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de Lira MN, Bolini L, Amorim NRT, Silva-Souza HA, Diaz BL, Canetti C, Persechini PM, Bandeira-Melo C. Acute catabolism of leukocyte lipid bodies: Characterization of a nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA)-induced proteasomal-dependent model. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 171:102320. [PMID: 34303171 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic availability of leukocyte lipid bodies is controlled by a highly regulated cycle of opposing biogenesis- and catabolism-related events. While leukocyte biogenic machinery is well-characterized, lipid body catabolic mechanisms are yet mostly unknown. Here, we demonstrated that nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) very rapidly decreases the numbers of pre-formed lipid bodies within lipid body-enriched cytoplasm of mouse leukocytes - macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils. NDGA mechanisms driving leukocyte lipid body disappearance were not related to loss of cell viability, 5-lipoxygenase inhibition, ATP autocrine/paracrine activity, or biogenesis inhibition. Proteasomal-dependent breakdown of lipid bodies appears to control NDGA-driven leukocyte lipid body reduction, since it was Bortezomib-sensitive in macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils. Our findings unveil an acute NDGA-triggered lipid body catabolic event - a novel experimental model for the still neglected research area on leukocyte lipid body catabolism, additionally favoring further insights on proteasomal contribution to lipid body breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria N de Lira
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunobiofisica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; BioMed X Institute (GmbH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lukas Bolini
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natália R T Amorim
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hercules A Silva-Souza
- Laboratório de Imunobiofisica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Divisão de Verificação e Estudos Técnico-Científicos, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia Qualidade e Tecnologia, Duque de Caxias Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno L Diaz
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudio Canetti
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro M Persechini
- Laboratório de Imunobiofisica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; This paper is dedicated to the memory of our dear colleague and friend Pedro M. Persechini, who passed prematurely and whose devotion to understanding the mechanisms of action of NDGA was unsurpassed
| | - Christianne Bandeira-Melo
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Abstract
Herbal products have gained popularity over the past few decades. The reasons attributed to the rise in popularity are cheaper costs, easy availability, patient compliance and fewer side effects. However, liver toxicity following consumption of herbal remedies is on the increase. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand the mechanism of action of the herbal supplements on the liver. Occasionally, herbal supplements may also interact with conventional drugs. The present review focusses on a few herbs such as Aloe barbadensis, Atractylis gummifera, Centella asiatica, Mitragyna speciosa, Morinda citrifolia, Larea tridentata, Symphytum officinale, Teucrium chamaedrys and Xanthium strumarium, which are reported to cause hepatotoxicity in humans and animals. Prior knowledge on hepatotoxicity caused by herbs may be beneficial for clinicians and medical practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haszianaliza Haslan
- Department of Anatomy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Man Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Anatomy Discipline, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Farihah Haji Suhaimi
- Department of Anatomy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Man Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Srijit Das
- Department of Anatomy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Man Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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da Silva-Souza HA, Lira MND, Costa-Junior HM, da Cruz CM, Vasconcellos JSS, Mendes AN, Pimenta-Reis G, Alvarez CL, Faccioli LH, Serezani CH, Schachter J, Persechini PM. Inhibitors of the 5-lipoxygenase arachidonic acid pathway induce ATP release and ATP-dependent organic cation transport in macrophages. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:1967-77. [PMID: 24743022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have previously described that arachidonic acid (AA)-5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) metabolism inhibitors such as NDGA and MK886, inhibit cell death by apoptosis, but not by necrosis, induced by extracellular ATP (ATPe) binding to P2X7 receptors in macrophages. ATPe binding to P2X7 also induces large cationic and anionic organic molecules uptake in these cells, a process that involves at least two distinct transport mechanisms: one for cations and another for anions. Here we show that inhibitors of the AA-5-LO pathway do not inhibit P2X7 receptors, as judged by the maintenance of the ATPe-induced uptake of fluorescent anionic dyes. In addition, we describe two new transport phenomena induced by these inhibitors in macrophages: a cation-selective uptake of fluorescent dyes and the release of ATP. The cation uptake requires secreted ATPe, but, differently from the P2X7/ATPe-induced phenomena, it is also present in macrophages derived from mice deficient in the P2X7 gene. Inhibitors of phospholipase A2 and of the AA-cyclooxygenase pathway did not induce the cation uptake. The uptake of non-organic cations was investigated by measuring the free intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) by Fura-2 fluorescence. NDGA, but not MK886, induced an increase in [Ca(2+)]i. Chelating Ca(2+) ions in the extracellular medium suppressed the intracellular Ca(2+) signal without interfering in the uptake of cationic dyes. We conclude that inhibitors of the AA-5-LO pathway do not block P2X7 receptors, trigger the release of ATP, and induce an ATP-dependent uptake of organic cations by a Ca(2+)- and P2X7-independent transport mechanism in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hercules Antônio da Silva-Souza
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e ambiente da Região Amazônica - INPeTAm
| | - Maria Nathalia de Lira
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e ambiente da Região Amazônica - INPeTAm
| | - Helio Miranda Costa-Junior
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Monteiro da Cruz
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Anderson Nogueira Mendes
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Pimenta-Reis
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e ambiente da Região Amazônica - INPeTAm
| | - Cora Lilia Alvarez
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e ambiente da Região Amazônica - INPeTAm
| | - Lucia Helena Faccioli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Serezani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Julieta Schachter
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e ambiente da Região Amazônica - INPeTAm
| | - Pedro Muanis Persechini
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e ambiente da Região Amazônica - INPeTAm.
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Eads D, Hansen R, Oyegunwa A, Cecil C, Culver C, Scholle F, Petty I, Laster S. Terameprocol, a methylated derivative of nordihydroguaiaretic acid, inhibits production of prostaglandins and several key inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2009; 6:2. [PMID: 19133137 PMCID: PMC2631502 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-6-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracts of the creosote bush, Larrea tridentata, have been used for centuries by natives of western American and Mexican deserts to treat a variety of infectious diseases and inflammatory disorders. The beneficial activity of this plant has been linked to the compound nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) and its various substituted derivatives. Recently, tetra-O-methyl NDGA or terameprocol (TMP) has been shown to inhibit the growth of certain tumor-derived cell lines and is now in clinical trials for the treatment of human cancer. In this report, we ask whether TMP also displays anti-inflammatory activity. TMP was tested for its ability to inhibit the LPS-induced production of inflammatory lipids and cytokines in vitro. We also examined the effects of TMP on production of TNF-alpha in C57BL6/J mice following a sublethal challenge with LPS. Finally, we examined the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects we observed. METHODS RAW 264.7 cells and resident peritoneal macrophages from C57BL6/J mice, stimulated with 1 mug/ml LPS, were used in experiments designed to measure the effects of TMP on the production of prostaglandins, cytokines and chemokines. Prostaglandin production was determined by ELISA. Cytokine and chemokine production were determined by antibody array and ELISA.Western blots, q-RT-PCR, and enzyme assays were used to assess the effects of TMP on expression and activity of COX-2.q-RT-PCR was used to assess the effects of TMP on levels of cytokine and chemokine mRNA.C57BL6/J mice injected i.p. with LPS were used in experiments designed to measure the effects of TMP in vivo. Serum levels of TNF-alpha were determined by ELISA. RESULTS TMP strongly inhibited the production of prostaglandins from RAW 264.7 cells and normal peritoneal macrophages. This effect correlated with a TMP-dependent reduction in levels of COX-2 mRNA and protein, and inhibition of the enzymatic activity of COX-2.TMP inhibited, to varying degrees, the production of several cytokines, and chemokines from RAW 264.7 macrophages and normal peritoneal macrophages. Affected molecules included TNF-alpha and MCP-1. Levels of cytokine mRNA were affected similarly, suggesting that TMP is acting to prevent gene expression.TMP partially blocked the production of TNF-alpha and MCP-1 in vivo in the serum of C57BL6/J mice that were challenged i.p. with LPS. CONCLUSION TMP inhibited the LPS-induced production of lipid mediators and several key inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, both in vitro and in vivo, raising the possibility that TMP might be useful as a treatment for a variety of inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Eads
- Department of Microbiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Liao WC, Huang CC, Cheng HH, Wang JL, Lin KL, Cheng JS, Chai KL, Hsu PT, Tsai JY, Fang YC, Lu YC, Chang HT, Huang JK, Chou CT, Jan CR. Effect of calmidazolium on [Ca2+]i and viability in human hepatoma cells. Arch Toxicol 2008; 83:61-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-008-0328-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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New nordihydroguaiaretic acid derivatives as anti-HIV agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:1884-8. [PMID: 18321703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of nordihydroguaiaretic acid with various alkyl chloride, 1-piperidinecarbonyl chloride, methyl chloroformate, or 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole under alkaline conditions produced the corresponding phenol ethers, carbamates and carbonates, respectively, in 67-83% yields. Among these derivatives, the nitrogen-containing compounds were converted to the corresponding hydrochloride salts. Having good solubility, these NDGA derivatives were found stable in aqueous solution. These new compounds exerted appealing activity against HIV Tat-regulated transactivation in human epithelial cells. The most potent compound meso-2,3-dimethyl-1,4-bis(3,4-[2-(piperdino)ethoxyphenyl])butane tetrakishydrochloride salt (5b) showed IC(50) value of 0.88 microM.
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Mechanisms of carvedilol-induced [Ca2+] i rises and death in human hepatoma cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2007; 376:185-94. [PMID: 17917717 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-007-0191-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the cardiovascular drug carvedilol on cytosolic free Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) and viability has not been explored in human hepatoma cells. This study examined whether carvedilol altered [Ca2+]i and caused cell death in HA59T cells. [Ca2+]i and cell viability were measured using the fluorescent dyes fura-2 and WST-1, respectively. Carvedilol at concentrations >or=1 microM increased [Ca2+]i in a concentration-dependent manner with an EC50 value of 20 microM. The Ca2+ signal was reduced partly by removing extracellular Ca2+. Carvedilol induced Mn2+ quench of fura-2 fluorescence, implicating Ca2+ influx. The Ca2+ influx was sensitive to La3+, econazole, nifedipine, and SKF96365. In Ca2+-free medium, after pretreatment with 1 muM thapsigargin (an endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump inhibitor), carvedilol-induced [Ca2+]i rises were abolished; and conversely, carvedilol pretreatment inhibited a major part of thapsigargin-induced [Ca2+]i rises. Inhibition of phospholipase C with 2 microM U73122 did not change carvedilol-induced [Ca2+]i rises. At concentrations between 1 and 50 microM, carvedilol killed cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The cytotoxic effect of 1 microM (but not 30 microM) carvedilol was fully reversed by prechelating cytosolic Ca2+ with 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid-acetoxymethyl ester (BAPTA/AM). Apoptosis was induced by 30 (but not 1) microM carvedilol. Collectively, in HA59T hepatoma cells, carvedilol induced [Ca2+]i rises by causing Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum in a phospholipase-C-independent manner and Ca2+ influx via store-operated Ca2+ channels. Carvedilol-caused cytotoxicity was mediated by Ca2+ and apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner.
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Chen L, Pan DD, Zhou J, Jiang YZ. Protective effect of selenium-enriched lactobacillus on CCl 4-induced liver injury in mice and its possible mechanisms. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:5795-800. [PMID: 16270387 PMCID: PMC4479678 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i37.5795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the protective effects and mechanisms of Se-enriched lactobacillus on liver injury caused by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in mice.
METHODS: Seventy-two ICR mice were randomly divided into four groups: normal group, CCl4-induced model group, low Se-enriched lactobacillus treatment group (L-Se group), and high Se-enriched lactobacillus treatment group (H-Se group). During a 3-wk experimental period, the common complete diet was orally provided daily for normal group and model group, and the mice in L-Se and H-Se groups were given a diet with 2 and 4 mg of organoselenium from Se-enriched lactobacillus per kg feed, respectively. From the 2nd wk of experiment, the model group, L-Se group, and H-Se group received abdominal cavity injection of olive oil solution containing 500 mL/L CCl4 (0.07 mL/100 g body mass) to induce liver injury, and the normal group was given olive oil on every other day for over 2 wk. In the first 2 wk post injection with CCl4, mice in each group were killed. The specimens of blood, liver tissue, and macrophages in abdominal cavity fluid were taken. Then the activities of the following liver tissue injury-associated enzymes including glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) content were assayed. Changes of phagocytic rate and phagocytic index in macrophages were observed with Wright-Giemsa stain. Plasma TNF-α level was measured by radioimmunoassay. The level of intracellular free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in hepatocytes was detected under a laser scanning confocal microscope.
RESULTS: During the entire experimental period, the AST and ALT activities in liver were greatly enhanced by CCl4 and completely blunted by both low and high doses of Se-enriched lactobacillus. The Se-enriched lactobacillus-protected liver homogenate GSH-Px and SOD activities were higher or significantly higher than those in model group and were close to those in normal group. CCl4 significantly increased MDA content in liver homogenates, while administration of Se-enriched lactobacillus prevented MDA elevation. Phagocytic rate and phagocytic index of macro-phages decreased after CCl4 treatment compared to those in normal control, but they were dramatically rescued by Se-enriched lactobacillus, showing a greatly higher phagocytic function compared to model group. CCl4 could significantly elevate plasma TNF-α and hepatocyte [Ca2+]ilevel, which were also obviously prevented by Se-enriched lactobacillus.
CONCLUSION: Se-enriched lactobacillus can intervene in CCl4-induced liver injury in mice by enhancing macrophage function activity to keep normal and beneficial effects, elevating antioxidant-enzyme activities and reducing lipid peroxidation reaction, inhibiting excessive release of TNF-α, preventing the dramatic elevation of [Ca2+]i in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Culver CA, Michalowski SM, Maia RC, Laster SM. The anti-apoptotic effects of nordihydroguaiaretic acid: Inhibition of cPLA2 activation during TNF-induced apoptosis arises from inhibition of calcium signaling. Life Sci 2005; 77:2457-70. [PMID: 15950244 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2004] [Revised: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is a plant lignan produced by Larrea tridentata, the creosote bush of the American southwest. In this report we examine the mechanism underlying the ability of NDGA to inhibit TNF-induced apoptosis. Our results show that NDGA blocks many key indicators of apoptosis. Caspase cleavage, mitochondrial inactivation, externalization of phosphatidyl serine, and (51)Cr-release were all blocked by low micromolar concentrations of NDGA. NDGA also inhibited the cPLA(2)-dependent release of (3)H-arachidonic acid. We investigated this activity and found that NDGA prevented the rise in intracellular calcium necessary for the apoptotic activation of cPLA(2). On the other hand, NDGA did not interfere with the TNF-induced phosphorylation of cPLA(2), indicating that NDGA does not block all TNF-dependent signaling. Finally, we asked whether the anti-apoptotic effect of NDGA could be attributed to its anti-oxidant activity. Comparison with the effects of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) did not completely support this hypothesis. While BHA strongly inhibited caspase activation and partially blocked the release of (51)Cr, it was unable to significantly block the calcium response or the release of (3)H-arachidonic acid associated with TNF-induced apoptosis. The anti-oxidant activity of NDGA may, therefore, explain some but not all of its anti-apoptotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Culver
- Department of Microbiology, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Huang JK, Chen WC, Huang CJ, Hsu SS, Chen JS, Cheng HH, Chang HT, Jiann BP, Jan CR. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid-induced Ca2+ handling and cytotoxicity in human prostate cancer cells. Life Sci 2004; 75:2341-51. [PMID: 15350831 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2003] [Accepted: 04/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The effect of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), a compound commonly used as a lipoxygenases inhibitor, on intracellular free Ca2+ levels ([Ca2+]i) in PC3 human prostate cancer cells was investigated. [Ca2+]i was measured by using the Ca2+ -sensitive dye fura-2. NDGA increased [Ca2+]i in a concentration-dependent manner with an EC50 of 30 microM. The Ca2+ signal comprised a gradual and sustained increase. Removal of extracellular Ca2+ partly decreased the NDGA-induced [Ca2+]i increase, suggesting that the Ca2+ signal was due to both extracellular Ca2+ influx and intracellular Ca2+ release. NDGA-induced Ca2+ influx was independently confirmed by measuring NDGA-induced Mn2+ -coupled quench of fura-2 fluorescence. The NDGA-induced Ca2+ influx was not affected by L-type Ca2+ channel blockers. In Ca2+ -free medium, the NDGA-induced [Ca2+]i increase was abolished by pretreatment with 1 microM thapsigargin (an endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump inhibitor), and conversely, pretreatment with NDGA abolished thapsigargin-induced [Ca2+]i increase. NDGA-induced intracellular Ca2+ release was not altered by inhibition of phospholipase C. Overnight treatment with 20-50 microM NDGA inhibited cell proliferation rate in a concentration-dependent manner. Several other lipoxygenases inhibitors did not alter [Ca2+]i. Collectively, this study shows that in prostate cells, NDGA induced a [Ca2+]i increase via releasing stored Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum in a manner independent of phospholipase C activity, and by causing Ca2+ influx. NDGA also caused cytotoxicity at higher concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Khing Huang
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan 813
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