1
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Paramanik V, Kurrey K, Singh P, Tiwari S. Roles of genistein in learning and memory during aging and neurological disorders. Biogerontology 2023; 24:329-346. [PMID: 36828983 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-023-10020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Genistein (GEN) is a non-steroidal phytoestrogen that belongs to the isoflavone class. It is abundantly found in soy. Soy and its products are used as food components in many countries including India. The present review is focused to address roles of GEN in brain functions in the context of learning and memory as a function of aging and neurological disorders. Memory decline is one of the most disabling features observed during normal aging and age-associated neurodegenerative disorders namely Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), etc. Anatomical, physiological, biochemical and molecular changes in the brain with advancement of age and pathological conditions lead to decline of cognitive functions. GEN is chemically comparable to estradiol and binds to estrogen receptors (ERs). GEN acts through ERs and mimics estrogen action. After binding to ERs, GEN regulates a plethora of brain functions including learning and memory; however detailed study still remains elusive. Due to the neuroprotective, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, GEN is used to restore or improve memory functions in different animal models and humans. The present review may be helpful to understand roles of GEN in learning and memory during aging and neurological disorders, its direction of research and therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Paramanik
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology & Drug Targeting Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, 484 887, MP, India.
| | - Khuleshwari Kurrey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Neurobiology Division, John Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Padmanabh Singh
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology & Drug Targeting Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, 484 887, MP, India
| | - Sneha Tiwari
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology & Drug Targeting Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, 484 887, MP, India
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2
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Xu Y, Jang JH, Gye MC. 4-Octylphenol induces developmental abnormalities and interferes the differentiation of neural crest cells in Xenopus laevis embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 274:116560. [PMID: 33524650 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Developmental toxicity of 4-octylphenol (OP), an estrogenic endocrine disruptor was verified using frog embryo teratogenesis assay Xenopus. LC50, EC50Malformtion and EC50Melanocyte-dysgenesis of OP were 9.9, 10.5, and 2.4 μM, respectively. In tadpoles, despite the low teratogenic index, 2 μM OP significantly inhibited head cartilage development and tail malformation. The total length of tadpole was significantly increased at 5 μM and decreased at 10 μM OP. In OP-treated tadpoles, head cartilages were frequently missed and col2a1 mRNA was decreased at 2 μM, indicating a chondrogenic defect in developing head. In the head skin of 1 μM OP-treated tadpoles, number of melanocytes and melanogenic pathway genes expression were significantly decreased. In the head-neck junction of stage 22 embryos, OP increased foxd3 and sox10 mRNA and SOX10(+) neural crest cells (NCCs) in somite mesoderm and endoderm, indicating the inhibition of chondrogenic differentiation, ectopic migration to endoderm, and undifferentiation of NCCs by OP. Together, OP-induced head dysplasia and inhibition of melanogenesis may be attributable to deregulation of neural crest cells in embryos. In tadpoles, OP at 1 μM significantly increased lipid hydroperoxide and induced spliced xbp1 mRNA, an IRE1 pathway endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) marker and p-eIF2α protein, a PERK pathway ERS marker. OP at 10 μM induced CHOP mRNA, pro-apoptotic genes expression, DNA fragmentation, and cleaved caspase-3, suggesting that OP differentially induced ERS and apoptosis according to the concentration in embryos. In 5-10 μM OP-treated stage 22 embryos and stage 45 tadpole heads, Ki67 was significantly increased, suggesting the apoptosis-induced proliferation of embryonic cells in the OP-treated embryos. Together, OP should be managed as a developmental toxicant altering the behavior of NCCs in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Department of Life Science and Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Jang
- Department of Life Science and Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Chan Gye
- Department of Life Science and Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang M, Park HJ, Seo SA, Seo HR, Song H. Evaluation of toxicity of 4-octylphenol in TM4 Sertoli cells: an in vitro study. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 29:623-631. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1646368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingtian Zhang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ah Seo
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ryoung Seo
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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4
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Buñay J, Larriba E, Patiño-Garcia D, Urriola-Muñoz P, Moreno RD, del Mazo J. Combined proteomic and miRNome analyses of mouse testis exposed to an endocrine disruptors chemicals mixture reveals altered toxicological pathways involved in male infertility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 25:156-169. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaz003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Buñay
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile (PUC), Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Larriba
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Patiño-Garcia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile (PUC), Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Urriola-Muñoz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile (PUC), Santiago, Chile
- Chemistry Institute, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Ricardo D Moreno
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile (PUC), Santiago, Chile
| | - Jesús del Mazo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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de Silva PS, Yang X, Korzenik JR, Goldman RH, Arheart KL, Caban-Martinez AJ. Association of urinary phenolic compounds, inflammatory bowel disease and chronic diarrheal symptoms: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:621-626. [PMID: 28689150 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disruptors such as phenolic compounds and parabens may be involved in chronic non-infective disease. While products incorporating these compounds are extensively utilized in consumer and personal products, little is known about their effect on bowel health. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - consisting of the diseases ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease - and irritable bowel syndrome are common chronic non-infectious diarrheal diseases. Despite limited knowledge on the etiology of IBD, these diseases have increased prevalence in industrialized countries and cause significant impairment to quality of life. In the present study we examine relationships between urinary environmental phenolic compounds, chronic diarrhea and inflammatory bowel disease. Data was obtained from the 2005-2010 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) including demographics, lifestyle factors, self-reported health conditions, inflammatory markers and urinary phenolic chemical concentrations. Only participants with complete environmental phenols & parabens component were included in our analysis. Chronic diarrheal symptoms were determined by using the 2009-2010 NHANES questionnaire which included questions pertaining to bowel health. We utilized chronic bowel leakage symptoms as a surrogate marker for chronic diarrhea. The presence of IBD was also analyzed from 2009 to 2010 NHANES data, as a sub-analysis for arthropathy directly querying the presence or absence of IBD. Among the subset of 5218 American adults aged 20-80 years in the NHANES study period who completed environmental phenols & parabens component, 25.5% reported chronic diarrheal symptoms. Abnormal markers of inflammation were present in 2200 (42.2%) of respondents. For IBD, 19 individuals with arthropathy confirmed a diagnosis of ulcerative colitis, and 1 person confirmed a Crohn's diagnosis. After adjustment for demographics, inflammatory and subsample weighing; lower paraben levels were associated with chronic bowel leakage (diarrheal) symptoms. Higher 4-tert-octylphenol levels was significantly associated with ulcerative colitis. Further study of underlying mechanisms should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punyanganie S de Silva
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Xuan Yang
- Division of Environment and Public Health of the Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Joshua R Korzenik
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Rose H Goldman
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Kristopher L Arheart
- Division of Biostatistics of the Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Alberto J Caban-Martinez
- Division of Environment and Public Health of the Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Division of Biostatistics of the Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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6
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Buñay J, Larriba E, Patiño-Garcia D, Cruz-Fernandes L, Castañeda-Zegarra S, Rodriguez-Fernandez M, del Mazo J, Moreno RD. Editor’s Highlight: Differential Effects of Exposure to Single Versus a Mixture of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals on Steroidogenesis Pathway in Mouse Testes. Toxicol Sci 2017; 161:76-86. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Buñay
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (PUC), Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Eduardo Larriba
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Patiño-Garcia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (PUC), Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Leonor Cruz-Fernandes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (PUC), Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Sergio Castañeda-Zegarra
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (PUC), Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - María Rodriguez-Fernandez
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (PUC), Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Jesús del Mazo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo D Moreno
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (PUC), Santiago 8331150, Chile
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Isobe T, Ohkawara S, Tanaka-Kagawa T, Jinno H, Hanioka N. Hepatic glucuronidation of 4-tert-octylphenol in humans: inter-individual variability and responsible UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoforms. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3543-3550. [PMID: 28500425 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-1982-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
4-tert-Octylphenol (4-tOP) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical. It is mainly metabolized into glucuronide by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes in humans. The purpose of this study was to assess inter-individual variability in and the possible roles of UGT isoforms in hepatic 4-tOP glucuronidation in the humans. 4-tOP glucuronidation activities in the liver microsomes and recombinant UGTs of humans were assessed at broad substrate concentrations, and kinetics were analyzed. Correlation analyses between 4-tOP and diclofenac or 4-hydroxybiphenyl activities in pooled and individual human liver microsomes were also performed. Typical CLint values were 17.8 mL/min/mg protein for the low type, 25.2 mL/min/mg protein for the medium type, and 47.7 mL/min/mg protein for the high type. Among the recombinant UGTs (13 isoforms) examined, UGT2B7 and UGT2B15 were the most active of catalyzing 4-tOP glucuronidation. Although the K m values of UGT2B7 and UGT2B15 were similar (0.36 and 0.42 µM, respectively), the CLint value of UGT2B7 (6.83 mL/min/mg protein) >UGT2B15 (2.35 mL/min/mg protein). Strong correlations were observed between the glucuronidation activities of 4-tOP and diclofenac (a probe for UGT2B7) or 4-hydroxybiphenyl (a probe for UGT2B15) with 0.79-0.88 of Spearman correlation coefficient (r s) values. These findings demonstrate that 4-tOP glucuronidation in humans is mainly catalyzed by hepatic UGT2B7 and UGT2B15, and suggest that these UGT isoforms play important and characteristic roles in the detoxification of 4-tOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Isobe
- Laboratory of Xenobiotic Metabolism, Department of Health Pharmacy, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Susumu Ohkawara
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Health Pharmacy, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Toshiko Tanaka-Kagawa
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Health Pharmacy, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Hideto Jinno
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Nobumitsu Hanioka
- Laboratory of Xenobiotic Metabolism, Department of Health Pharmacy, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, 245-0066, Japan.
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8
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Gyllenhammar I, Glynn A, Jönsson BAG, Lindh CH, Darnerud PO, Svensson K, Lignell S. Diverging temporal trends of human exposure to bisphenols and plastizisers, such as phthalates, caused by substitution of legacy EDCs? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 153:48-54. [PMID: 27898309 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates and phenolic substances were investigated in urine samples from first-time mothers in Uppsala, Sweden, collected between 2009 and 2014. These substances have a comparably fast metabolism and urinary metabolites are predominantly analysed. The main aim was to investigate if measures to decrease production and use of certain phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) have resulted in decreased human exposure, and to determine if exposures to replacement chemicals have increased. Temporal trends were evaluated for metabolites (n=13) of seven phthalates, a phthalate replacer, four different bisphenols, triclosan, one organophosphate-based flame retardant, and for two pesticides. The results showed downward trends of several phthalates which are in the process of being regulated and phased out. Concomitantly, an increasing trend was seen for a metabolite of the phthalate replacer Di-iso-nonylcyclohexane 1,2-dicarboxylate (DiNCH). Bisphenol A (BPA) showed a downward trend, whereas bisphenol F, identified as one of the substitutes for BPA, showed an increasing trend. The decreasing trend of triclosan is likely due to declining use within the EU. Temporal trend studies of urine samples make it possible to investigate human exposure to rapidly metabolised substances and study how measures taken to regulate and replace problematic chemicals affect human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anders Glynn
- National Food Agency, P.O. Box 622, 751 26, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bo A G Jönsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Sanna Lignell
- National Food Agency, P.O. Box 622, 751 26, Uppsala, Sweden
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Ahbab MA, Barlas N, Karabulut G. The toxicological effects of bisphenol A and octylphenol on the reproductive system of prepubertal male rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 33:133-146. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233715603847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess and compare the individual adverse effects of bisphenol A (BPA) and octylphenol (OP) on the reproductive system of prepubertal male rats. Rats were exposed to BPA and OP at doses of 125 and 250 mg/kg/day, by gavage, for 90 days. At the end of the study, the testes, epididymis, prostate gland, and seminal vesicle were removed and examined histopathologically. Also, 3-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase expressions were analyzed and serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were measured. Sperm head count of caput epididymis was performed using a hemocytometer. Seminiferous and epididymal round tubules were evaluated for tubule diameter, lumen diameter, and height of tubule epithelium. There were significant increases in relative testes weights in BPA125, OP125, and OP250 groups compared with the control. Atrophic tubules, pyknotic tubules, combined tubules, congestion, vacuolization of Sertoli cell, cell debris in the lumen, tubules without sperm, and degeneration of tubules were noted in the tissue specimens obtained from the treatment groups compared with the control group. Sperm head counts were decreased in all treatment groups except for the low-dose BPA group. Testosterone (T) levels decreased in the BPA and high-dose OP treatment groups. LH levels increased in BPA treatment groups and the low-dose OP treatment group and decreased in the high-dose OP group. Epithelial height of high-dose BPA and OP treatment groups increased compared with the control group. Furthermore tubular height of low-dose BPA and high-dose OP groups increased with respect to control levels. In the OP250 treatment group, thyroxine hormone level was increased compared to other groups. Also, in the OP125 treatment group, triiodothyronine hormone level was increased compared with other groups. The results of this study showed that BPA and OP affect the steroidogenic enzyme expression and T production in Leydig cells. In conclusion, BPA and OP have adverse effects on the male reproductive system of prepubertal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nurhayat Barlas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gözde Karabulut
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Li XY, Xiao N, Zhang YH. Toxic effects of octylphenol on the expression of genes in liver identified by suppression subtractive hybridization of Rana chensinensis. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 23:1-10. [PMID: 24158398 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-013-1144-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Octylphenol (OP) is the degradative product of alkylphenol ethoxylates that are widely used to produce rubber, pesticides, and paints. It is chemically stable substance and demonstrates estrogenic effects, toxicity and carcinogenic effects in the environment. The toxin accumulates rapidly in the liver where it exerts most of its damage, but the molecular mechanisms behind its toxicity remain unclear. Due to limited information concerning the effect of OP on liver, this study investigates how OP causes hepatotoxicity in liver. Here, suppression subtractive hybridization was used to identify the alterations in gene transcription of the frog (Rana chensinensis) after exposure to OP. After hybridization and cloning, the subtractive cDNA libraries were obtained. At random, 207 positive clones were selected and sequenced from the subtractive libraries, which gave a total of 75 gene fragment sequences. The screening identified numerous genes involved in apoptosis, signal transduction, cytoskeletal remodeling, innate immunity, material and energy metabolism, translation and transcription which were extensively discussed. Two sequenced genes were analyzed further using real time quantitative PCR. The two genes from the library were found to be transcriptionally up-regulated. These results confirmed the successful construction of the subtractive cDNA library that was enriched for the genes that were differentially transcribed in the amphibian liver challenged with OP, and for the first time present the basic data on toxicity effect of OP on liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Li
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, Shaanxi, China
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11
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Yoon K, Kwack SJ, Kim HS, Lee BM. Estrogenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals: molecular mechanisms of actions on putative human diseases. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2014; 17:127-74. [PMID: 24749480 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2014.882194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC), including phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA), phytoestrogens such as genistein and daidzein, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), are associated with a variety of adverse health effects in organisms or progeny by altering the endocrine system. Environmental estrogens, including BPA, phthalates, and phytoestrogens, are the most extensively studied and are considered to mimic the actions of endogenous estrogen, 17β-estradiol (E2). Diverse modes of action of estrogen and estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) have been described, but the mode of action of estrogenic EDC is postulated to be more complex and needs to be more clearly elucidated. This review examines the adverse effects of estrogenic EDC on male or female reproductive systems and molecular mechanisms underlying EDC effects that modulate ER-mediated signaling. Mechanisms of action for estrogenic EDC may involve both ER-dependent and ER-independent pathways. Recent findings from systems toxicology of examining estrogenic EDC are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungsil Yoon
- a Lung Cancer Branch , Research Institute, National Cancer Center , Goyang , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
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12
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Kim S, An BS, Yang H, Jeung EB. Effects of octylphenol and bisphenol A on the expression of calcium transport genes in the mouse duodenum and kidney during pregnancy. Toxicology 2013; 303:99-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Ohta R, Ohmukai H, Marumo H, Shindo T, Nagata T, Ono H. Delayed reproductive dysfunction in female rats induced by early life exposure to low-dose diethylstilbestrol. Reprod Toxicol 2012; 34:323-30. [PMID: 22569274 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A one-lifespan test was carried out to establish a test protocol for endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Diethylstilbestrol was administered by oral gavage to neonatal rats at doses of 0.05, 0.5 and 5 μg/kg/day for 5 days after birth. Abnormal estrous cycles were observed throughout the study in all females from the 5 μg/kg group, and in 40% from the 0.5 μg/kg group from 24 weeks of age. The conception rate of 12-week-old females in the 5 μg/kg group was 0%, and that of the 23-week-old females in the 0.5 μg/kg group was 33.3%. No effect of DES was observed at the first parturition in any group, except for the 5 μg/kg group. However, litter size was significantly reduced in the 0.5 μg/kg group at the second parturition. These results indicated that a prolonged period of observation of reproductive function is necessary to determine EDCs reliably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Ohta
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan.
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14
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Batarfi NM. Effect of maternal exposure to octylphenol (4-tert-octylphenol) on the growth of the adrenal gland in male albino rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/abc.2012.21006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Shiorta M, Kawashima J, Nakamura T, Ogawa Y, Kamiie J, Yasuno K, Shirota K, Yoshida M. Delayed effects of single neonatal subcutaneous exposure of low-dose 17α-ethynylestradiol on reproductive function in female rats. J Toxicol Sci 2012; 37:681-90. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.37.681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Shiorta
- Laboratory of Comparative Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
| | - Jun Kawashima
- Laboratory of Comparative Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
| | - Tomohiro Nakamura
- Laboratory of Comparative Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
| | - Yuko Ogawa
- Laboratory of Comparative Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
| | - Junichi Kamiie
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
| | | | - Kinji Shirota
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
- Research Institute of Biosciences, Azabu University
| | - Midori Yoshida
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences
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Bonvallot N, Mandin C, Mercier F, Le Bot B, Glorennec P. Health ranking of ingested semi-volatile organic compounds in house dust: an application to France. INDOOR AIR 2010; 20:458-472. [PMID: 20636335 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED People spend most of their time indoors. Dust settled in the home may be contaminated by semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Exposure to these compounds is of great concern, in particular for infants. Their number is large so arose the question of which ones should be selected for dust ingestion exposure assessment. This work proposes a health ranking of SVOCs ingested through settled dust. This ranking is based on the toxicity and contamination of SVOCs in dust. Data on compounds and contamination was retrieved from a bibliographic review. Where possible, toxicity data was retrieved from databases, otherwise it was calculated from raw data. One hundred and fifty-six SVOCs were selected, 66 of which were prioritized. Forty-two could not be prioritized because contamination data was below the limit of detection, and 48 could not be prioritized because there was no contamination or toxicity data. The top-ranked compounds were phthalates, pesticides, short-chain chlorinated paraffins, PBDEs, PFCs, organotins, PCBs, and PAHs. As most of these have reprotoxic and neurotoxic properties, an integrated multi-pollutants approach to exposure is required and simultaneous measurement methods should be developed. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The large number of compounds identified in settled dust in recent years should be considered for the assessment of exposure to dust ingestion. This work provides a health ranking of SVOCs ingested through settled dust. Most of the top-ranked compounds have reprotoxic and neurotoxic properties, and particular attention should, therefore, be paid to them in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bonvallot
- EHESP School of Public Health, Rennes, France
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17
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Doerge DR, Vanlandingham M, Twaddle NC, Delclos KB. Lactational transfer of bisphenol A in Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Lett 2010; 199:372-6. [PMID: 20933065 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), an important industrial chemical to which humans are exposed on a daily basis, has long been associated with endocrine disruption in experimental animal models. Such exposures are of concern, particularly during fetal and early neonatal periods, because of greater vulnerability of developing organs to aberrant endocrine signaling. Although rarely reported, information about internal exposures to the receptor-active aglycone form of BPA during the perinatal period is essential to accurate assessment of potential risks. Lactating Sprague-Dawley dams were treated by daily gavage with 100 μg/kg bw d6-BPA starting at birth. Conjugated and aglycone forms of BPA were then measured by using LC/MS/MS in milk from lactating dams on PND 7 and in serum from dams and their pups on PND 10. All samples were collected 1h after dosing, a time selected to produce nearly maximal levels. While aglycone BPA was detected in all dam serum and milk samples, none was detected in pup serum (<0.2 nM). Doses delivered to pups lactationally, estimated from milk concentrations and body weights, were 300-fold lower than the dose administered to the dams. Similarly, serum concentrations of total BPA in pups were 300-fold lower than those in their dams. Furthermore, plasma concentrations of total BPA in PND 10 rat pups were 500-fold lower than peak levels achieved following direct oral delivery of the same dose to the same age pups. These findings of significant dose attenuation for the active aglycone form of BPA, relative to that of the dam, suggest high potency for toxicological effects derived exclusively from lactational transfer. Alternatively, studies that include lactational exposure and report minimal effects from BPA should consider the possibility that inadequate internal exposures were achieved during the critical postnatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Doerge
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCRT Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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18
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Sahambi SK, Pelland A, Cooke GM, Schrader T, Tardif R, Charbonneau M, Krishnan K, Haddad S, Cyr DG, Devine PJ. Oral p-tert-octylphenol exposures induce minimal toxic or estrogenic effects in adult female Sprague-Dawley rats. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2010; 73:607-622. [PMID: 20391140 DOI: 10.1080/15287390903566682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of the environment with endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) has raised concerns about potential health hazards for humans and wildlife. Human and wildlife exposure to one such ubiquitous chemical, p-tert-octylphenol (OP), are likely, due to its persistence in the environment and its presence in food, water, and items of daily use. OP is reported to bind to the estrogen receptor (ER) and alter expression of estrogen-responsive genes. Detrimental effects of OP exposures on the reproductive system have been observed in most, but not all, in vivo experiments. This study examined estrogenic effects of oral exposures of adult female rats to OP. In vitro, OP bound weakly to human ER and a co-activator protein, and accelerated proliferation of MCF-7 cells. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were given OP by gavage daily for 35 d (25, 50, or 125 mg/kg/d). Body and organ weights and ovarian follicle populations were not significantly altered in OP-exposed adult rats, despite detectable levels of OP in reproductive organs. The estrous cycle of rats was slightly altered, but there were no significant estrogen-like changes in histomorphology or gene expression of the uterus. Prepubertal rats given 125 or 250 mg/kg OP by gavage for 3 d had reduced body weight compared to vehicle-exposed rats but failed to show any uterotrophic response, although 17alpha-ethinyl estradiol (EE, 10 microg/kg/d, ip) induced a threefold increase in uterine weight. Overall, results suggest that toxicity will occur before estrogenic effects with oral exposures to OP. Relevant environmental exposures likely pose little risk for estrogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhdeep K Sahambi
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Laval, Québec, Canada
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cromer
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA.
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20
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Gregory M, Lacroix A, Haddad S, Devine P, Charbonneau M, Tardif R, Krishnan K, Cooke GM, Schrader T, Cyr DG. Effects of chronic exposure to octylphenol on the male rat reproductive system. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2009; 72:1553-1560. [PMID: 20077229 DOI: 10.1080/15287390903232434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
p-tert-Octylphenol (OP) is a degradation product of alkylphenol ethoxylates. OP is an endocrine disruptor known to bind to the estrogen receptor; however, effects on males are controversial. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of chronic exposure to OP on male reproduction. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were administered OP for 60 d, representing 1.5 cycles of spermatogenesis. Experimental groups included a vehicle control, and three doses of OP (25, 50, or 125 mg/kg body weight [bw]) administered daily by gavage. There was a significant decrease in body weight in the 125-mg/kg group after 60 d of treatment. Both testicular and epididymal weights and histology were not altered by treatment with OP at any of the doses administered. There were no marked differences in cauda epididymal sperm counts at any doses; however, total percent sperm motility was significantly lower in rats exposed to the intermediate dose (50 mg/kg bw). There was an increase in percent static sperm cells in all OP-treated groups, with the intermediate dose (50 mg/kg) displaying a significantly higher proportion of static cells relative to untreated controls. Caput epididymal sperm motility was unaltered by OP treatment. Gene expression profiles of testes from control and high-dose-exposed rats indicate that 14 genes were modulated by at least twofold, although these changes were not statistically significant. Taken together, results from this study indicate that OP treatment of adult rats does not appear to exert major effects on male reproductive endpoints at relevant environmental exposure doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Gregory
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Québec, Canada
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21
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Advancement of reproductive senescence and changes in the early expression of estrogen, progesterone and µ-opioid receptors induced by neonatal hypoxia in the female rat. Brain Res 2008; 1214:73-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Montani C, Penza M, Jeremic M, Biasiotto G, La Sala G, De Felici M, Ciana P, Maggi A, Di Lorenzo D. Genistein is an Efficient Estrogen in the Whole-Body throughout Mouse Development. Toxicol Sci 2008; 103:57-67. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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23
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Calafat AM, Ye X, Wong LY, Reidy JA, Needham LL. Exposure of the U.S. Population to Bisphenol A and 4-
tertiary
-Octylphenol: 2003–2004. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2008; 116:39-44. [PMID: 18197297 PMCID: PMC2199288 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.10753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1288] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia M. Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Ye
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lee-Yang Wong
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John A. Reidy
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Larry L. Needham
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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24
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Kimura N, Kimura T, Suzuki M, Totsukawa K. Effect of gestational exposure to nonylphenol on the development and fertility of mouse offspring. J Reprod Dev 2006; 52:789-95. [PMID: 17038804 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.18007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP), a kind of environmental chemical, is thought to imitate endogenous hormones, inhibit the actions of hormones, and induce reproductive abnormalities. A number of experimental animals, usually rats, have been used to evaluate the potential reproductive toxicity of NP. However, the findings of previous studies were contradictory in some cases. Therefore, we used ICR mice as a biomodel for in utero study of NP. After mating, 8- to 12-week-old females were assigned to four groups (n=8) for subcutaneous injections from day 5 to 20 of gestation. Group I animals received corn oil alone as a control, while the mice of groups II, III and IV received NP at concentrations of 1/1000, 1/100 and 1/10 of the LD(50), respectively. A dose-dependent decrease was observed in terminal body weights of males of the F1 generation; however, a very small negative effect was only found in the females of the NP1/10 group. No significant effect was found on the liver weights of both sexes. The weights of the testis and epididymis were slightly decreased in the NP1/10 group. The NP1/100 treatment increased ovary weight considerably. The uterus weight tended to be increased in the NP treatment groups; however, there were large variations. The gestational exposure of the groups had no significant effect on the rate of pregnancy (94.4-100%) and the number of fetuses per litter (13.6-14.3 males, 12.3-13.7 females) compared with the control group. However, the overall mortality of fetuses/embryos was increased considerably in the NP1/100 (male: 13.9%) and NP1/10 (female: 9.8%) groups. These results suggest that exposure to NP in utero possibly affects the body weight and some reproductive organ weights, but does not influence the potential fertility of the F1 generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Kimura
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Agricultural Science, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Japan.
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25
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Aydoğan M, Barlas N. Effects of maternal 4-tert-octylphenol exposure on the reproductive tract of male rats at adulthood. Reprod Toxicol 2006; 22:455-60. [PMID: 16520019 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Revised: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Increases in human male reproductive disorders (testicular cancer, cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and low sperm counts) might stem from increased exposure of the developing male to environmental estrogens. In the present study, we investigated the effects of octylphenol (OP), an estrogenic compound, exposure on the male reproductive system during the fetal period in which the development of reproductive organs and sexual differentiation occurs. Male rats were treated with OP in utero at doses of control (vehicle), 100 or 250 mg/kg/day. After birth, male rats were allowed to grow until adulthood, and then testes, epididymides, and prostate glands were investigated histopathologically. Sperm counts and percentage of abnormal sperm were determined. Seminiferous and epididymal round tubules were evaluated for tubule diameter, lumen diameter, and height of tubule epithelium. Treatment with OP caused abnormalities in the histology of the testis and epididymis and induced atrophy of prostate glands tubules. Although there were no differences in sperm counts among treatment groups, abnormal sperm percentages in the high dose group increased significantly. The results of this study demonstrate that maternally injected OP causes adverse effects on male reproductive tract at adulthood, especially on sperm structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Müfide Aydoğan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hacettepe, 06532 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey.
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26
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Doerge DR, Twaddle NC, Churchwell MI, Newbold RR, Delclos KB. Lactational transfer of the soy isoflavone, genistein, in Sprague-Dawley rats consuming dietary genistein. Reprod Toxicol 2005; 21:307-12. [PMID: 16257506 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2005.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2005] [Revised: 08/15/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Exposures of Sprague-Dawley rats to the soy isoflavone, genistein, throughout the entire lifespan have produced a number of effects on reproductive tissues, immune function, neuroendocrine function and behavior. Our previous studies investigated pharmacokinetics and disposition of genistein during adult and fetal periods and this study describes the internal exposures of post-natal day 10 (PND10) rat pups due to lactational transfer of genistein. Conjugated and aglycone forms of genistein were measured by using LC/MS/MS in serum (PND10) and milk (PND7) from lactating dams consuming a genistein-fortified soy-free diet, and in serum from their pups at a time when milk was the only food source (PND10). This study shows that limited lactational transfer of genistein to rat pups occurs and that internal exposures to the active aglycone form of genistein are generally lower than those measured previously in the fetal period. These results suggest that developmental effects attributable to genistein exposure in our chronic and multi-generation studies are more likely to result from fetal exposures because of the higher levels of the active estrogenic aglycone form of genistein in utero, although the possibility of neonatal responses cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Doerge
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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27
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Myllymäki SA, Karjalainen M, Haavisto TE, Toppari J, Paranko J. Infantile 4-tert-octylphenol exposure transiently inhibits rat ovarian steroidogenesis and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) expression. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005; 207:59-68. [PMID: 16054900 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2004.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Revised: 11/29/2004] [Accepted: 12/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds, such as 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), have been shown to interfere with rat ovarian steroidogenesis. However, little is known about steroidogenic effects of infantile OP exposure on immature ovary. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of infantile OP exposure on plasma FSH, LH, estradiol, and progesterone levels in 14-day-old female rats. The effect on ovarian steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and FSH receptor (FSHr) expression was analyzed by Western blotting. Ex vivo analysis was carried out for follicular estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, and cAMP production. Sprague-Dawley rats were given OP (0, 10, 50, or 100 mg/kg) subcutaneously on postnatal days 6, 8, 10, and 12. On postnatal day 14, plasma FSH was decreased and progesterone increased significantly at a dose of 100 mg OP/kg. In addition, the highest OP dose advanced the time of vaginal opening in puberty. OP had no effect on infantile LH and estradiol levels or ovarian FSHr content. Ovarian StAR protein content and ex vivo hormone and cAMP production were decreased at all OP doses compared to controls. However, hormone levels recovered independent on FSH and even increased above the control level during a prolonged culture. On postnatal day 35, no statistically significant differences were seen between control and OP-exposed animals in plasma FSH, LH, estradiol, and progesterone levels, or in ovarian StAR protein content. The results indicate that the effect of OP on the infantile ovary is reversible, while more permanent effects in the hypothalamus and pituitary, as described earlier, are involved in the reduction of circulating FSH levels and premature vaginal opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Myllymäki
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Animal Physiology, 20014 University of Turku, Finland.
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28
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Massart F, Seppia P, Pardi D, Lucchesi S, Meossi C, Gagliardi L, Liguori R, Fiore L, Federico G, Saggese G. High incidence of central precocious puberty in a bounded geographic area of northwest Tuscany: an estrogen disrupter epidemic? Gynecol Endocrinol 2005; 20:92-8. [PMID: 15823828 DOI: 10.1080/09513590400021060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential health consequences of human exposure to environmental estrogen disrupters are not known. Because many chemical compounds are environmentally persistent, toxic and estrogen-active, they can dysregulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, potentially inducing reproductive disorders such as central precocious puberty (CPP). We performed a multi-center analysis of CPP distribution in northwest Tuscany (NWT), an area of 5990 km2 with 1,280,895 inhabitants. Study criteria consisted of recorded CPP diagnoses and prescriptions of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs from January 1, 1998 to December 1, 2003. Although similar CPP prevalences were found in four major cities of NWT (Livorno, Lucca, Massa and Pisa) (mean 30.4 per 100,000 children, standard deviation 18.6; p > 0.05), Viareggio area (< 300 km2) with 19,219 child inhabitants (0-14 years of age) had the highest CPP prevalence: more than 161 CPP cases per 100,000 children. Living in Viareggio area significantly increased the risk of CPP (relative risk (RR) 5.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.5-9.3; rate/risk difference 0.133%, p < 0.05). Annual CPP incidence in the Viareggio area was relatively constant and significantly higher than in other NWT areas (RR 5.04, 95% CI 2.3-11.2; rate/risk difference 0.03%, p < 0.05). Indeed, 47% of total NWT cases were distributed in the countryside (300?km2) surrounding Viareggio. Specifically, three villages - Camaiore, Pietrasanta and Stazzema - in Viareggio presented the highest CPP frequency: 216.1, 393.5 and 274.0 CPP cases per 100,000 children, respectively (RR 9.59, 95% CI 1.71-16.6; rate/risk difference 0.26%, p < 0.05). Owing to the definite geographic distribution of CPP and because increasing distance (km) from Pietrasanta rarefied CPP frequency, we suggest environmental factors (e.g. estrogen disrupter pollution) as major CPP determinants in NWT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Massart
- Pediatric Clinic, S. Chiara University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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Watanabe C, Kuwagata M, Yoshimura S, Azegami J, Kojima K, Ono H, Nagao T. An improved technique for repeated gavage administration to rat neonates. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2003; 43:177-9. [PMID: 14684967 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4520.2003.tb01041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The technique for gavage administration to rat nurslings was improved to allow determination of the direct effects of chemical substances in the nurslings. Rat neonates were treated with distilled water from postnatal day 1 through 20 using this technique. The viability of neonates during the administration period was comparable to that of untreated neonates. No adverse effects of this technique on the development of neonates were found, and no histological alterations of the esophagus or pharynx. Therefore, we conclude that use of our improved gavage administration method will contribute to ensuring successful neonatal development and thus allowing accurate assessment of the toxicological effects of test compounds on rat nurslings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Watanabe
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Hadano, Kanagawa, Japan
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