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Pavlacic JM, Witcraft SM, Allan NP, Gros DF. Anxiety sensitivity and social support in veterans with emotional disorders. J Clin Psychol 2023; 79:2337-2350. [PMID: 37310172 PMCID: PMC10527913 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An understanding of the incremental value of social support in predicting psychopathology above transdiagnostic risk factors could speak to the benefit of leveraging social factors into existing, evidence-based interventions in veterans with emotional disorders. This cross-sectional study aimed to expand our understanding of associations between domains of anxiety sensitivity and facets of psychopathology in veterans with emotional disorders. We also determined whether social support predicted psychopathology above anxiety sensitivity domains and combat exposure and explored these relationships with a path model. METHODS One hundred and fifty-six treatment-seeking veterans with emotional disorders completed diagnostic interviews and assessments of demographics, social support, symptom measures (e.g., PTSD, depression, anxiety, and stress), and transdiagnostic risk factors (i.e., anxiety sensitivity). After data screening, 150 were included in regressions. RESULTS Using regression analyses with cross-sectional data, cognitive anxiety sensitivity concerns predicted PTSD and depression above combat exposure. Cognitive and physical concerns predicted anxiety, and cognitive and social concerns predicted stress. Above combat exposure and anxiety sensitivity, social support predicted PTSD and depression. CONCLUSION Focusing on social support in tandem with transdiagnostic mechanisms in clinical samples is critical. These findings inform transdiagnostic interventions and recommendations related to incorporation of assessment of transdiagnostic factors in clinical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M. Pavlacic
- Mental Health Service, Ralph H. Johnson, VA Healthcare System, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Psychology & Behavioral, Sciences, Medical University of South, Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Sara M. Witcraft
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Nicholas P. Allan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral, Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- VA Center of Excellence for Suicide, Prevention, VA Finger Lakes Healthcare, System, Canandaigua, New York, USA
| | - Daniel F. Gros
- Mental Health Service, Ralph H. Johnson, VA Healthcare System, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Psychology & Behavioral, Sciences, Medical University of South, Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Cisternas D, Taft T, Carlson DA, Glasinovic E, Monrroy H, Rey P, Hani A, Ardila-Hani A, Leguizamo AM, Bilder C, Ditaranto A, Varela A, Agotegaray J, Remes-Troche JM, Ruiz de León A, Pérez de la Serna J, Marin I, Serra J. The Spanish version of the esophageal hypervigilance and anxiety score shows strong psychometric properties: Results of a large prospective multicenter study in Spain and Latin America. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e14102. [PMID: 33580617 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety is a significant modulator of sensitivity along the GI tract. The recently described Esophageal Hypervigilance and Anxiety Score (EHAS) evaluates esophageal-specific anxiety. The aims of this study were as follows: 1. translate and validate an international Spanish version of EHAS. 2. Evaluate its psychometric properties in a large Hispano-American sample of symptomatic individuals. METHODS A Spanish EHAS version was developed by a Delphi process and reverse translation. Patients referred for high-resolution manometry (HRM) were recruited prospectively from seven Spanish and Latin American centers. Several scores were used: EHAS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Eckardt score (ES), Gastroesophageal Reflux Questionnaire (GERDQ), and the Brief Esophageal Dysphagia Questionnaire (BEDQ). Standardized psychometric analyses were performed. KEY RESULTS A total of 443 patients were recruited. Spanish EHAS showed excellent reliability (Cronbach´s alpha = 0.94). Factor analysis confirmed the presence of two factors, corresponding to the visceral anxiety and hypervigilance subscales. Sufficient convergent validity was shown by moderate significant correlations between EHAS and other symptomatic scores. Patients with high EHAS scores had significantly more dysphagia. There was no difference in EHAS scores when compared normal vs abnormal or major manometric diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES A widely usable Spanish EHAS version has been validated. We confirm its excellent psychometric properties in our patients, confirming the appropriateness of its use in different populations. Our findings support the appropriateness of evaluating esophageal anxiety across the whole manometric diagnosis spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cisternas
- Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tiffany Taft
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dustin A Carlson
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Esteban Glasinovic
- Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hugo Monrroy
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula Rey
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Albis Hani
- San Ignacio Hospital, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Andres Ardila-Hani
- San Ignacio Hospital, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
| | | | - Claudio Bilder
- Hospital Universitario, Escuela de Medicina, Fundación Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andres Ditaranto
- Hospital Universitario, Escuela de Medicina, Fundación Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Amanda Varela
- Hospital Universitario, Escuela de Medicina, Fundación Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Joaquin Agotegaray
- Hospital Universitario, Escuela de Medicina, Fundación Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | - Ingrid Marin
- Motility and Functional Gut Disorders Unit, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Jordi Serra
- Digestive System Research Unit, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
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Cosci F, Bertoli G, Mansueto G, Asiaghi M, Schruers K, Nardi AE. The Role of Anxiety Sensitivity and Expectancy Manipulation on Panic-Like Response to the 35% CO2 Challenge in Healthy Subjects. Neuropsychobiology 2020; 78:209-217. [PMID: 31437853 DOI: 10.1159/000502150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 35% CO2 challenge is a well-established method triggering panic attacks under laboratory-controlled conditions. There is an ongoing debate whether single or the joined effects of the instructional set and anxiety sensitivity (AS) can alter the outcome of the challenge. OBJECTIVES The present study investigated the effects of instruction manipulation and AS on panic-like response to the 35% CO2 challenge. METHODS Eighty healthy subjects, with high or low levels of AS, were randomized into 4 groups based on standard/manipulated instructional sets as well as 35% CO2 mixture/room air inhalation. Subjects filled in the Visual Analogue Scale of Anxiety (VAAS), the Visual Analogue Scale of Fear (VAS-F), the VAS of Discomfort (VAS-D), and the Panic Symptom List (PSL). Blood pressure and heart rate were measured at pre- and posttest. RESULTS Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed greater psychological responses at VAAS, VAS-F, VAS-D, and PSL and higher systolic blood pressure under 35% CO2 challenge if compared to room air inhalation while instructional set and AS did not influence the response. CONCLUSIONS The present study confirms that neither instructional test nor AS alter the outcome of the 35% CO2 challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiammetta Cosci
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy, .,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands,
| | - Giuly Bertoli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mansueto
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Asiaghi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Koen Schruers
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio E Nardi
- Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Heppell JL, Denis I, Turcotte S, Fleet RP, Dionne CE, Foldes-Busque G. Incidence of panic disorder in patients with non-cardiac chest pain and panic attacks. J Health Psychol 2019; 26:985-994. [DOI: 10.1177/1359105319859062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study documented the 6-month incidence of panic disorder and its predictors in emergency department patients with panic attacks and non-cardiac chest pain. The assessment included a validated structured interview to identify panic attacks and questionnaires measuring the potential predictors of panic disorder. Presence of panic disorder was assessed 6 months later. The incidence of panic disorder was 10.1 percent ( n = 14/138). Anxiety sensitivity was the only significant predictor of the incidence of panic disorder (odds ratio = 1.06; 95% confidence interval = 1.01–1.12). Patients with panic attacks and non-cardiac chest pain are at an elevated risk for panic disorder. This vulnerability appears to increase with anxiety sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny-Lee Heppell
- Université Laval, Canada
- Research Centre of the Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de Chaudière-Appalaches, Canada
| | - Isabelle Denis
- Université Laval, Canada
- Research Centre of the Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de Chaudière-Appalaches, Canada
| | - Stéphane Turcotte
- Research Centre of the Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de Chaudière-Appalaches, Canada
| | - Richard P Fleet
- Université Laval, Canada
- Research Centre of the Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de Chaudière-Appalaches, Canada
| | - Clermont E Dionne
- Université Laval, Canada
- Research Centre of the Québec University Hospital, Canada
| | - Guillaume Foldes-Busque
- Université Laval, Canada
- Research Centre of the Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de Chaudière-Appalaches, Canada
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Abstract
Research was conducted examining how death anxiety influenced PTSD and mental health among people who have experienced a life-threatening event. This study was conducted using undergraduate university students in Lithuania. The study used a mixed-method design and in phase 1, participants (N = 97) completed self-report questionnaires that gathered information on demographics, death anxiety, trauma and well-being. Data indicated a significant correlation between death anxiety and PTSD, but not psychiatric co-morbidity. Phase 2 attempted to further explore the phenomenological experience of participants with full PTSD, and 6 semi-structured interviews were conducted. IPA analysis found three major themes in response to the life-threatening event; self-efficacy, religious coping and existential attitude. Overall these coping mechanisms allowed participants to develop resilience against the effects of death anxiety and minimize its negative impact on mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hoelterhoff
- Faculty of Health and Science, Fusehill Campus, University of Cumbria, Carlisle, CA1 2HH, UK.
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Ino K, Ogawa S, Kondo M, Imai R, Ii T, Furukawa TA, Akechi T. Anxiety sensitivity as a predictor of broad dimensions of psychopathology after cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2017; 13:1835-1840. [PMID: 28761346 PMCID: PMC5516871 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s121360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Panic disorder (PD) is a common disease and presents with broad dimensions of psychopathology. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is known to improve these broad dimensions of psychopathology in addition to PD symptoms. However, little is known about the predictors of treatment response in comorbid psychiatric symptoms after CBT for PD. Recent studies suggest that anxiety sensitivity (AS) may be a key vulnerability for PD. This study aimed to examine AS as a predictor of broad dimensions of psychopathology after CBT for PD. MATERIALS AND METHODS In total, 118 patients with PD were treated with manualized group CBT. We used multiple regression analysis to examine the associations between 3 Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) factors (physical concerns, mental incapacitation concerns, and social concerns) at baseline and the subscales of the Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90-R) at endpoint. RESULTS Low levels of social concerns at baseline predicted low levels on 5 SCL-90-R subscales after CBT: interpersonal sensitivity, depression, hostility, paranoid ideation, and psychosis. High levels of mental incapacitation concerns significantly predicted low levels on 3 SCL-90-R subscales after treatment: interpersonal sensitivity, hostility, and paranoid ideation. Physical concerns at baseline did not predict broad dimensions of psychopathology. CONCLUSION This study suggested that the social concerns and mental incapacitation concerns subscales of the ASI at baseline predicted several dimensions of psychopathology after CBT for PD. To improve comorbid psychopathology, it may be useful to direct more attention to these ASI subscales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Ino
- Department of Psychiatry and Cognitive-Behavioral Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya
| | - Sei Ogawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Cognitive-Behavioral Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya
| | - Masaki Kondo
- Department of Psychiatry and Cognitive-Behavioral Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya
| | - Risa Imai
- Department of Psychiatry and Cognitive-Behavioral Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya
| | - Toshitaka Ii
- Department of Psychiatry and Cognitive-Behavioral Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya
| | - Toshi A Furukawa
- Department of Health Promotion and Human Behavior, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine/School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Akechi
- Department of Psychiatry and Cognitive-Behavioral Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya
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Norton PJ, Sears Edwards K. Anxiety Sensitivity or Interoceptive Sensitivity. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract. The construct of anxiety sensitivity (AS) – the fear of anxiety-related symptoms – has been highly influential in current conceptualizations of anxiety disorders in general, and panic disorder specifically. However, given documented associations between AS and both non-anxiety psychological disorders as well as medical/health conditions, the extent to which measures of AS are assessing a specific fear or anxiety symptoms versus a broader fear of interoceptive or bodily sensations is unclear. Confirmatory factor analysis of data from 373 participants failed to suggest whether fears of anxiety-related symptoms were factorially distinct from fears of non-anxiety-related bodily sensations, although analyses indicated that while fears of anxiety-related symptoms were more closely associated with panic disorder severity than were fears of non-anxiety-related symptoms, both were similarly and strongly associated with hypochondriacal fears. Implications for the construct of AS, and the broader construct of somatic fears, are discussed.
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8
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Yılmaz S, Bilgiç A, Akça ÖF, Türkoğlu S, Hergüner S. Relationships among depression, anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and perceived social support in adolescents with conversion disorder. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2016; 20:10-8. [PMID: 26824691 DOI: 10.3109/13651501.2015.1117110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the relationships of depression, anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and perceived social support with conversion symptoms in adolescents with conversion disorder (CD). METHODS Fifty outpatients, aged 8-18 years, who had been diagnosed with CD and members of a control group were assessed using the psychological questionnaires. RESULTS Compared with controls, adolescents with CD scored higher on the Child Depression Inventory (CDI), Screen for Child Anxiety-related Emotional Disorders (SCARED), Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI) total, CASI physical and cognitive subscales, and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support family subscale. Multiple regression analysis showed that CDI, CASI total, and CASI cognitive scores predicted the Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire (SDQ) scores and that CDI and CASI total scores predicted the Children's Somatization Inventory (CSI) scores of subjects. CONCLUSIONS This study suggest that adolescents with CD had poor psychosocial well-being, and depression, global anxiety sensitivity and anxiety sensitivity cognitive concerns are related to conversion symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savaş Yılmaz
- a Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , Meram School of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University , Konya , Turkey
| | - Ayhan Bilgiç
- a Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , Meram School of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University , Konya , Turkey
| | - Ömer Faruk Akça
- a Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , Meram School of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University , Konya , Turkey
| | - Serhat Türkoğlu
- b Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , Selcuk University, School of Medicine , Konya , Turkey
| | - Sabri Hergüner
- a Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , Meram School of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University , Konya , Turkey
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Berrocal C, Moreno FR, Cano J. Anxiety Sensitivity and Panic Symptomatology: The Mediator Role of Hypochondriacal Concerns. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 10:159-66. [PMID: 17549889 DOI: 10.1017/s1138741600006429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The present study tests the mediating role of hypochondriasis to explain the relation between anxiety sensitivity and panic symptomatology. Fifty-seven outpatients with clinically significant levels of panic symptomatology were selected to participate in the study. Measures of anxiety sensitivity, hypochondriasis, and panic symptomatology were obtained from standardized, self-administered questionnaires: the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI; Reiss, Peterson, Gursky, & McNally, 1986), the Whiteley Index of Hypochondriasis (WI; Pilowsky, 1967), and the Panic-Agoraphobic Spectrum Self-Report (PAS-SR; Cassano et al., 1997; Shear et al., 2001). Regression analyses were performed to test for the mediation models. The results show that the effect of anxiety sensitivity on panic symptomatology is not significant when controlling the hypochondriacal concerns, whereas the latter predicted panic symptoms. This result holds for the overall ASI as well as for the Physical Concerns and the Mental Incapacitation Concerns dimensions of the ASI scale. No evidence of a direct relation between the Social Concerns dimension and panic symptoms was found. The findings suggest that hypochondriacal concerns might represent the mechanism through which anxiety sensitivity is able to influence panic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Berrocal
- Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamientos Psicológicos, Facultad de Psicología Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, s/n, Málaga-29071, Spain.
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Maack DJ, Tull MT, Gratz KL. Examining the incremental contribution of behavioral inhibition to generalized anxiety disorder relative to other Axis I disorders and cognitive-emotional vulnerabilities. J Anxiety Disord 2012; 26:689-95. [PMID: 22750475 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to investigate the incremental contribution of behavioral inhibition system (BIS) sensitivity to the presence of a current generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) diagnosis relative to other Axis I disorders (e.g., major depression, other anxiety disorders) and cognitive-emotional vulnerabilities (e.g., anxiety sensitivity, emotion dysregulation) previously found to be associated with GAD. Participants were 91 individuals recruited from the local community who completed a diagnostic interview and self-report questionnaires. Consistent with expectations, BIS sensitivity emerged as a significant predictor of current GAD status above and beyond major depression, anxiety disorder diagnoses, anxiety sensitivity, emotion dysregulation, and behavioral activation system sensitivity. However, emotion dysregulation also emerged as a significant predictor of GAD status in the final model. Findings speak to the importance of considering BIS sensitivity in models of the development and maintenance of GAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle J Maack
- Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, 205 Peabody Building, University, MS 38677, United States.
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Longley SL, Calamari JE, Wu K, Wade M. Anxiety as a context for understanding associations between hypochondriasis, obsessive-compulsive, and panic attack symptoms. Behav Ther 2010; 41:461-74. [PMID: 21035611 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 01/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In the context of the integrative model of anxiety and depression, we examined whether the essential problem of hypochondriasis is one of anxiety. When analyzed, data from a large nonclinical sample corresponded to the integrative model's characterization of anxiety as composed of both broad, shared and specific, unique symptom factors. The unique hypochondriasis, obsessive-compulsive, and panic attack symptom factors all had correlational patterns expected of anxiety with the shared, broad factors of negative emotionality and positive emotionality. A confirmatory factor analysis showed a higher-order, bifactor model was the best fit to our data; the shared and the unique hypochondriasis and anxiety symptom factors both contributed substantial variance. This study provides refinements to an empirically based taxonomy and clarifies what hypochondriasis is and, importantly, what it is not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Longley
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
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Tsao JCI, Allen LB, Evans S, Lu Q, Myers CD, Zeltzer LK. Anxiety sensitivity and catastrophizing: associations with pain and somatization in non-clinical children. J Health Psychol 2010; 14:1085-94. [PMID: 19858329 DOI: 10.1177/1359105309342306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the relationships among anxiety sensitivity (AS), catastrophizing, somatization and pain in 240 non-clinical children (121 girls; mean age = 12.7 years). Children with pain problems (n = 81; 33.8%) reported greater AS and catastrophizing (ps < .01) relative to children without pain problems. AS but not catastrophizing was significantly associated with current pain. However, both AS and catastrophizing were significantly associated with somatization. AS and catastrophizing represent related but partially distinct cognitive constructs that may be targeted by interventions aimed at alleviating pain and somatization in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie C I Tsao
- Pediatric Pain Program, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90024, USA.
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13
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Ille R, Dietmaier G, Müller S, Schienle A. Die Bedeutung von Ekel- und Angstsensitivität bei Personen mit der Verdachtsdiagnose einer Hypochondrie. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1024/1661-4747.a000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Zentrales Merkmal bei der hypochondrischen Störung ist die Befürchtung, an einer schweren Erkrankung zu leiden. Dies führt zur Fehlinterpretation normaler Körperfunktionen. Neben dysfunktionalen Angstzuständen ist auch stark ausgeprägte Angstsensitivität störungsrelevant. Das aktuelle Hypochondriekonzept ist vorwiegend angstfokussiert, während die Bedeutung anderer Emotionen wie zum Beispiel von Ekel bisher kaum untersucht wurde. Ziel dieser Untersuchung war es herauszufinden, ob die habituelle Ekelneigung einen zusätzlichen Prädiktor für die Vorhersage von Hypochondrie darstellt. Nach einem Screening mit einem standardisierten klinischen Interview wurden 27 Personen mit und 27 Personen ohne Verdachtsdiagnose Hypochondrie in die Studie eingeschlossen und getestet. Mittels Diskriminanzanalyse wurde überprüft, ob Ekelempfindlichkeit (Neigung einer Person, mit Ekel zu reagieren) und Ekelsensitivität (Neigung, Ekelempfindungen als bedrohlich zu bewerten) für die Gruppentrennung in Personen mit und ohne Verdachtsdiagnose Hypochondrie (Kriterium: Whitely Index) relevant sind. Es zeigte sich, dass habituelle Angst, Ekelsensitivität und spezifische Bereiche der Ekelempfindlichkeit (z. B. Abneigung vor mangelhafter Hygiene) zwischen den beiden Gruppen differenzierten. Domänenspezifische Beziehungen zwischen Ekelempfindlichkeit und Hypochondrie werden diskutiert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rottraut Ille
- Institut für Psychologie, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz
| | | | | | - Anne Schienle
- Institut für Psychologie, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz
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Tull MT, Stipelman BA, Salters-Pedneault K, Gratz KL. An examination of recent non-clinical panic attacks, panic disorder, anxiety sensitivity, and emotion regulation difficulties in the prediction of generalized anxiety disorder in an analogue sample. J Anxiety Disord 2009; 23:275-82. [PMID: 18804947 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Both non-clinical panic attacks and panic disorder (PD) have been found to be associated with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). This study examined a proxy risk factor model of the relationship between non-clinical panic attacks, PD, and GAD. Specifically, it was proposed that non-clinical panic attacks and PD predict GAD only due to their shared association with anxiety sensitivity (AS) and difficulties in emotion regulation. Results demonstrated that emotion regulation difficulties reliably predicted GAD above and beyond the experience of non-clinical panic attacks and PD. However, although PD lost strength as a predictor, it remained significantly associated with GAD in the full model, providing only partial support for the proposed proxy risk factor model. Findings speak to the underlying role of emotion regulation difficulties in GAD, and suggest that it may be the shared relationship of these difficulties with both PD and GAD that partially explain the association of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Tull
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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Benítez CIP, Shea MT, Raffa S, Rende R, Dyck IR, Ramsawh HJ, Edelen MO, Keller MB. Anxiety sensitivity as a predictor of the clinical course of panic disorder: a 1-year follow-up study. Depress Anxiety 2009; 26:335-42. [PMID: 19133700 PMCID: PMC3675878 DOI: 10.1002/da.20423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that negative affect (NA) and anxiety sensitivity (AS) predict the development of anxiety disorders, particularly panic disorder (PD). The main purpose of this study was to examine whether NA and AS will also predict the clinical course of PD. METHODS Participants were 136 individuals with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of PD (with or without agoraphobia) enrolled in a naturalistic and longitudinal study of anxiety disorders, the Harvard/Brown Anxiety Research Project (HARP). Participants were administered the Anxiety Sensitivity Index and the Negative Affect Scales of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Expanded Form (PANAS-X-NA) and their percentage of time in PD episode was followed for 1 year after the administration of the measures. RESULTS Multiple regression analyses indicated that AS, but not NA, was a significant predictor of percentage of time in PD episode after controlling for previous time in PD episodes, comorbid depression, other anxiety disorders, and exposure to psychopharmacological and behavioral treatments. As expected, the Physical Concerns subscale of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index had a significant independent contribution in predicting the course of the disorder. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these findings suggest that AS, as a unique construct, may be predictive of the amount of time patients are in episode of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Susan Raffa
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Richard Rende
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Ingrid R. Dyck
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Holly J. Ramsawh
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Maria Orlando Edelen
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Martin B. Keller
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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Kiliç EZ, Kiliç C, Yilmaz S. Is anxiety sensitivity a predictor of PTSD in children and adolescents? J Psychosom Res 2008; 65:81-6. [PMID: 18582616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anxiety sensitivity (AS) is the fear of the physical symptoms of anxiety and related symptoms. Longitudinal studies support AS as a vulnerability factor for development of anxiety disorders. This study aimed to investigate AS as a vulnerability factor in the development of childhood posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following traumatic experiences. METHODS The study included 81 children 8-15 years of age who experienced the 1999 earthquake in Bolu, Turkey. The earthquake survivors were compared to a randomized group of age- and sex-matched controls 5 years after the earthquake. Both the subject and control groups were administered the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI), State and Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAI-C), and Child Depression Inventory (CDI), while the PTSD symptoms of the subjects were assessed using the Child Posttraumatic Stress Reaction Index (CPTS-RI). RESULTS Subjects and controls did not differ significantly in CASI, STAI-C, or CDI scores. Multiple regression analysis showed that both trait anxiety and CASI scores predicted CPTS-RI scores of the subjects; the prediction by CASI scores was over and above the effect of trait anxiety. CONCLUSION The results of this study support the hypothesis that AS may be a constitutional factor, which might increase the risk of PTSD following traumatic experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Zinnur Kiliç
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Medical School, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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17
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Lim YJ, Yu BH, Kim JH. Korean Anxiety Sensitivity Index-Revised: its factor structure, reliability, and validity in clinical and nonclinical samples. Depress Anxiety 2007; 24:331-41. [PMID: 17041921 DOI: 10.1002/da.20210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The factor structure and convergent and discriminant validity of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-Revised (ASI-R) were examined in a community sample, a student sample, and patients with panic disorder in Korea. Results from a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) comparing our data to factor solutions commonly reported as representative of European American populations indicated a poor fit. A subsequent exploratory factor analysis (EFA) indicated that a four-factor solution provided the best fit. Correlations between the ASI-R and anxiety measures were moderately high, providing evidence of convergent validity. Implications for assessment with Koreans are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jin Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Hinton DE, Otto MW. Symptom Presentation and Symptom Meaning Among Traumatized Cambodian Refugees: Relevance to a Somatically Focused Cognitive-Behavior Therapy. COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL PRACTICE 2006; 13:249-260. [PMID: 19823603 PMCID: PMC2759766 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2006.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Among psychologically distressed Cambodian refugees, somatic complaints are particularly prominent. Cambodians interpret anxiety-related somatic sensations in terms of "Wind" (khyâl), an ethnophysiology that gives rise to multiple catastrophic interpretations; and they have prominent trauma-memory associations to anxiety-related somatic symptoms. In this article, we detail some of the common sensation-related dysphoric networks of Cambodian refugees, focusing on catastrophic cognitions and trauma associations. We argue that delineating symptom-related dysphoric networks is crucial to successfully adapt cognitive-behavioral interventions to treat panic disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder among Cambodian refugees, and that such an approach may be useful for the culturally sensitive adaptation of cognitive-behavior therapy for other traumatized non-Western groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon E Hinton
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School
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19
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Ong L, Cribbie R, Harris L, Dorian P, Newman D, Mangat I, Nolan R, Irvine J. Psychological Correlates of Quality of Life in Atrial Fibrillation. Qual Life Res 2006; 15:1323-33. [PMID: 16826433 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-006-0029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with significant health-related quality of life (QoL) impairments. Markers of heart disease severity have explained little variance in QoL and it is unclear what other factors will better account for the observed differences in adjustment. We examined whether specific personality traits and illness management styles would help explain the severity of QoL impairments reported in this population. METHODS Patients with AF (N = 93) completed validated questionnaires measuring disease burden (dependent variables: physical and mental QoL, symptom severity, psychological distress), personality (independent variables: anxiety sensitivity, optimism), and illness management style (mediating variable: symptom preoccupation). Hypothesized relationships were evaluated using mediation models. RESULTS Anxiety sensitivity was associated with poorer physical and mental QoL, greater symptom severity, and higher distress. Optimism was correlated with better mental QoL and lower distress, but unrelated to physical QoL and symptom severity. Symptom preoccupation significantly mediated the relationships between anxiety sensitivity and each of the QoL measures, as well as the relationships between optimism and mental well-being. CONCLUSIONS Personality traits and illness management styles are important to consider when assessing the impact of AF on QoL. The data support a cognitive-behavioral model that explains the direct and indirect relationships between psychological predictors and multiple indices of QoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lephuong Ong
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada.
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20
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Starcevic V, Berle D. Cognitive specificity of anxiety disorders: a review of selected key constructs. Depress Anxiety 2006; 23:51-61. [PMID: 16402368 DOI: 10.1002/da.20145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive models of anxiety disorders propose that certain cognitive constructs, that is, underlying beliefs and cognitive processes, may be specific for particular disorders. In this article, we review the specificity of four representative cognitive constructs-anxiety sensitivity, pathological worry, intolerance of uncertainty, and thought-action fusion-for particular disorders. Conceptual overlap, inconsistent definitions, and insufficient consideration of the components of these constructs are limitations of the existing literature. We suggest that the constructs are unlikely to be pathognomonic for any given disorder or to occur in isolation. Rather, the association of each cognitive construct is evident, to varying degrees, with different disorders. Relative to other disorders, anxiety sensitivity is to a certain extent specific for panic disorder, as are pathological worry for generalized anxiety disorder, intolerance of uncertainty for generalized anxiety disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder, and thought-action fusion for obsessive-compulsive disorder. We discuss the implications of these findings for diagnostic systems and treatment, and suggest areas for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladan Starcevic
- University of Sydney and Nepean Hospital, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.
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21
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Labus JS, Bolus R, Chang L, Wiklund I, Naesdal J, Mayer EA, Naliboff BD. The Visceral Sensitivity Index: development and validation of a gastrointestinal symptom-specific anxiety scale. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 20:89-97. [PMID: 15225175 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.02007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety related to gastrointestinal sensations, symptoms or the contexts in which these may occur is thought to play a significant role in the pathophysiology as well as in the health outcomes of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. AIM To develop a valid and reliable psychometric instrument that measures gastrointestinal symptom-specific anxiety. METHODS External and internal expert panels as well as a patient focus group evaluated a large pool of potential item stems gathered from the psychological and gastrointestinal literature. Potential scale items were then administered to 96 patients diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome along with a set of validating questionnaires. Final item selection was based upon rigorous empirical criteria and the psychometric properties of the final scale were examined. RESULTS A final unidimensional 15-item scale, the Visceral Sensitivity Index, demonstrated excellent reliability as well as good content, convergent, divergent and predictive validity. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the Visceral Sensitivity Index is a reliable, valid measure of gastrointestinal symptom-specific anxiety that may be useful for clinical assessment, treatment outcome studies, and mechanistic studies of the role of symptom-related anxiety in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Labus
- Center for Neurovisceral Sciences and Women's Health, VA GLA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
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22
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Silverman WK, Goedhart AW, Barrett P, Turner C. The facets of anxiety sensitivity represented in the childhood anxiety sensitivity index: confirmatory analyses of factor models from past studies. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2003; 112:364-74. [PMID: 12943015 DOI: 10.1037/0021-843x.112.3.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Results of past factor analytic studies of the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index and Anxiety Sensitivity Index were used to formulate hypotheses about factor models of anxiety sensitivity. Using a nonclinical sample of 767 children and adolescents and confirmatory factor analysis, hypothesized models with 2, 3, and 4 lower order factors (facets) were tested. Goodness-of-fit criteria indicated that a model with 4 facets fits these data well. Support was found for factorial invariance of the 4 facets across age and gender, using nonclinical and clinical samples. Results support a hierarchical factor model in that there was a strong general factor, explaining 71% of the variance. Findings are discussed in the context of anxiety sensitivity theory and research with children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy K Silverman
- Child and Family Psychosocial Research Center, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami 33199, USA.
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