1
|
He H, Chen W, Wei Y, Zhang T, Geng W, Zhai J. Effects of perinatal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals on the reproductive system of F3 generation male rodents: a meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:33218-33229. [PMID: 35022983 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18338-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To explore the relationship between perinatal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and the male reproductive system of F3 generation, and to evaluate the toxicological effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on the reproductive system of F3 generation male rodents. PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched to obtain the studies; overall risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were used to evaluate the relationship between exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and reproductive system damage in F3 generation male rodents. Nine studies were included for analysis. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals are significantly associated with the reproductive system of male rodents of F3 generation, especially the testis (RR = 3.13, 95% CI: 2.05, 4.76), prostate (RR = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.27, 4.00), and kidney (RR = 2.83, 95% CI: 1.77, 4.52), but the current analysis does not prove that EDCs are the adverse factors for puberty abnormalities. The results indicated that the overall associations between atrazine (RR = 3.06, 95% CI: 1.10, 8.51, P = 0.032), DDT (RR = 6.26, 95% CI: 1.56, 25.08, P = 0.010), pesticide and insect repellent mixture (permethrin and DEET) (RR = 2.23, 95% CI: 1.34, 3.69, P = 0.002), and vinclozolin (RR = 4.71, 95% CI: 2.74, 8.10, P = 0.000) and reproductive system damage in F3 generation male rodents were statistically significant. Our study indicated that EDCs have an atavistic effect on the male reproductive system, and we should pay attention to the long-term effects of environmental exposure to endocrine disruptors in future generations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Rd 81, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Wenjing Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Rd 81, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yu Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Rd 81, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Taifa Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Rd 81, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Wenfeng Geng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Rd 81, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jinxia Zhai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Rd 81, Hefei, 230032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Blanc M, Rüegg J, Scherbak N, Keiter SH. Environmental chemicals differentially affect epigenetic-related mechanisms in the zebrafish liver (ZF-L) cell line and in zebrafish embryos. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 215:105272. [PMID: 31442592 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A number of chemicals have been shown to affect epigenetic patterning and functions. Since epigenetic mechanisms regulate transcriptional networks, epigenetic changes induced by chemical exposure can represent early molecular events for long-term adverse physiological effects. Epigenetics has thus appeared as a research field of major interest within (eco)toxicological sciences. The present study aimed at measuring effects on epigenetic-related mechanisms of selected environmental chemicals (bisphenols, perfluorinated chemicals, methoxychlor, permethrin, vinclozolin and coumarin 47) in zebrafish embryos and liver cells (ZFL). Transcription of genes related to DNA methylation and histone modifications was measured and global DNA methylation was assessed in ZFL cells using the LUMA assay. The differences in results gathered from both models suggest that chemicals affect different mechanisms related to epigenetics in embryos and cells. In zebrafish embryos, exposure to bisphenol A, coumarin 47, methoxychlor and permethrin lead to significant transcriptional changes in epigenetic factors suggesting that they can impact early epigenome reprogramming related to embryonic development. In ZFL cells, significant transcriptional changes were observed upon exposure to all chemicals but coumarin 47; however, only perfluorooctane sulfonate induced significant effects on global DNA methylation. Notably, in contrast to the other tested chemicals, perfluorooctane sulfonate affected only the expression of the histone demethylase kdm5ba. In addition, kdm5ba appeared as a sensitive gene in zebrafish embryos as well. Taken together, the present results suggest a role for kdm5ba in regulating epigenetic patterns in response to chemical exposure, even though mechanisms remain unclear. To confirm these findings, further evidence is required regarding changes in site-specific histone marks and DNA methylation together with their long-term effects on physiological outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Blanc
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Joëlle Rüegg
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Nikolai Scherbak
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82, Örebro, Sweden; Örebro Life Science Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Steffen H Keiter
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu X, Xiao Y, Li JQ, Fu B, Qin Z. 1,1-Diaryl compounds as important bioactive module in pesticides. Mol Divers 2018; 23:809-820. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-018-9895-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
4
|
Liu S, Li C, Wang Y, Hong T, Song T, Li L, Ye L, Lian Q, Ge RS. In utero methoxychlor exposure increases rat fetal Leydig cell number but inhibits its function. Toxicology 2016; 370:31-40. [PMID: 27663972 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to determine whether in utero exposure to methoxychlor (MXC) affects rat fetal Leydig cell number, cell size, or functions. Pregnant Sprague Dawley dams were gavaged with corn oil (control, 0mg/kg/day MXC) or MXC at doses of 10, 50, or 100mg/kg/day from gestational day (GD) 12 to 21. The results show that MXC increased fetal Leydig cell numbers dose-dependently from 95±8×103 cells/testis (control, mean±SEM) to 101±6, 148±22, and 168±21×103 cells/testis, at the doses of 10, 50, and 100mg/kg, respectively. The increase of Leydig cell number by MXC was contributed by the increase of single cell population of Leydig cells, which increased from 21±2% of the control to 31±4%, 39±3%, or 40±4% at the doses of 10, 50 or 100mg/kg, respectively. Quantitative PCR results show that MXC increased Lhcgr expression at dose of 10mg/kg and Scarb1 and Cyp11a1 mRNA levels at doses of 50 and 100mg/kg. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated the increase of CYP11A1 protein level from the dose of 10mg/kg. However, at the highest dose (100mg/kg) MXC reduced the testicular testosterone level and MXC (1μM) in vitro treatment also inhibited androgen production from isolated fetal Leydig cells. In conclusion, our findings indicate that at low dose MXC may increase fetal Leydig cell numbers and the expressions of some steroidogenic enzymes, but at high dose it reduces the testicular testosterone level leading to reproductive tract malformations in the male offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Chao Li
- Center for Scientific Research, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Tingting Hong
- Center for Scientific Research, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Tiantian Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Linxi Li
- Center for Scientific Research, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Leping Ye
- Department of Pediatrics, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Qingquan Lian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li X, Cao S, Mao B, Bai Y, Chen X, Wang X, Wu Y, Li L, Lin H, Lian Q, Huang P, Ge RS. Effects of butylated hydroxyanisole on the steroidogenesis of rat immature Leydig cells. Toxicol Mech Methods 2016; 26:511-519. [PMID: 27388148 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2016.1202367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoheng Li
- Center of Scientific Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuyan Cao
- Center of Scientific Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Baiping Mao
- Center of Scientific Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanfang Bai
- Center of Scientific Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- Center of Scientific Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiudi Wang
- Center of Scientific Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Center of Scientific Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linxi Li
- Center of Scientific Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Han Lin
- Center of Scientific Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingquan Lian
- Center of Scientific Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Center of Scientific Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Manikkam M, Haque MM, Guerrero-Bosagna C, Nilsson EE, Skinner MK. Pesticide methoxychlor promotes the epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of adult-onset disease through the female germline. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102091. [PMID: 25057798 PMCID: PMC4109920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental compounds including fungicides, plastics, pesticides, dioxin and hydrocarbons can promote the epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of adult-onset disease in future generation progeny following ancestral exposure during the critical period of fetal gonadal sex determination. This study examined the actions of the pesticide methoxychlor to promote the epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of adult-onset disease and associated differential DNA methylation regions (i.e. epimutations) in sperm. Gestating F0 generation female rats were transiently exposed to methoxychlor during fetal gonadal development (gestation days 8 to 14) and then adult-onset disease was evaluated in adult F1 and F3 (great-grand offspring) generation progeny for control (vehicle exposed) and methoxychlor lineage offspring. There were increases in the incidence of kidney disease, ovary disease, and obesity in the methoxychlor lineage animals. In females and males the incidence of disease increased in both the F1 and the F3 generations and the incidence of multiple disease increased in the F3 generation. There was increased disease incidence in F4 generation reverse outcross (female) offspring indicating disease transmission was primarily transmitted through the female germline. Analysis of the F3 generation sperm epigenome of the methoxychlor lineage males identified differentially DNA methylated regions (DMR) termed epimutations in a genome-wide gene promoters analysis. These epimutations were found to be methoxychlor exposure specific in comparison with other exposure specific sperm epimutation signatures. Observations indicate that the pesticide methoxychlor has the potential to promote the epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of disease and the sperm epimutations appear to provide exposure specific epigenetic biomarkers for transgenerational disease and ancestral environmental exposures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Manikkam
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - M. Muksitul Haque
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Carlos Guerrero-Bosagna
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Eric E. Nilsson
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael K. Skinner
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Habert R, Muczynski V, Grisin T, Moison D, Messiaen S, Frydman R, Benachi A, Delbes G, Lambrot R, Lehraiki A, N'tumba-Byn T, Guerquin MJ, Levacher C, Rouiller-Fabre V, Livera G. Concerns about the widespread use of rodent models for human risk assessments of endocrine disruptors. Reproduction 2014; 147:R119-29. [PMID: 24497529 PMCID: PMC3959776 DOI: 10.1530/rep-13-0497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fetal testis is a major target of endocrine disruptors (EDs). During the last 20 years, we have developed an organotypic culture system that maintains the function of the different fetal testis cell types and have used this approach as a toxicological test to evaluate the effects of various compounds on gametogenesis and steroidogenesis in rat, mouse and human testes. We named this test rat, mouse and human fetal testis assay. With this approach, we compared the effects of six potential EDs ((mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), cadmium, depleted uranium, diethylstilboestrol (DES), bisphenol A (BPA) and metformin) and one signalling molecule (retinoic acid (RA)) on the function of rat, mouse and human fetal testis at a comparable developmental stage. We found that the response is similar in humans and rodents for only one third of our analyses. For instance, RA and MEHP have similar negative effects on gametogenesis in the three species. For another third of our analyses, the threshold efficient concentrations that disturb gametogenesis and/or steroidogenesis differ as a function of the species. For instance, BPA and metformin have similar negative effects on steroidogenesis in human and rodents, but at different threshold doses. For the last third of our analyses, the qualitative response is species specific. For instance, MEHP and DES affect steroidogenesis in rodents, but not in human fetal testis. These species differences raise concerns about the extrapolation of data obtained in rodents to human health risk assessment and highlight the need of rigorous comparisons of the effects in human and rodent models, when assessing ED risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- René Habert
- Unit of Stem Cells and Radiation, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, BP 6, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gene alterations of ovarian cancer cells expressing estrogen receptors by estrogen and bisphenol a using microarray analysis. Lab Anim Res 2011; 27:99-107. [PMID: 21826169 PMCID: PMC3145995 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2011.27.2.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may interfere with the endocrine system(s) of our body and have an estrogenicity, we evaluated the effect(s) of bisphenol A (BPA) on the transcriptional levels of altered genes in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive BG-1 ovarian cancer cells by microarray and real-time polymerase-chain reaction. In this study, treatment with 17β-estradiol (E2) or BPA increased mRNA levels of E2-responsive genes related to apoptosis, cancer and cell cycle, signal transduction and nucleic acid binding etc. In parallel with their microarray data, the mRNA levels of some altered genes including RAB31_MEMBER RAS ONCOGENE FAMILY (U59877), CYCLIN D1 (X59798), CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 4 (U37022), IGF-BINDING PROTEIN 4 (U20982), and ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE (NM_000479) were significantly induced by E2 or BPA in this cell model. These results indicate that BPA in parallel with E2 induced the transcriptional levels of E2-responsive genes in an estrogen receptor (ER)-positive BG-1 cells. In conclusion, these microarray and real-time polymerase-chain reaction results indicate that BPA, a potential weak estrogen, may have estrogenic effect by regulating E2-responsive genes in ER-positive BG-1 cells and BG-1 cells would be the best in vitro model to detect these estrogenic EDCs.
Collapse
|
9
|
Hochberg Z, Feil R, Constancia M, Fraga M, Junien C, Carel JC, Boileau P, Le Bouc Y, Deal CL, Lillycrop K, Scharfmann R, Sheppard A, Skinner M, Szyf M, Waterland RA, Waxman DJ, Whitelaw E, Ong K, Albertsson-Wikland K. Child health, developmental plasticity, and epigenetic programming. Endocr Rev 2011; 32:159-224. [PMID: 20971919 PMCID: PMC3365792 DOI: 10.1210/er.2009-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plasticity in developmental programming has evolved in order to provide the best chances of survival and reproductive success to the organism under changing environments. Environmental conditions that are experienced in early life can profoundly influence human biology and long-term health. Developmental origins of health and disease and life-history transitions are purported to use placental, nutritional, and endocrine cues for setting long-term biological, mental, and behavioral strategies in response to local ecological and/or social conditions. The window of developmental plasticity extends from preconception to early childhood and involves epigenetic responses to environmental changes, which exert their effects during life-history phase transitions. These epigenetic responses influence development, cell- and tissue-specific gene expression, and sexual dimorphism, and, in exceptional cases, could be transmitted transgenerationally. Translational epigenetic research in child health is a reiterative process that ranges from research in the basic sciences, preclinical research, and pediatric clinical research. Identifying the epigenetic consequences of fetal programming creates potential applications in clinical practice: the development of epigenetic biomarkers for early diagnosis of disease, the ability to identify susceptible individuals at risk for adult diseases, and the development of novel preventive and curative measures that are based on diet and/or novel epigenetic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Hochberg
- Rambam Medical Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zota AR, Aschengrau A, Rudel RA, Brody JG. Self-reported chemicals exposure, beliefs about disease causation, and risk of breast cancer in the Cape Cod Breast Cancer and Environment Study: a case-control study. Environ Health 2010; 9:40. [PMID: 20646273 PMCID: PMC2918587 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-9-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Household cleaning and pesticide products may contribute to breast cancer because many contain endocrine disrupting chemicals or mammary gland carcinogens. This population-based case-control study investigated whether use of household cleaners and pesticides increases breast cancer risk. METHODS Participants were 787 Cape Cod, Massachusetts, women diagnosed with breast cancer between 1988 and 1995 and 721 controls. Telephone interviews asked about product use, beliefs about breast cancer etiology, and established and suspected breast cancer risk factors. To evaluate potential recall bias, we stratified product-use odds ratios by beliefs about whether chemicals and pollutants contribute to breast cancer; we compared these results with odds ratios for family history (which are less subject to recall bias) stratified by beliefs about heredity. RESULTS Breast cancer risk increased two-fold in the highest compared with lowest quartile of self-reported combined cleaning product use (Adjusted OR = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.4, 3.3) and combined air freshener use (Adjusted OR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.2, 3.0). Little association was observed with pesticide use. In stratified analyses, cleaning products odds ratios were more elevated among participants who believed pollutants contribute "a lot" to breast cancer and moved towards the null among the other participants. In comparison, the odds ratio for breast cancer and family history was markedly higher among women who believed that heredity contributes "a lot" (OR = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.9, 3.6) and not elevated among others (OR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.5, 1.1). CONCLUSIONS Results of this study suggest that cleaning product use contributes to increased breast cancer risk. However, results also highlight the difficulty of distinguishing in retrospective self-report studies between valid associations and the influence of recall bias. Recall bias may influence higher odds ratios for product use among participants who believed that chemicals and pollutants contribute to breast cancer. Alternatively, the influence of experience on beliefs is another explanation, illustrated by the protective odds ratio for family history among women who do not believe heredity contributes "a lot." Because exposure to chemicals from household cleaning products is a biologically plausible cause of breast cancer and avoidable, associations reported here should be further examined prospectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ami R Zota
- Silent Spring Institute, 29 Crafts Street, Newton, MA 02458, USA
| | - Ann Aschengrau
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Talbot 3E, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Ruthann A Rudel
- Silent Spring Institute, 29 Crafts Street, Newton, MA 02458, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang H, Wang H, Ji YL, Zhang Y, Yu T, Ning H, Zhang C, Zhao XF, Wang Q, Liu P, Xu DX. Maternal fenvalerate exposure during pregnancy persistently impairs testicular development and spermatogenesis in male offspring. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:1160-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
12
|
Dang VH, Nguyen TH, Lee GS, Choi KC, Jeung EB. In vitro exposure to xenoestrogens induces growth hormone transcription and release via estrogen receptor-dependent pathways in rat pituitary GH3 cells. Steroids 2009; 74:707-14. [PMID: 19463694 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 02/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we employed an in vitro model to examine the effects of endocrine disruptors (EDs) in the regulation of growth hormone (GH) gene, an important hormone in growth, development and body composition. The rat pituitary cells, GH3, were treated with alkyl-phenols (APs), i.e., 4-tert-octyl-phenol (OP), p-nonyl-phenol (NP) or bisphenol A (BPA) for 24h in a dose-dependent manner (10(-5), 10(-6) and 10(-7)M) and in a time-dependent fashion (1, 3, 6, 12 and 24h) at a high concentration (10(-5)M). An anti-estrogen, ICI 182,780, was used to examine the potential involvement of estrogen receptor (ER) in the induction of GH by EDs through an ER-mediated pathway. Treatment with OP, NP and BPA induced a significant increase in GH gene expression at high and medium doses at 24h. ED-exposure induced a marked increase in GH gene transcription as early as 6h and peaked at 12h. Co-treatment with ICI 182,780 significantly attenuated ED-induced GH expression in GH3 cells. Interestingly, the level of in vitro GH release was significantly increased at 24h in response to OP, NP or BPA, whereas co-treatment with ICI 182,780 significantly reversed ED-induced GH secretion, indicating that ER may take part in both GH gene transcription and its release in these cells. In addition, the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), protein kinases B (Akt) or G protein in response to OP, NP or BPA at 24h was observed in this study. Exposure to these APs resulted in a rapid and significant activation of ERK phosphorylation, reflecting that EDs-induced response may involve both genomic and non-genomic pathways in these cells. Taken together, these results may provide new insight into the mode of ED-induced action in GH gene regulation as well as the biological pathway underlying these molecular events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vu Hoang Dang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
DANG VH, CHOI KC, JEUNG EB. Estrogen Receptors are Involved in Xenoestrogen Induction of Growth Hormone in the Rat Pituitary Gland. J Reprod Dev 2009; 55:206-13. [DOI: 10.1262/jrd.20147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vu Hoang DANG
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University
| | - Kyung-Chul CHOI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia
| | - Eui-Bae JEUNG
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gorelick DA, Watson W, Halpern ME. Androgen receptor gene expression in the developing and adult zebrafish brain. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:2987-95. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
15
|
Merlet J, Racine C, Moreau E, Moreno SG, Habert R. Male fetal germ cells are targets for androgens that physiologically inhibit their proliferation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:3615-20. [PMID: 17360691 PMCID: PMC1805536 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611421104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In adulthood, the action of androgens on seminiferous tubules is essential for full quantitatively normal spermatogenesis and fertility. In contrast, their role in the fetal testis, and particularly in fetal germ cell development, remains largely unknown. Using testicular feminized (Tfm) mice, we investigated the effects of a lack of functional androgen receptor (AR) on fetal germ cells, also named gonocytes. We demonstrated that endogenous androgens/AR physiologically control normal gonocyte proliferation. We observed an increase in the number of gonocytes at 17.5 days postconception resulting from an increase in proliferative activity in Tfm mice. In a reciprocal manner, gonocyte proliferation is decreased by the addition of DHT in fetal testis organotypic culture. Furthermore, the AR coregulator Hsp90alpha (mRNA and protein) specifically expressed in gonocytes was down-regulated in Tfm mice at 15.5 days postconception. To investigate whether these effects could result from direct action of androgens on gonocytes, we collected pure gonocyte preparations and detected AR transcripts therein. We used an original model harboring a reporter gene that specifically reflects AR activity by androgens and clearly demonstrated the presence of a functional AR protein in fetal germ cells. These data provide in vivo and in vitro evidence of a new control of endogenous androgens on gonocytes identified as direct target cells for androgens. Finally, our results focus on a new pathway in the fetal testis during the embryonic period, which is the most sensitive to antiandrogenic endocrine disruptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Merlet
- Laboratory of Differentiation and Radiobiology of the Gonads, Unit of Gametogenesis and Genotoxicity, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S 566, Université Denis Diderot Paris 7 and Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 566, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Chrystèle Racine
- Laboratory of Differentiation and Radiobiology of the Gonads, Unit of Gametogenesis and Genotoxicity, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S 566, Université Denis Diderot Paris 7 and Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 566, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Evelyne Moreau
- Laboratory of Differentiation and Radiobiology of the Gonads, Unit of Gametogenesis and Genotoxicity, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S 566, Université Denis Diderot Paris 7 and Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 566, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Stéphanie G. Moreno
- Laboratory of Differentiation and Radiobiology of the Gonads, Unit of Gametogenesis and Genotoxicity, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S 566, Université Denis Diderot Paris 7 and Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 566, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - René Habert
- Laboratory of Differentiation and Radiobiology of the Gonads, Unit of Gametogenesis and Genotoxicity, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S 566, Université Denis Diderot Paris 7 and Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 566, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wada K, Sakamoto H, Nishikawa K, Sakuma S, Nakajima A, Fujimoto Y, Kamisaki Y. Life Style-Related Diseases of the Digestive System: Endocrine Disruptors Stimulate Lipid Accumulation in Target Cells Related to Metabolic Syndrome. J Pharmacol Sci 2007; 105:133-7. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fm0070034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
17
|
Delbès G, Levacher C, Habert R. Estrogen effects on fetal and neonatal testicular development. Reproduction 2006; 132:527-38. [PMID: 17008464 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.01231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, evidences have accumulated that exposure to environmental components with estrogenic activity causes reproductive disorders in human populations. Studies conducted over the past 50 years have clearly shown a continual decline in semen quality accompanied by an increase in male reproductive disorders during this period in industrial countries. As healthy gametes are a prerequisite for healthy children, such disorders are a significant problem not only for the current society, but also for future generations. These male reproductive disorders have been attributed to xenobiotics, and particularly to xenoestrogens, which have steadily increased in diversity and concentration in the environment and food. Epidemiological, clinical, and experimental studies have suggested that excessive exposure to estrogens and xenoestrogens during fetal and neonatal development may induce testicular developmental disorders, leading to alterations in the adult male fertility. Recently, we have clearly demonstrated that fetal and neonatal testes are very sensitive to estrogens, as the inactivation of estrogen receptor α increases steroidogenesis and the inactivation of estrogen receptor β enhances development of the germ cell lineage in the male.
Collapse
|
18
|
Kuwada M, Kawashima R, Nakamura K, Kojima H, Hasumi H, Maki J. Study of neonatal exposure to androgenic endocrine disruptors, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone by normal-phase HPLC. Biomed Chromatogr 2006; 20:1237-41. [PMID: 16804875 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal exposure to androgen induces developmental abnormalities in the male reproductive system. To investigate whether neonatal exposure affects spermatogenesis in juvenile and pubertal testis, Sprague-Dawley rat pups were given androgen or various androgenic endocrine disruptors by a single injection on the day of birth at concentrations ranging between 4 mm to 200 mm, and sacrificed on day 21 (juvenile) or 50 (puberty). The testes were weighed and examined histologically at each stage. Further, the metabolites of steroidogenesis were analyzed using normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Neonatal exposure significantly reduced testis weights and steroidogenesis of juveniles. Neonatal exposure to testosterone and dihydrotestosterone still suppressed pubertal steroidogenesis, although testis weight was completely restored during puberty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kuwada
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Human Health, Hachinohe University, 13-98 Mihono, Hachinohe, Aomori 031-8544, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Naciff JM, Hess KA, Overmann GJ, Torontali SM, Carr GJ, Tiesman JP, Foertsch LM, Richardson BD, Martinez JE, Daston GP. Gene expression changes induced in the testis by transplacental exposure to high and low doses of 17{alpha}-ethynyl estradiol, genistein, or bisphenol A. Toxicol Sci 2005; 86:396-416. [PMID: 15901920 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfi198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine (1) the transcriptional program elicited by exposure to three estrogen receptor (ER) agonists: 17 alpha-ethynyl estradiol (EE), genistein (Ges), and bisphenol A (BPA) during fetal development of the rat testis and epididymis; and (2) whether very low dosages of estrogens (evaluated over five orders of magnitude of dosage) produce unexpected changes in gene expression (i.e., a non-monotonic dose-response curve). In three independently conducted experiments, Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed (sc) with 0.001-10 microg EE/kg/day, 0.001-100 mg Ges/kg/day, or 0.002-400 mg BPA/kg/day. While morphological changes in the developing reproductive system were not observed, the gene expression profile of target tissues were modified in a dose-responsive manner. Independent dose-response analyses of the three studies identified 59 genes that are significantly modified by EE, 23 genes by Ges, and 15 genes by BPA (out of 8740), by at least 1.5 fold (up- or down-regulated). Even more genes were observed to be significantly changed when only the high dose is compared with all lower doses: 141, 46, and 67 genes, respectively. Global analyses aimed at detecting genes consistently modified by all of the chemicals identified 50 genes whose expression changed in the same direction across the three chemicals. The dose-response curve for gene expression changes was monotonic for each chemical, with both the number of genes significantly changed and the magnitude of change, for each gene, decreasing with decreasing dose. Using the available annotation of the gene expression changes induced by ER-agonist, our data suggest that a variety of cellular pathways are affected by estrogen exposure. These results indicate that gene expression data are diagnostic of mode of action and, if they are evaluated in the context of traditional toxicological end-points, can be used to elucidate dose-response characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M Naciff
- Miami Valley Innovation Center, The Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio 45253, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Uzumcu M, Suzuki H, Skinner MK. Effect of the anti-androgenic endocrine disruptor vinclozolin on embryonic testis cord formation and postnatal testis development and function. Reprod Toxicol 2004; 18:765-74. [PMID: 15279874 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2004.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2003] [Revised: 05/05/2004] [Accepted: 05/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vinclozolin is a systemic dicarboximide fungicide that is used on fruits, vegetables, ornamental plants, and turf grass. Vinclozolin and its metabolites are known to be endocrine disruptors and act as androgen receptor antagonists. The hypothesis tested in the current study is that transient embryonic exposure to an anti-androgenic endocrine disruptor at the time of testis determination alters testis development and subsequently influences adult spermatogenic capacity and male reproduction. The effects of vinclozolin on embryonic testicular cord formation in vitro were examined, as well as the effects of transient in utero vinclozolin exposure on postnatal testis development and function. Embryonic day 13 (E13, sperm-positive vaginal smear day = E0) gonads were cultured in the absence or presence of vinclozolin (50-500microM). Vinclozolin treated gonads had significantly fewer cords (P < 0.05) and the histology of the cords that formed were abnormal as compared to vehicle-treated organs. Pregnant rats were exposed to vinclozolin (100 mg/kg/day) between embryonic days 8 and 14 (E8-E14) of development. Testis morphology and function were analyzed from postnatal day (P) 0, pubertal P20, and adult P60. No significant effect of vinclozolin on testis histology or germ cell viability was observed in P0 testis. The pubertal P20 testis from vinclozolin exposed animals had significantly higher numbers of apoptotic germ cells (P < 0.01), but testis weight was not affected. The adult P60 sperm motility was significantly lower in vinclozolin exposed males (P < 0.01). In addition, apoptotic germ cell number in testis of vinclozolin exposed animals was higher in adult P60 animals. Observations demonstrate that vinclozolin can effect embryonic testicular cord formation in vitro and that transient in utero exposure to vinclozolin increases apoptotic germ cell numbers in the testis of pubertal and adult animals. This correlated to reduced sperm motility in the adult. In conclusion, transient exposure to vinclozolin during the time of testis differentiation (i.e. cord formation) alters testis development and function. Observations indicate that transient exposure to an anti-androgenic endocrine disruptor during embryonic development causes delayed effects later in adult life on spermatogenic capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Uzumcu
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4231, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lemaire G, Terouanne B, Mauvais P, Michel S, Rahmani R. Effect of organochlorine pesticides on human androgen receptor activation in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 196:235-46. [PMID: 15081270 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2003.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2003] [Accepted: 12/22/2003] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Many persistent organochlorine pesticides (OCs) have been implicated in adverse effects, that is, reproductive and developmental effects, in man and in wildlife alike. It has been hypothesized that these so-called xeno-hormones could be responsible for the increased incidence in various male sexual differentiation disorders such as hypospadias, cryptorchidism, low sperm counts and quality. In this report, OCs, called endocrine disrupters, were tested for their interaction with the androgen receptor. The stable prostatic cell line PALM, which contains a human androgen receptor (hAR) expression vector and the reporter MMTV-luciferase, was used to characterize the response of hAR to OC and was compared with synthetic androgen compound R1881. We found that all the OC pesticides tested were able to shift the agonist [(3)H]-R1881 from its binding site to the AR in competitive binding assays. In addition, these compounds antagonize-in a dose-dependent manner-the AR-mediated transcription by synthetic AR ligand R1881. None of the pesticides reacted as agonists. These results demonstrate that OC endocrine activities in vivo probably result from direct and specific binding to the AR ligand-binding domain. Although the antagonistic potential of OC pesticides is lower than that of hydroxyflutamide, they are capable of disrupting the male hormone signaling pathway. Because these chemicals are extremely persistent and tend to bioaccumulate, these results support the hypothesis that the recent increase in the incidence of male sexual disorders could be due to long exposure to ubiquitous OC pesticides found in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Lemaire
- Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Toxicologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, INRA, 06606 Antibes, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kudo C, Wada K, Masuda T, Yonemura T, Shibuya A, Fujimoto Y, Nakajima A, Niwa H, Kamisaki Y. Nonylphenol induces the death of neural stem cells due to activation of the caspase cascade and regulation of the cell cycle. J Neurochem 2004; 88:1416-23. [PMID: 15009642 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.02270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are a great concern throughout the world, because they have adverse effects on human health and wildlife. In the present study, we investigated the effects of EDs on the proliferation and survival of murine neural stem cells (NSCs). In contrast to bisphenol A, phthalic acid benzyl n-butyl ester, phthalic acid di-n-butyl ester and phthalic acid di(2-ethylhexyl) ester, the treatment of NSCs with 4-nonylphenol for 24 h inhibited cell growth in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, treatment with 4-nonylphenol resulted in nuclear condensation and DNA fragmentation (morphological changes due to apoptosis) in NSCs after 12 h of exposure, and activated caspase-3 after 6 h and 9 h of exposure. Furthermore, an exposure to 4-nonylphenol led to the accumulation of cells at the G2/M phase interface and down-regulated the protein levels of cyclin A and B1, which are the major regulatory proteins at the G2 to M transition of the cell cycle. Together, these results indicate that, in contrast to other EDs, 4-nonylphenol may exhibit a potent cytotoxicity through apoptosis via the caspase cascade and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, and suggest that 4-nonylphenol may affect neurogenesis in the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiho Kudo
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
PURPOSE We reviewed the outcome of conservative management of epididymal cyst in children at our institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the records of all patients with epididymal cyst from 1991 to 2002. Age and mode of presentation as well as time to complete involution of the cysts were studied. Diagnosis of epididymal cyst was confirmed by scrotal ultrasound in all cases. RESULTS A total of 20 patients were identified with epididymal cyst. Average patient age at presentation was 10.5 years. Fifteen patients presented with scrotal mass and 4 with scrotal pain. Cysts were between 3 and 30 mm. Only 1 patient required surgical excision due to persistent pain. Epididymal cysts resolved in 10 patients who completed followup. Average time to complete regression was 17 months. None of our patients had a history of exposure to diethylstilbestrol, cryptorchidism, cystic fibrosis or von Hippel-Lindau disease. CONCLUSIONS Our findings imply that most epididymal cysts involute with time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Homayoon
- Department of Surgery, St Louis University, Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cupp AS, Uzumcu M, Suzuki H, Dirks K, Phillips B, Skinner MK. Effect of transient embryonic in vivo exposure to the endocrine disruptor methoxychlor on embryonic and postnatal testis development. JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY 2003; 24:736-45. [PMID: 12954667 DOI: 10.1002/j.1939-4640.2003.tb02736.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The current study was designed to examine the effects of a transient embryonic exposure to the pesticide methoxychlor, an endocrine disruptor, on in vivo rat testis development and function. Gestating female rats were transiently administered methoxychlor (MXC) from embryonic day 7 (E7; EO = plug date) through E15. Embryonic testes were collected at E16 and postnatal (PO = day of birth) testes at P4, P10, P17-20, and P60. Seminiferous cords formed in testes from MXC exposed males. However, at E16, there was a decrease in the area of cords and an increase in interstitial area in MXC exposed testes when compared with controls. At all postnatal ages collected, there did not appear to be differences in seminiferous cord/tubule area, interstitial area, or number of seminiferous cords/tubules between untreated controls and males exposed to MXC. Exposure to the endocrine disruptor also had no effect on the postnatal organ weights of a variety of different organs, nor were testosterone levels altered. Interestingly, there were reductions in the number of germ cells in testes from MXC-exposed males at P17-P20 when compared with untreated controls. Furthermore, there was a twofold increase in apoptotic cells in tubules from pubertal P17-P20-MXC exposed males when compared with untreated controls. Testes were collected from adult P60 males to determine if early embryonic and postnatal alterations in germ cell numbers or testis cellular composition had compromised spermatogenesis. In adult P60 MXC exposed testes there were no gross morphological changes in testis structure or cellular composition over that of controls. However, there was an increase in apoptotic cell number in elongating spermatids in MXC exposed testes. Four P60 males that were exposed to MXC during gestation and 4 control males were bred with unexposed females to determine their ability to produce offspring. All MXC exposed males were capable of impregnating females and had normal litter size and pup weights. Combined observations demonstrated that exposure to MXC during gestation at a critical stage of testis development (ie, sex determination) affects embryonic testis cellular composition, germ cell numbers, and germ cell survival. While alterations in these parameters does not affect the ability of males to produce offspring, there appears to be a reduced spermatogenic capacity associated with MXC treatment. Therefore, transient embryonic exposure to an endocrine disruptor (methoxychlor) during gestation can influence the germline and fertility in adult males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Cupp
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4231, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yamasaki K, Takeyoshi M, Sawaki M, Imatanaka N, Shinoda K, Takatsuki M. Immature rat uterotrophic assay of 18 chemicals and Hershberger assay of 30 chemicals. Toxicology 2003; 183:93-115. [PMID: 12504345 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(02)00445-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We performed an immature rat uterotrophic assay of 18 chemicals and Hershberger assay of 30 chemicals to assess the relationship between the results of two assays. The chemicals tested by the uterotopic assay were 4-n-amylphenol, p-dodecyl-phenol, p-(tert-pentyl)phenol, 4-cyclohexylphenol, 4-(1-adamantyl)phenol, 4,4'-thiobis-phenol, diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine, 4-hydroxyazobenzene, 4-(phenylmethyl)phenol, 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphenol, 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-methyl-n-pentane, 4,4'-(octahydro-4,7-methano-5H-inden-5-ylidene)bisphenol, 4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone, 2,2',4,4'-tetrahydroxybenzophenone, 4-hydroxybenzophenone, 2,4,4'-trihydroxybenzophenone, testosterone enanthate, and methyltestosterone. The chemicals tested by the Hershberger assay were the 18 chemicals tested in the uterotrophic assay plus the following: 17 alpha estradiol, estrone, equilin, norethindrone, norgestrel, ethynyl estradiol, bisphenol A, bisphenol B, bisphenol F, 4-tert-octylphenol, p-cumyl phenol, and nonylphenol. All chemicals examined in this study were positive in a reporter gene assay for ER-alpha. In the immature rat uterotrophic assay, all chemicals induced uterotrophy and p-(tert-pentyl)phenol, 4,4'-thiobis-phenol, 4-(phenylmethyl)phenol, 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphenol, 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-methyl-n-pentane, 4,4'-(octahydro-4,7-methano-5H-inden-5-ylidene)bisphenol, 4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone, 2,2',4,4'-tetrahydroxybenzophenone, 4-hydroxybenzophenone, and 2,4,4'-trihydroxybenzophenone exerted both estrogen agonistic effect and reduced the estrogenic effect of ethynylestradiol. In the Hershberger assay, a clear androgen agonistic effect was detected in the androgen derivatives testosterone enanthate and methyltestosterone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanji Yamasaki
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, 3-822, Ishii, Hita, Oita 877-0061, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Thin TH, Kim E, Yeh S, Sampson ER, Chen YT, Collins LL, Basavappa R, Chang C. Mutations in the helix 3 region of the androgen receptor abrogate ARA70 promotion of 17beta-estradiol-induced androgen receptor transactivation. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:36499-508. [PMID: 12068007 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m202824200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of estrogen on the development of the male reproductive system may be interrupted in a subset of partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS) patients. PAIS describes a wide range of male undermasculinization resulting from mutations in the androgen receptor (AR) or steroid metabolism enzymes that perturb androgen-AR regulation of male sex organ development. In this study, we are interested in determining if PAIS-derived AR mutants that respond normally to androgen have altered responses to estrogen in the presence of ARA70, a coregulator previously shown to enhance 17beta-estradiol E2-induced AR transactivation. The wild-type AR (wtAR) and two PAIS AR mutants, AR(S703G) and AR(E709K), all bind to androgen and E2 and subsequently translocate to the nucleus. Whereas ARA70 functionally interacts with the wtAR and the PAIS AR mutants in response to androgen, E2 only promotes the functional interaction between ARA70 and the wtAR but not the PAIS AR mutants. ARA70 increases E2 competitive binding to the wtAR in the presence of low level androgen and also retards E2 dissociation from the wtAR. ARA70 is present in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus of various mouse testicular cells during early embryogenesis day 16, at postpartum day 0 during estradiol synthesis and in the Leydig cells at postpartum day 49. ARA70 may be unable to modulate the PAIS AR mutants-E2 binding, diminishing the effect of E2 via AR during male reproductive system development in patients with such mutations. Therefore, the presence of ARA70 in the testosterone and E2-producing Leydig cells may enhance the overall activity of AR during critical stages of male sex organ development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tin Htwe Thin
- George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|