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In Silico Identification of Key Genes and Immune Infiltration Characteristics in Epicardial Adipose Tissue from Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5610317. [PMID: 36345357 PMCID: PMC9637040 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5610317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background The present study is aimed at identifying the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and relevant biological processes and pathways associated with epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) from patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). We also explored potential biomarkers using two machine-learning algorithms and calculated the immune cell infiltration in EAT. Materials and Methods Three datasets (GSE120774, GSE64554, and GSE24425) were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The GSE120774 dataset was used to evaluate DEGs between EAT of CAD patients and the control group. Functional enrichment analyses were conducted to study associated biological functions and mechanisms using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Gene Ontology (GO), and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). After this, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and support vector machine recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) were performed to identify the feature genes related to CAD. The expression level of the feature genes was validated in GSE64554 and GSE24425. Finally, we calculated the immune cell infiltration and evaluated the correlation between the feature genes and immune cells using CIBERSORT. Results We identified a total of 130 upregulated and 107 downregulated genes in GSE120774. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that DEGs are associated with several pathways, including the calcium signaling pathway, complement and coagulation cascades, ferroptosis, fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, lipid and atherosclerosis, and regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes. TCF21, CDH19, XG, and NNAT were identified as feature genes and validated in the GSE64554 and GSE24425 datasets. Immune cell infiltration analysis showed plasma cells are significantly more numerous in EAT than in the control group (p = 0.001), whereas macrophage M0 (p = 0.024) and resting mast cells (p = 0.036) were significantly less numerous. TCF21, CDH19, XG, and NNAT were correlated with immune cells, including plasma cells, M0 macrophages, and resting mast cells. Conclusion TCF21, CDH19, XG, and NNAT might serve as feature genes for CAD, providing new insights for future research on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases.
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Watanabe-Okochi N, Uchikawa M, Tsuneyama H, Ogasawara K, Shiraishi R, Masuno A, Onodera T, Tsuno NH, Muroi K. Genetic background of anti-Xg a producers in Japanese blood donors. Vox Sang 2022; 117:1235-1239. [PMID: 36102098 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The Xg blood group is composed of two antigens, Xga (XG1) and CD99 (XG2 and MIC2). The XG and CD99 are homologous genes located on pseudoautosomal region 1 of the X and Y chromosomes. The expressions of Xga and CD99 are co-regulated by a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs311103) in the GATA-1 binding region. Another mechanism of the Xg(a-) phenotype is the genomic deletion of approximately 114 kb, including the XG gene. Anti-Xga seems to be naturally occurring by detection in males who have never been transfused. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we identified 23 anti-Xga producers among 580,115 donors (0.004%). Additional 12 anti-Xga producers were also identified from a separate cohort. RESULTS All 35 anti-Xga producers were male. Genomic DNA was obtained from 34 of 35 producers, and all 34 producers were confirmed to carry the XG-gene-deficient allele (XGdel). The breakpoints of all 34 producers were identical. The XGdel was also identified in 12 non-producers of anti-Xga among 860 donors who have no antibodies against RBCs, and the breakpoints were also identical with the anti-Xga producers. CONCLUSION Our results will serve as the basis for a more complete understanding of Xg blood group polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Makoto Uchikawa
- Kanto-Koshinetsu Block Blood Center, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hatsue Tsuneyama
- Kanto-Koshinetsu Block Blood Center, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan.,Central Blood Institute, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Risako Shiraishi
- Central Blood Institute, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Masuno
- Kanto-Koshinetsu Block Blood Center, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Onodera
- Kanto-Koshinetsu Block Blood Center, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kazuo Muroi
- Kanto-Koshinetsu Block Blood Center, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
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The molecular genetic background leading to the formation of the human erythroid-specific Xg a/CD99 blood groups. Blood Adv 2019; 2:1854-1864. [PMID: 30061310 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018018879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Xga and CD99 antigens of the human Xg blood group system show a unique and sex-specific phenotypic relationship. The phenotypic relationship is believed to result from transcriptional coregulation of the XG and CD99 genes, which span the pseudoautosomal boundary of the X and Y chromosomes. However, the molecular genetic background responsible for these blood groups has remained undetermined. During the present investigation, we initially conducted a pilot study aimed at individuals with different Xga/CD99 phenotypes; this used targeted next-generation sequencing of the genomic areas relevant to XG and CD99 This was followed by a large-scale association study that demonstrated a definite association between a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs311103 and the Xga/CD99 blood groups. The G and C genotypes of SNP rs311103 were associated with the Xg(a+)/CD99H and Xg(a-)/CD99L phenotypes, respectively. The rs311103 genomic region with the G genotype was found to have stronger transcription-enhancing activity by reporter assay, and this occurred specifically with erythroid-lineage cells. Such activity was absent when the same region with the C genotype was investigated. In silico analysis of the polymorphic rs311103 genomic regions revealed that a binding motif for members of the GATA transcription factor family was present in the rs311103[G] region. Follow-up investigations showed that the erythroid GATA1 factor is able to bind specifically to the rs311103[G] region and markedly stimulates the transcriptional activity of the rs311103[G] segment. The present findings identify the genetic basis of the erythroid-specific Xga/CD99 blood group phenotypes and reveal the molecular background of their formation.
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The X-Linked Analog of the Hardy-Weinberg Law. Twin Res Hum Genet 2018; 21:514-517. [PMID: 30392485 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2018.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The system of mating that maintains a general genotypic distribution among females with respect to an X-linked locus is defined. In particular, it is shown that Hardy-Weinberg proportions can be maintained with non-random mating.
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Pasello M, Manara MC, Scotlandi K. CD99 at the crossroads of physiology and pathology. J Cell Commun Signal 2018; 12:55-68. [PMID: 29305692 PMCID: PMC5842202 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0445-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CD99 is a cell surface protein with unique features and only partly defined mechanisms of action. This molecule is involved in crucial biological processes, including cell adhesion, migration, death, differentiation and diapedesis, and it influences processes associated with inflammation, immune responses and cancer. CD99 is frequently overexpressed in many types of tumors, particularly pediatric tumors including Ewing sarcoma and specific subtypes of leukemia. Engagement of CD99 induces the death of malignant cells through non-conventional mechanisms. In Ewing sarcoma, triggering of CD99 by specific monoclonal antibodies activates hyperstimulation of micropinocytosis and leads to cancer cells killing through a caspase-independent, non-apoptotic pathway resembling methuosis. This process is characterized by extreme accumulation of vacuoles in the cytoplasmic space, which compromises cell viability, requires the activation of RAS-Rac1 downstream signaling and appears to be rather specific for tumor cells. In addition, anti-CD99 monoclonal antibodies exhibit antitumor activities in xenografts in the absence of immune effector cells or complement proteins. Overall, these data establish CD99 as a new opportunity to treat patients with high expression of CD99, particularly those that are resistant to canonical apoptosis-inducing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Pasello
- Experimental Oncology Lab, CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Orthopaedic Rizzoli Institute, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maria Cristina Manara
- Experimental Oncology Lab, CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Orthopaedic Rizzoli Institute, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Katia Scotlandi
- Experimental Oncology Lab, CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Orthopaedic Rizzoli Institute, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy.
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Abstract
Since the first issue of TRANSFUSION in 1961, there has been a tremendous expansion in not only the number of blood group antigens identified but also in our knowledge of their biochemical basis, function, and more recently, associated DNA changes. As certain techniques became available, our ability to discover and elucidate blood group antigens and appreciate their contribution to biology became possible. In particular, Western blotting, monoclonal antibodies, cloning, and polymerase chain reaction-based assays have led to an explosion of our knowledge base. The study of blood groups has had a significant effect on human genetics where they serve as useful markers in genetic linkage analyses. Indeed blood groups have provided several "firsts" in certain aspects of genetics. Blood group-null phenotypes, as natural human knockouts, have provided valuable insights into the importance of red blood cell membrane components. This review summarizes key aspects of the discovery of blood groups; the inconsistent terminology that has arisen; and the contribution of blood groups to genetics, safe transfusion, transplantation, evolution, and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoff Daniels
- Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, Filton, Bristol, UK.
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Gandouz R, Kraiem I, Bierling P, Skouri H. [Xg gene frequencies in Tunisia]. Transfus Clin Biol 2008; 15:174-6. [PMID: 18789743 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a new case of anti-Xg(a) antibody found in a man who, after receiving six units of standard red blood cells, developed a minor nonhemolytic transfusion reaction (chills-hyperthermia). The patient sera was used for an immunophenotyping scale in 777 healthy Tunisian blood donors (678 men; 99 women). The phenotype frequencies of Xg(a+) and Xg(a-) were 67.4% and 32.6% in men and 89 and 11% in women, respectively. The gene frequencies of Xg(a) and Xg were 0.67 and 0.33, respectively. These frequencies are similar to that reported in predominantly white populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gandouz
- Laboratoire d'hématologie et banque du sang, 03/UR/08-18, CHU de Sahloul, 4000 Sousse, Tunisie
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Abstract
Experience gained in clinical genetics led to the fundamental idea of using X-chromosomal markers in a wide range of forensic applications. To date more than 30 STRs have been established as forensic markers. Joint typing of very tightly linked STRs yields stable haplotypes, and can be used for establishing the relationship between distant relatives, such as aunt-niece pairs and cousins. For such applications the new ChrX typing kit Argus X-8 which is commercially available now is a powerful tool. This paper is aimed at presenting a brief survey of historical developments and discussing present and future aspects of forensic X-chomosomal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Szibor
- Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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Daniels GL, Fletcher A, Garratty G, Henry S, Jørgensen J, Judd WJ, Levene C, Lomas-Francis C, Moulds JJ, Moulds JM, Moulds M, Overbeeke M, Reid ME, Rouger P, Scott M, Sistonen P, Smart E, Tani Y, Wendel S, Zelinski T. Blood group terminology 2004: from the International Society of Blood Transfusion committee on terminology for red cell surface antigens. Vox Sang 2005; 87:304-16. [PMID: 15585029 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2004.00564.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G L Daniels
- Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, Bristol, UK.
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Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC) blood group antigens are polymorphic, inherited, carbohydrate or protein structures located on the extracellular surface of the RBC membrane. They contribute to the architecture of the RBC membrane, and their individual function(s) are being slowly revealed. The biological qualities assigned to these RBC membrane structures are based on observed physiological alteration in RBCs that lack the component, by documenting similarities in its protein sequence (predicted from the nucleotide sequence of the gene) to proteins of known function and by extrapolation to identified functional homologues in other cells. The varied roles of RBC antigens include membrane structural integrity, the transport of molecules through the membrane, as receptors for extracellular ligands, adhesion molecules, enzymes, complement components and regulators, and in glycocalyx formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion E Reid
- Laboratology of Immunology and the Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, 310 E. 67th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Abstract
Biochemical and molecular genetic studies have revealed that blood group antigens are present on cell surface molecules of wide structural diversity, including carbohydrate epitopes on glycoproteins and/or glycolipids, and peptide antigens on proteins inserted within the membrane via single or multi-pass transmembrane domains, or via glycosylphosphatidylinositol linkages. These studies have also shown that some blood group antigens are carried by complexes consisting of several membrane components which may be lacking or severely deficient in rare blood group 'null' phenotypes. In addition, although all blood group antigens are serologically detectable on red blood cells (RBCs), most of them are also expressed in non-erythroid tissues, raising further questions on their physiological function under normal and pathological conditions. In addition to their structural diversity, blood group antigens also possess wide functional diversity, and can be schematically subdivided into five classes: i) transporters and channels; ii) receptors for ligands, viruses, bacteria and parasites; iii) adhesion molecules; iv) enzymes; and v) structural proteins. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent findings on these molecules, and in particular to illustrate the existing structure-function relationships.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anion Exchange Protein 1, Erythrocyte/chemistry
- Anion Exchange Protein 1, Erythrocyte/physiology
- Antigens, Protozoan
- Blood Group Antigens/chemistry
- Blood Group Antigens/classification
- Blood Group Antigens/genetics
- Blood Group Antigens/immunology
- Blood Group Antigens/physiology
- Blood Proteins/chemistry
- Blood Proteins/genetics
- Blood Proteins/immunology
- Blood Proteins/physiology
- Carrier Proteins/chemistry
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/immunology
- Carrier Proteins/physiology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/chemistry
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/immunology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/physiology
- Chromosomes, Human/genetics
- Enzymes/chemistry
- Enzymes/genetics
- Enzymes/immunology
- Enzymes/physiology
- Erythrocyte Membrane/chemistry
- Erythrocyte Membrane/immunology
- Erythrocytes/enzymology
- Erythrocytes/microbiology
- Erythrocytes/parasitology
- Erythrocytes/virology
- Genes
- Humans
- Integrins/chemistry
- Integrins/genetics
- Integrins/immunology
- Integrins/physiology
- Ion Channels/chemistry
- Ion Channels/genetics
- Ion Channels/immunology
- Ion Channels/physiology
- Models, Molecular
- Organ Specificity
- Protein Conformation
- Protozoan Proteins
- Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Receptors, HIV/physiology
- Rh-Hr Blood-Group System/chemistry
- Rh-Hr Blood-Group System/genetics
- Rh-Hr Blood-Group System/immunology
- Rh-Hr Blood-Group System/physiology
- Species Specificity
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Daniels GL, Anstee DJ, Cartron JP, Dahr W, Fletcher A, Garratty G, Henry S, Jørgensen J, Judd WJ, Kornstad L, Levene C, Lin M, Lomas-Francis C, Lubenko A, Moulds JJ, Moulds JM, Moulds M, Overbeeke M, Reid ME, Rouger P, Scott M, Sistonen P, Smart E, Tani Y, Wendel S, Zelinski T. International Society of Blood Transfusion Working Party on Terminology for Red Cell Surface Antigens. Vox Sang 2001; 80:193-7. [PMID: 11449960 DOI: 10.1046/j.1423-0410.2001.00024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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