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Giovagnoli AR, Parisi A. Fifty Years of Handedness Research: A Neurological and Methodological Update. Brain Sci 2024; 14:418. [PMID: 38790397 PMCID: PMC11117861 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14050418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Handedness, a complex human aspect that reflects the functional lateralization of the hemispheres, also interacts with the immune system. This study aimed to expand the knowledge of the lateralization of hand, foot, and eye activities in patients with immune-mediated (IM) or other (noIM) neurological diseases and to clarify the properties of the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI) in an Italian population. Three hundred thirty-four patients with IM or noIM diseases affecting the brain or spine and peripheral nervous system were interviewed about stressful events preceding the disease, subjective handedness, and familiarity for left-handedness or ambidexterity. The patients and 40 healthy subjects underwent EHI examination. In the whole group of participants, 24 items of the EHI were classified into five factors (Hand Transitive, Hand Refined, Hand Median, Foot, Eye), demonstrating good reliability and validity. Chronological age had a significant influence on hand and foot EHI factors and the laterality quotient (LQ), particularly on writing and painting. In the patient groups, EHI factors and the LQ were also predicted by age of disease onset, duration of disease, and family history of left-handedness or ambidexterity. No differences were found between patients and healthy subjects, but pencil use scored significantly lower in patients with IM diseases than in those with noIM brain diseases. These results demonstrate that the lateralization of hand and foot activities is not a fixed human aspect, but that it can change throughout life, especially for abstract and symbolic activities. Chronic neurological diseases can cause changes in handedness. This may explain why, unlike systemic immunological diseases, IM neurological diseases are not closely associated with left-handedness. In these patients, the long version of the EHI is appropriate for determining the lateralization of body activities to contextualize the neurological picture; therefore, these findings extend the Italian normative data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rita Giovagnoli
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milano, Italy;
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Avdic U, Ahl M, Öberg M, Ekdahl CT. Immune Profile in Blood Following Non-convulsive Epileptic Seizures in Rats. Front Neurol 2019; 10:701. [PMID: 31333561 PMCID: PMC6615316 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) is a prolonged epileptic seizure with subtle symptoms that may delay clinical diagnosis. Emerging experimental evidence shows brain pathology and epilepsy development following NCSE. New diagnostic/prognostic tools are therefore needed for earlier and better stratification of treatment. Here we examined whether NCSE initiates a peripheral immune response in blood serum from rats that experienced electrically-induced NCSE. ELISA analysis showed an acute transient increase in serum protein levels including interleukin-6 6 h post-NCSE, similar to the immune reaction in the brain. At 4 weeks post-NCSE, when 75% of rats subjected to NCSE had also developed spontaneous seizures, several immune proteins were altered. In particular, markers associated with microglia, macrophages and antigen presenting cells, such as CD68, MHCII, and galectin-3, were increased and the T-cell marker CD4 was decreased in serum compared to both non-stimulated controls and NCSE rats without spontaneous seizures, without correlation to interictal epileptiform activity. Analyses of serum following intracerebral injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) showed an acute increase in interleukin-6, but at 4 weeks unaltered levels of MHCII and galectin-3, an increase in CD8 and CD11b and a decrease in CD68. None of the increased serum protein levels after NCSE or LPS could be confirmed in spleen tissue. Our data identifies the possibility to detect peripheral changes in serum protein levels following NCSE, which may be related to the development of subsequent spontaneous seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Una Avdic
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Epilepsy Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Matilda Ahl
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Epilepsy Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Öberg
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Epilepsy Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christine T Ekdahl
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Epilepsy Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Myhrer T, Mariussen E, Aas P. Development of neuropathology following soman poisoning and medical countermeasures. Neurotoxicology 2018; 65:144-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Altintaş A, Özkara Ç, Sohtaoğlu Sevindik M, Uzan M, Kekik Çinar Ç, Uysal Ö, Savran Oğuz F. Cytokine Polymorphism and HLA Genotyping in Patients with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Related to Hippocampal Sclerosis. Noro Psikiyatr Ars 2018; 54:350-353. [PMID: 29321710 DOI: 10.5152/npa.2016.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is the most common pathological substrate associated with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE), where inflammatory processes are known to play an increasingly important role in the pathogenesis. To further investigate the role of the immune system, both cytokine gene polymorphisms and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotyping in patients with MTLE-HS were investigated. Methods The DNA samples of 100 patients with MTLE-HS and 201 healthy individuals were genotyped for cytokines (IL-6,IL-10, TNF-α, TGF-β1 and IFN-γ) and HLA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-SSP and SSO methods. The results were statistically analyzed in patient and healthy control groups and then according to the presence of febrile seizures (FS) in the patient group. Results Analysis of cytokine genotyping did not reveal any significant difference between patients with MTLE-HS and controls and patients with or without FS. However, the HLA DRB1*13 allele was found to be more frequent in the patient population after Bonferroni correction. Conclusion This study suggests the possible role of HLA in the pathogenesis of MTLE-HS, although it failed to show any relationship with the cytokine system. However, data regarding the role of HLA are still lacking, and further studies are necessary to verify our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Altintaş
- Department of Neurology, İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Çiğdem Özkara
- Department of Neurology, İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Mustafa Uzan
- Department of Neurosurgery, İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Çiğdem Kekik Çinar
- Department of Medical Biology, İstanbul University İstanbul School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ömer Uysal
- Department of Biostatistics and Medicine Informatics, Bezmialem Vakıf University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Savran Oğuz
- Department of Medical Biology, İstanbul University İstanbul School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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Up-regulated BAFF and BAFF receptor expression in patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy and a pilocarpine-induced epilepsy rat model. Seizure 2017; 48:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Noureldine MHA, Harifi G, Berjawi A, Haydar AA, Nader M, Elnawar R, Sweid A, Al Saleh J, Khamashta MA, Uthman I. Hughes syndrome and epilepsy: when to test for antiphospholipid antibodies? Lupus 2016; 25:1397-1411. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203316651747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy and seizures are reported among the neurological manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) at a prevalence rate of approximately 8%, which is nearly 10 times the prevalence of epilepsy in the general population. The association of seizures with antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) is even more significant in the presence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this review, we discuss the epidemiological, pathophysiological, laboratory, clinical, and radiological aspects of this association, and derive suggestions on when to consider testing for aPL in epileptic patients and how to manage seizures secondary to APS based on literature data. Epilepsy due to APS should be considered in young patients presenting with seizures of unknown origin. Temporal lobe epilepsy seems to be particularly prevalent in APS patients. The pathogenesis is complex and may not only involve micro-thrombosis, but also a possible immune-mediated neuronal damage. Patients with seizures and positive aPL tend to develop thrombocytopenia and livedo racemosa more frequently compared with those without aPL. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) remains the imaging modality of choice in these patients. The presence of SLE and the presence of neurological symptoms significantly correlate with the presence of white matter changes on MRI. In contrast, the correlation between aPL positivity and the presence of white matter changes is very weak. Furthermore, MRI can be normal in more than 30–40% of neuropsychiatric lupus patients with or without aPL. aPL testing is recommended in young patients presenting with atypical seizures and multiple hyper-intensity lesions on brain MRI in the absence of other possible conditions. New MRI techniques can better understand the pathology of brain damage in neuro-APS. The therapeutic management of epileptic APS patients relies on anti-epileptic treatment and anticoagulant agents when there is evidence of a thrombotic event. In the absence of consensual recommendations, the decision of lifelong anticoagulation is discussed on a case-by-case basis. The anti-thrombotic benefit of hydroxychloroquine and statins is supported by several studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H A Noureldine
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - G Harifi
- Department of Rheumatology, Dubai Hospital, Dubai, UAE
| | - A Berjawi
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - A A Haydar
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - M Nader
- Department of Neurology, Lebanese American University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - R Elnawar
- Département de Neurologie, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - A Sweid
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lebanese American University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - J Al Saleh
- Department of Rheumatology, Dubai Hospital, Dubai, UAE
| | - M A Khamashta
- Department of Rheumatology, Dubai Hospital, Dubai, UAE
- Division of Women’s Health, St Thomas’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - I Uthman
- Division of Rheumatology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Determination of anti-convulsant and life-preserving capacities of three types of auto-injector therapies against soman intoxication in rats. Drug Test Anal 2012; 5:693-701. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Fiala M, Avagyan H, Merino JJ, Bernas M, Valdivia J, Espinosa-Jeffrey A, Witte M, Weinand M. Chemotactic and mitogenic stimuli of neuronal apoptosis in patients with medically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 20:59-69. [PMID: 22444245 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
To identify the upstream signals of neuronal apoptosis in patients with medically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), we evaluated by immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy brain tissues of 13 TLE patients and 5 control patients regarding expression of chemokines and cell-cycle proteins. The chemokine RANTES (CCR5) and other CC-chemokines and apoptotic markers (caspase-3, -8, -9) were expressed in lateral temporal cortical and hippocampal neurons of TLE patients, but not in neurons of control cases. The chemokine RANTES is usually found in cytoplasmic and extracellular locations. However, in TLE neurons, RANTES was displayed in an unusual location, the neuronal nuclei. In addition, the cell-cycle regulatory transcription factor E2F1 was found in an abnormal location in neuronal cytoplasm. The pro-inflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 and cytokine interleukin-1β were expressed both in neurons of patients suffering from temporal lobe epilepsy and from cerebral trauma. The vessels showed fibrin leakage, perivascular macrophages and expression of IL-6 on endothelial cells. In conclusion, the cytoplasmic effects of E2F1 and nuclear effects of RANTES might have novel roles in neuronal apoptosis of TLE neurons and indicate a need to develop new medical and/or surgical neuroprotective strategies against apoptotic signaling by these molecules. Both RANTES and E2F1 signaling are upstream from caspase activation, thus the antagonists of RANTES and/or E2F1 blockade might be neuroprotective for patients with medically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy. The results have implications for the development of new medical and surgical therapies based on inhibition of chemotactic and mitogenic stimuli of neuronal apoptosis in patients with medically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Fiala
- Department of Medicine, Greater LA VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90073, United States; UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
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Sumner RC, Parton A, Nowicky AV, Kishore U, Gidron Y. Hemispheric lateralisation and immune function: A systematic review of human research. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 240-241:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Godukhin OV, Levin SG, Parnyshkova EY. The effects of interleukin-10 on the development of epileptiform activity in the hippocampus induced by transient hypoxia, bicuculline, and electrical kindling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 39:625-31. [PMID: 19621265 DOI: 10.1007/s11055-009-9187-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The comparative effects of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 on the development of epileptiform activity were studied in hippocampal field CA1 neurons in different models of epileptogenesis not accompanied by visible morphological lesions in brain cells: 1) a model of hypoxic kindling in rat hippocampal slices; 2) a disinhibitory model of epileptogenesis in rat hippocampal slices using the GABAA receptor blocker bicuculline; and 3) a partial electrical kindling model in intact rats. Interleukin-10 (1 ng/ml) blocked the development of post-hypoxic hyperexcitability of field CA1 pyramidal neurons in hippocampal slices, decreasing the effectiveness of hypoxia in suppressing neuron activity during the hypoxic episode. Interleukin-10 had no effect on the initiation of epileptiform activity in pyramidal neurons induced by the proconvulsant bicuculline. Single intrahippocampal injections of interleukin-10 at a dose of 1 ng in 5 microl suppressed the development of focal convulsions ("ictal" discharges) at the stimulation site in partial kindling in freely moving animals for several hours after administration. However, this cytokine had no effect on the duration of the "interictal" component of focal afterdischarges or on the severity of behavioral seizures. These results show that the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10, at the concentrations used here, has not only antihypoxic activity, but also a protective effect in relation to the initiation of the "ictal," but not the "interictal" component of epileptiform activity in hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Godukhin
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia.
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Alapirtti T, Rinta S, Hulkkonen J, Mäkinen R, Keränen T, Peltola J. Interleukin-6, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and interleukin-1beta production in patients with focal epilepsy: A video-EEG study. J Neurol Sci 2009; 280:94-7. [PMID: 19272615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2009.02.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Experimental and clinical studies have shown that prolonged seizures result in increased cytokine production in the central nervous system. The purpose of this study was to examine plasma concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) in 20 patients with epilepsy undergoing a video-EEG study. Plasma samples were obtained at the onset of the recordings and 3, 6, 12 and 24 h after the index seizure. Localization of the seizure focus and classification of epilepsy was based on concordant electroclinical findings in the video-EEG study, and on MRI examination. Patients were divided into two groups: temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) (n=11), and extratemporal lobe epilepsy (XLE) (n=9). RESULTS Only the TLE group showed significant increase in plasma levels of IL-6 peaking at 6 h postictally. Postictal plasma levels of IL-1RA and IL-1beta did not significantly differ from baseline levels in either of the patient groups. IL-1RA showed a decreasing trend (p>0.059) in TLE patients during 12 to 24 postictal hours. CONCLUSIONS This study further supports the role of focal seizures in regulation of cytokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Alapirtti
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
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Bauer S, Köller M, Cepok S, Todorova-Rudolph A, Nowak M, Nockher WA, Lorenz R, Tackenberg B, Oertel WH, Rosenow F, Hemmer B, Hamer HM. NK and CD4+ T cell changes in blood after seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy. Exp Neurol 2008; 211:370-7. [PMID: 18387608 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Revised: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Immunological phenomena may affect the course of focal epilepsy. We analyzed prospectively the pre- and postictal distribution of leukocyte subsets in epileptic patients. METHODS Twenty-two patients (age 36.6+/-10.8 years, 50% men) with temporal lobe epilepsy were included. Distribution of leukocyte subsets and serum levels of epinephrine were measured in peripheral blood immediately and 24 h after seizures and compared to baseline values. RESULTS In the immediate postictal state (10+/-6 min), we observed a significant relative increase of total leukocytes (42%, p=0.0004), neutrophil leukocytes (55%, p=0.0007), total lymphocytes (45%, p=0.0019), natural killer (NK) cells (104%, p=0.0017), and epinephrine (454%, p=0.0014). CD4(+) T cells decreased by 13% (p=0.0113). These postictal changes remained significant considering only complex partial seizures (n=17). The alterations were more pronounced in patients with hippocampal sclerosis. Treatment with valproic acid (VPA) was accompanied by a greater postictal decrease of CD4(+) T cells (25% compared to 5% in patients without VPA, p=0.041) while treatment with levetiracetam (LEV) correlated with a low postictal increase of NK-like T cells (4% versus 41%, p=0.016). Twenty-four hours after the seizures the alterations had resolved. CONCLUSION Profound postictal changes in the immune cell composition of the peripheral blood may have been mediated by epinephrine release. The greater immune response in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy due to hippocampal sclerosis may reflect a close relationship between mesial temporal structures and the sympathetic nerve system. VPA and LEV may have an impact on seizure induced immunological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bauer
- Department of Neurology, University of Marburg, Rudolf-Bultmann-Str. 8, 35033 Marburg, Germany.
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Moynihan JA, Santiago FM. Brain behavior and immunity: twenty years of T cells. Brain Behav Immun 2007; 21:872-80. [PMID: 17681745 PMCID: PMC2014094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During the period from 1987 to 2007, our understanding of nervous system-T lymphocyte bi-directional communication advanced exponentially. Progress in exploring these relationships was aided by the constant development of new, cutting-edge technologies, and by a steady growth in interest, and number, of scientists who recognized the need to conduct cross-disciplinary research. In this brief review of 20 years of Brain, Behavior, and Immunity (BBI), we highlight just a small number of the important studies published in the journal that collectively have provided the foundation for our current understanding of brain, behavior, and, specifically, T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan A Moynihan
- Rochester Center for Mind-Body Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Braun CMJ. Evolution of hemispheric specialisation of antagonistic systems of management of the body's energy resources. Laterality 2007; 12:397-427. [PMID: 17712712 DOI: 10.1080/13576500701458875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Excellent and rich reviews of lateralised behaviour in animals have recently been published indexing renewed interest in biological theorising about hemispheric specialisation and yielding rich theory. The present review proposes a new account of the evolution of hemispheric specialisation, a primitive system of "management of the body's energy resources". This model is distinct from traditionally evoked cognitive science categories such as verbal/spatial, analytic/holistic, etc., or the current dominant neuroethological model proposing that the key is approach/avoidance behaviour. Specifically, I show that autonomic, immune, psychomotor, motivational, perceptual, and memory systems are similarly and coherently specialised in the brain hemispheres in rodents and man. This energy resource management model, extended to human neuropsychology, is termed here the "psychic tonus" model of hemispheric specialisation.
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Burkovetskaya ME, Levin SG, Godukhin OV. Neuroprotective effects of interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor-α against hypoxia-induced hyperexcitability in hippocampal slice neurons. Neurosci Lett 2007; 416:236-40. [PMID: 17376594 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Revised: 11/25/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In our previous experiments we have demonstrated that repeated exposures of rat hippocampal slices to brief episodes of hypoxia induce a sustained decrease in the threshold of stimulus-evoked epileptiform discharges in CA1 pyramidal neurons. The aim of this study was to investigate the comparative effects of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) on the hyperexcitability of CA1 pyramidal neurons induced by brief episodes of hypoxia in the rat hippocampal slices. The method of field potentials measurement in CA1 region of hippocampal slices have been described in our previous work [O. Godukhin, A. Savin, S. Kalemenev, S. Levin, Neuronal hyperexcitability induced by repeated brief episodes of hypoxia in rat hippocampal slices: involvement of ionotropic glutamate receptors and L-type Ca2+ channels, Neuropharmacology 42 (2002) 459-466]. The principal results of our work are summarized as follow. Pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha (0.8, 4 and 20 ng/ml) and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (1 and 10 ng/ml) significantly reduced the hyperexcitability in CA1 pyramidal neurons induced by brief episodes of hypoxia in the rat hippocampal slices. The neuroprotective effects of IL-10 and TNF-alpha against the hypoxia-induced hyperexcitability were mediated by anti-hypoxic actions of these cytokines through, possibly, mechanism of preconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Burkovetskaya
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysiscs of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
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Bhatt R, Bhatt S, Rameshwar P, Siegel A. Long-term kindled seizures induce alterations in hematopoietic functions: role of serum leptin. Epilepsy Res 2005; 65:169-78. [PMID: 16040233 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2005.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Revised: 03/30/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies conducted in our laboratory have demonstrated marked increases in both serum leptin levels and colony numbers in bone marrow progenitor cells following long-term kindled seizures in rats. The present study sought to determine whether such changes in hematopoietic functions following kindling are linked to increased serum leptin levels. Kindled stage V seizures were induced for 30 days in Sprague-Dawley rats by stimulation of the basal complex of amygdala. The results revealed colony numbers in colony forming units-granulocyte/macrophage (CFU-GM) cultures from kindled rats increased significantly, an effect that was blocked by the presence of an anti-leptin antibody. The results further demonstrated that the addition of serum obtained from kindled rats to CFU-GM cultures from control rats significantly increased the numbers of colonies relative to non-serum added cultures. Moreover, the proliferative effects of serum from kindled rats were also blocked by adding an anti-leptin antibody. These findings were confirmed from the observations that the long isoform of the leptin receptor, which is capable of signal transduction, was present only in kindled, but not in control rats. Thus, the results provide evidence that the hematopoietic changes observed following long-term kindling are directly associated with elevated serum leptin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Bhatt
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, MSB, H-512, University of Medicine and Dentistry, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Bhatt R, Bhatt S, Hameed M, Rameshwar P, Siegel A. Amygdaloid kindled seizures can induce functional and pathological changes in thymus of rat: role of the sympathetic nervous system. Neurobiol Dis 2005; 21:127-37. [PMID: 16084731 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2005.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2005] [Revised: 06/03/2005] [Accepted: 06/15/2005] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study sought to determine the effects of long-term kindled seizures of the basal amygdala upon immune function in rat, utilizing the thymus, as a principal target for study. Histopathology from kindled Sprague-Dawley rats revealed the presence of epithelial cell thymoma in 70% of these rats. The results revealed an increased rate of apoptosis and proliferation in thymic epithelial cells. Analysis of thymocytes indicated a decrease in the ratio of CD4 to CD8 positive T cells and reduced proliferative response to T-cell mitogens. To determine whether these effects were mediated through the sympathetic nervous system, animals were treated with guanethidine, which blocked the development of epithelial cell thymomas, while mifepristone treatment, employed to determine the possible role of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, was ineffective in attenuating thymoma development. Thus, the present study demonstrated that functional and pathological changes in the thymus during kindled seizures are mediated through the sympathetic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Bhatt
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Billiau AD, Wouters CH, Lagae LG. Epilepsy and the immune system: is there a link? Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2005; 9:29-42. [PMID: 15701565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2004.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2004] [Revised: 10/27/2004] [Accepted: 10/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The concept that the immune system plays a role in the epileptogenic process of some epileptic syndromes was first proposed more than 20 years ago. Since then, numerous studies have reported on the existence of a variety of immunological alterations in epileptic patients, on the observation of favourable responses of refractory epilepsy syndromes to immunomodulatory treatment, and on the association of certain well-known immune-mediated disease states with epilepsy. This review comprehensively recapitulates the currently available evidence supporting or arguing against the possible involvement of the immune system in the pathogenesis of certain types of epilepsy. It is concluded that an abundance of facts is in support of this concept and that further studies should be directed at substantiating the pathogenic significance of (auto)immune responses in certain types of epilepsy. Current progress in the functional and molecular immunological research techniques will indisputably contribute to the elucidation of this link.
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Affiliation(s)
- An D Billiau
- Pediatric Rheumatology Department, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies conducted in epilepsy patients and experimental animals have suggested a linkage between seizure activity and alterations in immune functions. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. The present study sought to determine whether chronic seizures result in changes in hematopoietic functions that contribute to alterations in immune function. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with electrodes in the basal amygdala or frontal cortex for induction of focal seizures by kindling. After inducing stage 5 seizures for 30 days, rats were sacrificed and assays for colony-forming units granulocyte/macrophage (CFU-GM) were performed to study progenitor cell functions. Long-term culture-initiating culture (LTC-IC) assays were employed to determine the effects of kindling upon bone marrow stroma. A Western blot for caspase-3 and CFU-GM assays from peripheral blood were used to determine the cause of reduced cellularity of bone marrow. RESULTS Kindled seizures of the basal amygdala resulted in decreases in bone marrow cellularity and hyperproliferation of colony-forming cells in peripheral blood and bone marrow. Modified LTC-IC assays, where co-cultures of bone marrow cells and stroma from experimental animals were employed, revealed that hyperproliferation of progenitor cells was not associated with alterations in stromal functions. The changes observed in this study were associated with seizure foci in the basal amygdaloid complex but not the frontal cortex. CONCLUSION Kindled seizures of the basal amygdala induce hyperproliferation of bone marrow progenitor cells, suggesting that alterations in immunological functions observed following seizure activity may be due to changes in hematopoietic functions. Such changes appear to be site specific within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Bhatt
- Department of Neurosciences, MSB, H-512, University of Medicine and Dentistry, Newark, NJ 07104, USA
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