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Peng J, Zhang S, Han F, Wang Z. C1QBP is a critical component in the immune response of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) against visceral white spot disease caused by Pseudomonas plecoglossicida. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 146:109372. [PMID: 38218420 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
The large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) stands as a cornerstone of mariculture in China due to its significant value. However, the threat of Pseudomonas plecoglossicida infection looms large, capable of triggering "visceral white spot disease" and subsequently inflicting severe economic ramifications. Through a prior genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) aimed at understanding the resistance of the large yellow croaker to this ailment, a pivotal player emerged: the complement component 1q binding protein, aptly named LcC1qbp. This protein assumes a crucial role in the activation of the complement system. This study delves deeper into the immune response by examining the expression patterns of LcC1QBP when confronted with P. plecoglossicida. The investigation into gene expression patterns reveals LcC1qbp's widespread presence, with its highest transcriptional abundance identified in the kidney tissues. Upon infection by P. plecoglossicida, the up-regulation of LcC1qbp in major immune organs manifests at both the transcriptional and translational levels. In the context of RNA interference, transcriptome analysis of C1qbp in HEK 293T cells uncovers 1327 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), featuring 41 significant immune genes. This includes pivotal components such as C1S and C3 of the complement system, along with IL11, IL12RB2, and Myd88, among others. The outcomes of enrichment analysis spotlight the prevalence of DEGs within key pathways like immune system development, myeloid leukocyte-mediated immunity, MAPK signaling, and other immune-related routes. By unveiling the immune response mechanisms of the large yellow croaker to P. plecoglossicida infection, this study bolsters our understanding. Furthermore, it lays the groundwork for pursuing effective strategies in both preventing and treating "visceral white spot disease" in the large yellow croaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources and Eco-environment, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361000, PR China
| | - Sen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources and Eco-environment, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361000, PR China
| | - Fang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources and Eco-environment, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361000, PR China.
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources and Eco-environment, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361000, PR China
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2
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Yu X, Miao Z, Zhang L, Zhu L, Sheng H. Extraction, purification, structure characteristics, biological activities and pharmaceutical application of Bupleuri Radix Polysaccharide: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 237:124146. [PMID: 36965565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Bupleuri Radix (BR), as a well-known plant medicine of relieving exterior syndrome, has a long history of usage in China. Bupleuri Radix Polysaccharide (BRP), as the main component and an important bioactive substance of BR, has a variety of pharmacological activities, including immunoregulation, antioxidant, antitumor, anti-diabetic and anti-aging, etc. In this review, the advancements on extraction, purification, structure characteristics, biological activities and pharmaceutical application of BRP from different sources (Bupleurum chinense DC., Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd., Bupleurum falcatum L. and Bupleurum smithii Woiff. var. Parvifolium Shan et Y. Li.) are summarized. Meanwhile, this review makes an in-depth discussion on the shortcomings of the research on BRP, and new valuable insights for the future researches of BRP are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Yu
- College of pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 4655 Daxue Road, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Zhuang Miao
- College of pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 4655 Daxue Road, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Lizhen Zhang
- College of pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 4655 Daxue Road, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Liqiao Zhu
- College of pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 4655 Daxue Road, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Huagang Sheng
- College of pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 4655 Daxue Road, Jinan 250355, China.
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3
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Ding X, Qamar A, Liu H. The complement system testing in clinical laboratory. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 541:117238. [PMID: 36746263 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With the advancement in research in the field of the complement system, a more comprehensive understanding developed about the complement system's role in the life process of an organism. It is a system of innate immune surveillance. This system plays a pivotal role in host defense against pathogens, inflammation, B and T cell homeostasis. Complement system analysis has a significant advantage in the assessment of the immune system status, diagnosis and prognosis of diseases, and medication guidelines. Currently, complement system testing is neither yet widely used across all clinical laboratoriesnor are the testing protocols yet systematic. Based on the current research, it is suggested that the analysis of complement activator-activated complement activity and total complement activity would be comprehensively assessed to evaluate the complement system's immunological function, and combine of the detection of its components to establish a systematic protocol for the complement system testing in the clinical laboratory. This article reviews the complement system's physiological role, disease relevance and the current testing status in clinical laboratories. Further more, some suggestions have also been provided for the preparation of complement standards i.e., the standardized preparation process for complement standards seems to be a feasible option given the easy inactivation of complement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Ding
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Ayub Qamar
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
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4
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Complement C3 Regulates Inflammatory Response and Monocyte/Macrophage Phagocytosis of Streptococcus agalactiae in a Teleost Fish. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415586. [PMID: 36555227 PMCID: PMC9779060 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is composed of a complex protein network and is pivotal to innate immunity. Complement 3 (C3) is a critical protein in the complement cascade and participates in complement activation and immune defense. In this study, C3 from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was cloned and its function in resisting pathogen infection was characterized. The full length of OnC3 open reading frame is 4974 bp, encoding 1657 aa, and the predicted protein mass weight is 185.93 kDa. The OnC3 amino acid sequence contains macroglobulin domains. The expression pattern of OnC3 mRNA in the tissues of healthy fish was detected, with the highest in the liver and the lowest in the muscle. After challenged with Streptococcus agalactiae and Aeromonas hydrophila, the expression of OnC3 mRNA was significantly up-regulated in the liver, spleen, and head kidney. Further, the recombinant OnC3 protein alleviated the inflammatory response and pathological damage of tissues after infected with S. agalactiae. Moreover, the OnC3 promoted the phagocytosis of monocytes/macrophages to S. agalactiae. The data obtained in this study provide a theoretical reference for in-depth understanding of C3 in host defense against bacterial infection and the immunomodulatory roles in teleost fish.
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Bahniuk MS, Ortega VA, Alshememry AK, Stafford JL, Goss GG, Unsworth LD. Effect of amino acid composition of elastin-like polypeptide nanoparticles on nonspecific protein adsorption, macrophage cell viability and phagocytosis. Biopolymers 2021; 112:e23468. [PMID: 34363693 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Development of elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) biomaterials is widespread, but information critical for clinical deployment is limited, with biocompatibility studies focused on a narrow cross-section of ELP sequences. Macrophages can impair biomaterial systems by degrading or isolating the biomaterial and by activating additional immune functions. Their phagocytic response will reveal early immune biocompatibility of ELP nanoparticles (NPs). This study examines that response, induced by the adsorbed protein corona, as a function of ELP guest amino acid, chain length and NP diameter. The breadth of proteins adsorbed to ELP NPs varied, with valine-containing ELP NPs adsorbing fewer types of proteins than leucine-containing constructs. Particle diameter was also a factor, with smaller leucine-containing ELP NPs adsorbing the broadest range of proteins. Macrophage viability was unaffected by the ELP NPs, and their phagocytic capabilities were unimpeded except when incubated with a 500 nm valine-containing 40-mer. This NP significantly decreased the phagocytic capacity of macrophages relative to the control and to a corresponding 500 nm leucine-containing 40-mer. NP size and the proportion of opsonin to dysopsonin proteins likely influenced this outcome. These results suggest that certain combinations of ELP sequence and particle size can result in an adsorbed protein corona, which may hinder macrophage function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markian S Bahniuk
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Van A Ortega
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Abdullah K Alshememry
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Larry D Unsworth
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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6
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Zheng S, Yu S, Fan X, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Lin L, Wang H, Pan Y, Li C. Porphyromonas gingivalis survival skills: Immune evasion. J Periodontal Res 2021; 56:1007-1018. [PMID: 34254681 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition that destroys the tooth-supporting tissues and eventually leads to tooth loss. As one of the most prevalent oral conditions, periodontitis endangers the oral health of 70% of people throughout the world. Periodontitis is also related to various systemic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis, which not only has a great impact on population health status and the quality of life but also increases the social burden. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is a gram-negative oral anaerobic bacterium that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Porphyromonas gingivalis can express various of virulence factors to overturn innate and adaptive immunities, which makes P. gingivalis survive and propagate in the host, destroy periodontal tissues, and have connection to systemic diseases. Porphyromonas gingivalis can invade into and survive in host tissues by destructing the gingival epithelial barrier, internalizing into the epithelial cells, and enhancing autophagy in epithelial cells. Deregulation of complement system, degradation of antibacterial peptides, and destruction of phagocyte functions facilitate the evasion of P. gingivalis. Porphyromonas gingivalis can also suppress adaptive immunity, which allows P. gingivalis to exist in the host tissues and cause the inflammatory response persistently. Here, we review studies devoted to understanding the strategies utilized by P. gingivalis to escape host immunity. Methods for impairing P. gingivalis immune evasion are also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowen Zheng
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shiwen Yu
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaomiao Fan
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yonghuan Zhang
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yangyang Sun
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang, China
| | - Yaping Pan
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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7
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Polymer-coated nanoparticle protein corona formation potentiates phagocytosis of bacteria by innate immune cells and inhibits coagulation in human plasma. Biointerphases 2020; 15:051003. [DOI: 10.1116/6.0000385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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8
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Human plasma protein adsorption to elastin-like polypeptide nanoparticles. Biointerphases 2020; 15:021007. [DOI: 10.1116/6.0000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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9
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Huang D, Shen J, Li J, Bai Z. Integrated transcriptome analysis of immunological responses in the pearl sac of the triangle sail mussel (Hyriopsis cumingii) after mantle implantation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 90:385-394. [PMID: 31075406 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
For pearl culture of bivalve Hyriopsis cumingii, implantation of the sabio may cause nucleus discharge and increased host death rates. We performed a transcriptome analysis of the pearl sac of H. cumingii for 30 days after mantle implantation; 293863 unigenes were obtained, and 27176 unigenes were identified using nr, nt, KO, Swiss-Prot, Pfam, GO, and KOG databases. We detected 4878 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) through pairwise comparisons. We speculated that the physical condition of the recipient mussels returned to normal in about one month; the period was divided into six vital phases (0, 2 h-6 h, 12 h-24 h, 48 h to 7 days, 14 days and 30 days) on the basis of the overall similarities in DEGs. We compared the DEGs between time points and identified key immune-related genes. Our findings provide information on the immunological reactions induced by implantation in pearl mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources for Freshwater Aquaculture and Fisheries, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jiexuan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources for Freshwater Aquaculture and Fisheries, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jiale Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources for Freshwater Aquaculture and Fisheries, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Zhiyi Bai
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources for Freshwater Aquaculture and Fisheries, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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10
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Safaei Nikouei N, Vakili MR, Bahniuk MS, Unsworth L, Akbari A, Wu J, Lavasanifar A. Thermoreversible hydrogels based on triblock copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol) and carboxyl functionalized poly(ε-caprolactone): The effect of carboxyl group substitution on the transition temperature and biocompatibility in plasma. Acta Biomater 2015; 12:81-92. [PMID: 25451305 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study we report on the development, characterization and plasma protein interaction of novel thermoresponsive in situ hydrogels based on triblock copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(α-carboxyl-co-benzyl carboxylate)-ε-caprolactone (PCBCL) having two different degrees of carboxyl group substitution on the PCBCL block. Block copolymers were synthesized through ring-opening polymerization of α-benzyl carboxylate-ε-caprolactone by dihydroxy PEG, leading to the production of poly(α-benzyl carboxylate-ε-caprolactone)-PEG-poly(α-benzyl carboxylate-ε-caprolactone) (PBCL-PEG-PBCL). This was followed by partial debenzylation of PBCL blocks under controlled conditions, leading to the preparation of PCBCL-PEG-PCBCL triblock copolymers with 30 and 54mol.% carboxyl group substitution. Prepared PCBCL-PEG-PCBCL block copolymers have been shown to have a concentration-dependent sol to gel transition as a result of an increase in temperature above ∼29°C, as evidenced by the inverse flow method, differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis. The sol-gel transition temperature/concentration and dynamic mechanical properties of the gel were found to be dependent on the level of carboxyl group substitution. Both hydrogels (30 and 54mol.% carboxyl group substitution) showed similar amounts of protein adsorption but striking differences in the profiles of the adsorbed proteome. Additionally, the two systems showed similarities in their clot formation kinetics but substantial differences in clot endpoints. The results show great promise for the above-mentioned thermoreversible in situ hydrogels as biocompatible materials for biomedical applications.
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11
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Bahniuk MS, Pirayesh H, Singh HD, Nychka JA, Unsworth LD. Bioactive Glass 45S5 Powders: Effect of Synthesis Route and Resultant Surface Chemistry and Crystallinity on Protein Adsorption from Human Plasma. Biointerphases 2012; 7:41. [DOI: 10.1007/s13758-012-0041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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12
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BSA Nanoparticles for siRNA Delivery: Coating Effects on Nanoparticle Properties, Plasma Protein Adsorption, and In Vitro siRNA Delivery. Int J Biomater 2012; 2012:584060. [PMID: 22919392 PMCID: PMC3420107 DOI: 10.1155/2012/584060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing vehicles for the delivery of therapeutic molecules, like siRNA, is an area of active research. Nanoparticles composed of bovine serum albumin, stabilized via the adsorption of poly-L-lysine (PLL), have been shown to be potentially inert drug-delivery vehicles. With the primary goal of reducing nonspecific protein adsorption, the effect of using comb-type structures of poly(ethylene glycol) (1 kDa, PEG) units conjugated to PLL (4.2 and 24 kDa) on BSA-NP properties, apparent siRNA release rate, cell viability, and cell uptake were evaluated. PEGylated PLL coatings resulted in NPs with ζ-potentials close to neutral. Incubation with platelet-poor plasma showed the composition of the adsorbed proteome was similar for all systems. siRNA was effectively encapsulated and released in a sustained manner from all NPs. With 4.2 kDa PLL, cellular uptake was not affected by the presence of PEG, but PEG coating inhibited uptake with 24 kDa PLL NPs. Moreover, 24 kDa PLL systems were cytotoxic and this cytotoxicity was diminished upon PEG incorporation. The overall results identified a BSA-NP coating structure that provided effective siRNA encapsulation while reducing ζ-potential, protein adsorption, and cytotoxicity, necessary attributes for in vivo application of drug-delivery vehicles.
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Complement Proteins (C1est, C4, C6), Circulating Immune Complexes and the Repeated Bout Effect. HUMAN MOVEMENT 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/v10038-010-0026-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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14
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Bani-Ahmad M, El-Amouri IS, Ko CM, Lin F, Tang-Feldman Y, Oakley OR. The role of decay accelerating factor in the immunopathogenesis of cytomegalovirus infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 163:199-206. [PMID: 21166665 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide variety of the host immune elements play an influential role in the defence against cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. However, the role of complement in the clearance of CMV infection is less well studied. Decay accelerating factor (DAF/CD55) is a membrane-bound complement regulatory protein that inhibits the formation and accelerates the decay of C3-convertase. Here we hypothesize that murine CMV (MCMV) utilizes DAF as an immunoevasive strategy through down-regulation of host adaptive responses against the virus. To test our hypothesis, DAF knock-out (DAF KO) C57BL/6 mice and wild-type (WT) littermates were infected with a sublethal dose of MCMV, and their immune responses were compared. WT mice lost 7·8% of their initial weight within the first 4 days after infection and quickly began to recover. This is in contrast to the DAF KO mice, that lost a total of 19·4% of their initial weight and did not start recovery until 6 days post-infection. Flow cytometric analysis of lung digests revealed that infected DAF KO mice had a significantly increased infiltration of inflammatory cells, the majority being CD8(+) T lymphocytes. Serum levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ were also increased markedly in the DAF KO mice compared to the infected WT mice. More interestingly, increased viral genome copies (DNA) in the splenocytes of DAF KO mice was accompanied with mRNA transcripts in the DAF KO mice, an indication of active viral replication. These data suggest an intriguing effect of reduced DAF expression on host responses following in vivo MCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bani-Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
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15
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Kusner LL, Kaminski HJ, Soltys J. Effect of complement and its regulation on myasthenia gravis pathogenesis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 4:43-52. [PMID: 20477586 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.4.1.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is primarily caused by antibodies directed towards the skeletal muscle acetylcholine receptor, leading to muscle weakness. Although these antibodies may induce compromise of neuromuscular transmission by blocking acetylcholine receptor function or antigenic modulation, the predominant mechanism of injury to the neuromuscular junction is complement-mediated lysis of the postsynaptic membrane. The vast majority of data to support the role of complement derives from experimentally acquired MG (EAMG). In this article, we review studies that demonstrate the central role of complement in EAMG and MG pathogenesis along with the emerging role of complement in T- and B-cell function, as well as the potential for complement inhibitor-based therapy to treat human MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Kusner
- Department of Neurology & Psychiatry, Saint Louis University, 1438 South Grand Blvd, St Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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16
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Araujo Z, González N, de Cubeddu L, Ziegler RC, de Waard JH, Giampietro F, Garzaro D, Pujol FH, de Serrano NC, de Saboin AG. Levels of complement C3 and C4 components in Amerindians living in an area with high prevalence of tuberculosis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2006; 101:359-64. [PMID: 16951804 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762006000400003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The levels of complement C3 and C4 components were determined in non-indigenous (creoles) and indigenous (Warao) populations, the latter with an extremely high tuberculosis (TB) rate. Serum samples from 209 adults were studied and classified in 4 groups taking into account tuberculin skin tests (TST): (1) the group of Warao patients (58 positive for the TST, WP TST+ and 9 negative for the TST, WP TST-), (2) the group of creole patients (34 positive for the TST, CP TST+ and 9 negative for the TST, CP TST-), (3) the group of healthy Warao controls (38 positive and 14 negative for TST, WC TST+ and WC TST-, respectively), (4) the creole controls (26 positive and 21 negative for the TST, CC TST+ and CC TST-, respectively). With respect to the results concerning the measurement of both complement C3 and C4 components with the exception of the WC TST and the CC groups, the WP TST+ and WP TST- as well as WC TST+ groups showed a significant frequency of individuals with decreased levels of complement C3 component (20.6, 33.3, and 26.3%, respectively) and also C4 component (12.0, 11.1, and 13.3%, respectively) in comparison to both creole patients (CP TST+, 8.82% and CP TST-, 0% and CP TST+, 5.88% and CP TST-, 0%) for C3 and C4, respectively. The study of these parameters carried out in 15 Warao subjects with active infection, before and after anti-TB chemotherapy,statisticallyconfirmedthat the effective chemotherapy did not restore normal levels of the complement C3 and C4 components among Warao patients. Aditional tests for hepatitis B or hepatitis C infection, and the profile of the hepatic proteins were not associated to the deficiency in production of the complement components. In conclusion, the results show that within the Warao population, a high percentage of subjects exhibit decreased levels of both complement C3 and C4 components independent of latent or active infection and the status of TST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaida Araujo
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Escuela de Medicina José María Vargas, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas.
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Boshra H, Li J, Sunyer JO. Recent advances on the complement system of teleost fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 20:239-62. [PMID: 15950490 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2005] [Accepted: 04/04/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The complement system plays an essential role in alerting the host of the presence of potential pathogens, as well as in their clearing. In addition, activation of the complement system contributes significantly in the orchestration and development of an acquired immune response. Although the complement system has been studied extensively in mammals, considerably less is known about complement in lower vertebrates, in particular teleost fish. Here we review our current understanding of the role of fish complement in phagocytosis, respiratory burst, chemotaxis and cell lysis. We also thoroughly review the specific complement components characterized thus far in various teleost fish species. In addition, we provide a comprehensive compilation on complement host-pathogen interactions, in which we analyze the role of fish complement in host defense against bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. From a more physiological perspective, we evaluate the knowledge accumulated on the influence of stress, nutrition and environmental factors on levels of complement activity and components, and how the use of this knowledge can benefit the aquaculture industry. Finally, we propose future directions that are likely to advance our understanding of the molecular evolution, structure and function of complement proteins in teleosts. Such studies will be pivotal in providing new insights into complement-related mechanisms of recognition and defense that are essential to maintaining fish homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Boshra
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 413 Rosenthal, 3800 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Richani K, Romero R, Soto E, Espinoza J, Nien JK, Chaiworapongsa T, Refuerzo J, Blackwell S, Edwin SS, Santolaya-Forgas J, Mazor M. Unexplained intrauterine fetal death is accompanied by activation of complement. J Perinat Med 2005; 33:296-305. [PMID: 16207114 DOI: 10.1515/jpm.2005.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Activation of the complement system has recently been implicated in the mechanisms of fetal loss in the antiphospholipid syndrome. It is, however, possible that complement activation is also involved in other causes of fetal death in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. We therefore conducted a study to determine whether fetal death is associated with changes in the maternal plasma concentrations of complement split products or anaphylatoxins (C3a, C4a and C5a). STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional study was designed to include normal pregnant women (n=60) and patients with fetal death (n=60). Patients with fetal death were classified according to the cause of fetal demise into: a) unexplained (n=44); b) associated with preeclampsia (n=8); and c) associated with chromosomal abnormalities or major congenital fetal anomalies (n=8). The plasma concentrations of C3a, C4a and C5a were measured using sensitive and specific ELISAs. Non-parametric statistics were used for analysis. A P value of <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS 1) The median plasma concentration of C5a was higher in patients with fetal death than in normal pregnant women [median 16 ng/mL (range 4.5-402.5) vs. median 11.6 ng/mL (range 1.2-87.1), respectively; P<0.001]; 2) patients with an unexplained fetal death and those associated with preeclampsia had a higher median plasma C5a concentration than normal pregnant women (P=0.002 and P<0.001, respectively); 3) no differences were observed in the maternal plasma concentrations of C3a and C4a among the study groups. CONCLUSIONS Unexplained fetal death is associated with evidence of complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Richani
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, United States
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