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Rayner CL, Bottle SE, Martyn AP, Barnett NL. Preserving Retinal Structure and Function with the Novel Nitroxide Antioxidant, DCTEIO. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:3402-3419. [PMID: 37450210 PMCID: PMC10514139 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03978-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major contributor to progressive neurodegenerative disease and may be a key target for the development of novel preventative and therapeutic strategies. Nitroxides have been successfully utilised to study changes in redox status (biological probes) and modulate radical-induced oxidative stress. This study investigates the efficacy of DCTEIO (5,6-dicarboxy-1,1,3,3-tetraethyllisoindolin-2-yloxyl), a stable, kinetically-persistent, nitroxide-based antioxidant, as a retinal neuroprotectant. The preservation of retinal function following an acute ischaemic/reperfusion (I/R) insult in the presence of DCTEIO was quantified by electroretinography (ERG). Inflammatory responses in retinal glia were analysed by GFAP and IBA-1 immunohistochemistry, and retinal integrity assessed by histology. A nitroxide probe combined with flow cytometry provided a rapid technique to assess oxidative stress and the mitigation offered by antioxidant compounds in cultured 661W photoreceptor cells. DCTEIO protected the retina from I/R-induced damage, maintaining retinal function. Histological analysis showed preservation of retinal integrity with reduced disruption and disorganisation of the inner and outer nuclear layers. I/R injury upregulated GFAP expression, indicative of retinal stress, which was significantly blunted by DCTEIO. The number of 'activated' microglia, particularly in the outer retina, in response to cellular stress was also significantly reduced by DCTEIO, potentially suggesting reduced inflammasome activation and cell death. DCTEIO mitigated oxidative stress in 661W retinal cell cultures, in a dose-dependent fashion. Together these findings demonstrate the potential of DCTEIO as a neuroprotective therapeutic for degenerative diseases of the CNS that involve an ROS-mediated component, including those of the retina e.g. age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie L Rayner
- Clem Jones Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, 14 University Drive, Robina, Gold Coast, QLD, 4226, Australia
- Queensland Eye Institute, South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia
| | - Steven E Bottle
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Alexander P Martyn
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program (CARP), Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Nigel L Barnett
- Clem Jones Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, 14 University Drive, Robina, Gold Coast, QLD, 4226, Australia.
- Queensland Eye Institute, South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia.
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Lee JS, Song IH, Shinde PB, Nimse SB. Macrocycles and Supramolecules as Antioxidants: Excellent Scaffolds for Development of Potential Therapeutic Agents. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E859. [PMID: 32937775 PMCID: PMC7555118 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress due to the high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that damage biomolecules (lipids, proteins, DNA) results in acute inflammation. However, without proper intervention, acute inflammation progresses to chronic inflammation and then to several chronic diseases, including cancer, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular diseases, chronic inflammation, atherosclerosis, and more. There has been extensive research on the antioxidants of natural origin. However, there are myriad possibilities for the development of synthetic antioxidants for pharmacological applications. There is an increasing interest in the identification of novel synthetic antioxidants for the modulation of biochemical processes related to ROS. In this regard, derivatives of supramolecules, such as calix[n]arene, resorcinarene, calixtyrosol, calixpyrrole, cucurbit[n]uril, porphyrin etc. are gaining attention for their abilities to scavenge the free radicals. Supramolecular chemistry offers excellent scaffolds for the development of novel antioxidants that can be used to modulate free radical reactions and to improve the disorders related to oxidative stress. This review focuses on the interdisciplinary approach for the design and development of novel synthetic antioxidants based on supramolecular scaffolds, with potentially protective effects against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Seop Lee
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200702, Korea; (J.-S.L.); (I.-h.S.)
| | - In-ho Song
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200702, Korea; (J.-S.L.); (I.-h.S.)
| | - Pramod B. Shinde
- Natural Products & Green Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India;
| | - Satish Balasaheb Nimse
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200702, Korea; (J.-S.L.); (I.-h.S.)
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Tempol improves lipid profile and prevents left ventricular hypertrophy in LDL receptor gene knockout (LDLr-/-) mice on a high-fat diet. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE CARDIOLOGIA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repce.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Viana Gonçalves IC, Cerdeira CD, Poletti Camara E, Dias Garcia JA, Ribeiro Pereira Lima Brigagão M, Bessa Veloso Silva R, Bitencourt dos Santos G. Tempol improves lipid profile and prevents left ventricular hypertrophy in LDL receptor gene knockout (LDLr-/-) mice on a high-fat diet. Rev Port Cardiol 2017; 36:629-638. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Santos GB, Gonzalez-Perilli L, Mastrogiovanni M, Aicardo A, Cerdeira CD, Trostchansky A, Brigagão MRPL. Nitroxide 4-hydroxy-2,2',6,6'-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (Tempol) inhibits the reductase activity of protein disulfide isomerase via covalent binding to the Cys 400 residue on CXXC redox motif at the a'active site. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 272:117-124. [PMID: 28532685 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Oxidative stress arising from inflammatory processes is a serious cause of cell and tissue damage. Tempol is an efficient antioxidant with superoxide dismutase-like activity. The purpose of this paper is to address the inhibition of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), an essential redox chaperone whose active sites contain the Cys-Gly-His-Cys (CXXC) motif, by the nitroxide Tempol. RESULTS In the presence of Tempol (5-120 μM), the reductase activity of PDI was reversibly affected both in vitro and in activated mice neutrophils, with an IC50 of 22.9 ± 10.8 μM. Inhibitory activity was confirmed by using both the insulin method and fluorescent formation of eosin-glutathione (E-GSH). The capacity of Tempol to bind the enzyme was determined by EPR and mass spectrometry. EPR Tempol signal decreased in the presence of PDI while remained unaffected when PDI thiols were previously blocked with NEM. When total protein was analyzed, 1 and 4 molecules of Tempol were bound to the protein. However, only one was found to be covalently bound to PDI at the a'active site. More specifically, Cys400 was modified by Tempol. CONCLUSION We have shown that the nitroxide Tempol acts as an inhibitor of PDI through covalent binding to the Cys400 of the protein structure. Since PDI is coupled with the assembly of the NADPH oxidase complex of phagocytes, these findings reveal a novel action of Tempol that presents potential clinical applications for therapeutic intervention to target PDI knockdown in pathological processes in which this protein is engaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérsika Bitencourt Santos
- Department of Biochemistry (DBq), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Lucia Gonzalez-Perilli
- Biochemistry Department, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mauricio Mastrogiovanni
- Biochemistry Department, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Adrián Aicardo
- Biochemistry Department, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cláudio Daniel Cerdeira
- Department of Biochemistry (DBq), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Andrés Trostchansky
- Biochemistry Department, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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6
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Stable nitroxyl radicals and hydroxylamines as inhibitors of methyl linoleate oxidation in micelles. Russ Chem Bull 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-015-1175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Kim JH, Shyam PK, Kim MJ, Lee HJ, Lee JT, Jang HY. Enantioselective synthesis and antioxidant activity of 3,4,5-substituted piperidine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3119-3121. [PMID: 27177825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.04.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 3,4,5-trisubstituted piperidines were synthesized enantioselectively, and their antioxidant activity was evaluated. The 3,4,5-trisubstituted piperidines containing TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl) and a spatially proximal hydroxy group showed good antioxidant activity. Some of these compounds showed IC50 values in a nanomolar range, comparable to that of TEMPO. Probably the TEMPO generated from the homolysis of the CON bond of 3,4,5-trisubstituted piperidines functions as a radical-scavenging entity, and the hydroxy group of piperidines has a synergistic effect to the antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ho Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Applied Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Pranab K Shyam
- Division of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jeong Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Applied Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Jung Lee
- Division of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Applied Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hye-Young Jang
- Division of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea; Korea Carbon Capture & Sequestration R&D Center, Deajeon 305-343, Republic of Korea.
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Komleva NV, Lapshina MA, Kostyuk GV, Ivanov AV, Parkhomenko II, Papina RI, Sen´ VD, Terentiev AA. Comparative analysis of cytotoxic effects and intracellular accumulation of platinum(IV) nitroxyl complexes. Russ Chem Bull 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-015-0996-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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9
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Assayag M, Goldstein S, Samuni A, Berkman N. Cyclic nitroxide radicals attenuate inflammation and Hyper-responsiveness in a mouse model of allergic asthma. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 87:148-56. [PMID: 26119784 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The effects of stable cyclic nitroxide radicals have been extensively investigated both in vivo and in vitro demonstrating anti-inflammatory, radioprotective, anti-mutagenic, age-retardant, hypotensive, anti-cancer and anti-teratogenic activities. Yet, these stable radicals have not been evaluated in asthma and other airway inflammatory disorders. The present study investigated the effect of 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-N-oxyl (TPL) and 3-carbamoyl-proxyl (3-CP) in a mouse model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma. Both 3-CP and TPL were non-toxic when administered either orally (1% w/w nitroxide-containing chow) or via intraperitoneal (IP) injection (∼300 mg/kg). Feeding the mice orally demonstrated that 3-CP was more effective than TPL in reducing inflammatory cell recruitment into the airway and in suppressing airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) in OVA-challenged mice. To characterize the optimal time-window of intervention and mode of drug administration, 3-CP was given orally during allergen sensitization, during allergen challenge or during both sensitization and challenge stages, and via IP injection or intranasal instillation for 3 days during the challenge period. 3-CP given via all modes of delivery markedly inhibited OVA-induced airway inflammation, expression of cytokines, AHR and protein nitration of the lung tissue. Oral administration during the entire experiment was the most efficient delivery of 3-CP and was more effective than dexamethasone a potent corticosteroid used for asthma treatment. Under a similar administration regimen (IP injection before the OVA challenge), the effect of 3-CP was similar to that of dexamethasone and even greater on AHR and protein nitration. The protective effect of the nitroxides, which preferentially react with free radicals, in suppressing the increase of main asthmatic inflammatory markers substantiate the key role played by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the molecular mechanism of asthma. The present results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of nitroxides for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miri Assayag
- Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Sara Goldstein
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
| | - Amram Samuni
- Institute of Medical Research, Israel-Canada Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Neville Berkman
- Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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10
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Mobbili G, Crucianelli E, Barbon A, Marcaccio M, Pisani M, Dalzini A, Ussano E, Bortolus M, Stipa P, Astolfi P. Liponitroxides: EPR study and their efficacy as antioxidants in lipid membranes. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18963b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fighting lipid peroxidation on its own ground: the antioxidant activity of new synthesized lipid-functionalized nitroxides is maximized in the PUFA region and correlates with the nitroxide location within the lipid bilayer as found by EPR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Mobbili
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences
- Università Politecnica delle Marche
- I-60131 Ancona
- Italy
| | - Emanuela Crucianelli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences
- Università Politecnica delle Marche
- I-60131 Ancona
- Italy
| | - Antonio Barbon
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Università di Padova
- I-35131 Padova
- Italy
| | - Massimo Marcaccio
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”
- Università di Bologna
- I-40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Michela Pisani
- Department of Materials
- Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning
- Università Politecnica delle Marche
- I-60131 Ancona
- Italy
| | - Annalisa Dalzini
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Università di Padova
- I-35131 Padova
- Italy
| | - Eleonora Ussano
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”
- Università di Bologna
- I-40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Marco Bortolus
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Università di Padova
- I-35131 Padova
- Italy
- Department of Material Sciences
| | - Pierluigi Stipa
- Department of Materials
- Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning
- Università Politecnica delle Marche
- I-60131 Ancona
- Italy
| | - Paola Astolfi
- Department of Materials
- Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning
- Università Politecnica delle Marche
- I-60131 Ancona
- Italy
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11
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Kirschenbaum LJ, Riesz P. Sonochemical degradation of cyclic nitroxides in aqueous solution. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2012; 19:1114-1119. [PMID: 22361491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The sonochemical degradation of eight five- and six-membered nitroxides has been studied by EPR spectroscopy after exposure to ultrasound at a frequency of 354 kHz in argon-saturated aqueous solution. Concentration vs. time profiles do not follow a simple rate law. Octanol/water partition functions have been determined for all eight nitroxides, and an excellent linear correlation has been found between initial decomposition rates and hydrophobicity (log K(octanol/water)). Variation of initial rate with concentration was investigated for one compound (TEMPONE) and is largely consistent with an equilibrium distribution of substrate between bulk solution and the gas/liquid interface.
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Walker JR, Fairfull-Smith KE, Anzai K, Lau S, White PJ, Scammells PJ, Bottle SE. Edaravone containing isoindoline nitroxides for the potential treatment of cardiovascular ischaemia. MEDCHEMCOMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1md00041a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Li WG, Zhang XY, Wu YJ, Gao MT, Zheng RL. The relationship between structure and antioxidative activity of piperidine nitroxides. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 58:941-9. [PMID: 16805954 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.58.7.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We have investigated the relationship between structure and antioxidative activity of piperidine nitroxides which were substituted by different groups at the 4-position. All of the tested piperidine nitroxides inhibited malondialdehyde (MDA) generation caused either spontaneously or by a hydroxyl free radical generation system (Fe2+-ascorbic acid) in homogenates of liver, heart and kidney of rats, and antagonized H2O2-induced haemolysis from rat erythrocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. The same rank was followed: Bis-(4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidinooxyl) (4-BIS-Tempo) and 4-azido-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidinooxyl (4-N3-Tempo) >4-isothiocyanate-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidinooxyl (4-ISO-Tempo), 4-2′,4′-dinitrophenyl-hydrazone-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidinooxyl (4-D-Tempo), 4-sulfonate-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidinooxyl (4-S-Tempo) and 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidinooxyl (4-NH2-Tempo) > 4-acetate ester-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidinooxyl (4-A-Tempo) and 4-benzoate-2,2,6,6-tetra-methyl piperidinooxyl (4-B-Tempo). With the exception of 4-A-Tempo and 4-D-Tempo, the tested piperidine nitroxides inhibited superoxide anion (O2.-) release from neutrophils stimulated by zymosan. The concentration required for inhibiting O2.- release was higher than that of inhibiting MDA formation and haemolysis. However, 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidine (4-NH2-TempH) and other 4-position substitutes, such as NaN3 and isothiocyanate, had no effects on MDA formation, haemolysis or O2.- release. The results indicated that nitroxides have a wide range of scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) actions. The nitroxide moiety was the essential group while the 4-position substitutes could influence the activity of nitroxides on scavenging ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Guang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730 000, PR China
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14
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Qiu X, Zhao H, Lan M. Novel ferrocenyl nitroxides: Synthesis, structures, electrochemistry and antioxidative activity. J Organomet Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Yamato M, Shiba T, Yamada KI, Watanabe T, Utsumi H. Separable detection of lipophilic- and hydrophilic-phase free radicals from the ESR spectrum of nitroxyl radical in transient MCAO mice. Free Radic Res 2009; 43:844-51. [DOI: 10.1080/10715760903089716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Broniowska KA, Kirilyuk I, Wisniewska A. Spin-labelled lutein as a new antioxidant in protection against lipid peroxidation. Free Radic Res 2009; 41:1053-60. [PMID: 17729124 DOI: 10.1080/10715760701463253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A new potentially antioxidant compound, spin-labelled lutein (SL-lut), was synthesized and incorporated into egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (EYPC) liposome membrane. The approximate location of nitroxide free radical groups of SL-lut was determined based on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra. Then the ability of SL-lut to protect EYPC liposomes against lipid peroxidation (LPO) was compared to the antioxidant effects of lutein and a nitroxide spin label 3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidin-1-yloxy (3-CP). Two free radical generation systems were used - a thermal decomposition of 2,2'-azobis (2,4 dimethyl-valeronitrile) (AMVN) and a modified Fenton reaction using ferric-8-hydroxyquinoline (Fe(HQ)(3)). Determination of the amount of thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) was used as a measure of LPO. SL-lut was the most powerful antioxidant, reducing LPO by about 6-times in AMVN-treated liposomes and 7-times in Fe(HQ)(3)-treated liposomes. Lutein alone gave only a moderate protection in both systems, while 3-CP was as efficient as SL-lut in the presence of AMVN, but not efficient whatsoever in the presence of Fe(HQ)(3). The results suggest that a nitroxide part of SL-lut plays an important role in enhancing the antioxidant activity of lutein and makes SL-lut a powerful antioxidant efficient under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A Broniowska
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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17
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Fairfull-Smith KE, Brackmann F, Bottle SE. The Synthesis of Novel Isoindoline Nitroxides Bearing Water-Solubilising Functionality. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200801255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Vovk AI, Shivanyuk AM, Bugas RV, Muzychka OV, Melnyk AK. Antioxidant and antiradical activities of resorcinarene tetranitroxides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1314-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wilcox CS, Pearlman A. Chemistry and antihypertensive effects of tempol and other nitroxides. Pharmacol Rev 2009; 60:418-69. [PMID: 19112152 DOI: 10.1124/pr.108.000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroxides can undergo one- or two-electron reduction reactions to hydroxylamines or oxammonium cations, respectively, which themselves are interconvertible, thereby providing redox metabolic actions. 4-Hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (tempol) is the most extensively studied nitroxide. It is a cell membrane-permeable amphilite that dismutates superoxide catalytically, facilitates hydrogen peroxide metabolism by catalase-like actions, and limits formation of toxic hydroxyl radicals produced by Fenton reactions. It is broadly effective in detoxifying these reactive oxygen species in cell and animal studies. When administered intravenously to hypertensive rodent models, tempol caused rapid and reversible dose-dependent reductions in blood pressure in 22 of 26 studies. This was accompanied by vasodilation, increased nitric oxide activity, reduced sympathetic nervous system activity at central and peripheral sites, and enhanced potassium channel conductance in blood vessels and neurons. When administered orally or by infusion over days or weeks to hypertensive rodent models, it reduced blood pressure in 59 of 68 studies. This was accompanied by correction of salt sensitivity and endothelial dysfunction and reduced agonist-evoked oxidative stress and contractility of blood vessels, reduced renal vascular resistance, and increased renal tissue oxygen tension. Thus, tempol is broadly effective in reducing blood pressure, whether given by acute intravenous injection or by prolonged administration, in a wide range of rodent models of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Wilcox
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Disorder Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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Trnka J, Blaikie FH, Smith RAJ, Murphy MP. A mitochondria-targeted nitroxide is reduced to its hydroxylamine by ubiquinol in mitochondria. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:1406-19. [PMID: 18206669 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Piperidine nitroxides such as TEMPOL act as antioxidants in vivo due to their interconversion among nitroxide, hydroxylamine, and oxoammonium derivatives, but the mechanistic details of these reactions are unclear. As mitochondria are a significant site of piperidine nitroxide metabolism and action, we synthesized a mitochondria-targeted nitroxide, MitoTEMPOL, by conjugating TEMPOL to the lipophilic triphenylphosphonium cation. MitoTEMPOL was accumulated several hundred-fold into energized mitochondria where it was reduced to the hydroxylamine by direct reaction with ubiquinol. This reaction occurred by transfer of H() from ubiquinol to the nitroxide, with the ubisemiquinone radical product predominantly dismutating to ubiquinone and ubiquinol, together with a small amount reacting with oxygen to form superoxide. The piperidine nitroxides TEMPOL, TEMPO, and butylTEMPOL reacted similarly with ubiquinol in organic solvents but in mitochondrial membranes the rates varied in the order: MitoTEMPOL > butylTEMPOL > TEMPO > TEMPOL, which correlated with the extent of access of the nitroxide moiety to ubiquinol within the membrane. These findings suggest ways of using mitochondria-targeted compounds to modulate the coenzyme Q pool within mitochondria in vivo, and indicate that the antioxidant effects of mitochondria-targeted piperidine nitroxides can be ascribed to their corresponding hydroxylamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Trnka
- Medical Research Council Dunn Human Nutrition Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
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Krasowska A, Sigler K. Cell-protective and antioxidant activity of two groups of synthetic amphiphilic compounds — Phenolics and amineN-oxides. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2007; 52:585-92. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02932187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Czepas J, Koceva-Chyła A, Gwoździński K, Jóźwiak Z. Different effectiveness of piperidine nitroxides against oxidative stress induced by doxorubicin and hydrogen peroxide. Cell Biol Toxicol 2007; 24:101-12. [PMID: 17610030 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-007-9020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The piperidine nitroxides Tempamine and Tempace have been studied for their effect on doxorubicin (DOX) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) cytotoxicity in immortalized B14 cells, a model for neoplastic phenotype. The significance for nitroxide performance of the substituent in position 4 of the piperidine ring was evaluated. The cells were exposed to DOX/H(2)O(2) alone or in combination with the nitroxides Tempamine or Tempace. Two other piperidine nitroxides, Tempo and Tempol, were used for comparison. All the nitroxides except Tempamine modestly reduced DOX cytotoxicity. Tempamine evoked a biphasic response: at concentrations lower than 200 micromol/L the nitroxide decreased DOX cytotoxicity, while at concentrations higher than 200 micromol/L, it enhanced DOX cytotoxicity. In contrast to Tempo and Tempol, Tempamine and Tempace ameliorated hydrogen peroxide cytotoxicity, but none of the nitroxides influenced TBARS stimulated by hydrogen peroxide. The cytoprotective effect of Tempace, Tempo and Tempol in DOX-treated cells correlated with the inhibition of DOX-induced lipid peroxidation. The bioreduction rates of the investigated nitroxides differed significantly and were variously affected by DOX depending on the nitroxide substituent. In combination with DOX, Tempo and Tempol were reduced significantly more slowly, while no influence of DOX on Tempamine and Tempace bioreduction was observed. Our results suggest that the structure of the 4-position substituent is an important factor for biological activity of piperidine nitroxides. Among the investigated nitroxides, Tempace displayed the best protective properties in vitro but Tempamine was the only nitroxide that potentiated cytotoxicity of DOX and did not influence DOX-induced lipid peroxidation. However, this nitroxide showed different performance depending on its concentration and conditions of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Czepas
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland.
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Wasserman V, Kizelsztein P, Garbuzenko O, Kohen R, Ovadia H, Tabakman R, Barenholz Y. The antioxidant tempamine: in vitro antitumor and neuroprotective effects and optimization of liposomal encapsulation and release. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:1937-47. [PMID: 17279678 DOI: 10.1021/la060218k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The piperidine nitroxide tempamine (TMN) is a cell-permeable, stable radical having antioxidant, anticancer, and proapoptotic and/or pronecrotic activities, as was demonstrated by us in cell cultures. We also demonstrated synergism between TMN and doxorubicin in doxorubicin-sensitive and doxorubicin-resistant cell lines. Treatment of the C26 mouse colon carcinoma model in vivo also demonstrated synergism between TMN and doxorubicin in sterically stabilized liposomes (SSLs) containing TMN (SSL-TMN) and those containing doxorubicin. The above effects of TMN and SSL-TMN motivated us to develop and optimize the SSL-TMN formulation so that it will be able to reach the disease site with a sufficiently high TMN level and a release rate needed to achieve a therapeutic effect. Because TMN is an amphipathic weak base, it was remote loaded by an intraliposome high/extraliposome low transmembrane ammonium sulfate gradient. The kinetics and level of TMN loading were monitored by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR); the latter also indicates TMN precipitation in the intraliposomal aqueous phase. The regeneration of the original CV and EPR signals by the ionophore nigericin indicates that TMN remained fully intact during loading and release. The cardinal role of the transmembrane ammonium ion gradient in the loading process was proven by the use of the selective ionophores nonactin (for NH4+) and nigericin (for H+). The anion of the ammonium salts affects loading stability and the rate of TMN release, both mediated through the TMN state of aggregation in the intraliposomal aqueous phase. The greater the TMN salt precipitation, the slower the TMN release rate. This was supported by measurement of osmolality, which is inversely related to TMN salt precipitate. Precipitation is in the order SO4(-2)>Cl-1>glucuronate-1. Liposome lipid composition, magnitude of the transmembrane ammonium ion gradient, and type of anion of the ammonium salt determine the amount of TMN loaded and its release rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Wasserman
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Liposome Research, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, and Department of Neurology, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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Verbitskiy EV, Rusinov GL, Slepukhin PA, Matern AI, Shvachko YN, Starichenko DV, Charushin VN, Chupakhin ON. First example of direct introduction of nucleophiles bearing a stable radical moiety into azaaromatic substrates. Russ Chem Bull 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-006-0558-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Krasowska A, Piasecki A, Polinceusz A, Prescha A, Sigler K. Amphiphilic amine-N-oxides with aliphatic alkyl chain act as efficient superoxide dismutase mimics, antioxidants and lipid peroxidation blockers in yeast. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2006; 51:99-107. [PMID: 16821718 DOI: 10.1007/bf02932163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic 3-(alkanoylamino)propyldimethylamine-N-oxides with different length of the alkyl chain, i.e. different hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, act in micromolar concentrations as SOD mimics by lifting the inhibition of aerobic growth caused by SOD deletions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. They also enhance the survival of sod mutants of S. cerevisiae exposed to the hydrophilic superoxide-generating prooxidant paraquat and the amphiphilic hydroperoxide-producing tert-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP), and largely prevent TBHP-induced peroxidation of isolated yeast plasma membrane lipids. Unlike the SOD-mimicking effect, the magnitude of these effects depends on the alkyl chain length of the amine-N-oxides, which incorporate into S. cerevisiae membranes, causing fluidity changes in both the hydrophilic surface part of the membrane and the membrane lipid matrix. Unlike wild-type strains, the membranes of sod mutants were found to contain polyunsaturated fatty acids; the sensitivity of the mutants to lipophilic pro-oxidants was found to increase with increasing content of these acids. sod mutants are useful in assessing pro- and antioxidant properties of different compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Krasowska
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, Wrocław University, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland.
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Koshiishi I, Tsuchida K, Takajo T, Komatsu M. Radical scavenger can scavenge lipid allyl radicals complexed with lipoxygenase at lower oxygen content. Biochem J 2006; 395:303-9. [PMID: 16396633 PMCID: PMC1422755 DOI: 10.1042/bj20051595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2005] [Revised: 12/21/2005] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases have been proposed to be a possible factor that is responsible for the pathology of certain diseases, including ischaemic injury. In the peroxidation process of linoleic acid by lipoxygenase, the E,Z-linoleate allyl radical-lipoxygenase complex seems to be generated as an intermediate. In the present study, we evaluated whether E,Z-linoleate allyl radicals on the enzyme are scavenged by radical scavengers. Linoleic acid, the content of which was greater than the dissolved oxygen content, was treated with soya bean lipoxygenase-1 (ferric form) in the presence of radical scavenger, CmP (3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine-N-oxyl). The reaction rate between oxygen and lipid allyl radical is comparatively faster than that between CmP and lipid allyl radical. Therefore a reaction between linoleate allyl radical and CmP was not observed while the dioxygenation of linoleic acid was ongoing. After the dissolved oxygen was depleted, CmP stoichiometrically trapped linoleate-allyl radicals. Accompanied by this one-electron redox reaction, the resulting ferrous lipoxygenase was re-oxidized to the ferric form by hydroperoxylinoleate. Through the adduct assay via LC (liquid chromatography)-MS/MS (tandem MS), four E,Z-linoleate allyl radical-CmP adducts corresponding to regio- and diastereo-isomers were detected in the linoleate/lipoxygenase system, whereas E,E-linoleate allyl radical-CmP adducts were not detected at all. If E,Z-linoleate allyl radical is liberated from the enzyme, the E/Z-isomer has to reach equilibrium with the thermodynamically favoured E/E-isomer. These data suggested that the E,Z-linoleate allyl radicals were not liberated from the active site of lipoxygenase before being trapped by CmP. Consequently, we concluded that the lipid allyl radicals complexed with lipoxygenase could be scavenged by radical scavengers at lower oxygen content.
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Key Words
- ischaemic injury
- lipid allyl radical
- lipid epoxyallyl radical
- lipoxygenase
- polyunsaturated fatty acid (pufa)
- radical scavenger
- amvn, 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile)
- cmp, 3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-pyrrolidine-n-oxyl
- cmδp, 3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline-n-oxyl
- epi, enhanced product ion scanning
- esi, electrospray ionization
- [la], linoleic acid concentration
- [la-ooh], hydroperoxylinoleic acid concentration
- lc, liquid chromatography
- ms/ms, tandem ms
- pla2, phospholipase a2
- pufa, polyunsaturated fatty acid
- tic, total ion chromatogram
- xic, extracted ion chromatogram
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Koshiishi
- Nihon Pharmaceutical University, 10281 Komuro, Ina-machi, Kita-Adachi-gun, Saitama, 362-0806 Japan.
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Cimato AN, Piehl LL, Facorro GB, Torti HB, Hager AA. Antioxidant effects of water- and lipid-soluble nitroxide radicals in liposomes. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37:2042-51. [PMID: 15544922 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2004] [Revised: 07/06/2004] [Accepted: 09/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes are today useful tools in different fields of science and technology. A lack of stability due to lipid peroxidation is the main problem in the extension of the use of these formulations. Recent investigative works have reported the protective effects of stable nitroxide radicals against oxidative processes in different media and under different stress conditions. Our group has focused its attention on the natural aging of liposomes and the protection provided by the water- and lipid-soluble nitroxide radicals 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperdine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) and doxylstearic acids (5-DSA, 12-DSA, and 16-DSA), respectively. Unilamellar liposomes were incubated under air atmosphere at 37 degrees C, both in the absence and in the presence of these radicals. Conjugated dienes, lipid hydroperoxides, TBARS, membrane fluidity, and nitroxide ESR signal intensity were followed as a function of time. Our results demonstrated that doxylstearic acids were more efficient than TEMPO in retarding lipid peroxidation at all the concentrations tested. The inhibition percentages, depending on the total nitroxide concentration, were not proportional to the lipid-water partition coefficient. Furthermore, time-course ESR signals showed a slower decrease for doxylstearic acids than for TEMPO. No significant differences were found among 5-DSA, 12-DSA, and 16-DSA. We concluded that the nitroxide radical efficiency as antioxidant directly depends on both nitroxide concentration and lipophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra N Cimato
- Cátedra de Física and LANAIS Radicales Libres en Biología y Medicina, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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