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Bhat M, Belagali SL. Guanidinyl benzothiazole derivatives: Synthesis and structure activity relationship studies of a novel series of potential antimicrobial and antioxidants. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-016-2454-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Pérez-Jiménez J, Díaz-Rubio ME, Saura-Calixto F. Contribution of Macromolecular Antioxidants to Dietary Antioxidant Capacity: A Study in the Spanish Mediterranean Diet. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 70:365-370. [PMID: 26482738 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-015-0513-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological and clinical studies show that diets with a high antioxidant capacity, such us those rich in plant food and beverages, are associated with significant decreases in the overall risk of cardiovascular disease or colorectal cancer. Current studies on dietary antioxidants and dietary antioxidant capacity focus exclusively on low molecular weight or soluble antioxidants (vitamins C and E, phenolic compounds and carotenoids), ignoring macromolecular antioxidants. These are polymeric phenolic compounds or polyphenols and carotenoids linked to plant food macromolecules that yield bioavailable metabolites by the action of the microbiota with significant effects either local and/or systemic after absorption. This study determined the antioxidant capacity of the Spanish Mediterranean diet including for the first time both soluble and macromolecular antioxidants. Antioxidant capacity and consumption data of the 54 most consumed plant foods and beverages were used. Results showed that macromolecular antioxidants are the major dietary antioxidants, contributing a 61% to the diet antioxidant capacity (8000 μmol Trolox, determined by ABTS method). The antioxidant capacity data for foods and beverages provided here may be used to estimate the dietary antioxidant capacity in different populations, where similar contributions of macromolecular antioxidants may be expected, and also to design antioxidant-rich diets. Including macromolecular antioxidants in mechanistic, intervention and observational studies on dietary antioxidants may contribute to a better understanding of the role of antioxidants in nutrition and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jara Pérez-Jiménez
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Elena Díaz-Rubio
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fulgencio Saura-Calixto
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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Antitumor, antioxidant and antimicrobial studies of substituted pyridylguanidines. Molecules 2013; 18:10378-96. [PMID: 23985956 PMCID: PMC6269704 DOI: 10.3390/molecules180910378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of N-pivaloyl-N′-(alkyl/aryl)-N″-pyridylguanidine of general formula C4H9CONHC(NR1R2)NPy have been synthesized and characterized using elemental analysis, FT-IR, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, and in the case of compounds 7 and 11, by single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD). The synthesized guanidines were tested for antitumor activities against potato tumor, and showed excellent inhibition against Agrobacterium tumefaciens (AT10)-induced tumor. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of these new compounds against various bacterial and fungal strains were also investigated.
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Chemometric analysis of antioxidant properties of herbal products containing Ginkgo biloba extract. Open Life Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s11535-013-0139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractGinkgo biloba extract is a popular ingredient in pharmaceutical formulations. The level of bioactive compounds determines final antioxidant activity of an extract and its therapeutic efficiency. The aim of the project was to assess phytopharmaceuticals containing Ginkgo extracts in terms of their chemical characteristic and antioxidant activity using selected chemometric methods. The aim of the study was also to investigate whether the antioxidant activity of phytopharmaceuticals can be successfully predicted based on their chromatograms. Total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of methanolic Ginkgo extracts were determined using a spectrophotometric technique. Comparative chemometric analysis of investigated pharmaceutical formulations was carried out using hierarchical and non-hierarchical segmentation algorithms. Samples of herbal drug products were clearly separated from samples of dietary supplements. A tree regression method was used to predict the antioxidant activity of pharmaceuticals based on the chromatographic description. The correlations between the predicted (by regression model) and experimental values of IC50 for training and testing subset were 0.960 and 0.949, respectively. The chemometric techniques, combined with instrumental analysis, could improve and simplify the quality control methods of herbal products. The antioxidant activity, predicted on the basis of chromatograms, may be one of measures of final product quality.
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Yoshida H, Kisugi R. Mechanisms of LDL oxidation. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:1875-82. [PMID: 20816951 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Many lines of evidence suggest that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic vascular diseases. This review summarizes a diversity of mechanisms proposed for LDL oxidation serving for the so-called "LDL oxidation hypothesis of atherogenesis". METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the literature and our research results related to mechanisms of LDL oxidation and its atherogenesis. LDL oxidation is catalyzed by transition metal ions and several free radicals, and LDL is also oxidized by some oxidizing enzymes. In this way, LDL can be converted to a form that is recognized specifically by and with high affinity to macrophage scavenger receptors, leading to foam cell formation, the defining characteristic of fatty streak lesions. CONCLUSIONS Several pathways are involved in the promotion of LDL oxidation in vitro and in vivo, but it would appear that the physiologically relevant mechanisms of LDL oxidation are still imperfectly understood. The underlying mechanisms of LDL oxidation must be further explored to reveal appropriate ways for the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis and its relevant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yoshida
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jikei University Kashiwa Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
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Chigorimbo-Murefu NT, Riva S, Burton SG. Lipase-catalysed synthesis of esters of ferulic acid with natural compounds and evaluation of their antioxidant properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2008.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tucker G, Robards K. Bioactivity and structure of biophenols as mediators of chronic diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2009; 48:929-66. [PMID: 18949595 DOI: 10.1080/10408390701761977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Biophenols and their associated activity have generated intense interest. Current topics of debate are their bioavailability and bioactivity. It is generally assumed that their plasma concentrations are insufficient to produce the health benefits previously attributed to their consumption. However, data on localized in vivo concentrations are not available and many questions remain unanswered. Potential mechanisms by which they may exert significant bioactivity are discussed together with structure activity relationships. Biophenols are highly reactive species and they can react with a range of other compounds. Products of their reaction when functioning as antioxidants are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Tucker
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leics, UK
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Panteleon V, Kostakis IK, Marakos P, Pouli N, Andreadou I. Synthesis of Some New Spiropyranoquinolines and Evaluation of Their Free Radical Scavenging Activity. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2009; 57:446-52. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.57.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Panteleon
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens
| | - Ioannis K. Kostakis
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens
| | - Panagiotis Marakos
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens
| | - Nicole Pouli
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens
| | - Ioanna Andreadou
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens
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Panteleon V, Kostakis IK, Marakos P, Pouli N, Andreadou I. Synthesis and free radical scavenging activity of some new spiropyranocoumarins. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5781-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kang HS, Kim KR, Jun EM, Park SH, Lee TS, Suh JW, Kim JP. Cyathuscavins A, B, and C, new free radical scavengers with DNA protection activity from the Basidiomycete Cyathus stercoreus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:4047-50. [PMID: 18565749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.05.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Revised: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Three new polyketides, cyathuscavins A (1), B (2), and C (3) were isolated from the mycelium culture of Cyathus stercoreus. The structures of the compounds were elucidated on the basis of NMR and mass spectroscopic data. Antioxidant activities of the compounds were evaluated by the scavenging ability against ABTS(+), DPPH, and superoxide anion radicals. Cyathuscavins A-C showed significant antioxidant activity comparable to those of reference antioxidants, BHA and Trolox. Cyathuscavins A-C protected supercoiled plasmid DNA from Fe(2+)/H(2)O(2)-induced breakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hahk-Soo Kang
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Functional Metabolite Research Center, 52 Eoeun-dong, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
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Blasi C. The autoimmune origin of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2008; 201:17-32. [PMID: 18585722 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2007] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. Many studies and observations suggest that it could be caused by an immune reaction against autoantigens at the endothelial level, the most relevant of which are oxidized LDL and heat shock proteins (HSP) 60/65. Endothelial dysfunction plays a fundamental role. The first antigen is related to the increased leakage and oxidation of LDL; the second to cellular reaction to stress. Experimental and clinical observations confirm the pathogenetic role of these antigens. Both innate and adaptive immunity and impaired regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune reaction are involved. Different triggering factors are examined: infectious agents, smoking, air pollution, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. Analogies and differences between systemic atherosclerosis and transplant-related coronary atherosclerosis help to understand their respective nature. Immune mechanisms might be responsible for the passage from stable plaque to unstable and rupture-prone plaque. Finally, prospects of treatment and prevention are linked to the induction of tolerance to responsible antigens, activation of immune regulatory response and the use of immunomodulatory drugs.
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Protecting antioxidative effects of vitamins E and C in experimental physical stress. J Physiol Biochem 2008; 63:187-94. [PMID: 18309774 DOI: 10.1007/bf03165781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Like every redox-active compound vitamin E may exert pro-oxidative and antioxidative effects depending on the reaction partners present. In this work we evaluated the intensity of oxidative stress produced by a physical exercise through swimming as well as of protecting action of antioxidant vitamins E and C. Antioxidant systems include antioxidant enzymes: superoxide-dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathion peroxidase (GSH-Px), as well as of components with an antioxidant action of the reduced glutathion type (GSH) and vitamins E and C. We determine the activities of these enzymes in the erythrocytes and heart homogenate. Our results points out a protective effect against oxidative stress produced by swimming in animals treated with vitamins E and C, which are expressed through the diminution of the malondialdehyde (MDA) quantity both in erythrocytes and in the heart, and through the conservation of GSH content in both products. CAT and GSH-Px activities decrease while that of SOD increases on both tissues, but with different intensities in accordance with the variation of protection degree performed by the vitamin couple on these tissues. The obtained data underline the necessity of intensifying the means of endogenous antiradical defence with exogenous antioxidant vitamins C and E. This study highlights the need of a proper vitamin supplement in organism under stress.
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Hara Y, Kusumi Y, Mitsumata M, Li XK, Fujino M. Lysophosphatidylcholine upregulates LOX-1, chemokine receptors, and activation-related transcription factors in human T-cell line Jurkat. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2007; 26:113-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11239-007-0158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Munteanu A, Zingg JM. Cellular, molecular and clinical aspects of vitamin E on atherosclerosis prevention. Mol Aspects Med 2007; 28:538-90. [PMID: 17825403 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Randomised clinical trials and epidemiologic studies addressing the preventive effects of vitamin E supplementation against cardiovascular disease reported both positive and negative effects, and recent meta-analyses of the clinical studies were rather disappointing. In contrast to that, many animal studies clearly show a preventive action of vitamin E in several experimental settings, which can be explained by the molecular and cellular effects of vitamin E observed in cell cultures. This review is focusing on the molecular effects of vitamin E on the cells playing a role during atherosclerosis, in particular on the endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, monocytes/macrophages, T cells, and mast cells. Vitamin E may act by normalizing aberrant signal transduction and gene expression in antioxidant and non-antioxidant manners; in particular, over-expression of scavenger receptors and consequent foam cell formation can be prevented by vitamin E. In addition to that, the cellular effects of alpha-tocopheryl phosphate and of EPC-K1, a composite molecule between alpha-tocopheryl phosphate and l-ascorbic acid, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina Munteanu
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, Romania
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Watanabe N, Zmijewski JW, Takabe W, Umezu-Goto M, Le Goffe C, Sekine A, Landar A, Watanabe A, Aoki J, Arai H, Kodama T, Murphy MP, Kalyanaraman R, Darley-Usmar VM, Noguchi N. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by lysophosphatidylcholine-induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation in endothelial cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 168:1737-48. [PMID: 16651638 PMCID: PMC1606607 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) evokes diverse biological responses in vascular cells including Ca(2+) mobilization, production of reactive oxygen species, and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases, but the mechanisms linking these events remain unclear. Here, we provide evidence that the response of mitochondria to the lysoPC-dependent increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) leads to activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinase through a redox signaling mechanism in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. ERK activation was attenuated by inhibitors of the electron transport chain proton pumps (rotenone and antimycin A) and an uncoupler (carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone), suggesting that mitochondrial inner membrane potential plays a key role in the signaling pathway. ERK activation was also selectively attenuated by chain-breaking antioxidants and by vitamin E targeted to mitochondria, suggesting that transduction of the mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide signal is mediated by a lipid peroxidation product. Inhibition of ERK activation with MEK inhibitors (PD98059 or U0126) diminished induction of the antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase-1. Taken together, these data suggest a role for mitochondrially generated reactive oxygen species and Ca(2+) in the redox cell signaling path-ways, leading to ERK activation and adaptation of the pathological stress mediated by oxidized lipids such as lysoPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Watanabe
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8904
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Lapeyre C, Delomenède M, Bedos-Belval F, Duran H, Nègre-Salvayre A, Baltas M. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of pharmacological properties of cinnamic derivatives as antiatherogenic agents. J Med Chem 2006; 48:8115-24. [PMID: 16366593 DOI: 10.1021/jm050454c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of cinnamic and phosphonocinnamic derivatives have been synthesized and their ability to inhibit cell-mediated LDL oxidation and oxidized LDL-induced cytotoxicity was investigated. Electron-donating substituents surrounding the necessary 4-OH group of the aromatic ring showed the best results. Among the different series tested, amide 1, thioester 5c, phosphonoester 7c, and the fluorophosphonocinnamic analogue 12c exhibited a potent inhibitory effect against LDL oxidation (and subsequent toxicity) mediated by cultured human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1), with an efficacy comparable to that observed with probucol. Beside this indirect protective effect, these compounds exhibited a direct protective effect against the toxicity of previously oxidized LDL in HMEC-1. These data suggest that the newly synthesized cinnamic compounds should protect against early events (cell-mediated LDL oxidation) occurring within the vascular wall in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Lapeyre
- Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique, Université Paul Sabatier, 118, Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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Tousoulis D, Antoniades C, Stefanadis C. Nitric oxide in coronary artery disease: effects of antioxidants. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00228-005-0019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Grant MM, Barber VS, Griffiths HR. The presence of ascorbate induces expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells after peroxide insult, which is associated with increased survival. Proteomics 2005; 5:534-40. [PMID: 15627972 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200300924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and free radical production have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease, where low levels of the antioxidant vitamin C (ascorbate) have been shown to be associated with the disease. In this study, neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were treated with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of ascorbate in order to elucidate the mechanism(s) of protection against oxidative stress afforded by ascorbate. Protein oxidation, glutathione levels, cell viability and the effects on the proteome and its oxidized counterpart were monitored. SH-SY5Y cells treated with ascorbate prior to co-incubation with peroxide showed increased viability in comparison to cells treated with peroxide alone. This dual treatment also caused an increase in protein carbonyl content and a decrease in glutathione levels within the cells. Proteins, extracted from SH-SY5Y cells that were treated with either ascorbate or peroxide alone or with ascorbate prior to peroxide, were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and analyzed for oxidation. Co-incubation for 24 hours decreased the number of oxidised proteins (e.g. acyl CoA oxidase 3) and induced brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression. Enhanced expression of BDNF may contribute to the protective effects of ascorbate against oxidative stress in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Grant
- Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK
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Spickett CM, Dever G. Studies of phospholipid oxidation by electrospray mass spectrometry: from analysis in cells to biological effects. Biofactors 2005; 24:17-31. [PMID: 16403960 DOI: 10.1002/biof.5520240103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of lipids is important in many pathological conditions and lipid peroxidation products such as 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) and other aldehydes are commonly measured as biomarkers of oxidative stress. However, it is often useful to complement this with analysis of the original oxidized phospholipid. Electrospray mass spectrometry (ESMS) provides an informative method for detecting oxidative alterations to phospholipids, and has been used to investigate oxidative damage to cells, and low-density lipoprotein, as well as for the analysis of oxidized phosphatidylcholines present in atherosclerotic plaque material. There is increasing evidence that intact oxidized phospholipids have biological effects; in particular, oxidation products of 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerophosphocholine (PAPC) have been found to cause inflammatory responses, which could be potentially important in the progression of atherosclerosis. The effects of chlorohydrin derivatives of lipids have been much less studied, but it is clear that free fatty acid chlorohydrins and phosphatidylcholine chlorohydrins are toxic to cells at concentrations above 10 micromolar, a range comparable to that of HNE and oxidized PAPC. There is some evidence that chlorohydrins have biological effects that may be relevant to atherosclerosis, but further work is needed to elucidate their pro-inflammatory properties, and to understand the mechanisms and balance of biological effects that could result from oxidation of complex mixtures of lipids in a pathophysiological situation.
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Itoh N, Yoshida Y, Hayakawa M, Noguchi N, Kodama T, Cynshi O, Niki E. Inhibition of plasma lipid peroxidation by anti-atherogenic antioxidant BO-653, 2,3-dihydro-5-hydroxy-4,6-di-tert-butyl-2,2-dipentylbenzofuran. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 68:813-8. [PMID: 15294444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2004] [Accepted: 05/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BO-653, 2,3-dihydro-5-hydroxy-4,6-di-tert-butyl-2,2-dipentylbenzofuran, is a synthetic antioxidant which is now being developed as an anti-atherogenic drug. The antioxidant action of BO-653 against lipid peroxidation in rat plasma was studied and compared with its analogue BO-653M, 2,3-dihydro-5-hydroxy-4,6-di-methyl-2,2-dipentylbenzofuran, and vitamin E. BO-653 was readily incorporated into plasma by oral administration and it inhibited plasma lipid peroxidation more efficiently than vitamin E independent of the presence or absence of vitamin C. On the other hand, its analogue BO-653M having two methyl substituents in place of tert-butyl groups of BO-653 did not inhibit the lipid peroxidation in plasma as efficiently as BO-653, demonstrating clearly that the tert-butyl groups at the ortho-position play a key role in determining the antioxidant efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanako Itoh
- Human Stress Signal Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
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Abudu N, Miller JJ, Attaelmannan M, Levinson SS. Vitamins in human arteriosclerosis with emphasis on vitamin C and vitamin E. Clin Chim Acta 2004; 339:11-25. [PMID: 14687889 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2003.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This review focuses on the process of arteriosclerosis arising from oxidative stress on lipoproteins and the general failure of randomized human trials using vitamins to retard this process. REVIEW As well as clinical trials, the paper reviews the mechanisms by which a variety of oxidants act. Antioxidants are discussed, emphasizing interactions of vitamins C and E with transition metals that can lead to prooxidation. There is a focus on interactions between supplemental or co-antioxidants that counterbalance prooxidant effects of one another. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that normal cellular supplementation mechanisms are poorly accessible in the arteriosclerotic plaque leading to a prooxidant environment in which the haphazard introduction of vitamins could potentially be hazardous. Continued investigations into basic and clinical redox interactions of the kind discussed in this review using new measuring techniques may lead to approaches whereby antioxidants can be introduced into tissue in controlled ways for reducing arteriosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ntei Abudu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville, 40292, Louisville, KY, USA
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Kopprasch S, Pietzsch J, Westendorf T, Kruse HJ, Grässler J. The pivotal role of scavenger receptor CD36 and phagocyte-derived oxidants in oxidized low density lipoprotein-induced adhesion to endothelial cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004; 36:460-71. [PMID: 14687924 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2003.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion of phagocytes to endothelial cells constitutes a crucial step in atherogenesis. Oxidized low density lipoproteins (LDL) are supposed to facilitate the adhesion process. We investigated the molecular mechanisms by which mildly and extensively hypochlorite-oxidized LDL force adhesion of murine macrophages and human neutrophils to human umbilical venous endothelial cells. After 1h of co-incubation of macrophages, endothelial cells, and lipoproteins adhesion significantly increased to 160+/-13% (S.E.M., n=5) in the presence of mildly oxidized lipoprotein, and 210+/-11% (S.E.M., n=5) in the presence of extensively oxidized lipoprotein. Similar results were obtained with neutrophils. CD36 antibody (FA6-152) significantly reduced adhesion to 102+/-7% (S.E.M., n=5) using mildly oxidized low density lipoprotein and to 179+/-16% (S.E.M., n=5) using extensively oxidized low density lipoprotein. Native high density lipoprotein and to a lesser extent methionine-oxidized high density lipoprotein significantly counteracted the effects of low density lipoprotein. Prior incubation of endothelial cells with modified lipoproteins followed by their removal and subsequent incubation with macrophages or neutrophils resulted in only minor changes of adhesion. This suggests that the direct contact of low density lipoprotein with phagocytes followed by activation of a respiratory burst with release of reactive oxygen species facilitates the adhesion process. Accordingly, the addition of antioxidants (superoxide dismutase and catalase) to the co-incubation medium was followed by a significant decrease in phagocyte adhesion. It is concluded that oxidized low density lipoprotein-induced respiratory burst activation of phagocytes with subsequent release of oxidants constitutes a crucial step in promoting the adhesion of phagocytes to endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffi Kopprasch
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Carl Gustav Carus Medical School, University of Technology Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
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Vanco J, Svajlenová O, Ramanská E, Muselík J, Valentová J. Antiradical activity of different copper(II) Schiff base complexes and their effect on alloxan-induced diabetes. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2004; 18:155-61. [PMID: 15646262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Considering the important role of antioxidants in biological systems, the group of copper(II) complexes derived from salicylaldehyde and alpha- or beta-alanine and its thiourea derivative and copper(II) complexes derived from pyruvic acid and beta-alanine were studied. The antiradical activity of the tested compounds was studied by both in vitro and in vivo methods. The chemical methods based on inhibition of INT-formazane or 3-nitrotyrosine formation were used for the evaluation of SOD-mimic and antiperoxynitrite activity, respectively. In the case of in vivo activity evaluation, an alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus model in mice was used, the mechanism of action of alloxan being closely connected with the formation of free radicals selectively damaging the pancreatic beta-cells. Since all the substances studied showed different positive effects, it is obvious that they have not acted only as a source of copper(II) ions but their effect is related to their specific chelate structure. The obtained results are a contribution to the knowledge of copper(II) Schiff base complexes with ligands of aldimine or ketimine type and form the basis for further preclinical tests of these bioactive agents in biological models of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján Vanco
- Department of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho, Brno, Czech Republic.
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