1
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Edwards TS, Day AS. The role of fecal biomarkers in individuals with inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2024; 24:497-508. [PMID: 38995110 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2024.2375224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), encompassing Crohn's disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC), is a relapsing and remitting condition. Noninvasive biomarkers have an increasingly important role in the diagnosis of IBD and in the prediction of future disease course in individuals with IBD. Strategies for the management of IBD increasingly rely upon close monitoring of gastrointestinal inflammation. AREAS COVERED This review provides an update on the current understanding of established and novel stool-based biomarkers in the diagnosis and management of IBD. It also highlights key gaps, identifies limitations, and advantages of current markers, and examines aspects that require further study and analysis. EXPERT OPINION Current noninvasive inflammatory markers play an important role in the diagnosis and management of IBD; however, limitations exist. Future work is required to further characterize and validate current and novel markers of inflammation. In addition, it is essential to better understand the roles and characteristics of noninvasive markers to enable the appropriate selection to accurately determine the condition of the intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teagan S Edwards
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Andrew S Day
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
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2
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Lehmann J, Giaglis S, Kyburz D, Daoudlarian D, Walker UA. Plasma mtDNA as a possible contributor to and biomarker of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2024; 26:97. [PMID: 38715082 PMCID: PMC11075188 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-024-03329-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neutrophil extracellular trap formation and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) contribute to the inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but it is unknown if mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or nuclear DNA (nDNA) is more abundant in the circulation. It is unclear if DNA concentration measurements may assist in clinical decision-making. METHODS This single-center prospective observational study collected plasma from consecutive RA patients and healthy blood donors. Platelets were removed, and mtDNA and nDNA copy numbers were quantified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS One hundred six RA patients and 85 healthy controls (HC) were recruited. Circulating median mtDNA copy numbers were increased 19.4-fold in the plasma of patients with RA (median 1.1 x108 copies/mL) compared to HC (median 5.4 x106 copies/mL, p<0.0001). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis of mtDNA copy numbers identified RA patients with high sensitivity (92.5%) and specificity (89.4%) with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.97, p <0.0001 and a positive likelihood ratio of 8.7. Demographic, serological (rheumatoid factor (RF) positivity, anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) positivity) and treatment factors were not associated with DNA concentrations. mtDNA plasma concentrations, however, correlated significantly with disease activity score-28- erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR) and increased numerically with increasing DAS28-ESR and clinical disease activity index (CDAI) activity. MtDNA copy numbers also discriminated RA in remission (DAS28 <2.6) from HC (p<0.0001). Also, a correlation was observed between mtDNA and the ESR (p = 0.006, R= 0.29). Similar analyses showed no significance for nDNA. CONCLUSION In contrast to nDNA, mtDNA is significantly elevated in the plasma of RA patients compared with HC. Regardless of RA activity, the abundance of circulating mtDNA is a sensitive discriminator between RA patients and HC. Further validation of the diagnostic value of mtDNA testing is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lehmann
- Laboratory for Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH 4037, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stavros Giaglis
- Laboratory for Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Diego Kyburz
- Laboratory for Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH 4037, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Douglas Daoudlarian
- Laboratory for Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich A Walker
- Laboratory for Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH 4037, Basel, Switzerland.
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3
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Manfredi M, Van Hoovels L, Benucci M, De Luca R, Coccia C, Bernardini P, Russo E, Amedei A, Guiducci S, Grossi V, Bossuyt X, Perricone C, Infantino M. Soluble Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor (suPAR) in Autoimmune Rheumatic and Non Rheumatic Diseases. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13040688. [PMID: 37109074 PMCID: PMC10140982 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13040688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is the bioactive form of uPAR, a membrane-bound glycoprotein, and it is primarily expressed on the surface of immunologically active cells. Mirroring local inflammation and immune activation, suPAR has gained interest as a potential prognostic biomarker in several inflammatory diseases. Indeed, in many diseases, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, kidney diseases, and inflammatory disorders, higher suPAR concentrations have been associated with disease severity, disease relapse, and mortality. Our review describes and discusses the supporting literature concerning the promising role of suPAR as a biomarker in different autoimmune rheumatic and non-rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Manfredi
- Immunology and Allergology Laboratory Unit, S. Giovanni di Dio Hospital, 50143 Florence, Italy
| | - Lieve Van Hoovels
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, OLV Hospital, 9300 Aalst, Belgium
| | - Maurizio Benucci
- Rheumatology Unit, S. Giovanni di Dio Hospital, 50143 Florence, Italy
| | - Riccardo De Luca
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Carmela Coccia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Pamela Bernardini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Edda Russo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Serena Guiducci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Valentina Grossi
- Immunology and Allergology Laboratory Unit, S. Giovanni di Dio Hospital, 50143 Florence, Italy
| | - Xavier Bossuyt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carlo Perricone
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Infantino
- Immunology and Allergology Laboratory Unit, S. Giovanni di Dio Hospital, 50143 Florence, Italy
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4
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Matsumoto H, Fujita Y, Onizawa M, Saito K, Sumichika Y, Yoshida S, Temmoku J, Matsuoka N, Yashiro-Furuya M, Asano T, Sato S, Suzuki E, Machida T, Watanabe H, Migita K. Increased CEACAM1 expression on peripheral blood neutrophils in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:978435. [PMID: 36591283 PMCID: PMC9794574 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.978435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered expression of adhesion molecules in immune cells has been demonstrated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Carcinoembryonic-antigen-related cell-adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) is an adhesion molecule that acts as a coinhibitory receptor in the immune system. We investigated the role of CEACAM1 in immune cell subsets of patients with RA. Peripheral blood was obtained from 37 patients with RA and 20 healthy controls (HC). The expression of CEACAM1 and T-cell immunoglobulin mucin domain molecule (TIM) -3 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells and neutrophils was analyzed by flow cytometry. Intracellular TIM-3 expression was analyzed using cellular lysates by Western blot analysis. Serum levels of soluble CEACAM1 (sCEACAM1) were estimated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. CEACAM1 expression was not detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, including in CD14(+) monocytes and CD3(+) lymphocytes isolated from patients with RA or HC. However, substantial cell-surface expression of CEACAM1 was detected in peripheral blood neutrophils, and it was significantly elevated in samples from patients with RA without remission compared to those in remission. There was no significant difference in serum levels of sCEACAM1 between patients with RA and HC. Cell-surface expression of TIM-3 was not detected in peripheral blood neutrophils from patients with RA or HC but was seen in CD14(+) monocytes. However, there was no significant difference in TIM-3 expression on monocytes between patients with RA and HC. Our data indicate that cell-surface expression of CEACAM1 on peripheral blood neutrophils are higher in patients with RA and that it is associated with rheumatoid inflammation. Further studies are needed to explore the potential role of CEACAM1 in rheumatoid inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Matsumoto
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yuya Fujita
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Michio Onizawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kenji Saito
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yuya Sumichika
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yoshida
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Jumpei Temmoku
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Naoki Matsuoka
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Makiko Yashiro-Furuya
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Asano
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shuzo Sato
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Eiji Suzuki
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Machida
- Department of Immunology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Migita
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan,*Correspondence: Kiyoshi Migita,
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Wigerblad G, Kaplan MJ. Neutrophil extracellular traps in systemic autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 23:274-288. [PMID: 36257987 PMCID: PMC9579530 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00787-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Systemic autoimmune diseases are characterized by the failure of the immune system to differentiate self from non-self. These conditions are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and they can affect many organs and systems, having significant clinical heterogeneity. Recent discoveries have highlighted that neutrophils, and in particular the neutrophil extracellular traps that they can release upon activation, can have central roles in the initiation and perpetuation of systemic autoimmune disorders and orchestrate complex inflammatory responses that lead to organ damage. Dysregulation of neutrophil cell death can lead to the modification of autoantigens and their presentation to the adaptive immune system. Furthermore, subsets of neutrophils that seem to be more prevalent in patients with systemic autoimmune disorders can promote vascular damage and increased oxidative stress. With the emergence of new technologies allowing for improved assessments of neutrophils, the complexity of neutrophil biology and its dysregulation is now starting to be understood. In this Review, we provide an overview of the roles of neutrophils in systemic autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases and address putative therapeutic targets that may be explored based on this new knowledge.
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6
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Edwards TS, Dickerhof N, Magon NJ, Paton LN, Sly PD, Kettle AJ. Formation of Calprotectin-Derived Peptides in the Airways of Children with Cystic Fibrosis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:979-990. [PMID: 35046105 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Calprotectin is released by activated neutrophils along with myeloperoxidase (MPO) and proteases. It plays numerous roles in inflammation and infection, and is used as an inflammatory biomarker. However, calprotectin is readily oxidized by MPO-derived hypohalous acids to form covalent dimers of its S100A8 and S100A9 subunits. The dimers are susceptible to degradation by proteases. We show that detection of human calprotectin by ELISA declines markedly because of its oxidation by hypochlorous acid and subsequent degradation. Also, proteolysis liberates specific peptides from oxidized calprotectin that is present at inflammatory sites. We identified six calprotectin-derived peptides by mass spectrometry and detected them in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of children with cystic fibrosis (CF). We assessed the peptides as biomarkers of neutrophilic inflammation and infection. The content of the calprotectin peptide ILVI was related to calprotectin (r = 0.72, p = 0.01, n = 10). Four of the peptides were correlated with the concentration of MPO (r > 0.7, p ≤ 0.01, n = 21), while three were higher (p < 0.05) in neutrophil elastase-positive (n = 14) than -negative samples (n = 7). Also, five of the peptides were higher (p < 0.05) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from children with CF with infections (n = 21) than from non-CF children without infections (n = 6). The specific peptides liberated from calprotectin will signal uncontrolled activity of proteases and MPO during inflammation. They may prove useful in tracking inflammation in respiratory diseases dominated by neutrophils, including coronavirus disease 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teagan S Edwards
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand;
| | - Nina Dickerhof
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand; and
| | - Nicholas J Magon
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand; and
| | - Louise N Paton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand; and
| | - Peter D Sly
- Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Anthony J Kettle
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand; and
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7
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Errera MH, Pratas A, Fisson S, Manicom T, Boubaya M, Sedira N, Héron E, Merabet L, Kobal A, Levy V, Warnet JM, Chaumeil C, Brignole-Baudouin F, Sahel JA, Goldschmidt P, Bodaghi B, Bloch-Queyrat C. Cytokines, chemokines and growth factors profile in human aqueous humor in idiopathic uveitis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0254972. [PMID: 35061677 PMCID: PMC8782285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate which cytokines, chemokines and growth factors are involved in the immunopathogenesis of idiopathic uveitis, and whether cytokine profiles are associated with. Serum and aqueous humor (AH) samples of 75 patients with idiopathic uveitis were analyzed by multiplex immunoassay. Infectious controls consisted of 16 patients with ocular toxoplasmosis all confirmed by intraocular fluid analyses. Noninfectious controls consisted of 7 patients with Behçet disease related uveitis and 15 patients with sarcoidosis related uveitis. The control group consisted of AH and serum samples from 47 noninflammatory control patients with age-related cataract. In each sample, 27 immune mediators ± IL-21 and IL-23 were measured. In idiopathic uveitis, 13 of the 29 mediators, including most proinflammatory and vascular mediators such as IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, G-CSF, GM-CSF, MCP-1, IP-10, TNF-α and VEGF, were significantly elevated in the aqueous humor when compared to all controls. Moreover, IL-17, IP-10, and IL-21, were significantly elevated in the serum when compared to all controls. We clustered 4 subgroups of idiopathic uveitis using a statistical analysis of hierarchical unsupervised classification, characterized by the order of magnitude of concentrations of intraocular cytokines. The pathogenesis of idiopathic uveitis is characterized by the presence of predominantly proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and vascular endothelial growth factor with high expression levels as compared to other causes of uveitis. There are indications for obvious Th-1/ IL21-Th17 pathways but also IL9-Th9 and increased IFN-γ-inducing cytokine (IL12) and IFN-γ-inducible CXC chemokine (IP-10). The combined data suggest that immune mediator expression is different among idiopathic uveitis. This study suggests various clusters among the idiopathic uveitis group rather than one specific uveitis entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Hélène Errera
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Internal Medicine at Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital and DHU Sight Restore, Laboratory, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris, Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, UPMC Eye Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ana Pratas
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Internal Medicine at Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital and DHU Sight Restore, Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Fisson
- Généthon, Inserm UMR_S951, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, EPHE, Evry, France
| | - Thomas Manicom
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Internal Medicine at Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital and DHU Sight Restore, Laboratory, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marouane Boubaya
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris cité, INSERM U1163/CNRS ERL 8254, AP-HP, Hôpital Avicenne, URC-CRC GHPSS, Bobigny, France
| | - Neila Sedira
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Internal Medicine at Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital and DHU Sight Restore, Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Héron
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Internal Medicine at Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital and DHU Sight Restore, Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Lilia Merabet
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Internal Medicine at Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital and DHU Sight Restore, Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Alfred Kobal
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Internal Medicine at Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital and DHU Sight Restore, Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Levy
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris cité, INSERM U1163/CNRS ERL 8254, AP-HP, Hôpital Avicenne, URC-CRC GHPSS, Bobigny, France
| | | | - Christine Chaumeil
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Internal Medicine at Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital and DHU Sight Restore, Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Brignole-Baudouin
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Internal Medicine at Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital and DHU Sight Restore, Laboratory, Paris, France
- Faculty Pharmacy, Sorbonne Universities, Paris, France
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Internal Medicine at Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital and DHU Sight Restore, Laboratory, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris, Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, UPMC Eye Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Pablo Goldschmidt
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Internal Medicine at Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital and DHU Sight Restore, Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Bahram Bodaghi
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris, Paris, France
- Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, DHU Sight Restore, Paris, France
| | - Coralie Bloch-Queyrat
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris cité, INSERM U1163/CNRS ERL 8254, AP-HP, Hôpital Avicenne, URC-CRC GHPSS, Bobigny, France
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8
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Zhao J, Jiang P, Guo S, Schrodi SJ, He D. Apoptosis, Autophagy, NETosis, Necroptosis, and Pyroptosis Mediated Programmed Cell Death as Targets for Innovative Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2022; 12:809806. [PMID: 35003139 PMCID: PMC8739882 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.809806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory joint disease that can lead to clinical manifestations of systemic diseases. Its leading features include chronic synovial inflammation and degeneration of the bones and joints. In the past decades, multiple susceptibilities for rheumatoid arthritis have been identified along with the development of a remarkable variety of drugs for its treatment; which include analgesics, glucocorticoids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs), disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and biologic response modifiers (bDMARDs). Despite the existence of many clinical treatment options, the prognosis of some patients remains poor due to complex mechanism of the disease. Programmed cell death (PCD) has been extensively studied and ascertained to be one of the essential pathological mechanisms of RA. Its dysregulation in various associated cell types contributes to the development of RA. In this review, we summarize the role of apoptosis, cell death-associated neutrophil extracellular trap formation, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy in the pathophysiology of RA to provide a theoretical reference and insightful direction to the discovery and development of novel therapeutic targets for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Zhao
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shicheng Guo
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Steven J Schrodi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Dongyi He
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Arthritis Institute of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Shanghai Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Shanghai, China
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9
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Malengier-Devlies B, Metzemaekers M, Wouters C, Proost P, Matthys P. Neutrophil Homeostasis and Emergency Granulopoiesis: The Example of Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:766620. [PMID: 34966386 PMCID: PMC8710701 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.766620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are key pathogen exterminators of the innate immune system endowed with oxidative and non-oxidative defense mechanisms. More recently, a more complex role for neutrophils as decision shaping cells that instruct other leukocytes to fine-tune innate and adaptive immune responses has come into view. Under homeostatic conditions, neutrophils are short-lived cells that are continuously released from the bone marrow. Their development starts with undifferentiated hematopoietic stem cells that pass through different immature subtypes to eventually become fully equipped, mature neutrophils capable of launching fast and robust immune responses. During severe (systemic) inflammation, there is an increased need for neutrophils. The hematopoietic system rapidly adapts to this increased demand by switching from steady-state blood cell production to emergency granulopoiesis. During emergency granulopoiesis, the de novo production of neutrophils by the bone marrow and at extramedullary sites is augmented, while additional mature neutrophils are rapidly released from the marginated pools. Although neutrophils are indispensable for host protection against microorganisms, excessive activation causes tissue damage in neutrophil-rich diseases. Therefore, tight regulation of neutrophil homeostasis is imperative. In this review, we discuss the kinetics of neutrophil ontogenesis in homeostatic conditions and during emergency myelopoiesis and provide an overview of the different molecular players involved in this regulation. We substantiate this review with the example of an autoinflammatory disease, i.e. systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Malengier-Devlies
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Metzemaekers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carine Wouters
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,European Reference Network for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) at University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Matthys
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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10
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Wang J, Fan Q, Yu T, Zhang Y. Identifying the hub genes and immune cell infiltration in synovial tissue between osteoarthritic and rheumatoid arthritic patients by bioinformatic approach. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 28:497-509. [PMID: 34736376 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666211104154459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are two common diseases that result in limb disability and a decrease in quality of life. The major symptoms of OA and RA are pain, swelling, stiffness, and malformation of joints, and each disease also has unique characteristics. OBJECTIVE To compare the pathological mechanisms of OA and RA via weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) and immune infiltration analysis and find potential diagnostic and pharmaceutical targets for the treatment of OA and RA. METHODS The gene expression profiles of ten OA and ten RA synovial tissue samples were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (GSE55235). After obtaining differentially expressed genes (DEGs) via GEO2R, WGCNA was conducted using an R package, and modules and genes that were highly correlated with OA and RA were identified. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analyses were also conducted. Hub genes were identified using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) and Cytoscape software. Immune infiltration analysis was conducted using the Perl program and CIBERSORT software. RESULTS Two hundred ninety-nine DEGs, 24 modules, 16 GO enrichment terms, 6 KEGG pathway enrichment terms, 10 hub genes (CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCR4, CD27, CD69, CD3D, IL7R, STAT1, RGS1, and ISG20), and 8 kinds of different infiltrating immune cells (plasma cells, CD8 T cells, activated memory CD4 T cells, T helper follicular cells, M1 macrophages, Tregs, resting mast cells, and neutrophils) were found to be involved in the different pathological mechanisms of OA and RA. CONCLUSION Inflammation-associated genes were the top differentially expressed hub genes between OA and RA, and their expression was downregulated in OA. Genes associated with lipid metabolism may have upregulated expression in OA. In addition, immune cells that participate in the adaptive immune response play an important role in RA. OA mainly involves immune cells that are associated with the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wang
- Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000. China
| | - Qin Fan
- Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000. China
| | - Tengbo Yu
- Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000. China
| | - Yingze Zhang
- Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000. China
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11
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Deng Z, Zhang Q, Zhao Z, Li Y, Chen X, Lin Z, Deng Z, Liu J, Duan L, Wang D, Li W. Crosstalk between immune cells and bone cells or chondrocytes. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108179. [PMID: 34601329 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The term "osteoimmunology" was coined to denote the bridge between the immune system and the skeletal system. Osteoimmunology is interdisciplinary, and a full understanding and development of this "bridge" will provide an in-depth understanding of the switch between body health and disease development. B lymphocytes can promote the maturation and differentiation of osteoclasts, and osteoclasts have a negative feedback effect on B lymphocytes. Different subtypes of T lymphocytes regulate osteoclasts in different directions. T lymphocytes have a two-way regulatory effect on osteoblasts, while B lymphocytes have minimal regulatory effects on osteoblasts. In contrast, osteoblasts can promote the differentiation and maturation of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. Different immune cells have different effects on chondrocytes; some cooperate with each other, while some antagonize each other. In a healthy adult body, bone resorption and bone formation are in a dynamic balance under the action of multiple mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the interactions and key signaling molecular mechanisms between each type of cell in the immune system and the skeletal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqin Deng
- Hand and Foot Surgery Department, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/ the First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Hand and Foot Surgery Department, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/ the First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Hand and Foot Surgery Department, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/ the First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yongshen Li
- Hand and Foot Surgery Department, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/ the First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Chen
- Hand and Foot Surgery Department, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/ the First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Zicong Lin
- Hand and Foot Surgery Department, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/ the First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Zhenhan Deng
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/ the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Jianquan Liu
- Hand and Foot Surgery Department, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/ the First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Li Duan
- Hand and Foot Surgery Department, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/ the First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Daping Wang
- Hand and Foot Surgery Department, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/ the First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China.
| | - Wencui Li
- Hand and Foot Surgery Department, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/ the First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China.
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12
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Park B, Lee M, Kim SD, Jeong YS, Kim JC, Yang S, Kim HY, Bae YS. Activation of formyl peptide receptor 1 elicits therapeutic effects against collagen-induced arthritis. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:8936-8946. [PMID: 34378309 PMCID: PMC8435430 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder which shows production of autoantibodies, inflammation, bone erosion, swelling and pain in joints. In this study, we examined the effects of an immune-modulating peptide, WKYMVm, that is an agonist for formyl peptide receptors (FPRs). Administration of WKYMVm into collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice, an animal model for RA, attenuated paw thickness, clinical scores, production of type II collagen-specific antibodies and inflammatory cytokines. WKYMVm treatment also decreased the numbers of TH 1 and TH 17 cells in the spleens of CIA mice. WKYMVm attenuated TH 1 and TH 17 differentiation in a dendritic cell (DC)-dependent manner. WKYMVm-induced beneficial effects against CIA and WKYMVm-attenuated TH 1 and TH 17 differentiation were reversed by cyclosporin H but not by WRW4, indicating a crucial role of FPR1. We also found that WKYMVm augmented IL-10 production from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated DCs and WKYMVm failed to suppress TH 1 and TH 17 differentiation in the presence of anti-IL-10 antibody. The therapeutic administration of WKYMVm also elicited beneficial outcome against CIA. Collectively, we demonstrate that WKYMVm stimulation of FPR1 in DCs suppresses the generation of TH 1 and TH 17 cells via IL-10 production, providing novel insight into the function of FPR1 in regulating CIA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byunghyun Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Mingyu Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Doo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yu Sun Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ji Cheol Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Siyoung Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hye Young Kim
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoe-Sik Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
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13
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Lopalco G, Rigante D, Lopalco A, Emmi G, Venerito V, Vitale A, Capozio G, Denora N, Cantarini L, Iannone F. Safety of systemic treatments for Behçet's syndrome. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2020; 19:1269-1301. [PMID: 32883123 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2020.1817379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Treatment of Behçet's syndrome (BS) is aimed at controlling all symptoms of such a complex disorder, ensuring a good quality of life and preventing life-threatening complications. A better understanding of the pathogenic role of different chemokines has improved our knowledge of BS and elicited a more specific use of therapies currently available, minimizing the burden of potential side-effects related to treatment. AREAS COVERED This work aims to provide a detailed overview of the safety profile for current therapies available in the treatment of BS, focusing on the main side-effects, toxicity and contraindications. EXPERT OPINION The greatest experience in the management of BS has been achieved with the employment of monoclonal anti-tumor necrosis factor antibodies which have been advocated for BS refractory manifestations. Moreover, interleukin-1 inhibitors have proven to be effective as well as safe, despite escalation of their dosage, especially to manage the most severe and difficult-to-treat ocular manifestations. However, general treatment of BS patients remains awkward as protean clinical features may respond differently to the same treatment or even worsen. Therefore, patients' safety for therapies used in BS promotes the implementation of precision medicine, which could help targeting accurately the pathogenetic mechanisms concealed behind specific clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lopalco
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Rheumatology Unit, University of Bari , Bari, Italy
| | - Donato Rigante
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS , Rome, Italy.,Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore , Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Lopalco
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari , Bari, Italy
| | - Giacomo Emmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence , Florence, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Venerito
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Rheumatology Unit, University of Bari , Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Vitale
- Research Centre of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases, Behçet's Disease Clinic and Rheumatology-Ophthalmology Collaborative Uveitis Centre, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena , Siena, Italy
| | - Giovanna Capozio
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS , Rome, Italy
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari , Bari, Italy
| | - Luca Cantarini
- Research Centre of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases, Behçet's Disease Clinic and Rheumatology-Ophthalmology Collaborative Uveitis Centre, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena , Siena, Italy
| | - Florenzo Iannone
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Rheumatology Unit, University of Bari , Bari, Italy
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14
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Pabón-Porras MA, Molina-Ríos S, Flórez-Suárez JB, Coral-Alvarado PX, Méndez-Patarroyo P, Quintana-López G. Rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus: Pathophysiological mechanisms related to innate immune system. SAGE Open Med 2019; 7:2050312119876146. [PMID: 35154753 PMCID: PMC8826259 DOI: 10.1177/2050312119876146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus are two highly prevalent autoimmune diseases that generate disability and low quality of life. The innate immune system, a long-forgotten issue in autoimmune diseases, is becoming increasingly important and represents a new focus for the treatment of these entities. This review highlights the role that innate immune system plays in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. The role of the innate immune system in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus pathophysiology is not only important in early stages but is essential to maintain the immune response and to allow disease progression. In rheumatoid arthritis, genetic and environmental factors are involved in the initial stimulation of the innate immune response in which macrophages are the main participants, as well as fibroblast-like synoviocytes. In systemic lupus erythematosus, all the cells contribute to the inflammatory response, but the complement system is the major effector of the inflammatory process. Detecting alterations in the normal function of these cells, besides its contribution to the understanding of the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases, could help to establish new treatment strategies for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jorge Bruce Flórez-Suárez
- Reumavance Group, Rheumatology Section, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá University Hospital, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Paola Ximena Coral-Alvarado
- Reumavance Group, Rheumatology Section, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá University Hospital, Bogotá, Colombia.,School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Paul Méndez-Patarroyo
- Reumavance Group, Rheumatology Section, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá University Hospital, Bogotá, Colombia.,School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gerardo Quintana-López
- School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Reumavance Group, Rheumatology Section, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá University Hospital, Bogotá, Colombia.,School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
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15
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Hoskin TS, Crowther JM, Cheung J, Epton MJ, Sly PD, Elder PA, Dobson RCJ, Kettle AJ, Dickerhof N. Oxidative cross-linking of calprotectin occurs in vivo, altering its structure and susceptibility to proteolysis. Redox Biol 2019; 24:101202. [PMID: 31015146 PMCID: PMC6477633 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Calprotectin, the major neutrophil protein, is a critical alarmin that modulates inflammation and plays a role in host immunity by strongly binding trace metals essential for bacterial growth. It has two cysteine residues favourably positioned to act as a redox switch. Whether their oxidation occurs in vivo and affects the function of calprotectin has received little attention. Here we show that in saliva from healthy adults, and in lavage fluid from the lungs of patients with respiratory diseases, a substantial proportion of calprotectin was cross-linked via disulfide bonds between the cysteine residues on its S100A8 and S100A9 subunits. Stimulated human neutrophils released calprotectin and subsequently cross-linked it by myeloperoxidase-dependent production of hypochlorous acid. The myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants hypochlorous acid, taurine chloramine, hypobromous acid, and hypothiocyanous acid, all at 10 μM, cross-linked calprotectin (5 μM) via reversible disulfide bonds. Hypochlorous acid generated A9-A9 and A8-A9 cross links. Hydrogen peroxide (10 μM) did not cross-link the protein. Purified neutrophil calprotectin existed as a non-covalent heterodimer of A8/A9 which was converted to a heterotetramer - (A8/A9)2 - with excess calcium ions. Low level oxidation of calprotectin with hypochlorous acid produced substantial proportions of high order oligomers, whether oxidation occurred before or after addition of calcium ions. At high levels of oxidation the heterodimer could not form tetramers with calcium ions, but prior addition of calcium ions afforded some protection for the heterotetramer. Oxidation and formation of the A8-A9 disulfide cross link enhanced calprotectin's susceptibility to proteolysis by neutrophil proteases. We propose that reversible disulfide cross-linking of calprotectin occurs during inflammation and affects its structure and function. Its increased susceptibility to proteolysis will ultimately result in a loss of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teagan S Hoskin
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Jennifer M Crowther
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jeanette Cheung
- Canterbury Respiratory Research Group, Respiratory Services, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury District Health Board, New Zealand
| | - Michael J Epton
- Canterbury Respiratory Research Group, Respiratory Services, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury District Health Board, New Zealand
| | - Peter D Sly
- Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter A Elder
- Endocrinology and Steroid Laboratory, Canterbury Health Laboratories, New Zealand
| | - Renwick C J Dobson
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Anthony J Kettle
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Nina Dickerhof
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
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16
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Furuya MY, Asano T, Sumichika Y, Sato S, Kobayashi H, Watanabe H, Suzuki E, Kozuru H, Yatsuhashi H, Koga T, Ohira H, Sekine H, Kawakami A, Migita K. Tofacitinib inhibits granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in human neutrophils. Arthritis Res Ther 2018; 20:196. [PMID: 30157949 PMCID: PMC6116484 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-018-1685-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has emerged as a crucial cytokine that activates myeloid cells to initiate tissue inflammation. However, the molecular actions of GM-CSF against innate immunity are still poorly characterized. Here, we investigated the in vitro effects of GM-CSF on the activation of human myeloid lineages, neutrophils, and the underlying intracellular signaling mechanism, including inflammasome activation. Methods Human neutrophils were stimulated with GM-CSF in the presence or absence of tofacitinib. The cellular supernatants were analyzed for interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and caspase-1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. Pro-IL-1β mRNA expressions in human neutrophils were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Protein phosphorylation of neutrophils was assessed by Western blot using phospho-specific antibodies. Results Stimulation with GM-CSF alone, but not tumor necrosis factor-alpha, was shown to increase the release of IL-1β and cleaved caspase-1 (p20) from human neutrophils. Tofacitinib, which inhibits GM-CSF–induced Janus kinase 2 (Jak2)-mediated signal transduction, completely abrogated GM-CSF–induced IL-1β and caspase-1 (p20) secretion from neutrophils. GM-CSF stimulation also induced pro-IL-1β mRNA expression in neutrophils and induced NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) protein expression. Although tofacitinib pretreatment marginally inhibited GM-CSF–induced pro-IL-1β mRNA expression, tofacitinib completely abrogated NLRP3 protein expression in neutrophils. Conclusions These results indicate that GM-CSF signaling induces NLRP3 expression and subsequent IL-1β production by affecting neutrophils, which may cause the activation of innate immunity. Therefore, GM-CSF is a key regulator of the NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1β production by activating innate immune cells. This process can be blocked by tofacitinib, which interferes with JAK/STAT signaling pathways. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13075-018-1685-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Yashiro Furuya
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Asano
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Yuya Sumichika
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Shuzo Sato
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kobayashi
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Eiji Suzuki
- Department of Rheumatology, Ohta Nishinouchi General Hospital Foundation, 2-5-20 Nishinouchi, Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-8558, Japan
| | - Hideko Kozuru
- Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Kubara 2-1001-1 Omura, Nagasaki, 856-8562, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yatsuhashi
- Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Kubara 2-1001-1 Omura, Nagasaki, 856-8562, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Koga
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Unit of Translational Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto1-7-1, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Ohira
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hideharu Sekine
- Department of Immunology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawakami
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Unit of Translational Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto1-7-1, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Migita
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
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17
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Hornum L, Hansen AJ, Tornehave D, Fjording MS, Colmenero P, Wätjen IF, Søe Nielsen NH, Bliddal H, Bartels EM. C5a and C5aR are elevated in joints of rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis patients, and C5aR blockade attenuates leukocyte migration to synovial fluid. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189017. [PMID: 29220376 PMCID: PMC5722346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement activation correlates to rheumatoid arthritis disease activity, and increased amounts of the complement split product C5a is observed in synovial fluids from rheumatoid arthritis patients. Blockade of C5a or its receptor (C5aR) is efficacious in several arthritis models. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of C5a and C5aR in human rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis–both with respect to expression and function. Synovial fluid, blood and synovial samples were obtained from rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and osteoarthritis patients as a less inflammatory arthritis type, and blood from healthy subjects. Cells infiltrating synovial tissue were analysed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. SF and blood were analysed for biomarkers by flow cytometry or ELISA. The effect of a blocking anti-human C5aR mAb on leukocyte migration was determined using a Boyden chamber. Appropriate statistical tests were applied for comparisons. C5aR+ cells were detected in most rheumatoid arthritis, in all psoriatic arthritis, but not in non-inflammatory control synovia. C5aR+ cells were primarily neutrophils and macrophages. C5aR+ macrophages were mainly found in lymphoid aggregates in close contact with T cells. C5a levels were increased in both rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis synovial fluid compared to osteoarthritis, and in blood from rheumatoid arthritis compared to healthy subjects. Neutrophil and monocyte migration to rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid was significantly inhibited by anti-C5aR. The data support that the C5a-C5aR axis may be driving the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the synovial fluid and synovium in both rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis, and suggest that C5a or C5aR may be a promising treatment target in both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paula Colmenero
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Inger Falbe Wätjen
- The Parker Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Henning Bliddal
- The Parker Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Else Marie Bartels
- The Parker Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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18
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Jessee R, Peart E, Beineke P, Rosenberg S, Wingrove JA, Kraus WE, Huffman KM. Rheumatoid arthritis complicates noninvasive whole blood gene expression testing for coronary artery disease. Am Heart J 2017; 192:13-18. [PMID: 28938959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our objective was to evaluate an age- and sex-specific gene expression score (ASGES) previously validated to detect obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS We evaluated 20 pairs of nondiabetic coronary patients with and without RA, selected by matching on age, sex, race, body mass index, tobacco use, and number of diseased coronary vessels. Peripheral blood gene expression levels of 23 CAD-associated genes were measured, and a previously validated CAD risk score including age, sex, and gene expression levels (Corus CAD) was computed. Linear regression was used to determine effects of both CAD and RA on the ASGES. RESULTS Among patients with RA, the ASGES was not associated with CAD. The ASGES was elevated in patients with RA (P<.04) when compared with matched controls. The presence of RA was associated with significantly altered expression for 6 of the 23 genes (P<.05 for all, not adjusted for multiple comparisons): S100 calcium binding protein A12, interleukin-18 receptor accessory protein, caspase 5, S100 calcium binding protein A8, aquaporin 9, and cluster of differentiation 79b. CONCLUSIONS Across a range of coronary artery disease severity, RA was associated with altered expression of CAD-associated genes. Notably, 2 of these genes, S100 calcium binding protein A8 and A12, are associated with neutrophil activation and are under investigation as therapeutic targets for both RA and CAD. These findings highlight common pathogenic mechanisms for RA and CAD and validate the prior exclusion of RA patients from ASGES-based evaluation of CAD likelihood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Jessee
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
| | - Erica Peart
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | | | | | | | - William E Kraus
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Kim M Huffman
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC
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19
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Carmona-Rivera C, Carlucci PM, Moore E, Lingampalli N, Uchtenhagen H, James E, Liu Y, Bicker KL, Wahamaa H, Hoffmann V, Catrina AI, Thompson P, Buckner JH, Robinson WH, Fox DA, Kaplan MJ. Synovial fibroblast-neutrophil interactions promote pathogenic adaptive immunity in rheumatoid arthritis. Sci Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28649674 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aag3358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by synovial joint inflammation and by development of pathogenic humoral and cellular autoimmunity to citrullinated proteins. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are a source of citrullinated autoantigens and activate RA synovial fibroblasts (FLS), cells crucial in joint damage. We investigated the molecular mechanisms by which NETs promote proinflammatory phenotypes in FLS, and whether these interactions generate pathogenic anti-citrulline adaptive immune responses. NETs containing citrullinated peptides are internalized by FLS through a RAGE-TLR9 pathway promoting FLS inflammatory phenotype and their upregulation of MHC class II. Once internalized, arthritogenic NET-peptides are loaded into FLS MHC class II and presented to Ag-specific T cells. HLADRB1*0401 transgenic mice immunized with mouse FLS loaded with NETs develop antibodies specific to citrullinated forms of relevant RA autoantigens implicated in RA pathogenesis as well as cartilage damage. These results implicate FLS as mediators in RA pathogenesis, through the internalization and presentation of NET citrullinated peptides to the adaptive immune system leading to pathogenic autoimmunity and cartilage damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Carmona-Rivera
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Philip M Carlucci
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Erica Moore
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nithya Lingampalli
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA and the Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hannes Uchtenhagen
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Eddie James
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Yudong Liu
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kevin L Bicker
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, 1301 E. Main St., Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
| | - Heidi Wahamaa
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm S17176, Sweden
| | - Victoria Hoffmann
- Division of Veterinary Resources, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anca Irinel Catrina
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm S17176, Sweden
| | - PaulR Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jane H Buckner
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - William H Robinson
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA and the Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David A Fox
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mariana J Kaplan
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Manivel VA, Sohrabian A, Rönnelid J. Granulocyte-augmented chemokine production induced by type II collagen containing immune complexes is mediated via TLR4 in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2822-2834. [PMID: 27621106 PMCID: PMC5157752 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with early elevations of antibodies against collagen type II (CII) have a distinct acute onset phenotype, associated with cytokine induction by surface‐bound anti‐CII‐containing immune complexes (ICs) and high C‐reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMNs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are abundant in the vicinity of CII in RA joints, and both PMN and PBMC reactivity against anti‐CII IC individually relate to early joint destruction and early elevation of CRP and ESR in RA. We searched for CII‐dependent mechanisms that might attract PMNs and PBMCs to RA joints. Human PBMCs and PMNs were stimulated with anti‐CII ICs and control ICs, either individually or in cocultures. Cocultured PMNs and PBMCs stimulated with anti‐CII ICs synergistically augmented production of the chemokines CXCL8, RANTES and MCP‐1, whereas downregulation was seen with control IC. This upregulation was unique to chemokines, as TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and GM‐CSF were downregulated in anti‐CII IC‐stimulated cocultures. The coculture‐associated chemokine upregulation depended on endogenous TLR4 ligand(s) and functionally active PMN enzymes, and was partially mediated by GM‐CSF. As anti‐CII levels peak around the time of RA diagnosis, this mechanism can attract inflammatory cells to joints in early RA and intensify the anti‐CII‐associated acute onset RA phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Anand Manivel
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Azita Sohrabian
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Rönnelid
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Thieblemont N, Wright HL, Edwards SW, Witko-Sarsat V. Human neutrophils in auto-immunity. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:159-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Leichsenring A, Bäcker I, Furtmüller PG, Obinger C, Lange F, Flemmig J. Long-Term Effects of (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) on Pristane-Induced Arthritis (PIA) in Female Dark Agouti Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152518. [PMID: 27023113 PMCID: PMC4811407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)--a widespread chronic inflammatory disease in industrialized countries--is characterized by a persistent and progressive joint destruction. The chronic pro-inflammatory state results from a mutual activation of the innate and the adaptive immune system, while the exact pathogenesis mechanism is still under discussion. New data suggest a role of the innate immune system and especially polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMNs, neutrophils) not only during onset and the destructive phase of RA but also at the chronification of the disease. Thereby the enzymatic activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO), a peroxidase strongly abundant in neutrophils, may be important: While its peroxidase activity is known to contribute to cartilage destruction at later stages of RA the almost MPO-specific oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is also discussed for certain anti-inflammatory effects. In this study we used pristane-induced arthritis (PIA) in Dark Agouti rats as a model for the chronic course of RA in man. We were able to shown that a specific detection of the HOCl-producing MPO activity provides a sensitive new marker to evaluate the actual systemic inflammatory status which is only partially detectable by the evaluation of clinical symptoms (joint swelling and redness measurements). Moreover, we evaluated the long-term pharmacological effect of the well-known anti-inflammatory flavonoid epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Thereby only upon early and continuous oral application of this polyphenol the arthritic symptoms were considerably diminished both in the acute and in the chronic phase of the disease. The obtained results were comparable to the treatment control (application of methotrexate, MTX). As revealed by stopped-flow kinetic measurements, EGCG may regenerate the HOCl-production of MPO which is known to be impaired at chronic inflammatory diseases like RA. It can be speculated that this MPO activity-promoting effect of EGCG may contribute to the pharmacological mode of action of this polyphenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Leichsenring
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI) Leipzig, Perlickstraße 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ingo Bäcker
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI) Leipzig, Perlickstraße 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paul G. Furtmüller
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Obinger
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Franziska Lange
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI) Leipzig, Perlickstraße 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg Flemmig
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16–18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM) Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Ellett F, Elks PM, Robertson AL, Ogryzko NV, Renshaw SA. Defining the phenotype of neutrophils following reverse migration in zebrafish. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:975-81. [PMID: 26071567 PMCID: PMC4661044 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ma0315-105r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of neutrophil reverse migration presents an attractive, alternative therapeutic pathway to driving inflammation resolution. However, little is known about whether the activity of wound-experienced neutrophils is altered and whether encouraging dispersal of such neutrophils back into the body may have undesirable consequences. This study used a zebrafish tail transection inflammation model, in combination with a photoconvertible neutrophil transgenic line, to allow internally controlled, simultaneous comparison of reverse-migrated neutrophils with naïve neutrophils in the presence and absence of secondary insult. Detailed microscopy revealed that reverse-migrated neutrophils exhibited an activated morphology but responded normally to secondary insult and are able to mount an effective antimicrobial response to Staphylococcus aureus. These results support a model in which reverse-migrated neutrophils exhibit no long-term behavioral alterations and encourage the notion of enhanced reverse migration as a viable target for pharmaceutical manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Ellett
- Bateson Centre and Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Philip M Elks
- Bateson Centre and Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Anne L Robertson
- Bateson Centre and Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolay V Ogryzko
- Bateson Centre and Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A Renshaw
- Bateson Centre and Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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24
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Cheng Q, Seltzer Z, Sima C, Lakschevitz FS, Glogauer M. Quantitative Trait Loci and Candidate Genes for Neutrophil Recruitment in Sterile Inflammation Mapped in AXB-BXA Recombinant Inbred Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124117. [PMID: 25942439 PMCID: PMC4420501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil recruitment (NR) to sites of sterile inflammation plays a key role in tissue damage and healing potential of lesions characteristic to non-infectious inflammatory diseases. Previous studies suggested significant genetic control of neutrophil survival, function, and migration in inflammatory responses to endogenous and exogenous stimuli. We have mapped the murine genome for quantitative trait loci (QTLs) harbouring genetic determinants that regulate NR in SI using a murine model of chemically-induced peritonitis. NR was quantified in 16 AXB-BXA recombinant inbred strains and their progenitors, A/J (A) and C57BL/6J (B). A continuous distribution of NR was found among the strains, with parent B showing higher NR and parent A showing lower NR (3.0-fold difference, p=0.05). Within the progeny strains, a 5.5-fold difference in NR was observed between the lowest, BXA1, and the highest responders AXB19 (p<0.001). This data was analyzed using GeneNetwork, which linked NR to one significant QTL on chromosome 12 (Peritoneal Neutrophil Recruitment 1, PNR1) and two suggestive QTLs (PNR2, PNR3) on chromosomes 12 and 16 respectively. Sixty-four candidate genes within PNR1 were cross-referenced with currently published data, mRNA expression from two NR microarrays, and single nucleotide polymorphism analysis. The present study brings new light into the genetics of NR in response to cell injury and highlights potential candidate genes Hif1α, Fntb, and Prkch and their products for further studies on neutrophil infiltration and inflammation resolution in sterile inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quyen Cheng
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ze’ev Seltzer
- Centre for the Study of Pain, Faculties of Dentistry and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Corneliu Sima
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Flavia S. Lakschevitz
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Inflammatory diseases (such as arthritis) of the extracellular matrix (ECM) are of considerable socioeconomic significance. There is clear evidence that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species released by, for instance, neutrophils contribute to the degradation of the ECM. Here we will focus on the ROS-induced degradation of the glycosaminoglycans, one important component of the ECM. RECENT ADVANCES The recently developed "anti-TNF-α" therapy is primarily directed against neutrophilic granulocytes that are powerful sources of ROS. Therefore, a more detailed look into the mechanisms of the reactions of these ROS is reasonable. CRITICAL ISSUES Since both enzymes and ROS contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, it is very difficult to estimate the contributions of the individual species in a complex biological environment. This particularly applies as many products are not stable but only transient products that decompose in a time-dependent manner. Thus, the development of suitable analytical methods as well as the establishment of useful biomarkers is a challenging aspect. FUTURE DIRECTIONS If the mechanisms of ECM destruction are understood in more detail, then the development of suitable drugs to treat inflammatory diseases will be hopefully much more successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Fuchs
- Medical Department, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig , Leipzig, Germany
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26
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Goody MF, Sullivan C, Kim CH. Studying the immune response to human viral infections using zebrafish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:84-95. [PMID: 24718256 PMCID: PMC4067600 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Humans and viruses have a long co-evolutionary history. Viral illnesses have and will continue to shape human history: from smallpox, to influenza, to HIV, and beyond. Animal models of human viral illnesses are needed in order to generate safe and effective antiviral medicines, adjuvant therapies, and vaccines. These animal models must support the replication of human viruses, recapitulate aspects of human viral illnesses, and respond with conserved immune signaling cascades. The zebrafish is perhaps the simplest, most commonly used laboratory model organism in which innate and/or adaptive immunity can be studied. Herein, we will discuss the current zebrafish models of human viral illnesses and the insights they have provided. We will highlight advantages of early life stage zebrafish and the importance of innate immunity in human viral illnesses. We will also discuss viral characteristics to consider before infecting zebrafish with human viruses as well as predict other human viruses that may be able to infect zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle F Goody
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Con Sullivan
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Carol H Kim
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
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27
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Wang CH, Rong MY, Wang L, Ren Z, Chen LN, Jia JF, Li XY, Wu ZB, Chen ZN, Zhu P. CD147 up-regulates calcium-induced chemotaxis, adhesion ability and invasiveness of human neutrophils via a TRPM-7-mediated mechanism. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014; 53:2288-96. [PMID: 25053832 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keu260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate whether CD147 can up-regulate the chemotactic, adhesive and invasive properties of human neutrophils and to determine the mechanism underlying this process. METHODS Human promyelocytic leukaemia cells (HL-60) cells and peripheral blood or synovial fluid neutrophils were isolated from RA patients. Under cyclophilin A (CypA) stimulation, chemotaxis, adhesion potential and invasion ability were assessed using chemotaxis, adhesion and invasiveness assays. Lipid raft isolation and western blot were used to determine the mechanism underlying the effects of CypA stimulation. RESULTS CD147 up-regulates the calcium-induced chemotaxis, adhesion ability and invasiveness of human neutrophils in RA patients. Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 may be responsible for this phenomenon. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that in RA patients, abundant CypA up-regulates the calcium-induced chemotactic, adhesive and invasive properties of neutrophils via direct binding to CD147. Cyclophilin-CD147 interactions might contribute to the destruction of cartilage and bone in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Hua Wang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital and Department of Cell Biology/Cell Engineering Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meng-Yao Rong
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital and Department of Cell Biology/Cell Engineering Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital and Department of Cell Biology/Cell Engineering Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhen Ren
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital and Department of Cell Biology/Cell Engineering Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li-Na Chen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital and Department of Cell Biology/Cell Engineering Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun-Feng Jia
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital and Department of Cell Biology/Cell Engineering Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xue-Yi Li
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital and Department of Cell Biology/Cell Engineering Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhen-Biao Wu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital and Department of Cell Biology/Cell Engineering Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhi-Nan Chen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital and Department of Cell Biology/Cell Engineering Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital and Department of Cell Biology/Cell Engineering Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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Odobasic D, Yang Y, Muljadi RCM, O'Sullivan KM, Kao W, Smith M, Morand EF, Holdsworth SR. Endogenous myeloperoxidase is a mediator of joint inflammation and damage in experimental arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:907-17. [PMID: 24757143 DOI: 10.1002/art.38299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is implicated as a local mediator of tissue damage when released extracellularly in many chronic inflammatory diseases. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of endogenous MPO in experimental rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS K/BxN serum-transfer arthritis was induced in C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and MPO knockout (MPO(-/-) ) mice, and disease development was assessed. MPO activity was measured in joint tissues from mice with or without K/BxN arthritis. Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was induced in WT and MPO(-/-) mice, and disease development and immune responses were examined. MPO expression was assessed in synovial biopsy samples from patients with active RA, and the effect of MPO on synovial fibroblasts was tested in vitro. RESULTS MPO was up-regulated in the joints of mice with K/BxN arthritis, and MPO deficiency attenuated the severity of the disease without affecting circulating cytokine levels. In CIA, MPO(-/-) mice had enhanced CD4+ T cell responses and reduced frequency of regulatory T cells in the lymph nodes and spleen, as well as augmented interleukin-17A and diminished interferon-γ secretion by collagen-stimulated splenocytes, without an effect on circulating anticollagen antibody levels. Despite enhanced adaptive immunity in secondary lymphoid organs, CIA development was attenuated in MPO(-/-) mice. Intracellular and extracellular MPO was detected in the synovium of patients with active RA, and human MPO enhanced the proliferation and decreased the apoptosis of synovial fibroblasts in vitro. CONCLUSION MPO contributes to the development of arthritis despite suppressing adaptive immunity in secondary lymphoid organs. This suggests distinct effects of local MPO on arthritogenic effector responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Odobasic
- Monash University and Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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29
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Koufany M, Chappard D, Netter P, Bastien C, Weryha G, Jouzeau JY, Moulin D. The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Agonist Pioglitazone Preserves Bone Microarchitecture in Experimental Arthritis by Reducing the Interleukin-17-Dependent Osteoclastogenic Pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:3084-95. [DOI: 10.1002/art.38130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Koufany
- UMR-7365, CNRS, Université de Lorraine; Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France
| | - Daniel Chappard
- IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers; Angers France
| | - Patrick Netter
- UMR-7365, CNRS, Université de Lorraine; Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France
- Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire; Nancy France
| | - Claire Bastien
- Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire; Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France
| | - Georges Weryha
- Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire; Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France
| | - Jean-Yves Jouzeau
- UMR-7365, CNRS, Université de Lorraine; Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France
- Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire; Nancy France
| | - David Moulin
- UMR-7365, CNRS, Université de Lorraine; Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France
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30
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Khandpur R, Carmona-Rivera C, Vivekanandan-Giri A, Gizinski A, Yalavarthi S, Knight JS, Friday S, Li S, Patel RM, Subramanian V, Thompson P, Chen P, Fox DA, Pennathur S, Kaplan MJ. NETs are a source of citrullinated autoantigens and stimulate inflammatory responses in rheumatoid arthritis. Sci Transl Med 2013; 5:178ra40. [PMID: 23536012 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3005580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 896] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The early events leading to the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remain unclear, but formation of autoantibodies to citrullinated protein antigens (ACPAs) is considered a key pathogenic event. Neutrophils isolated from patients with various autoimmune diseases display enhanced neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, a phenomenon that exposes autoantigens in the context of immunostimulatory molecules. We investigated whether aberrant NETosis occurs in RA, determined its triggers, and examined its deleterious inflammatory consequences. Enhanced NETosis was observed in circulating and RA synovial fluid neutrophils compared to neutrophils from healthy controls and from patients with osteoarthritis (OA). Further, netting neutrophils infiltrated RA synovial tissue, rheumatoid nodules, and skin. NETosis correlated with ACPA presence and levels and with systemic inflammatory markers. RA sera and immunoglobulin fractions from RA patients with high levels of ACPA and/or rheumatoid factor significantly enhanced NETosis, and the NETs induced by these autoantibodies displayed distinct protein content. Indeed, during NETosis, neutrophils externalized the citrullinated autoantigens implicated in RA pathogenesis, and anti-citrullinated vimentin antibodies potently induced NET formation. Moreover, the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) induced NETosis in RA neutrophils. In turn, NETs significantly augmented inflammatory responses in RA and OA synovial fibroblasts, including induction of IL-6, IL-8, chemokines, and adhesion molecules. These observations implicate accelerated NETosis in RA pathogenesis, through externalization of citrullinated autoantigens and immunostimulatory molecules that may promote aberrant adaptive and innate immune responses in the joint and in the periphery, and perpetuate pathogenic mechanisms in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Khandpur
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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31
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Roberts KJ, Cross A, Vasieva O, Moots RJ, Edwards SW. Inhibition of pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor (PBEF/NAMPT/visfatin) decreases the ability of human neutrophils to generate reactive oxidants but does not impair bacterial killing. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:481-92. [PMID: 23804809 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1012527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
NAMPT, also known as PBEF and visfatin, can act extracellularly as a cytokine-like molecule or intracellularly as a NAMPT, regulating NAD biosynthesis in the NAD salvage pathway. Inhibitors of NAMPT have anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity and are finding use as therapeutic agents. In view of the importance of NAD metabolism in neutrophil function, we determined the effects of NAMPT inhibition on a variety of neutrophil functions associated with their role in host protection against infections. Incubation of human neutrophils with the NAMPT inhibitor APO866 decreased neutrophil NAD(P)/H levels in a dose- and time-dependent manner but without a concomitant change in cell viability. NAMPT inhibition did not affect the expression of a number of cell-surface receptors involved in adhesion and opsono-phagocytosis, but the respiratory burst was decreased significantly. Whereas opsono-phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus was unaffected by NAMPT inhibition, intraphagosomal oxidant production was decreased. However, the killing efficiency of neutrophils was unaffected. These data indicate that therapeutic NAMPT inhibition is unlikely to have deleterious effects on host protection against infections, in spite of this ability to down-regulate neutrophil respiratory burst activity significantly.
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Dumas A, Lagarde S, Laflamme C, Pouliot M. Oncostatin M decreases interleukin-1 β secretion by human synovial fibroblasts and attenuates an acute inflammatory reaction in vivo. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:1274-85. [PMID: 21854541 PMCID: PMC3823080 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncostatin M (OSM) is a pleiotropic cytokine of the IL-6 family and displays both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory activities. We studied the impact of OSM on the gene activation profile of human synovial cells, which play a central role in the progression of inflammatory responses in joints. In synovial cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, recombinant human OSM and native OSM secreted by human granulocytes both reduced the gene expression and secretion of IL-1β and CXCL8, but increased that of IL-6 and CCL2. This impact on synovial cell activation was not obtained using IL-6 or leukaemia inhibitory factor. Signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 appeared to mediate the effects of OSM on stimulated human synovial fibroblasts. In the murine dorsal air pouch model of inflammation, OSM reduced the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α in lining tissues, and their presence in the cavity. These results as a whole suggest an anti-inflammatory role for OSM, guiding inflammatory processes towards resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Dumas
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie du CHUQ, and Department of Microbiology-Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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Therapeutic effects of lactosyl derivative Gu-4 in a collagen-induced arthritis rat model. Glycoconj J 2012; 29:305-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-012-9407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Mateos J, Lourido L, Fernández-Puente P, Calamia V, Fernández-López C, Oreiro N, Ruiz-Romero C, Blanco FJ. Differential protein profiling of synovial fluid from rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis patients using LC-MALDI TOF/TOF. J Proteomics 2012; 75:2869-78. [PMID: 22245418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify those proteins relatively more abundant in the synovial fluid (SF) of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. 20 individual SF samples from each disease were pooled into two groups (RA and OA) to reduce the contribution of extreme individual values. Prior to the proteomic analysis, samples were immunodepleted from the top 20 most abundant plasma proteins, to enrich the lower-abundance protein fractions. Then, they were subjected to protein size fractioning and in-gel digestion, followed by reversed-phase peptide separation in a nano-LC system and subsequent peptide identification by MALDI-TOF/TOF. This strategy led to the identification of 136 different proteins in SF, which is the largest number of SF proteins described up to date by proteomics. A relative quantification of the proteins between RA and OA was carried out by spectral counting analysis. In RA, our results show a greater relative abundance of proteins related to complement activation, inflammation and the immune response, such as the major matrix metalloproteinases and several neutrophil-related proteins. In OA, we detected an increase in proteins involved in the formation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM), such as fibronectin, kininogen-1, cartilage acidic protein 1 and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein. The results obtained for MMP-1, BGH3, fibronectin and gelsolin were verified by immunoblotting analyses. Some of the novel proteins identified in this work might be relevant not only for increasing knowledge on the etiopathogenesis of RA and OA processes, but also as putative disease biomarkers, as their presence in SF is a prior step to their dilution in serum. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteomics: The clinical link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Mateos
- Rheumatology Division, ProteoRed/ISCIII Proteomics Group, INIBIC-Hospital, Universitario de A Coruña, 15006-A Coruña, Spain
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Glucocorticoid therapy of antigen-induced arthritis depends on the dimerized glucocorticoid receptor in T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:19317-22. [PMID: 22084093 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1105857108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite several side effects, glucocorticoids (GCs) have been widely used for 60 y to treat rheumatoid arthritis on the basis of their antiinflammatory effects. However, the cells targeted by GCs and the transcriptional mechanisms underlying their actions through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in steroid therapy remain poorly defined. Using cell type-specific GR-deficient mice subjected to antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) as a model of human rheumatoid arthritis, we show that GC action on T cells but not myeloid cells is critical for therapeutic intervention in AIA. Furthermore, the resistance of mice expressing a DNA binding-defective GR (GR(dim)) to GC treatment reveals that dimerization of the GR is indispensable for the antiinflammatory effects. In these mice, the GC-induced suppression of T(H)1 and T(H)17 cell-derived proinflammatory cytokines is impaired. Our finding that IL-17A(-/-) mice are resistant to GC therapy, whereas IFN-γ(-/-) mice respond as efficiently as WT mice implies that IL-17-producing T cells and not IFN-γ-producing T cells are the most important targets for an efficient GC therapy. The present study's identification of the critical cell type and the mode of GR action in steroid therapy of AIA significantly advances our understanding of steroid therapy and should lead to therapies with greater efficiency and fewer side effects.
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Ahn JK, Hwang JW, Oh JM, Bae EK, Lee J, Lee YS, Koh EM, Cha HS. Increased α-defensin-1 expression in Korean patients with Behcet's disease. Joint Bone Spine 2011; 78:593-7. [PMID: 21441057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to measure α-defensin-1 expression in the peripheral blood of patients with Behçet's disease (BD) and healthy control (HC) and to assess the association between α-defensin-1 expression and clinical features of BD. METHODS Our patients fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of the international BD study group. ELISA and real-time PCR were performed to measure α-defensin-1 protein level in the sera and α-defensin-1 mRNA level in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), respectively. RESULTS The α-defensin-1 mRNA expression was significantly higher in BD patients (n=59) than HC (n=34) (0.49±0.10 vs. 0.19±0.45, P=0.03). The level of α-defensin-1 mRNA and protein was significantly higher in active patients than inactive patients (n=15, 0.91±0.28 vs. n=44, 0.35±0.09, P<0.001 and n=21, 7.50±2.14ng/ml vs. n=50, 3.32±0.96ng/ml, P=0.001, respectively). The level of α-defensin-1 mRNA was significant higher in patients with arthritis (n=20) than those without arthritis (n=39). CONCLUSION α-defensin-1 mRNA and protein levels are significantly increased in BD patients, especially in active BD patients. Furthermore, α-defensin-1 mRNA is over-expressed in the PBMC of BD patients with arthritis. The present study suggests that α-defensin-1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of BD and can be used as valuable biologic marker for estimation of disease activity in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joong Kyong Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Fujii H, Baba T, Ishida Y, Kondo T, Yamagishi M, Kawano M, Mukaida N. Ablation of the Ccr2 gene exacerbates polyarthritis in interleukin-1 receptor antagonist-deficient mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:96-106. [PMID: 20967859 DOI: 10.1002/art.30106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) involves cytokines and chemokines. Given the role of intraarticular macrophage infiltration in RA, this study was undertaken to address the pathogenic role of CCR2, a chemokine receptor that is abundantly expressed by macrophages, in Il1rn-deficient mice, a mouse model of RA. METHODS Il1rn-deficient and Il1rn and Ccr2-double-deficient mice were subjected to clinical assessment of arthritis and histologic examination. Bone mineral density was measured with computed tomography. The types of cells infiltrating joints were determined by immunohistochemical analysis and flow cytometric analysis. Osteoclasts in joints were quantified after tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining. Cytokine and chemokine levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and multiplex suspension array assay. The expression patterns of chemokines and osteoclastogenic factors were determined by double-color immunofluorescence analysis. Anti-mouse CXCR2 antibody was injected into Il1rn and Ccr2-double-deficient mice for blocking experiments. RESULTS Ablation of the Ccr2 gene actually exacerbated arthritis and intraarticular osteoclastogenesis, while it enhanced intraarticular neutrophil but not macrophage accumulation in Il1rn-deficient mice. Infiltrated neutrophils expressed the osteoclastogenic factors RANKL and ADAM-8, thereby augmenting intraarticular osteoclastogenesis in Il1rn and Ccr2-double-deficient mice. Moreover, the double-deficient mice exhibited enhanced expression of the neutrophilic chemokines keratinocyte chemoattractant and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2), compared with Il1rn-deficient mice. Finally, neutralizing antibodies to CXCR2, the receptor for keratinocyte chemoattractant and MIP-2, dramatically attenuated arthritis in Il1rn and Ccr2-double-deficient mice. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that CCR2-mediated signals can modulate arthritis in Il1rn-deficient mice by negatively regulating neutrophil infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fujii
- Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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The rheumatoid joint. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-06551-1.00091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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The chemokine receptor CXCR2 ligand KC (CXCL1) mediates neutrophil recruitment and is critical for development of experimental Lyme arthritis and carditis. Infect Immun 2010; 78:4593-600. [PMID: 20823213 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00798-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Deletion of the chemokine receptor CXCR2 prevents the recruitment of neutrophils into tissues and subsequent development of experimental Lyme arthritis. Following footpad inoculation of Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease, expression of the CXCR2 ligand KC (CXCL1) is highly upregulated in the joints of arthritis-susceptible mice and is likely to play an important role in the recruitment of neutrophils to the site of infection. To test this hypothesis, we infected C3H KC(-/-) mice with B. burgdorferi and followed the development of arthritis and carditis. Ankle swelling was significantly attenuated during the peak of arthritis in the KC(-/-) mice. Arthritis severity scores were significantly lower in the KC(-/-) mice on days 11 and 21 postinfection, with fewer neutrophils present in the inflammatory lesions. Cardiac lesions were also significantly decreased in KC(-/-) mice at day 21 postinfection. There were, however, no differences between C3H wild-type and KC(-/-) mice in spirochete clearance from tissues. Two other CXCR2 ligands, LIX (CXCL5) and MIP-2 (CXCL2), were not increased to compensate for the loss of KC, and the production of several innate cytokines was unaltered. These results demonstrate that KC plays a critical nonredundant role in the development of experimental Lyme arthritis and carditis via CXCR2-mediated recruitment of neutrophils into the site of infection.
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Pliyev BK, Menshikov MY. Release of the soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) by activated neutrophils in rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammation 2010; 33:1-9. [PMID: 19756998 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-009-9152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Soluble form of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is markedly increased in biological fluids during different inflammatory conditions. It has previously been observed that the highest suPAR concentrations in inflammatory exudates tend to be associated with the presence of high number of neutrophils. Guided by this observation and our recent finding that activated neutrophils release suPAR we investigated whether neutrophils can be a source of suPAR during the inflammatory response in vivo. To address this question we conducted the comparative analysis of neutrophils isolated from the paired samples of synovial fluid (SF) and peripheral blood (PB) of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Freshly isolated SF neutrophils released significantly (p < 0.01) higher amounts of suPAR compared with PB neutrophils. We demonstrated that neutrophils from both sources release predominantly the truncated D2D3 form of suPAR. Migration of formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1)-transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells toward the supernatants harvested from in vitro cultured SF neutrophils was significantly diminished when D2D3 form of suPAR was immunodepleted from the supernatants. Taken together, these data demonstrate that neutrophils, first, contribute to or are responsible for the generation of the increased suPAR levels during the inflammatory response and, second, release the chemotactically active form of suPAR that might be involved in the recruitment of formyl peptide receptors-expressing leukocytes into the inflamed tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris K Pliyev
- Department of Biological and Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky pr, 31-5, Moscow 119192, Russia.
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Wright HL, Moots RJ, Bucknall RC, Edwards SW. Neutrophil function in inflammation and inflammatory diseases. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010; 49:1618-31. [PMID: 20338884 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keq045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 513] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In inflammatory conditions such as RA, the neutrophil has tended to be dismissed as a short-lived, terminally differentiated, irrelevant bystander cell. However, this is clearly not the case. A better understanding of the complex heterogeneous pathways and processes that constitute RA, in parallel with a more sophisticated knowledge of neutrophil biology has identified many potential roles for these cells in the persistence of inflammation and progression of joint damage, which should not be underestimated. Not only are neutrophils found in high numbers within the rheumatoid joint, both in synovial tissue and in joint fluid, they have a huge potential to directly inflict damage to tissue, bone and cartilage via the secretion of proteases and toxic oxygen metabolites, as well as driving inflammation through antigen presentation and secretion of cytokines, chemokines, prostaglandins and leucotrienes. Drugs already used to treat RA down-regulate many neutrophil functions, including migration to the joint, degranulation and production of inflammatory mediators, and these cells should be considered as important targets for the development of new therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Wright
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
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Gupta P, Friberg LE, Karlsson MO, Krishnaswami S, French J. A semi-mechanistic model of CP-690,550-induced reduction in neutrophil counts in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Pharmacol 2009; 50:679-87. [PMID: 19880676 DOI: 10.1177/0091270009346060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
CP-690,550, a selective inhibitor of the Janus kinase family, is being developed as an oral disease-modifying antirheumatic drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A semi-mechanistic model was developed to characterize the time course of drug-induced absolute neutrophil count (ANC) reduction in a phase 2a study. Data from 264 RA patients receiving 6-week treatment (placebo, 5, 15, 30 mg bid) followed by a 6-week off-treatment period were analyzed. The model included a progenitor cell pool, a maturation chain comprising transit compartments, a circulation pool, and a feedback mechanism. The model was adequately described by system parameters (BASE(h), ktr(h), gamma, and k(circ)), disease effect parameters (DIS), and drug effect parameters (k(off) and k(D)). The disease manifested as an increase in baseline ANC and reduced maturation time due to increased demand from the inflammation site. The drug restored the perturbed system parameters to their normal values via an indirect mechanism. ANC reduction due to a direct myelosuppressive drug effect was not supported. The final model successfully described the dose- and time-dependent changes in ANC and predicted the incidence of neutropenia at different doses reasonably well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Gupta
- Pfizer, Inc, Clinical Pharmacology Department, B3208, 50 Pequot Avenue, New London, CT 06320, USA.
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Azuma T, Zhu G, Xu H, Rietz AC, Drake CG, Matteson EL, Chen L. Potential role of decoy B7-H4 in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis: a mouse model informed by clinical data. PLoS Med 2009; 6:e1000166. [PMID: 19841745 PMCID: PMC2760136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A pathogenic hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is persistent inflammatory responses in target tissues and organs. Immune responses mediated by T cells and autoantibodies are known to play pivotal roles. A possible interpretation for this observation is a loss of negative regulation of autoimmune responses. Here we sought to investigate whether B7-H4, a cell surface inhibitory molecule of the B7-CD28 signaling pathway, may play a role in the pathogenesis of RA. METHODS AND FINDINGS In a cross-sectional study of a clinical convenience sample using monoclonal antibodies against human B7-H4 molecules, we detected high levels of the soluble form of B7-H4 (sH4) in the sera of 65% of patients with RA (n = 68) versus only 13% of healthy donors (n = 24). Elevated sH4 was associated with an increased disease severity score (DAS28) in a cross-sectional analysis. In a mouse model of RA, transgenic expression of sH4 or genetic deletion of B7-H4 accelerated the progression of collagen-induced arthritis, accompanied by enhanced T and B cell-mediated autoimmune responses as well as increased activity of neutrophils. Expression in vivo of an agonist, a B7-H4-immunoglobulin Fc fusion protein, profoundly suppressed disease progression in the mouse model. CONCLUSIONS Our findings in mice indicate that sH4 acts as a decoy molecule to block the inhibitory functions of cell-surface B7-H4, leading to exacerbation of collagen-induced arthritis. If the preliminary correlation between sH4 levels and disease activity in patients with RA can be confirmed to reflect a similar mechanism, these findings suggest a novel target for treatment approaches. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Azuma
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gefeng Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Haiying Xu
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - A. Cecilia Rietz
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Charles G. Drake
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eric L. Matteson
- Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Lieping Chen
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Timmons BC, Fairhurst AM, Mahendroo MS. Temporal changes in myeloid cells in the cervix during pregnancy and parturition. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:2700-7. [PMID: 19234164 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Preterm birth occurs at a rate of 12.7% in the U.S. and is the primary cause of fetal morbidity in the first year of life as well as the cause of later health problems. Elucidation of mechanisms controlling cervical remodeling is critical for development of therapies to reduce the incidence of prematurity. The cervical extracellular matrix must be disorganized during labor to allow birth, followed by a rapid repair postpartum. Leukocytes infiltrate the cervix before and after birth and are proposed to regulate matrix remodeling during cervical ripening via release of proteolytic enzymes. In the current study, flow cytometry and cell sorting were used to determine the role of immune cells in cervical matrix remodeling before, during, and after parturition. Markers of myeloid cell differentiation and activation were assessed to define phenotype and function. Tissue monocytes and eosinophils increased in the cervix before birth in a progesterone-regulated fashion, whereas macrophage numbers were unchanged. Neutrophils increased in the postpartum period. Increased mRNA expression of Csfr1 and markers of alternatively activated M2 macrophages during labor or shortly postpartum suggest a function of M2 macrophages in postpartum tissue repair. Changes in cervical myeloid cell numbers are not reflected in the peripheral blood. These data along with our previous studies suggest that myeloid-derived cells do not orchestrate processes required for initiation of cervical ripening before birth. Additionally, macrophages with diverse phenotypes (M1 and M2) are present in the cervix and are most likely involved in the postpartum repair of tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda C Timmons
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Antoniazzi RP, Miranda LA, Zanatta FB, Islabão AG, Gustafsson A, Chiapinotto GA, Oppermann RV. Periodontal Conditions of Individuals With Sjögren's Syndrome. J Periodontol 2009; 80:429-35. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.080350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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A key role for G-CSF-induced neutrophil production and trafficking during inflammatory arthritis. Blood 2008; 112:5193-201. [PMID: 18824600 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-02-139535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that G-CSF-deficient (G-CSF(-/-)) mice are markedly protected from collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), which is the major murine model of rheumatoid arthritis, and now investigate the mechanisms by which G-CSF can promote inflammatory disease. Serum G-CSF levels were significantly elevated during CIA. Reciprocal bone marrow chimeras using G-CSF(-/-), G-CSFR(-/-), and wild-type (WT) mice identified nonhematopoietic cells as the major producers of G-CSF and hematopoietic cells as the major responders to G-CSF during CIA. Protection against CIA was associated with relative neutropenia. Depletion of neutrophils or blockade of the neutrophil adhesion molecule, Mac-1, dramatically attenuated the progression of established CIA in WT mice. Intravital microscopy of the microcirculation showed that both local and systemic administration of G-CSF significantly increased leukocyte trafficking into tissues in vivo. G-CSF-induced trafficking was Mac-1 dependent, and G-CSF up-regulated CD11b expression on neutrophils. Multiphoton microscopy of synovial vessels in the knee joint during CIA revealed significantly fewer adherent Gr-1(+) neutrophils in G-CSF(-/-) mice compared with WT mice. These data confirm a central proinflammatory role for G-CSF in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis, which may be due to the promotion of neutrophil trafficking into inflamed joints, in addition to G-CSF-induced neutrophil production.
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Dumont N, Bouchard P, Frenette J. Neutrophil-induced skeletal muscle damage: a calculated and controlled response following hindlimb unloading and reloading. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 295:R1831-8. [PMID: 18784335 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90318.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils phagocyte necrotic debris and release cytokines, enzymes, and oxidative factors. In the present study, we investigated the contribution of neutrophils to muscle injury, dysfunction, and recovery using an unloading and reloading model. Mice were submitted to 10 days of hindlimb unloading and were transiently depleted in neutrophils with anti-Ly6G/Ly6C antibody prior to reloading. Leukocyte accumulation and muscle function were assessed immunohistologically and functionally in vitro. In addition, soleus muscles submitted to unloading and reloading were incubated in vitro with LPS (100 microg/ml) to determine whether exogenous stimulus would activate neutrophil response and produce extensive muscle damage. Contractile properties were recorded every hour for 6 h, and muscles were subsequently incubated in procion orange to assess muscle damage. Neutrophil depletion affected neither the loss in muscle force nor the time of recovery in atrophied and reloaded soleus muscles. However, atrophied and reloaded soleus muscles that contained high concentration of neutrophils experienced a 20% greater loss in force than atrophied and reloaded soleus muscles depleted in neutrophils following in vitro incubation with LPS. Procion orange dye also confirmed that neutrophils induced a 2.5-fold increase in muscle membrane damage in the presence of LPS. These results show that neutrophil infiltration during modified mechanical loading is highly regulated and efficiently eliminated, with no significant muscle fiber injury unless the activation state of neutrophils is modified by the presence of LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dumont
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, T-R-93, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1V 4G2
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Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) induces integrin CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1) up-regulation and migration to the CC chemokine CCL3 (MIP-1α) on human neutrophils through defined signalling pathways. Cell Signal 2008; 20:557-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Revised: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Odobasic D, Leech MT, Xue JR, Holdsworth SR. Distinct in vivo roles of CD80 and CD86 in the effector T-cell responses inducing antigen-induced arthritis. Immunology 2008; 124:503-13. [PMID: 18217945 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02802.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD80 and CD86 play a critical role in the initiation of T-cell responses. However, their role in the in vivo effector CD4+ T-cell responses has been less extensively investigated. The current studies have examined the functional relevance of CD80 and CD86 in the effector CD4+ T-cell responses inducing antigen-induced arthritis. Arthritis was induced in C57BL/6 mice by sensitization to methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA) on day 0, booster immunization (day 7) and intra-articular injection of mBSA (day 21). Control or anti-CD80 and/or anti-CD86 monoclonal antibodies were administered from day 21 to day 28. Arthritis severity and immune responses were assessed on day 28. The development of arthritis was significantly suppressed by inhibition of CD80 or CD86. Blockade of both CD80 and CD86 caused a trend towards reduced disease severity compared to control antibody-treated mice. Neutralization of CD80 attenuated accumulation of CD4+ T cells in joints and enhanced splenocyte production and circulating levels of interleukin-4. Inhibition of CD86 or both CD80 and CD86 reduced T-cell accumulation in joints without affecting T helper type 1/type 2 (Th1/Th2) differentiation or antibody levels. Blockade of CD86, and not CD80, significantly suppressed splenocyte interleukin-17 (IL-17) production. These results provide further in vivo evidence that CD80 and CD86 play important pathogenic roles in effector T-cell responses. CD80 exacerbates arthritis by downregulating systemic levels of IL-4 and increasing T-cell accumulation in joints without affecting IL-17 production. CD86 enhances disease severity by upregulating IL-17 production and increasing the accumulation of effector T cells in joints without affecting Th1/Th2 development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Odobasic
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Vic, Australia.
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