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Bojarczuk A, Dzitkowska-Zabielska M. Polyphenol Supplementation and Antioxidant Status in Athletes: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010158. [PMID: 36615815 PMCID: PMC9823453 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants in sports exercise training remain a debated research topic. Plant-derived polyphenol supplements are frequently used by athletes to reduce the negative effects of exercise-induced oxidative stress, accelerate the recovery of muscular function, and enhance performance. These processes can be efficiently modulated by antioxidant supplementation. The existing literature has failed to provide unequivocal evidence that dietary polyphenols should be promoted specifically among athletes. This narrative review summarizes the current knowledge regarding polyphenols' bioavailability, their role in exercise-induced oxidative stress, antioxidant status, and supplementation strategies in athletes. Overall, we draw attention to the paucity of available evidence suggesting that most antioxidant substances are beneficial to athletes. Additional research is necessary to reveal more fully their impact on exercise-induced oxidative stress and athletes' antioxidant status, as well as optimal dosing methods.
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Agongo J, Armbruster M, Arnatt C, Edwards J. Analysis of endogenous metabolites using multifunctional derivatization and capillary RPLC-MS. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:3397-3404. [PMID: 35980164 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01108e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneity in metabolite structure and charge state complicates their analysis in electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Complications such as diminished signal response and quantitation can be reduced by sequential dual-stage derivatization and capillary RP LC-ESI-MS analysis. Our sequential dual-stage chemical derivatization reacts analyte primary amine and hydroxyl groups with a linear acyl chloride head containing a tertiary amine moiety. Analyte carboxylate groups are then coupled to a linear amine tag with a tertiary amine moiety. This increase in the number of tags on analytes increases analyte proton affinity and hydrophobicity. We derivatized 250 metabolite standards which on average improved signal to noise by >44-fold, with an average limit of detection of 66 nM and R2 of 0.98. This system detected 107 metabolites from 18 BAECs, 111 metabolites from human urine, and 153 from human serum based on retention time, exact mass, and MS/MS matches from a derivatized standard library. As a proof of concept, aortic endothelial cells were treated with epinephrine and analyzed by the dual-stage derivatization. We observed changes in 32 metabolites with many increases related to energy metabolism, specifically in the TCA cycle. A decrease in lactate levels and corresponding increase in pyruvate levels suggest that epinephrine causes a movement away from glycolytic reliance on energy and a shift towards the more efficient TCA respiration for increasing energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Agongo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Ave, St Louis, MO, 63103, USA.
| | - Michael Armbruster
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Ave, St Louis, MO, 63103, USA.
| | - Christopher Arnatt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Ave, St Louis, MO, 63103, USA.
| | - James Edwards
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Ave, St Louis, MO, 63103, USA.
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Ayoub KF, Pothineni NVK, Rutland J, Ding Z, Mehta JL. Immunity, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress in Heart Failure: Emerging Molecular Targets. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2018; 31:593-608. [PMID: 28956198 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-017-6752-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Heart failure (HF) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although various therapies developed over the last two decades have shown improved long term outcomes in patients with established HF, there has been little progress in preventing the adverse cardiac remodeling that initiates HF. To fill the gap in treatment, current research efforts are focused on understanding novel mechanisms and signaling pathways. Immune activation, inflammation, oxidative stress, alterations in mitochondrial bioenergetics, and autophagy have been postulated as important pathophysiological events in this process. An improved understanding of these complex processes could facilitate a therapeutic shift toward molecular targets that can potentially alter the course of HF. METHODS In this review, we address the role of immunity, inflammation, and oxidative stress as well as other novel emerging concepts in the pathophysiology of HF that may have therapeutic implications. CONCLUSION Based on the experimental and clinical studies presented here, we anticipate that a better understanding of the pathophysiology of HF will open the door for new therapeutic targets. A one-size-fits-all approach may not be appropriate for all patients with HF, and further clinical trials utilizing molecular targeting in HF may result in improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karam F Ayoub
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Naga Venkata K Pothineni
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Joshua Rutland
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Zufeng Ding
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jawahar L Mehta
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA. .,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham Street, #532, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
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Gender and tachycardia: independent modulation of platelet reactivity in patients with atrial fibrillation. JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC CARDIOLOGY : JGC 2016; 13:202-8. [PMID: 27103914 PMCID: PMC4826889 DOI: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Female patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) experience increased risk of thromboembolism compared to males, an observation that is reflected by its inclusion in the CHA2DS2VASc score. New onset AF (often associated with tachycardia) also confers upon patients increased thromboembolic risk. The mechanisms underlying this risk are uncertain, but new onset AF is associated with profound impairment of platelet nitric oxide (NO) signalling. Given that cardiovascular responses to catecholamines are gender-dependent, and that the presence of tachycardia in new onset AF may represent a response to catecholaminergic stimulation, we explored the potential impact of gender and tachycardia on platelet aggregation and NO signalling. Methods Interactions were sought in 87 AF patients between the extent of adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation, the anti-aggregatory effects of the NO donor, sodium nitroprusside, gender, and admission heart rate. The potential impact of platelet expression of thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip) was also evaluated. Results Analysis of covariance confirmed the presence of physiological antagonism between platelet ADP and NO responses [F (1, 74) = 12.212, P < 0.01], while female sex correlated with impaired NO responses independent of platelet aggregability [F (2, 74) = 8.313, P < 0.01]. Admission heart rate correlated directly with platelet aggregation (r = 0.235, P < 0.05), and inversely with NO response (r = −0.331, P < 0.01). Txnip expression varied neither with gender nor with heart rate. Conclusions These results indicate that gender and heart rate are independent determinants of platelet function. Prospective studies of the putative benefit of reversal of tachycardia on restoration of normal platelet function are therefore a priority.
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Slattery K, Bentley D, Coutts AJ. The Role of Oxidative, Inflammatory and Neuroendocrinological Systems During Exercise Stress in Athletes: Implications of Antioxidant Supplementation on Physiological Adaptation During Intensified Physical Training. Sports Med 2014; 45:453-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Wu XR, Liu L, Zhang ZF, Zhang B, Sun H, Chan GL, Li N. Selective protection of normal cells during chemotherapy by RY4 peptides. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:1365-76. [PMID: 24874433 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mitochondrial targeted Szeto-Schiller (SS) peptides have recently gained attention for their antioxidative stress ability; however, the functional variations between normal and cancer cells have not been determined. Here, we report the results of such experiments conducted with a newly designed class of peptide called RY4, which is based on SS peptide sequence characteristics. The RY4 peptide exhibits distinct differences in antioxidative stress response between normal and cancer cells when challenged with chemotherapeutics like the glycolytic inhibitor dichloroacetate (DCA), the platinating agent carboplatin, and the DNA damage inducer doxorubicin. Interestingly, only normal human cells were protected by the RY4 peptide and catalase (CAT) activity was significantly enhanced in normal but not tumor cells when incubated with RY4. Pull-down, coimmunoprecipitation, and LC/MS-MS proteomic analysis demonstrated that RY4 and catalase are capable of forming protein complexes. Finally, in vivo efficacy was evaluated by intraperitoneal administration of RY4 into a lung cancer xenograft model, which revealed significant myocardiocyte protection from doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity without diminishing doxorubicin's tumoricidal effects. Taken together, RY4 offers selective protection to normal cells from chemotherapy-induced toxicity by enhancing the activity of cellular antioxidant enzymes. IMPLICATIONS RY4 peptides selectively reduce chemotherapeutic-induced oxidative stress and represent a new class of chemoprotective agents with clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Rong Wu
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School - Morningside Laboratory of Integrative Pathobiology, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Liu
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School - Morningside Laboratory of Integrative Pathobiology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Fu Zhang
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School - Morningside Laboratory of Integrative Pathobiology, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School - Morningside Laboratory of Integrative Pathobiology, Beijing, China
| | - Hongzhe Sun
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School - Morningside Laboratory of Integrative Pathobiology, Beijing, China
| | - Gerald L Chan
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School - Morningside Laboratory of Integrative Pathobiology, Beijing, China
| | - Na Li
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School - Morningside Laboratory of Integrative Pathobiology, Beijing, China.
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Mancini A, Festa R, Di Donna V, Leone E, Littarru GP, Silvestrini A, Meucci E, Pontecorvi A. Hormones and antioxidant systems: role of pituitary and pituitary-dependent axes. J Endocrinol Invest 2010; 33:422-33. [PMID: 20631494 DOI: 10.1007/bf03346615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, a condition defined as unbalancing between production of free radicals and antioxidant defenses, is an important pathogenetic mechanism in different diseases. Despite the abundant literature, many aspects of hormone role in regulating antioxidant synthesis and activity still remain obscure. Therefore, we reviewed experimental data, in vivo and in vitro, about the effects of the different pituitary- dependent axes on antioxidant levels, trying to give a broad view from hormones which also have antioxidant properties to the classic antioxidants, from the lipophilic antioxidant Coenzyme Q10, strictly related to thyroid function, to total antioxidant capacity, a measure of non-protein non-enzymatic antioxidants in serum and other biological fluids. Taken together, these data underline the importance of oxidative stress in various pituitary-dependent disorders, suggesting a possible clinical usefulness of antioxidant molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mancini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
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Nowicki M, Müller K, Serke H, Kosacka J, Vilser C, Ricken A, Spanel-Borowski K. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced cell death in dorsal root gangion cell cultures depends not on the lectin-like oxLDL receptor-1 but on the toll-like receptor-4. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:403-12. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Propofol protects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and cell dysfunction in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 339:43-54. [PMID: 20039104 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0368-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Propofol has been reported to protect vascular endothelial cells against oxidative stress and dysfunction, but the underlying mechanisms are not clear. In this study, we studied hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced oxidative stress and cell dysfunction in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and especially, their modulation by propofol. HUVECs were treated with different concentrations (0.1 and 0.5 mM) of H(2)O(2) for different times (1, 3, and 6 h). Then HUVECs were pretreated with different concentrations of propofol (10, 25, and 50 microM), followed by H(2)O(2) treatment (0.5 mM, 3 h). In another set of experiments, we pretreated cells with p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) inhibitor SB203580, followed by H(2)O(2) treatment (0.5 mM, 3 h). After treatment, oxidative stress, p38 MAPK phosphorylation, transcription factor NF-kappaB activation, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression, nitric oxide (NO) production, and monocyte adhesion were measured. We observed H(2)O(2) treatment significantly induced oxidative stress, which could be attenuated by 25 microM propofol pretreatment. In addition, H(2)O(2) treatment significantly induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation, NF-kappaB activation, NOS expression, and NO production. More importantly, our study showed these H(2)O(2)-induced changes were attenuated by propofol or SB203580 pretreatment. Further, we measured monocyte adhesion as a marker of endothelial cell dysfunction. H(2)O(2) increased the adhesion of monocytes to HUVECs, and propofol pretreatment reduced the adhesion in a fashion similar to SB203580. We concluded that propofol, by inhibiting p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB activity, decreasing NOS expression, reducing NO production, could protect HUVECs which are exposed to oxidative stress and becoming dysfunctional.
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Mladěnka P, Hrdina R, Bobrovová Z, Semecký V, Vávrová J, Holečková M, Palicka V, Mazurová Y, Nachtigal P. Cardiac biomarkers in a model of acute catecholamine cardiotoxicity. Hum Exp Toxicol 2009; 28:631-40. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327109350665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Coronary heart disease and in particular its most serious form — acute myocardial infarction (AMI) — represents the most common cause of mortality in developed countries. Better prognosis may be achieved by understanding the etiopathogenetic mechanisms of AMI. Therefore, a catecholamine model of myocardial injury, which has appeared to be very similar to AMI in human in some aspect, was used. Male Wistar:Han rats were randomly divided into two groups: control group (saline) and isoprenaline group (ISO; synthetic catecholamine, 100 mg.kg— 1 subcutaneously [s.c.]). After 24 hours, functional parameters were measured, biochemical markers in the blood and metals content in the heart tissue were analysed and histological examination was performed. ISO caused marked myocardial injury that was associated with myocardial calcium overload. Close correlation between myocardial impairment (i.e. serum TnT, stroke volume index and wet ventricles weight) and the levels of myocardial calcium was observed. Direct reactive oxygen species (ROS) involvement was documented only by non-significant increase in malonyldialdehyde 24 hours after ISO injury. Moreover, myocardial element analysis revealed no significant changes as for the content of zinc and iron while selenium and copper increased in the ISO group although it reached statistical significance only for the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Přemysl Mladěnka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic,
| | - Radomír Hrdina
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Bobrovová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Semecký
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslava Vávrová
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Magdaléna Holečková
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Palicka
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Yvona Mazurová
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Nachtigal
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Codoñer-Franch P, Bataller Alberola A, Domingo Camarasa JV, Escribano Moya MC, Valls Bellés V. Influence of dietary lipids on the erythrocyte antioxidant status of hypercholesterolaemic children. Eur J Pediatr 2009; 168:321-7. [PMID: 18548274 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-008-0762-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to examine the effect of dietary lipid intakes on the biomarkers of red cell antioxidant status in hypercholesterolaemic children. The study population included 34 children (18 boys and 16 girls) with cholesterol levels > or =5.2 mmol/l and 16 normolipidaemic children (9 boys and 7 girls) between 6 and 12 years of age. The status of the erythrocyte antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were estimated spectrophotometrically. Dietary intake was assessed by 24-h recall and seven-day records. The hypercholesterolaemic children showed a decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes in relation to the control group. There was a negative correlation between energy intake and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) and GSH levels. Cholesterol intake was inversely correlated with CAT and GPx activity and GSH levels. The intake of polyunsaturated fat was positively correlated with the GPx activity. A decrease in the fat content of the diet for 6 months was proposed and 15 children followed the diet strictly. The activities of antioxidant enzymes in these children were significantly higher after the low-fat diet; the greatest increment was noted in the activity of GPx (91% with respect to the initial values), SOD was increased by 44% and CAT by 70%. We conclude that the intake of dietary lipids can modulate the antioxidant defence system, and an excess of energy and cholesterol has a negative influence on the antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Codoñer-Franch
- Department of Paediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Avenida Blasco Ibáñez, 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
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Dandapat A, Hu C, Sun L, Mehta JL. Small concentrations of oxLDL induce capillary tube formation from endothelial cells via LOX-1-dependent redox-sensitive pathway. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:2435-42. [PMID: 17717293 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.152272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a key angiogenic growth factor, stimulates angiogenesis. Low levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) function as signaling molecules for angiogenesis. We postulated that low concentrations of oxLDL might induce low levels of ROS and initiate angiogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS An in vitro model of tube formation from human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) was used. oxLDL (0.1, 1, 2, 5 microg/mL) induced VEGF expression and enhanced tube formation. oxLDL-mediated VEGF expression and tube formation were suppressed by a specific blocking anti-LOX-1 antibody. Anti-LOX-1 antibody also reduced oxLDL-induced increase in the expression of NADPH oxidase (gp91(phox) and p47(phox) subunits) and subsequent intracellular ROS generation, phosphorylation of p38 as well as p44/42MAPK, and NF-kappaB p65 expression. gp91(phox) siRNA had a similar effect. The expression of VEGF and NF-kappaB p65 induced by oxLDL was also inhibited by the specific extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 inhibitor U0126 and the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580. Importantly, the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin, gp91(phox) siRNA, U0126, and SB203580 all reduced tube formation in response to oxLDL. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that small concentrations of oxLDL promote capillary tube formation by inducing the expression of VEGF via LOX-1-mediated activation of NADPH oxidase- MAPKs-NF-kappaB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Dandapat
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Ark 72205-7199, USA
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Abstract
Regular exercise is known to be effective in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Among the cardioprotectant mechanisms influenced by exercise, the endothelium is becoming recognised as a major target. Preservation of endothelial cell structure is vital for frictionless blood flow, prevention of macrophage and lipid infiltration and, ultimately, optimal vascular function. Exercise causes various kinds of mechanical, chemical and thermal stresses, and repeated exposure to these stresses may precondition the endothelial cell to future stresses through a number of different mechanisms. This review discusses stress-induced changes in endothelial cell morphology, biochemistry and components of platelet activation and cell adhesion that impact on endothelial cell structure. An enhanced understanding of the effects of exercise on the endothelial cell will assist in directing future research into the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Marsh
- School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, Room 535 Connell Building, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Patel M, Li QY, Chang LY, Crapo J, Liang LP. Activation of NADPH oxidase and extracellular superoxide production in seizure-induced hippocampal damage. J Neurochem 2005; 92:123-31. [PMID: 15606902 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We sought to determine whether the extracellular compartment contributed to seizure-induced superoxide (O2*-) production and to determine the role of the NADPH oxidase complex as a source of this O2*- production. The translocation of NADPH oxidase subunits (p47phox, p67phox and rac1) was assessed by immunoblot analysis and NADPH-driven O2*- production was measured using 2-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-6-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-8-benzyl-3,7-dihydroimidazo [1,2-alpha] pyrazin-3-one-enhanced chemiluminescence. Kainate-induced status epilepticus resulted in a time-dependent translocation of NADPH oxidase subunits (p47phox, p67phox and rac-1) from hippocampal cytosol to membrane fractions. Hippocampal membrane fractions from kainate-injected rats showed increased NADPH-driven and diphenylene iodonium-sensitive O2*- production in comparison to vehicle-treated rats. The time-course of kainate-induced NADPH oxidase activation coincided with microglial activation in the rat hippocampus. Finally, kainate-induced neuronal damage and membrane oxygen consumption were inhibited in mice overexpressing extracellular superoxide dismutase. These results suggest that seizure activity activates the membrane NADPH oxidase complex resulting in increased formation of O2*-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA.
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Mehta JL, Hu B, Chen J, Li D. Pioglitazone inhibits LOX-1 expression in human coronary artery endothelial cells by reducing intracellular superoxide radical generation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23:2203-8. [PMID: 12958047 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000094411.98127.5f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE LOX-1, a novel lectin-like receptor for oxidized LDL (ox-LDL), is expressed in response to ox-LDL, angiotensin II (Ang II), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and other stress stimuli. It is highly expressed in atherosclerotic tissues. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma ligands, such as pioglitazone, exert antiatherosclerotic effects. This study examined the regulation of LOX-1 expression in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) by pioglitazone. METHODS AND RESULTS Fourth generation HCAECs were treated with ox-LDL, Ang II, or TNF-alpha with or without pioglitazone pretreatment. All 3 stimuli upregulated LOX-1 expression (mRNA and protein). Pioglitazone, in a concentration-dependent manner, reduced LOX-1 expression (P<0.01 versus ox-LDL, Ang II, or TNF-alpha alone). Ox-LDL, Ang II, and TNF-alpha each enhanced intracellular superoxide radical generation, and pioglitazone pretreatment reduced superoxide generation (P<0.01 versus ox-LDL, Ang II, or TNF-alpha). Furthermore, all 3 stimuli upregulated the expression of the transcription factors nuclear factor-kappaB and activator protein-1 (determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay), and pioglitazone pretreatment reduced this expression (P<0.01 versus ox-LDL, Ang II, or TNF-alpha). To determine the biological significance of pioglitazone-mediated downregulation of LOX-1, we studied monocyte adhesion to ox-LDL-treated HCAECs. Pioglitazone reduced the adhesion of monocytes to activated HCAECs in a fashion similar to that produced by antisense to LOX-1 mRNA. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that the PPAR-gamma ligand pioglitazone reduces intracellular superoxide radical generation and subsequently reduces the expression of transcription factors, expression of the LOX-1 gene, and monocyte adhesion to activated endothelium. The salutary effect of PPAR-gamma ligands in atherogenesis may involve the inhibition of LOX-1 and the adhesion of monocytes to endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawahar L Mehta
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, 4301 W Markham St, No. 532, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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Kaya M, Kalayci R, Küçük M, Arican N, Elmas I, Kudat H, Korkut F. Effect of losartan on the blood–brain barrier permeability in diabetic hypertensive rats. Life Sci 2003; 73:3235-44. [PMID: 14561528 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Our previous publication has stressed the benefits of losartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, on the permeability of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood pressure during L-NAME-induced hypertension. This study reports the impacts of anti-hypertensive treatment by losartan on the brain endothelial barrier function and the arterial blood pressure, during acute hypertension episode, in experimentally diabetic hypertensive rats. Systolic blood pressure measurements were taken with tail cuff method before and during administration of L-NAME (0.5 mg/ml). We induced diabetes by using alloxan (50 mg/kg, i.p). Losartan (3 mg/kg, i.v) was given to rats following the L-NAME treatment. Acute hypertensive vascular injury was induced by epinephrine (40 microg/kg). The BBB disruption was quantified according to the extravasation of the Evans blue (EB) dye. L-NAME induced a significant increase in arterial blood pressure on day 14 in normoglycemic and hyperglycemic rats (p < 0.05). Losartan significantly reduced the increased blood pressure in hypertensive and diabetic hypertensive rats (p < 0.01). Epinephrine-induced acute hypertension in diabetic hypertensive rats increased the content of EB dye dramatically in cerebellum and diencephalon (p < 0.01) and slightly in both cerebral cortex (p < 0.05). Losartan treatment reduced the increased BBB permeability to EB dye in the brain regions of diabetic hypertensive rats treated with epinephrine (p < 0.05). This study indicates that, in diabetic hypertensive rats, epinephrine administration leads to an increase in microvascular-EB-albumin efflux to brain, however losartan treatment significantly attenuates this protein's transport to brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kaya
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa 34 390, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Gaeta LM, Tozzi G, Pastore A, Federici G, Bertini E, Piemonte F. Determination of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in blood of healthy pediatric subjects. Clin Chim Acta 2002; 322:117-20. [PMID: 12104090 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(02)00163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the growing requirement of antioxidant enzymes measurements in laboratory and the increasing role of SOD/GPx ratio in the balance of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the aim of our study was to contribute to define reference values of enzyme activities in Italian healthy children, by determining SOD in erythrocytes and GPx in whole blood. METHODS SOD (E.C.1.15.1.1) and GPx (E.C.1.11.1.9) activities were spectrophotometrically assayed in erythrocytes with commercial kits. SOD activity was expressed as the amount of protein causing a 50% inhibition of formazan dye (505 nm), employing xanthine and xanthine oxidase to generate superoxide radicals. Units of GPx activity were calculated following NADPH oxidation at 340 nm using cumene hydroperoxide as the substrate. RESULTS Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were assayed in blood of 45 healthy pediatric subjects (26 males and 19 females between 0 and 14 years of age). We found no significant differences in blood antioxidant enzymes both in all population and when we distributed the subjects for age classes and sex. CONCLUSION the definition of pediatric values of antioxidant enzyme activities in blood of healthy children may be useful in monitoring SOD and GPx in physiologic and pathologic conditions, also for future therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Maria Gaeta
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Piazza S. Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
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Tozzi G, Nuccetelli M, Lo Bello M, Bernardini S, Bellincampi L, Ballerini S, Gaeta LM, Casali C, Pastore A, Federici G, Bertini E, Piemonte F. Antioxidant enzymes in blood of patients with Friedreich's ataxia. Arch Dis Child 2002; 86:376-9. [PMID: 11970939 PMCID: PMC1751091 DOI: 10.1136/adc.86.5.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Increased generation of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction may underlie the pathophysiology of Friedreich's ataxia, the most common inherited ataxia, due to GAA expansion in a gene coding for a mitochondrial protein (frataxin), implicated in the regulation of iron metabolism. Because iron overload would cause oxidative stress in Friedreich's ataxia, we investigated the enzyme antioxidant system in the blood of 14 patients by determining superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione transferase catalytic activities. We also studied the glutathione S-transferase genotype polymorphism in order to evaluate its possible influence on enzyme activity. METHODS Blood samples were obtained from 14 unrelated patients with Friedreich's ataxia and 21 age matched healthy subjects. Antioxidant enzyme determinations were spectrophotometrically assayed using specific substrates; the glutathione S-transferase genotype polymorphism was analysed by endonuclease restriction mapping of exon 5 and 6 amplification products. RESULTS There was a significant elevation of the superoxide dismutase/glutathione peroxidase activity ratio (0.037 (0.01) v 0.025 (0.008) of controls) and an 83% rise of glutathione transferase specific activity (0.22 (0.1) v 0.12 (0.03) nmol/min/mg protein) in blood of patients with Friedreich's ataxia than in the controls. The genotype polymorphism of glutathione S-transferase enzyme did not show any relevant differences when compared to that of healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS Data show an impairment in vivo of antioxidant enzymes in patients with Friedreich's ataxia and provide evidence of an increased sensitivity to oxidative stress, supporting a consistent role of free radical cytotoxicity in the pathophysiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tozzi
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, P.za S. Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
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