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Contou D, Sonneville R, Canoui-Poitrine F, Colin G, Coudroy R, Pène F, Tadié JM, Cour M, Béduneau G, Marchalot A, Guérin L, Jochmans S, Ehrmann S, Terzi N, Préau S, Barbier F, Schnell G, Roux D, Leroy O, Pichereau C, Gélisse E, Zafrani L, Layese R, Brun-Buisson C, Mekontso Dessap A, de Prost N. Clinical spectrum and short-term outcome of adult patients with purpura fulminans: a French multicenter retrospective cohort study. Intensive Care Med 2018; 44:1502-1511. [PMID: 30128591 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-018-5341-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Data on purpura fulminans (PF) in adult patients are scarce and mainly limited to meningococcal infections. Our aim has been to report the clinical features and outcomes of adult patients admitted in the intensive care unit (ICU) for an infectious PF, as well as the predictive factors for limb amputation and mortality. METHODS A 17-year national multicenter retrospective cohort study in 55 ICUs in France from 2000 to 2016, including adult patients admitted for an infectious PF defined by a sudden and extensive purpura, together with the need for vasopressor support. Primary outcome variables included hospital mortality and amputation during the follow-up period (time between ICU admission and amputation, death or end of follow-up). RESULTS Among the 306 included patients, 126 (41.2%; 95% CI 35.6-46.9) died and 180 (58.8%; 95% CI 53.3-64.3) survived during the follow-up period [13 (3-24) days], including 51/180 patients (28.3%, 95% CI 21.9-35.5) who eventually required limb amputations, with a median number of 3 (1-4) limbs amputated. The two predominantly identified microorganisms were Neisseria meningitidis (63.7%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (21.9%). By multivariable Cox model, SAPS II [hazard-ratio (HR) = 1.03 (1.02-1.04); p < 0.001], lower leucocytes [HR 0.83 (0.69-0.99); p = 0.034] and platelet counts [HR 0.77 (0.60-0.91); p = 0.007], and arterial blood lactate levels [HR 2.71 (1.68-4.38); p < 0.001] were independently associated with hospital death, while a neck stiffness [HR 0.51 (0.28-0.92); p = 0.026] was a protective factor. Infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae [sub-hazard ratio 1.89 (1.06-3.38); p = 0.032], together with arterial lactate levels and ICU admission temperature, was independently associated with amputation by a competing risks analysis. CONCLUSION Purpura fulminans carries a high mortality and morbidity. Pneumococcal PF leads to a higher risk of amputation. TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT03216577.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Contou
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Groupe de Recherche CARMAS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri Mondor, 51, Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010, Créteil, France. .,Service de Réanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalier Victor Dupouy, 69 Rue du Lieutenant-Colonel Prudhon, 95100, Argenteuil, France.
| | - Romain Sonneville
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 46 Rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Florence Canoui-Poitrine
- Service de Santé Publique, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 51,Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010, Créteil, France.,Clinical Epidemiology and Ageing Unit, Université Paris-Est, UPEC, DHU A-TVB, IMRB-EA7376 CEpiA, Créteil, France
| | - Gwenhaël Colin
- Service de Réanimation Médico-chirurgicale, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, Boulevard Stéphane Moreau, 85925, La Roche-sur-Yon, France
| | - Rémi Coudroy
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, 2 Rue de la Milétrie, 86021, Poitiers, France.,INSERM CIC1402, ALIVE Group, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Frédéric Pène
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 27 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Tadié
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, 2 Rue Henri le Guilloux, 35033, Rennes, France
| | - Martin Cour
- Réanimation Médicale, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Edouard Herriot, 3 Quai des Célestins, 69002, Lyon, France
| | - Gaëtan Béduneau
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rouen, 1 Rue de Germont, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Antoine Marchalot
- Service de Réanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalier de Melun, 98 Rue Freteau de Peny, 77000, Melun, France
| | - Laurent Guérin
- CHRU de Tours, Médecin Intensive Réanimation, CIC 1415, CRICS-TriggerSEP, Centre d'étude des Pathologies Respiratoires, INSERM U1100, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Sébastien Jochmans
- Service de Réanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalier de Melun, 98 Avenue du Général Patton, 77000, Melun, France
| | - Stephan Ehrmann
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, 2 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37000, Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Terzi
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Avenue Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700, La Tronche, France
| | - Sébastien Préau
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, 2 Avenue Oscar Lambret, 59000, Lille, France
| | - François Barbier
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, 1 Rue Porte Madeleine, 45000, Orléans, France
| | - Guillaume Schnell
- Service de Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, GH Le Havre, 76600, Le Havre, France
| | - Damien Roux
- Service de Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 178 Rue des Renouillers, 92700, Colombes, France
| | - Olivier Leroy
- Service de Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Centre Hospitalier de Tourcoing, 55 Rue du Président Coty, 59200, Tourcoing, France
| | - Claire Pichereau
- Service de Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Poissy/Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 10 Rue du Champ Gaillard, 78300, Poissy, France
| | - Elodie Gélisse
- Service de Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, 51092, Reims, France
| | - Lara Zafrani
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Louis, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Richard Layese
- Service de Santé Publique, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 51,Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Christian Brun-Buisson
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Groupe de Recherche CARMAS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri Mondor, 51, Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Armand Mekontso Dessap
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Groupe de Recherche CARMAS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri Mondor, 51, Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Nicolas de Prost
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Groupe de Recherche CARMAS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri Mondor, 51, Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010, Créteil, France
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Pasquesoone L, Belkhou A, Gottrand L, Guerreschi P, Duquennoy-Martinot V. [Management of purpura fulminans lesions in children]. ANN CHIR PLAST ESTH 2016; 61:605-612. [PMID: 27289551 DOI: 10.1016/j.anplas.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpura fulminans is a pediatric life-threatening emergency with a significant mortality, combining: septic shock, extensive purpuric lesions and disseminated intravascular coagulation. The most frequent bacterial pathogen is the meningococcus. The medical management includes antibiotics, corticoids, vascular filling and catecholamines. Purpura fulminans is characterized by the extent of hemorrhagic and mainly thrombotic lesions, attributed to the alteration in the vascular endothelium functions. Damage of soft tissues combines large necrotic areas and more or less extensive distal ischemic lesions. Necrotic lesions can be deep, reaching skin, subcutaneous tissue, fascia, muscle and sometimes even the bone. The importance of the aesthetic and functional sequelae as well as future quality of life, depend on the quality of surgical management for these wide and deep lesions. Fasciotomy is sometimes urgently needed in the case of a clinical compartment syndrome, confirmed by a high-pressure measurement in the muscle compartments. Debridement of necrotic lesions and amputations are only performed after a clear delineation of necrotic areas, between 10 days and 3 weeks of evolution. If an amputation is necessary, it must focus on the residual bone length, considering the child's growth potential. The coverage of tissue loss uses all the plastic surgery techniques, more or less complex, in order to reduce scars to minimum for these children. Rehabilitation follow-up includes physical and psychological care, which are essential until adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pasquesoone
- Service de chirurgie plastique, reconstructrice et esthétique, centre de traitement des brûlés, hôpital Roger-Salengro, CHRU de Lille, rue Émile-Laine, 59037 Lille cedex, France.
| | - A Belkhou
- Clinique de chirurgie et orthopédie de l'enfant, hôpital Jeanne-de-Flandre, CHRU de Lille, avenue Eugène-Avinée, 59000 Lille, France
| | - L Gottrand
- Centre de rééducation Marc-Sautelet, 10, rue du Petit-Boulevard, 59650 Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
| | - P Guerreschi
- Service de chirurgie plastique, reconstructrice et esthétique, centre de traitement des brûlés, hôpital Roger-Salengro, CHRU de Lille, rue Émile-Laine, 59037 Lille cedex, France
| | - V Duquennoy-Martinot
- Service de chirurgie plastique, reconstructrice et esthétique, centre de traitement des brûlés, hôpital Roger-Salengro, CHRU de Lille, rue Émile-Laine, 59037 Lille cedex, France
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Leclerc F, Noizet O, Dorkenoo A, Cremer R, Leteurtre S, Sadik A, Fourier C. [Treatment of meningococcal purpura fulminans]. Arch Pediatr 2001; 8 Suppl 4:677s-688s. [PMID: 11582913 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(01)80182-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In France, the incidence of meningococcal infections is increasing. The most severe presentation, called purpura fulminans, has a death rate of 20-25%; 5 to 20% of the survivors need skin grafts and/or amputations. Diagnosis of invasive meningococcal infection is very difficult when purpura and "toxic" appearance are absent: one should take into account parents' impression of their ill child. This diagnosis must be evoked in any child presenting with febrile purpura (like in the United Kingdom, parents should be encouraged to use the "tumbler test" to identify a vasculitic rash); a fulminant form is to be suspected in the presence of only one ecchymosis and signs of infection, remembering that recognition of shock is difficult in children. Recently, the Health Authority has recommended to administer a third generation cephalosporin promptly (before biological investigations) for any child with signs of infection and a necrotic or ecchymotic purpura (> 3 mm of diameter), and then to refer the patient to the hospital. By grouping the patients from 7 studies, it can be observed that preadmission antibiotic administration has a protective effect on mortality (odds ratio: 0.36; 95% confidence interval: 0.23-0.56); a negative effect was observed in only one of these series. Children with purpura fulminans should be referred to a paediatric intensive care unit. Management includes antibiotics, steroids, fluid resuscitation and catecholamines (be aware of hypoglycaemia, particularly in infants, and hypocalcaemia). Treatment of cutaneous necrosis and distal ischemia is difficult and still controversial: antithrombin, protein C, tissue plasminogen activator and vasodilator infusion have no proven efficacy. Cases must be rapidly notified to the Public Health Service who will institute chemoprophylaxis for close contacts. Given the predominance of serogroup B in France, we hope that an efficient vaccine will soon become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Leclerc
- Service de réanimation pédiatrique, Hôpital Jeanne-de-Flandre, 2, avenue Oscar-Lambret, 59037 Lille, France.
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Leteurtre S, Leclerc F, Martinot A, Cremer R, Fourier C, Sadik A, Grandbastien B. Can generic scores (Pediatric Risk of Mortality and Pediatric Index of Mortality) replace specific scores in predicting the outcome of presumed meningococcal septic shock in children? Crit Care Med 2001; 29:1239-46. [PMID: 11395613 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-200106000-00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare, in children with septic shock and purpura, the accuracy in predicting death of two specific scores (the MenOPP bedside clinical [MOC] score of Gedde Dahl and the score of Groupe Francophone de Réanimation Pédiatrique [GFRP]), the C-reactive protein (CRP) level, and the two pediatric generic scores (the Pediatric Risk of Mortality [PRISM] and Pediatric Index of Mortality [PIM] scores). DESIGN Prospective, population-based study with analysis of previous comparative studies. SETTING A 14-bed pediatric intensive care unit in a university hospital. PATIENTS All children admitted consecutively to the pediatric intensive care unit with septic shock and purpura (n = 58, with 16 deaths [27.6%]) from January 1993 to May 2000. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The MOC and GFRP scores and the CRP level were prospectively determined at admission. The PRISM score was prospectively calculated within 24 hrs of admission or at the time of death, and the PIM score was calculated retrospectively between 1993 and 1997 and then prospectively from admission data. The nonparametric estimate of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) was calculated from the raw data using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney two-sample statistic, and the standard error of the AUCs was calculated with DeLong's method. All the scores had an AUC >0.80, the PRISM probability of death having the best one (0.96 +/- 0.02). The PRISM value, which is easier to calculate, had an AUC of 0.95 +/- 0.02. The PRISM score performed significantly better than the PIM score (AUC, 0.83 +/- 0.06; p <.01) and the CRP level (AUC, 0.80 +/- 0.06; p <.01); however, there was no significant difference between the MOC (AUC, 0.91 +/- 0.04) and GFRP scores (AUC, 0.87 +/- 0.05). Analyzing literature and calculating AUCs from original data of previous studies, we observed that the superiority of the PRISM score had never been demonstrated in meningococcal diseases. CONCLUSIONS The PRISM score performed better than the PIM score, and was not surpassed by specific scores. Thus, we propose its use for outcome prediction in children with septic shock and purpura. However, if the PRISM score is to be used as inclusion criterion for clinical trials, it should be evaluated within a few hours after admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Leteurtre
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Lille, Lille, France
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