant activation pathway of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 in the lens capsule, studying the spatial and temporal expression pattern of alphavbeta6 and thrombospondin-1. Other PCO-related proteins were also studied. SETTING Departments of Ophthalmology and Optometrics and Clinical Pathology, Medical School, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. METHODS The lens capsules of 12 human donor eyes were cultivated in a protein-free medium for up to 28 days (cultivated lens capsules [CLCs]) after lens extraction. Ten intact lenses (ILs) served as the control group and were also cultured. During the culture period, cell dynamics were observed by phase-contrast microscopy. Proteins were detected by double immunofluorescence on frozen sections. RESULTS In ILs, alphavbeta6 was absent but 91.6% of the CLCs showed extensive staining. Remnant lens epithelial cells (LECs) expressed alphavbeta6 immediately after lens extraction. The alphavbeta6 was detected throughout the culture period in all regions of the capsule. Thrombospondin-1 was absent in ILs and CLCs, suggesting that this protein is not significant in TGF-beta1 activation in the lens. Transforming growth factor-beta1 was abundantly expressed in all ILs and CLCs, slightly decreasing during intensive LEC proliferation and migration. The TGF-beta receptor II (RII) was expressed equally in all specimens, decreasing with culture time. Nonresident extracellular matrix proteins and alpha-smooth muscle actin were partially detected in CLCs but not in ILs. Latent TGF-beta binding protein 1 and collagen III were absent in all specimens. All cells found in the cultures expressed vimentin and alphaB-crystallin (LEC markers). CONCLUSION Alphavbeta6 is the main activator of TGF-beta1 in the lens capsule and represents a new target for PCO prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Sponer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometrics, General Hospital, University of Vienna, Austria
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22
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de Jong-Hesse Y, Kampmeier J, Lang GK, Lang GE. Effect of extracellular matrix on proliferation and differentiation of porcine lens epithelial cells. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2005; 243:695-700. [PMID: 15702326 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-004-1116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2004] [Revised: 12/01/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proliferation and differentiation of lens epithelial cells (LECs) are important mechanisms of secondary cataract formation. After extracapsular cataract extraction the extracellular matrix (ECM) around the remaining LECs is altered compared with the intact lens. This study investigated the effects of different ECMs on cell proliferation and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) expression, a marker for myofibroblasts, in cultured porcine LECs. METHODS Porcine LECs were cultured for 3 days (cell proliferation assay) or 4 days (alpha-SMA expression) on wells and glass cover slips, respectively, coated with laminin, fibronectin, type I collagen or type IV collagen. LECs cultured on uncoated wells or cover slips served as control. Proliferative response was measured by [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation into DNA. alpha-SMA was detected immunocytochemically with a mouse monoclonal antibody, and the relative numbers of alpha-SMA-positive cells were calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's unpaired t-test. RESULTS Cell proliferation was significantly increased by coating with fibronectin (10,320.5+/-6,073 counts per minute; p<0.0001) (mean +/- SD), type I collagen (12,507.3+/-3,914.2 CPM; p<0.0001) and type IV collagen (9,591.4+/-4,088 CPM; p<0.0001) compared with control (1,876.5+/-998 CPM), whereas coating with laminin had no effect (1,760.8+/-812.6 CPM; p=0.7271). The ratio of alpha-SMA-positive LECs cultured on uncoated cover slips for a period of 4 days was 12.2+/-3.51%. This ratio was significantly increased by coating with fibronectin (24.3+/-4.56%; p=0.0001) and type I collagen (21.2+/-8.48%; p=0.0142). Coating with laminin (9.8+/-3.67%; p=0.1682) and type IV collagen (9.0+/-7.09 %; p=0.2491) slightly decreased alpha-SMA expression, but this effect was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Fibronectin and type I collagen stimulated both cell proliferation and alpha-SMA expression in cultured porcine LECs. Because fibronectin and type I collagen are not normally present in the adult lens, their possible introduction into the lens capsule after cataract surgery may play a critical role in the development of posterior capsule opacification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne de Jong-Hesse
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulm, Prittwitzstrasse 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany
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23
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Marcantonio JM, Reddan JR. TGFbeta2 influences alpha5-beta1 integrin distribution in human lens cells. Exp Eye Res 2004; 79:437-42. [PMID: 15336508 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2004.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2004] [Accepted: 06/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
TGFbeta plays a central role in posterior capsule opacification, in which cell proliferation and matrix deposition, accompanied by capsular wrinkling, are largely responsible for the increased light scatter involved. Human FHL124 cells were plated onto uncoated glass coverslips to form circular patches so that the central cells reached confluency while the peripheral cells grew outwards. Cell patches were exposed to serum free (SF) EMEM (control) or TGFbeta supplemented (10 ng ml(-1)) EMEM. Fibronectin (Fn), alpha5beta1 integrin and F-actin were localized by immunofluorescence techniques and analysed by confocal microscopy. In the confluent, central cells in SF medium alpha5beta1 showed a punctate distribution while Fn was present in strongly staining fibres. TGFbeta had no effect on integrin or Fn distribution in confluent cells. In the peripheral, motile cells of the patches in SF conditions alpha5beta1 was localized in well-defined focal adhesion plaques at the ends of actin stress fibres, while Fn was distributed in a punctate perinuclear pattern. TGFbeta had a profound dispersing effect on the integrin causing a widespread distribution of alpha5beta1 in the membrane with no apparent association with the actin filaments. The cells had a more fibroblastic morphology with increased deposition of Fn near the nucleus. All the TGFbeta-induced changes were inhibited by the TGFbeta antibody CAT152 (Cambridge Antibody Technology). Culture with a function-blocking alpha5 antibody or Fn antibody resulted in detachment of the peripheral cells from the patches, but the central cells remained intact. The patch culture method therefore provides a convenient means of investigating the differences between confluent and growing lens cells both in terms of the patterns of alpha5beta1 integrin and Fn and also in the response of the molecular arrangements of both to TGFbeta2.
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24
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Saika S. Relationship between posterior capsule opacification and intraocular lens biocompatibility. Prog Retin Eye Res 2004; 23:283-305. [PMID: 15177204 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2004.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The type of healing process that occurs in response to cataract surgery and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation is dependent on a complex set of variables. Their interactions determine whether or not optical clarity is restored as a result of this procedure. In this process, wound healing entails cells undergoing either epithelial-mesenchymal transition, resulting in the generation of fibroblastic cells and accumulation of extracellular matrix, or lenticular structure formation. Such desperate cellular behaviors are regulated by the localized release of different cytokines, including transforming growth factor beta and fibroblast growth factors, which can result in post-operative capsular opacification. Other factors affecting the biological and mechanical outcome of IOL implantation are its composition, surface properties and shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuya Saika
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan.
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25
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Chen Z, John M, Subramanian S, Chen H, Carper D. 17Beta-estradiol confers a protective effect against transforming growth factor-beta2-induced cataracts in female but not male lenses. Exp Eye Res 2004; 78:67-74. [PMID: 14667828 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2003.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-beta2) induces anterior subcapsular cataracts, with a marked increase in cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix proteins, such as alpha-smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA). It has been shown that 17beta-estradiol (E2) can prevent TGF-beta2-induced cataracts in lenses from ovariectomized female rats. The purpose of the current study was to extend this finding by testing whether E2 can prevent TGF-beta2-induced cataracts and inhibit the induction of alphaSMA gene expression in normal male and normal, non-ovariectomized female rats.Sex-specific differences were observed in 17-week-old rat lenses incubated in 0.15 ng ml(-1) TGF-beta2 and in 10(-8)M E2 plus TGF-beta2. TGF-beta2 induced approximately twice as many anterior subcapsular plaques and 1.5 times the level of alphaSMA transcripts in male lenses compared to female lenses. Notably, E2 inhibited plaque formation and the induction of alphaSMA transcripts in female rat lenses but not in male rat lenses. E2 also inhibited the induction of alphaSMA in TGF-beta2-incubated lenses from ovariectomized female rats.E2 prevented lens opacification and the induction of alphaSMA gene expression in female, but not male, lenses. This sex-specific difference may have implications for studies on the therapeutic use of estradiol for treatment of secondary cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengguang Chen
- Section on Molecular Therapeutics, Building 6, Room 232, National Eye Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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26
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Matsushima H, Mukai K, Obara Y, Yoshida S, Clark JI. Analysis of cytoskeletal proteins in posterior capsule opacification after implantation of acrylic and hydrogel intraocular lenses. J Cataract Refract Surg 2004; 30:187-94. [PMID: 14967289 DOI: 10.1016/s0886-3350(03)00497-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze selected lens cytoskeletal proteins in posterior capsule opacification (PCO) 2 weeks after intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in rabbits. SETTING Department of Ophthalmology, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan. METHOD Eight 10-week-old albino rabbits were prepared and anesthetized for phacoemulsification and aspiration of the crystalline lens and implantation of an acrylic or a hydrogel IOL. Two weeks postoperatively, the rabbits were killed and the IOLs removed for immunohistochemistry. Deparaffinized tissue sections were processed with antibodies against alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) and beta-crystallin to observe the types of PCO with the 2 IOL types. The proteins in the PCO tissue and the normal lens were homogenized, centrifuged, and analyzed using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) densitometric analysis and Western immunoblotting for actin and vimentin. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry demonstrated a fibroblastic cell type expressing alpha-SMA and partial regeneration of epithelial cells, resulting in a lenticular structure that stained irregularly for beta-crystallin. The immunoreactivity of fibroblast-like cells to beta-crystallin appeared weaker than that of the regenerated lenticular structure. SDS-PAGE showed variability in the content of cytoskeletal proteins in the insoluble fractions of the PCO. Degradation of the cytoskeletal components was greater with the acrylic IOL than with the hydrogel IOL. CONCLUSION Cytoskeletal proteins expressed during the formation of PCO and IOL implantation may have potential as therapeutic target proteins to improve the biocompatibility of IOLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Matsushima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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El-Osta AAR, Spalton DJ, Marshall J. In vitro model for the study of human posterior capsule opacification. J Cataract Refract Surg 2003; 29:1593-600. [PMID: 12954312 DOI: 10.1016/s0886-3350(03)00221-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop and evaluate a model for the organ culture of human lens capsules that reduces problems inherent in preexisting models for the study of in vitro posterior capsule opacification (PCO). METHODS Human lenses (N = 110) were isolated from donor eyes and supported externally within a lens holder system by medical-grade cyanoacrylate glue, allowing visualization of the entire capsular bag. After capsulorhexis and lens extraction were performed, the capsule specimens were maintained at physiological conditions for up to 4 weeks. The area of lens epithelial cell (LEC) coverage over the posterior capsule surface was determined objectively on a daily basis using a graticule. Lens epithelial cell behavior was correlated with clinical data and other in vitro PCO models. RESULTS Cyanoacrylate glue did not appear to be toxic to LECs at the concentration used. The amount of viable epithelium after nuclear extraction was dependent on the age and postmortem time of the specimen. Viable LEC cultures were obtained from eyes up to 9 days postmortem. The time from death to culture or from enucleation to culture did not influence LEC viability if it was fewer than 5 days. The LEC proliferation rates and confluence times were age dependent and correlated closely between pairs of eyes. CONCLUSIONS Results show that the lens holder model is a more physiological method for supporting the capsule and is a robust, reproducible system for the study of LEC migration and proliferation. It allows visualization within the entire capsular bag. Intraocular lenses can be implanted in this system in a way that more closely resembles the in vivo scenario. This model can be used to evaluate therapeutic measures to prevent PCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austen A R El-Osta
- Vision Research, the Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Boyce JF, Bhermi GS, Spalton DJ, El-Osta AR. Mathematical modeling of the forces between an intraocular lens and the capsule. J Cataract Refract Surg 2002; 28:1853-9. [PMID: 12388041 DOI: 10.1016/s0886-3350(02)01490-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To model the pressure relationship between an intraocular lens (IOL) and the capsular bag. SETTING Department of Physics, Kings' College, London University, London, United Kingdom. METHODS A mathematical model was made of the forces between the capsule and IOL showing that the pressure related to the local radius of curvature of the IOL at any given point. The local radius of curvature for round-edged and square-edged IOLs was measured from electron micrographs of the IOL profiles, and the corresponding pressure profiles were calculated and compared. RESULTS The pressure between an IOL and the capsular bag was proportional to the quotient of the tension in the capsule divided by the local radius of curvature of the IOL, with a constant of proportionality that depended on the coefficient of friction between the capsule and IOL. Measuring the local radius of curvature of the 2 IOL types suggested a pressure increase of at least 69% +/- 6% at the optic edge with the square-edged IOL. CONCLUSIONS The mathematical model predicted that IOLs with square-edged optic profiles exerts higher pressure on the posterior capsule than IOLs with round-edged optic profiles. The higher pressure may form a physical barrier to lens epithelial cell migration onto the posterior capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Boyce
- Department of Physics, King's College London, United Kingdom
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Bhermi GS, Spalton DJ, El-Osta AAR, Marshall J. Failure of a discontinuous bend to prevent lens epithelial cell migration in vitro. J Cataract Refract Surg 2002; 28:1256-61. [PMID: 12106737 DOI: 10.1016/s0886-3350(02)01209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the effect of substrate geometry (discontinuous bend) on lens epithelial cell (LEC) growth in vitro. SETTING Department of Ophthalmology, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom. METHODS Culture wells with central depths of 0.4 mm, 1.0 mm, or 3.0 mm and a sharp square-edged profile (discontinuous bend) or a round-edged profile (continuous bend) were produced from a block of poly(methyl methacrylate). Freshly harvested bovine LECs were attached to the center of each well and cultured using standard techniques. Observations were made of whether LECs grew out of the wells and of the time required to do so. RESULTS Lens epithelial cells migrated out of all the wells. There was no significant difference in the rate at which they migrated out of round-edged and square-edged wells. CONCLUSIONS In vitro, a sharp discontinuous bend did not appear to induce contact inhibition of migrating LECs nor did it significantly hinder the rate at which LECs migrated. Therefore, a discontinuous bend in the lens capsule in isolation is unlikely to be responsible for the observed reduction in posterior capsule opacification associated with the use of square-edged IOLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet S Bhermi
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Barequet IS, Wygnanski-Jaffe T, Sachs D. Effect on Posterior capsule opacification of topical diclofenac sodium vs dexamethasone phosphate after cataract surgery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/s12009-002-0044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kim JT, Lee DH, Chung KH, Kang IC, Kim DS, Joo CK. Inhibitory effects of salmosin, a disintegrin, on posterior capsular opacification in vitro and in vivo. Exp Eye Res 2002; 74:585-94. [PMID: 12076080 DOI: 10.1006/exer.2001.1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation, migration and transdifferentiation of the remaining lens epithelial cells (LECs) after cataract surgery are a major cause of posterior capsular opacification (PCO). It has previously been reported that salmosin, a novel disintegrin, significantly inhibits solid tumor growth in mice by perturbation of tumor-specific angiogenesis via blocking alpha v beta 3 integrin expressed on vascular endothelial cells. In this study, the inhibitory function of salmosin in PCO was investigated and was found that salmosin inhibits the attachment of bovine LECs and rabbit lens cells (N/N1003A) to extracellular matrix-coated plates. The anti-adhesive activity of salmosin was approximately 1000 times higher than that of synthetic Arg-Gly-Asp peptide. In addition, the cell proliferation and migration of bovine LECs and N/N1003A were strongly inhibited by salmosin, whereas the proliferation of corneal endothelial cells was less affected. LEC migration and proliferation were also decreased by salmosin treatment in rabbit eyes without any toxic effect in the cornea, iris and retina. In this study, salmosin was shown to specifically inhibit LEC migration and proliferation in an animal model. Therefore, the authors suggest that further investigation may show salmosin to be a good candidate for inhibiting PCO development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Tak Kim
- Laboratory of Visual Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, and Catholic Research Institutes of Medical Science, Seoul, South Korea
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Pandey SK, Cochener B, Apple DJ, Colin J, Werner L, Bougaran R, Trivedi RH, Macky TA, Izak AM. Intracapsular ring sustained 5-fluorouracil delivery system for the prevention of posterior capsule opacification in rabbits: a histological study. J Cataract Refract Surg 2002; 28:139-48. [PMID: 11777723 DOI: 10.1016/s0886-3350(01)01069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy of an intracapsular ring releasing 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in preventing posterior capsule opacification (PCO) in rabbit eyes. SETTING Center for Research on Ocular Therapeutics and Biodevices, Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA, and Chu Morvan, Department d'Ophtalmologie, University of Brest, France. METHODS Seventeen rabbits were divided into 3 groups: Group 1, 6 rabbits (6 eyes), had phacoemulsification only (control group); Group 2, 6 rabbits (6 eyes), had phacoemulsification with implantation of an open-loop hydrogel intracapsular ring; Group 3, 5 rabbits (5 eyes), had phacoemulsification with implantation of a ring with sustained release of 0.25 microg/h of 5-FU for 9 days. All eyes were followed for 8 weeks before enucleation. Capsular bag shrinkage and the position of the intracapsular ring were assessed, and central and peripheral PCO was evaluated for intensity and area by stereomicroscopy from a posterior (Miyake-Apple) view. The residual equatorial lens epithelial cells (LECs) were counted by the same observer in histological sections. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the cornea, capsular bag, and retina was done to evaluate the toxicity of 5-FU. RESULTS No significant difference was seen in the degree of capsular bag shrinkage in the 3 groups. The intracapsular ring was decentered in 2 eyes (1 each in Groups 2 and 3). There was a statistically significant difference (P <.05, Student t test) between Group 1 and Groups 2 and 3 in the area and intensity of central PCO. There was no difference between Groups 2 and 3 in the intensity of central PCO. No evidence of 5-FU toxicity to intraocular structures (cornea, capsular bag, and retina) was demonstrated on TEM analysis. CONCLUSION Implantation of an intracapsular ring may prevent central PCO after cataract surgery by mechanically blocking LEC migration toward the central visual axis. The potential pharmacological effect of 5-FU in PCO prevention was not demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh K Pandey
- Center for Research on Ocular Therapeutics and Biodevices, Medical University of South Carolina, 167 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Abela-Formanek C, Amon M, Schild G, Schauersberger J, Heinze G, Kruger A. Uveal and capsular biocompatibility of hydrophilic acrylic, hydrophobic acrylic, and silicone intraocular lenses. J Cataract Refract Surg 2002; 28:50-61. [PMID: 11777710 DOI: 10.1016/s0886-3350(01)01122-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the long-term response of 6 types of 3-piece intraocular lenses (IOLs) by assessing the cellular reaction on the anterior IOL surface, the behavior of posterior and anterior capsule fibrosis, and flare. SETTING Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. METHODS One hundred eighty eyes were prospectively randomized to receive 1 of 6 IOLs: hydrophilic acrylic Hydroview (Bausch & Lomb) or MemoryLens (ORC); hydrophobic acrylic AcrySof MA60BM (Alcon) or AMO Sensar AR40 (Allergan); hydrophobic silicone CeeOn 920 or CeeOn 911A (Pharmacia). The patients had standardized cataract surgery, postoperative medication, and follow-up. One year after surgery, 155 eyes were assessed. The cellular reaction was evaluated by specular microscopy of the anterior IOL surface. Anterior and posterior capsule opacification (PCO) was assessed semiquantitatively by biomicroscopy. Flare was measured with a Kowa FC-1000 laser flare-cell meter. RESULTS Regarding uveal biocompatibility, the hydrophobic acrylic IOLs showed the highest incidence of late foreign-body cell reaction (AcrySof, 30%; AR40, 17%) followed by the hydrophilic acrylic (MemoryLens, 8%; Hydroview, 4%) and silicone (CeeOn 920, 4%; CeeOn 911A, 0%) (P =.0044). In all cases, the cellular reaction was low grade and clinically insignificant. Regarding capsular biocompatibility, some eyes developed lens epithelial cell (LEC) outgrowth on the anterior IOL surface. The highest incidence was in the hydrophilic acrylic group (Hydroview, 85%; MemoryLens, 27%) followed by the hydrophobic acrylic (AcrySof, 4%; AR40, 3%). No silicone IOL had LECs on the anterior surface. The difference among IOL groups was significant (P =.0001). Anterior capsule opacification was more predominant in the hydrophobic IOL groups. Posterior capsule opacification of the central 3.0 mm area was lowest in the groups with a sharp-edged optic (CeeOn 911A, AcrySof) followed by the round-edged silicone (CeeOn 920), hydrophobic acrylic (AR40), and hydrophilic acrylic IOLs (P =.0001). There was a significant difference in flare between the AR40 lens and the Hydroview, MemoryLens, CeeOn 911A, and CeeOn 920 (P <.004). There was no statistically significant difference in the postoperative cell count at 1 year. The power calculation showed that the sample size was sufficient. CONCLUSIONS The differences in cellular reaction, although clinically mild in normal eyes, indicate that there were more giant cells with hydrophobic acrylic IOLs and an increased tendency toward LEC outgrowth with hydrophilic lenses. The incidence of PCO was lowest in the hydrophobic IOL groups, especially in groups with a sharp-edged optic. Second-generation silicone IOLs with a sharp edge had good uveal and capsular biocompatibility 1 year after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudette Abela-Formanek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Kruger AJ, Amon M, Schauersberger J, Abela-Formanek C, Schild G, Kolodjaschna J. Anterior capsule opacification and lens epithelial outgrowth on the intraocular lens surface after curettage. J Cataract Refract Surg 2001; 27:1987-91. [PMID: 11738915 DOI: 10.1016/s0886-3350(01)00864-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the long-term difference in lens epithelial cell (LEC) outgrowth on the anterior surface of a hydrogel intraocular lens (IOL) after curettage of the entire or one half of the circumference of the anterior capsule. SETTING Department of Ophthalmology, University of Vienna, Austria. METHODS Forty eyes with senile cataract only were randomly assigned to Group A, which had curettage of the entire anterior capsule, or Group B, which had curettage of the nasal half of the anterior capsule. Rentsch capsule curettes (Geuder) were used, a straight one for the nasal half and a bent model for the temporal half. One surgeon performed all standardized procedures with a temporal clear corneal incision, phacoemulsification, and in-the-bag implantation of a hydrogel IOL. Two years after surgery, the anterior surface of the IOL was examined by specular microscopy in a double-blinded fashion, and LEC outgrowth was graded semiquantitatively. Anterior capsule opacification (ACO) was also graded semiquantitatively. RESULTS In Group A, grade 2 ACO was observed in 53% of patients and grade 1 ACO in 47%. Similar results were achieved in Group B (59% and 41%, respectively). Two years after IOL implantation, the typically circumferential monolayer outgrowth of LECs on the hydrogel IOL surface was present in 80% in Group A and 60% in Group B. The ongrowth was less dense in the other IOLs; however, no significant differences between the groups were observed. CONCLUSIONS Mechanical removal of residual LECs with a Rentsch capsule curette from the entire or from one half of the anterior capsule did not reduce LEC outgrowth 2 years after IOL implantation. Furthermore, the ACO grade was not significantly different. Lens epithelial cell proliferation in the germinative region and consecutive migration might be the cause of this outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Kruger
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Vienna, Medical School, Allgemeines Krankenhaus, Vienna, Austria
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Geissler FT, Li DW, James ER. Inhibition of lens epithelial cell growth by induction of apoptosis: potential for prevention of posterior capsule opacification. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2001; 17:587-96. [PMID: 11777182 DOI: 10.1089/10807680152729275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As a model of the cell proliferation occurring in posterior capsule opacification (PCO), lens epithelial cells (LEC) from human and rabbit capsulotomies, and a rabbit LEC line (N/N1003A) were grown in Dulbecco's Minimal Essential Media (MEM) with 10% fetal calf serum. LEC were exposed to the calcium ionophore, calcimycin, and viability was assessed by trypan blue staining, growth by 3H-thymidine incorporation and apoptosis by annexin/propidium iodide staining, calcein AM/ethidium bromide staining and DNA laddering. Human capsulotomy samples were similarly exposed to calcimycin, and apoptosis assayed by calcein AM/ethidium bromide staining. Calcimycin exposure induced apoptosis in both rabbit LEC cultures and human LEC, and changes leading to apoptosis could be detected within 30 minutes of calcimycin treatment. The decrease in viability and growth in human and rabbit LEC was dose-dependent. These data support the further evaluation of apoptosis induction as a possible treatment mechanism to prevent development of PCO following primary cataract surgery in humans.
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Schauersberger J, Amon M, Kruger A, Abela C, Schild G, Kolodjaschna J. Comparison of the biocompatibility of 2 foldable intraocular lenses with sharp optic edges. J Cataract Refract Surg 2001; 27:1579-85. [PMID: 11687355 DOI: 10.1016/s0886-3350(01)01019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the clinical performance of 2 foldable intraocular lenses (IOLs) with sharp optic edges in terms of uveal and capsular biocompatibility. SETTING Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. METHODS Fifty eyes scheduled for cataract surgery were included in this comparative study. A standardized surgical protocol was used, and all operations were performed by 1 experienced surgeon. Two posterior chamber lens types of similar design with a 6.0 mm sharp-edged optic and poly(methyl methacrylate) haptics were used. Twenty-five eyes received an AcrySof acrylic IOL (Alcon), and 25 eyes received a CeeOn 911A silicone IOL (Pharmacia). Relevant data were collected at a 3-year follow-up examination. To evaluate uveal biocompatibility, anterior chamber laser flare and cell measurements and inflammatory cell reactions were monitored. Cellular biocompatibility was investigated by examining anterior capsule opacification (ACO), posterior capsule opacification (PCO), and lens epithelial cell (LEC) ongrowth on the IOL's anterior surface. Factors such as intralenticular glistenings and IOL decentration were also evaluated. RESULTS Anterior chamber flare and cells and the inflammatory cell reaction were significantly lower in the CeeOn 911A group. There was no statistically significant difference in ACO, PCO, and LEC ongrowth between the 2 groups. The AcrySof lenses showed significantly better centration and a higher density of intralenticular glistening. CONCLUSIONS The findings show that a sharp-edged optic design is, to date, the most effective method of reducing the rate of PCO. Despite a subclinical foreign-body reaction in the AcrySof group, both lenses had a high degree of capsular and uveal biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schauersberger
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Oztürk F, Kaynak S, Kurt E, Emiroğlu L, Ozer E, Ilker SS, Güler C. Prevention of posterior capsule opacification by intraoperative single-dose pharmacologic agents. J Cataract Refract Surg 2001; 27:1079-87. [PMID: 11489580 DOI: 10.1016/s0886-3350(00)00886-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether an intraoperative single dose of dexamethasone, diclofenac, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), a combination of EDTA and RGD peptide (arginine-glycin-aspartic acid sequence), or mitomycin-C (MMC) is a pharmacological means of preventing or reducing the development of posterior capsule opacification (PCO). SETTING Department of Ophthalmology, Celal Bayar University, School of Medicine, Manisa, and Department of Pathology, Dokur Eylül University, School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey. METHODS Fifty-four rabbits were randomly divided into 6 groups. Dexamethasone (4 mg/cc), diclofenac (2.5 mg/cc), EDTA (8 mg/cc), a combination of EDTA and RGD peptide (2.5 mg/cc), or MMC (0.04 mg/cc) was given, 0.1 cc by hydrodissection and 0.9 cc into the capsular bag after phacoemulsification. The sixth group served as a control group. After 3 months, the PCO was graded clinically and the proliferation of lens epithelial cells (LECs) was evaluated histologically. RESULTS The drugs were significantly effective in preventing PCO compared with the control (P <.005). Dexamethasone had a weaker effect than the other drugs. In histological analysis, although monolayer LECs in the dexamethasone and diclofenac groups were observed, there was no proliferative activity on the posterior capsules in the EDTA, EDTA+RGD, and MMC groups in contrast to the multilayer cells in the control. CONCLUSIONS Intraoperative single-dose application of EDTA, EDTA+RGD peptide combination, and MMC significantly prevented the development of PCO in rabbit eyes. Diclofenac was less effective but also reduced PCO. Although dexamethasone did not prevent the proliferation of LECs, it decreased PCO clinically.
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Schauersberger J, Amon M, Kruger A, Abela C, Schild G, Kolodjaschna J. Lens epithelial cell outgrowth on 3 types of intraocular lenses. J Cataract Refract Surg 2001; 27:850-4. [PMID: 11408130 DOI: 10.1016/s0886-3350(00)00861-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the outgrowth of lens epithelial cells (LECs) on 3 types of intraocular lenses (IOLs) to determine the influence of lens material and lens design (optic edge) on this phenomenon. SETTING Department of Ophthalmology, University of Vienna, Medical School, Vienna, Austria. METHOD Ninety eyes scheduled for cataract surgery were included in a prospective comparative study. A standardized surgical procedure was performed by 1 experienced surgeon. Patients received 1 of 3 types of posterior chamber IOLs of similar design with a 6.0 mm optic and poly(methyl methacrylate) haptic: AcrySof (Alcon), HydroView (Bausch & Lomb), or Sensar (Allergan). Each IOL type was implanted in 30 eyes. Postoperative biomicroscopic examinations were performed 1, 3, 7, 30, 90, and 180 days and 1 year after surgery. Lens epithelial cells in each quadrant of the anterior lens surface were subjectively graded. The product with the highest density and the number of quadrants with this density were used to measure LEC outgrowth. RESULTS Statistically significant differences (P <.05) were seen between the hydrophilic IOL and the 2 hydrophobic lenses from day 30 until the final examination. The HydroView lens had a higher number of LECs on its anterior surface than the AcrySof or Sensar IOL. There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 acrylic IOLs at any measurement. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that lens surface properties have a greater influence on LEC outgrowth than lens design (ie, sharp optic edge).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schauersberger
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Avila M, Ortiz G, Lozano JM, Franco P, Patarroyo ME. GGRGDSPCA Peptide: A New Antiscarring Agent on Glaucoma Filtration Surgery. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2001. [DOI: 10.3928/1542-8877-20010301-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) is still the most frequent complication of cataract surgery. A variety of studies has led to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of PCO, and strategies of molecular biology have produced new therapeutic options, such as immunological techniques or gene therapeutic approaches. Surgical strategies and intra-ocular lens-dependent factors also are capable to reduce the rate of PCO. In-the-bag implantation of intra-ocular lenses with a sharp optic edge seems to be effective in inhibiting equatorial lens epithelial cell migration to the center of the posterior capsule. Several PCO documentation systems have been developed that will lead to more exact and better comparable recording of PCO rates. In the year 2000, PCO or secondary cataract is still the most frequent complication after extracapsular cataract surgery. In a 1998 meta-analysis, PCO rates of 11.8% 1 year after extracapsular cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation, 20.7% after 3 years, and 28.4 % after 5 years have been reported. For the United States, it has been estimated that the overall expenses for treatment of PCO are only exceeded by the costs for cataract treatment itself. In the past decade, a lot of experimental and clinical studies have been performed on this topic. They have led to 1) to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the development of anterior and posterior capsule opacification; 2) more objective and better comparable systems of documentation and analysis of PCO; and a number of 3) surgical and 4) pharmaceutical strategies to prevent PCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bertelmann
- Eye Department, Charité Campus Virchow Hospital, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Linnola RJ, Werner L, Pandey SK, Escobar-Gomez M, Znoiko SL, Apple DJ. Adhesion of fibronectin, vitronectin, laminin, and collagen type IV to intraocular lens materials in pseudophakic human autopsy eyes. Part 2: explanted intraocular lenses. J Cataract Refract Surg 2000; 26:1807-18. [PMID: 11134883 DOI: 10.1016/s0886-3350(00)00747-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate fibronectin, vitronectin, laminin, and collagen type IV adhesion to poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), silicone, hydrophobic soft acrylate, and hydrogel intraocular lenses (IOLs) in human pseudophakic autopsy eyes. SETTING Center for Research on Ocular Therapeutics and Biodevices, Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA. METHODS Thirty-two autopsy eyes containing PMMA, silicone, soft acrylate, or hydrogel IOLs were assessed. The IOLs were explanted from the capsular bag, and both sides of the IOLs were immunohistochemically stained for fibronectin, vitronectin, laminin, or collagen type IV. The number of cells on the IOL surfaces was counted. The capsular bag from 1 eye containing a soft acrylate IOL was examined for fibronectin and vitronectin. RESULTS Hydrophobic soft acrylate IOLs had significantly more fibronectin adhering to their surfaces than PMMA (P <.01) or silicone (P <.01) IOLs, as well as more vitronectin. Silicone IOLs had more collagen type IV adhesion than the other IOLs (P <.05-.06). Collective protein adhesion differed significantly between soft acrylate IOLs and PMMA and silicone IOLs, but not between PMMA and silicone IOLs. CONCLUSIONS The greater amount of protein on the hydrophobic soft acrylate (AcrySof(R)) IOLs seems to support an adhesive mechanism for their attachment to the capsular bag. Fibronectin and vitronectin have functional domains to bind them to lens epithelial cells and the collagenous capsule. This kind of attachment could be a true bioactive bond and may be 1 reason the PCO and neodymium:YAG capsulotomy rates are lower in eyes with a soft acrylate IOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Linnola
- SLP, Finnish Medical Care Ltd., Vaasa, Finland
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Linnola RJ, Werner L, Pandey SK, Escobar-Gomez M, Znoiko SL, Apple DJ. Adhesion of fibronectin, vitronectin, laminin, and collagen type IV to intraocular lens materials in pseudophakic human autopsy eyes. Part 1: histological sections. J Cataract Refract Surg 2000; 26:1792-806. [PMID: 11134882 DOI: 10.1016/s0886-3350(00)00748-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate fibronectin, vitronectin, laminin, and collagen type IV adhesion to poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), silicone, hydrophobic soft acrylate, and hydrogel intraocular lenses (IOLs) in pseudophakic human autopsy eyes. SETTING Center for Research on Ocular Therapeutics and Biodevices, Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA. METHODS Thirty-eight autopsy eyes containing PMMA, silicone, hydrophobic acrylate, or hydrogel IOLs were assessed. Histological sections were prepared from each eye, and immunohistochemical analyses were performed for fibronectin, vitronectin, laminin, and collagen type IV. One hundred fifty-two specimens were analyzed. RESULTS A sandwich-like structure (anterior or posterior capsule/fibronectin/1 cell layer/fibronectin/IOL surface) was seen in 12 of 14 autopsy eyes with soft acrylate IOLs, 3 of 10 with a PMMA IOL (P =.0094), 1 of 10 with a silicone IOL (P =.0022), and 0 of 4 with a hydrogel IOL (P =. 0041). The thicker fibrocellular tissue on the inner surface of the anterior or posterior capsule that was in contact with silicone IOLs was lined with collagen type IV. Vitronectin and laminin were not found at the fibrocellular tissue-IOL interface in any specimen. CONCLUSIONS This study seems to confirm the sandwich theory of posterior capsule opacification in eyes with an IOL and suggests that fibronectin may be the major extracellular protein responsible for the attachment of hydrophobic soft acrylate (AcrySof(R)) IOLs to the capsular bag. This may represent a true bioactive bond between the IOL and lens epithelial cells or between the IOL and the capsular bag and may be one reason the PCO and neodymium:YAG capsulotomy rates are lower in eyes with a soft acrylate IOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Linnola
- SLP, Finnish Medical Care Ltd., Vaasa, Finland
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Meacock WR, Spalton DJ, Stanford MR. Role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of posterior capsule opacification. Br J Ophthalmol 2000; 84:332-6. [PMID: 10684849 PMCID: PMC1723397 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.84.3.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W R Meacock
- The Eye Department, St Thomas's Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
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Oharazawa H, Ibaraki N, Lin LR, Reddy VN. The effects of extracellular matrix on cell attachment, proliferation and migration in a human lens epithelial cell line. Exp Eye Res 1999; 69:603-10. [PMID: 10620389 DOI: 10.1006/exer.1999.0723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lens capsule consists of several kinds of extracellular matrix (ECM) which may play an important role in cell attachment, migration and proliferation of lens epithelial cells as a basement membrane. We have investigated the effects of ECM on cell attachment, proliferation and migration in a human lens epithelial (HLE) cell line. The HLE cell line, SRA 01/04, which was transfected with large T-antigen of SV40 was cultured in the absence of serum. Culture plates were coated with human type IV collagen, laminin or fibronectin. The number of cells were counted at 30-180 min and 3, 5 and 7 days of culture. The rate of BrdU incorporation was measured to study the cell proliferation. The cell migration was measured 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after seeding cells. Integrins, the receptors of ECM, were also detected using antibodies for the cell membrane antigens (CD49b, CD49c, CD49e) by an immunohistochemical method. Although less than 10% of cells attached to the non-coated plate and 50-60% of cells attached to the ECM-coated plates, there was no difference of cell attachment among each ECM used. The cell attachment was almost complete during the first 30 min of culture. Cell proliferation was not enhanced, but cell survival was aided by culture on the ECM components for up to 7 days. The area of cell attachment enlarged on the ECM-coated plates, whereas no migration was observed on the non-coated plate. These data indicate that ECM is the essential factor for cell attachment and increases migration of HLE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Oharazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Linnola RJ, Sund M, Ylönen R, Pihlajaniemi T. Adhesion of soluble fibronectin, laminin, and collagen type IV to intraocular lens materials. J Cataract Refract Surg 1999; 25:1486-91. [PMID: 10569163 DOI: 10.1016/s0886-3350(99)00238-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate soluble fibronectin, laminin, and collagen IV adhesion to poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), heparin-surface-modified (HSM) PMMA, silicone, acrylate, and hydrogel intraocular lenses (IOLs). SETTING Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. METHODS Seventy-five IOLs were incubated for 24 hours at 37 degrees C with radioactive iodine labeled soluble fibronectin, laminin, or collagen type IV. Twenty-five IOLs were analyzed for each protein, 5 of each type. The amount of absorbed protein was measured with a gamma counter and expressed as counts per minute (cpm). RESULTS Fibronectin bound best to the acrylate IOL; the differences between the acrylate and the other materials, except PMMA, were significant (P < .01 to .001; PMMA P = .31). Although significantly more laminin bound to acrylate than to PMMA, HSM PMMA, or silicone (P < .05 to .001), hydrogel had the highest overall binding of this protein (P < .001 to .0001). Hydrogel also had significantly higher binding of type IV collagen than the other IOLs (P < .01 to .0001). CONCLUSIONS It can be hypothesized that if an IOL has more fibronectin bound to it, the IOL can also attach to the capsule better as it consists mainly of collagen. The stronger binding of fibronectin and laminin to acrylate IOLs could be an explanation for the better adhesion of the acrylate IOL to the anterior and posterior capsules and thus for the lower rate of posterior capsule opacification.
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Abstract
Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) is the most frequent complication associated with decreased vision after cataract surgery. Previous methods of preventing PCO have not proven to be practical, effective, and safe for routine clinical procedure, but some novel concepts and methods have recently been developed. This 2-part review looks at clinical and experimental investigations of PCO, focusing on developments since 1992. Clinical aspects will be presented in a later issue. This paper addresses (1) in vitro models for PCO research; (2) pathophysiology and molecular biology of lens epithelial cells (LECs); (3) prevention of PCO. Of special interest are methods of culturing human LECs obtained by capsulotomy during cataract surgery, including those obtained with an intact capsular bag, to provide an in vitro model for investigating the pathophysiology of LECs; the effect of a sharp bend in the lens capsule that induces contact inhibition of migrating LECs; more specific inhibition of migrating LECs using an immunotoxin, b-FGF-saporin, or EDTA and RGD-peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Nishi
- Nishi Eye Hospital, Osaka, Japan
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