1
|
Almog N, Zgadzai O, Kuppusamy P, Zur Y, Baruch L, Machluf M, Blank A. Hand-held electron spin resonance scanner for subcutaneous oximetry using OxyChip. Magn Reson Med 2024; 92:430-439. [PMID: 38411265 PMCID: PMC11055674 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.30066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Electron spin resonance (ESR) is used to measure oxygen partial pressure (pO2) in biological media with many clinical applications. Traditional clinical ESR involves large magnets that encompass the subject of measurement. However, certain applications might benefit from a scanner operating within local static magnetic fields. Our group recently developed such a compact scanner for transcutaneous (surface) pO2 measurements of skin tissue. Here we extend this capability to subsurface (subcutaneous) pO2 measurements and verify it using an artificial tissue emulating (ATE) phantom. METHODS We introduce a new scanner, tailored for subcutaneous measurements up to 2 mm beneath the skin's surface. This scanner captures pulsed ESR signals from embedded approximate 1-mm oxygen-sensing solid paramagnetic implant, OxyChip. The scanner features a static magnetic field source, producing a uniform region outside its surface, and a compact microwave resonator, for exciting and receiving ESR signals. RESULTS ESR readings derived from an OxyChip, positioned approximately 1.5 mm from the scanner's surface, embedded in ATE phantom, exhibited a linear relation of 1/T2 versus pO2 for pO2 levels at 0, 7.6, 30, and 160 mmHg, with relative reading accuracy of about 10%. CONCLUSION The compact ESR scanner can report pO2 data in ATE phantom from an external position relative to the scanner. Implementing this scanner in preclinical and clinical applications for subcutaneous pO2 measurements is a feasible next phase for this development. This innovative design also has the potential to operate in conjunction with artificial skin graft for wound healing, combining therapeutic and pO2 diagnostic features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nir Almog
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Oleg Zgadzai
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Periannan Kuppusamy
- Departments of Radiology, Radiation Oncology, and Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Yehonatan Zur
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Limor Baruch
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Marcelle Machluf
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Aharon Blank
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Petryakov SV, Kmiec MM, Ubert CS, Kassey VB, Schaner PE, Kuppusamy P. Surface dielectric resonator for in vivo EPR measurements. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2024; 362:107690. [PMID: 38692250 PMCID: PMC11102834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2024.107690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
This research report describes a novel surface dielectric resonator (SDR) with a flexible connector for in vivo electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Contrary to the conventional cavity or surface loop-gap resonators, the newly developed SDR is constructed from a ceramic dielectric material, and it is tuned to operate at the L-band frequency band (1.15 GHz) in continuous-wave mode. The SDR is designed to be critically coupled and capable of working with both very lossy samples, such as biological tissues, and non-lossy materials. The SDR was characterized using electromagnetic field simulations, assessed for sensitivity with a B1 field-perturbation method, and validated with tissue phantoms using EPR measurements. The results showed remarkably higher sensitivity in lossy tissue phantoms than the previously reported multisegment surface-loop resonators. The new SDR can provide potential new insights for advancements in the application of in vivo EPR spectroscopy for biological measurements, including clinical oximetry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Petryakov
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Maciej M Kmiec
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Conner S Ubert
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA; Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Victor B Kassey
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Philip E Schaner
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Applied Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Periannan Kuppusamy
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA; Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology and Applied Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sarvari S, McGee D, O'Connell R, Tseytlin O, Bobko AA, Tseytlin M. Electron Spin Resonance Probe Incorporation into Bioinks Permits Longitudinal Oxygen Imaging of Bioprinted Constructs. Mol Imaging Biol 2023:10.1007/s11307-023-01871-0. [PMID: 38038860 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-023-01871-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bioprinting is an additive manufacturing technology analogous to 3D printing. Instead of plastic or resin, cell-laden hydrogels are used to produce a construct of the intended biological structure. Over time, cells transform this construct into a functioning tissue or organ. The process of printing followed by tissue maturation is referred to as 4D bioprinting. The fourth dimension is temporal. Failure to provide living cells with sufficient amounts of oxygen at any point along the developmental timeline may jeopardize the bioprinting goals. Even transient hypoxia may alter cells' differentiation and proliferation or trigger apoptosis. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging modality is proposed to permit 4D monitoring of oxygen within bioprinted structures. PROCEDURES Lithium octa-n-butoxy-phthalocyanine (LiNc-BuO) probes have been introduced into gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) bioink. GelMA is a cross-linkable hydrogel, and LiNc-BuO is an oxygen-sensitive compound that permits longitudinal oximetric measurements. The effects of the oxygen probe on printability have been evaluated. A digital light processing (DLP) bioprinter was built in the laboratory. Bioprinting protocols have been developed that consider the optical properties of the GelMA/LiNc-BuO composites. Acellular and cell-laden constructs have been printed and imaged. The post-printing effect of residual photoinitiator on oxygen depletion has been investigated. RESULTS Models have been successfully printed using a lab-built bioprinter. Rapid scan EPR images reflective of the expected oxygen concentration levels have been acquired. An unreported problem of oxygen depletion in bioprinted constructs by the residual photoinitiator has been documented. EPR imaging is proposed as a control method for its removal. The oxygen consumption rates by HEK293T cells within a bioprinted cylinder have been imaged and quantified. CONCLUSIONS The feasibility of the cointegration of 4D EPR imaging and 4D bioprinting has been demonstrated. The proof-of-concept experiments, which were conducted using oxygen probes loaded into GelMA, lay the foundation for a broad range of applications, such as bioprinting with many types of bioinks loaded with diverse varieties of molecular spin probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Sarvari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance Center at Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Duncan McGee
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ryan O'Connell
- In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance Center at Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Oxana Tseytlin
- In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance Center at Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Andrey A Bobko
- In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance Center at Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Mark Tseytlin
- In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance Center at Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gallez B. The Role of Imaging Biomarkers to Guide Pharmacological Interventions Targeting Tumor Hypoxia. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:853568. [PMID: 35910347 PMCID: PMC9335493 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.853568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common feature of solid tumors that contributes to angiogenesis, invasiveness, metastasis, altered metabolism and genomic instability. As hypoxia is a major actor in tumor progression and resistance to radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy, multiple approaches have emerged to target tumor hypoxia. It includes among others pharmacological interventions designed to alleviate tumor hypoxia at the time of radiation therapy, prodrugs that are selectively activated in hypoxic cells or inhibitors of molecular targets involved in hypoxic cell survival (i.e., hypoxia inducible factors HIFs, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, unfolded protein response). While numerous strategies were successful in pre-clinical models, their translation in the clinical practice has been disappointing so far. This therapeutic failure often results from the absence of appropriate stratification of patients that could benefit from targeted interventions. Companion diagnostics may help at different levels of the research and development, and in matching a patient to a specific intervention targeting hypoxia. In this review, we discuss the relative merits of the existing hypoxia biomarkers, their current status and the challenges for their future validation as companion diagnostics adapted to the nature of the intervention.
Collapse
|
5
|
Kmiec MM, Hebert KA, Tse D, Hodge S, Williams BB, Schaner PE, Kuppusamy P. OxyChip embedded with radio-opaque gold nanoparticles for anatomic registration and oximetry in tissues. Magn Reson Med 2022; 87:1621-1637. [PMID: 34719047 PMCID: PMC8776570 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry using the OxyChip as an implantable oxygen sensor can directly and repeatedly measure tissue oxygen levels. A phase I, first-in-human clinical study has established the safety and feasibility of using OxyChip for reliable and repeated measurements of oxygen levels in a variety of tumors and treatment regimens. A limitation in these studies is the inability to easily locate and identify the implanted probes in the tissue, particularly in the long term, thus limiting spatial/anatomical registration of the implant for proper interpretation of the oxygen data. In this study, we have developed and evaluated an enhanced oxygen-sensing probe embedded with gold nanoparticles (GNP), called the OxyChip-GNP, to enable visualization of the sensor using routine clinical imaging modalities. METHODS In vitro characterization, imaging, and histopathology studies were carried out using tissue phantoms, excised tissues, and in vivo animal models (mice and rats). RESULTS The results demonstrated a substantial enhancement of ultrasound and CT contrast using the OxyChip-GNP without compromising its electron paramagnetic resonance and oxygen-sensing properties or biocompatibility. CONCLUSIONS The OxyChips embedded with gold nanoparticles (OxyChip-GNP) can be readily identified in soft tissues using standard clinical imaging modalities such as CT, cone beam-CT, or ultrasound imaging while maintaining its capability to make repeated in vivo measurements of tissue oxygen levels over the long term. This unique capability of the OxyChip-GNP facilitates precisely localized in vivo oxygen measurements in the clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej M. Kmiec
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine Dartmouth College Lebanon New Hampshire USA
| | - Kendra A. Hebert
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine Dartmouth College Lebanon New Hampshire USA
| | - Dan Tse
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine Dartmouth College Lebanon New Hampshire USA
| | - Sassan Hodge
- Thayer School of Engineering Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire USA
| | - Benjamin B. Williams
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine Dartmouth College Lebanon New Hampshire USA
- Thayer School of Engineering Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire USA
- Department of Medicine Dartmouth‐Hitchcock Medical Center Lebanon New Hampshire USA
| | - Philip E. Schaner
- Department of Medicine Dartmouth‐Hitchcock Medical Center Lebanon New Hampshire USA
| | - Periannan Kuppusamy
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine Dartmouth College Lebanon New Hampshire USA
- Thayer School of Engineering Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire USA
- Department of Medicine Dartmouth‐Hitchcock Medical Center Lebanon New Hampshire USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schaner PE, Williams BB, Chen EY, Pettus JR, Schreiber WA, Kmiec MM, Jarvis LA, Pastel DA, Zuurbier RA, DiFlorio-Alexander RM, Paydarfar JA, Gosselin BJ, Barth RJ, Rosenkranz KM, Petryakov SV, Hou H, Tse D, Pletnev A, Flood AB, Wood VA, Hebert KA, Mosher RE, Demidenko E, Swartz HM, Kuppusamy P. First-In-Human Study in Cancer Patients Establishing the Feasibility of Oxygen Measurements in Tumors Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance With the OxyChip. Front Oncol 2021; 11:743256. [PMID: 34660306 PMCID: PMC8517507 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.743256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The overall objective of this clinical study was to validate an implantable oxygen sensor, called the 'OxyChip', as a clinically feasible technology that would allow individualized tumor-oxygen assessments in cancer patients prior to and during hypoxia-modification interventions such as hyperoxygen breathing. METHODS Patients with any solid tumor at ≤3-cm depth from the skin-surface scheduled to undergo surgical resection (with or without neoadjuvant therapy) were considered eligible for the study. The OxyChip was implanted in the tumor and subsequently removed during standard-of-care surgery. Partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) at the implant location was assessed using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry. RESULTS Twenty-three cancer patients underwent OxyChip implantation in their tumors. Six patients received neoadjuvant therapy while the OxyChip was implanted. Median implant duration was 30 days (range 4-128 days). Forty-five successful oxygen measurements were made in 15 patients. Baseline pO2 values were variable with overall median 15.7 mmHg (range 0.6-73.1 mmHg); 33% of the values were below 10 mmHg. After hyperoxygenation, the overall median pO2 was 31.8 mmHg (range 1.5-144.6 mmHg). In 83% of the measurements, there was a statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) response to hyperoxygenation. CONCLUSIONS Measurement of baseline pO2 and response to hyperoxygenation using EPR oximetry with the OxyChip is clinically feasible in a variety of tumor types. Tumor oxygen at baseline differed significantly among patients. Although most tumors responded to a hyperoxygenation intervention, some were non-responders. These data demonstrated the need for individualized assessment of tumor oxygenation in the context of planned hyperoxygenation interventions to optimize clinical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip E. Schaner
- Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Benjamin B. Williams
- Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Eunice Y. Chen
- Department of Surgery, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Jason R. Pettus
- Department of Pathology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Wilson A. Schreiber
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Maciej M. Kmiec
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Lesley A. Jarvis
- Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - David A. Pastel
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Rebecca A. Zuurbier
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Roberta M. DiFlorio-Alexander
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Joseph A. Paydarfar
- Department of Surgery, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Benoit J. Gosselin
- Department of Surgery, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Richard J. Barth
- Department of Surgery, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Kari M. Rosenkranz
- Department of Surgery, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Sergey V. Petryakov
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Huagang Hou
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Dan Tse
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Alexandre Pletnev
- Department of Chemistry, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Ann Barry Flood
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Victoria A. Wood
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Kendra A. Hebert
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Robyn E. Mosher
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Eugene Demidenko
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Harold M. Swartz
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Periannan Kuppusamy
- Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Buehler PW, Flood AB, Swartz HM. Measurement of Tissue Oxygen as a Novel Approach to Optimizing Red Blood Cell Quality Assessment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1269:379-386. [PMID: 33966246 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48238-1_60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of blood transfusions can be impacted by storage and extensive processing techniques that involve treatment of red blood cells (RBCs) with pathogen reduction technologies (e.g., UV-light and chemical treatment), ex vivo stem cell derivation/maturation methods, and bioengineering of RBCs using nanotechnology. Therefore, there is a need to have methods that assess the evaluation of the effectiveness of transfusions to achieve their intended purpose: to increase oxygenation of critical tissues. Consequently, there has been intense interest in the development of techniques targeted at optimizing the assessment of RBC quality in preclinical and clinical settings. We provide a critical assessment of the ability of currently used methods to provide unambiguous information on oxygen levels in tissues and conclude that they cannot do this. This is because they are based on surrogates for the true goal of transfusion, which is to increase oxygenation of critical organs. This does not mean that they are valueless, but it does indicate that other methods are needed to provide direct measurements of oxygen in tissues. We report here on the initial results of a method that can provide direct assessment of the impact of the transfusion on tissue oxygen: EPR oximetry. It has the potential to provide such information in both preclinical and clinical settings for the assessment of blood quality posttransfusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Buehler
- Department of Pathology, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Ann Barry Flood
- Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Harold M Swartz
- Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.,Radiation Oncology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kmiec MM, Tse D, Kuppusamy P. Oxygen-Sensing Paramagnetic Probes for Clinical Oximetry. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1269:259-263. [PMID: 33966227 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48238-1_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry based on lithium naphthalocyanine paramagnetic crystals as oxygen sensors enables direct measurement of the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) in tissues. The method uses topical or implantable forms of these oxygen-sensing crystals embedded in a biocompatible siloxane elastomer. This article presents a summary of these sensors for EPR oximetry and their applicability for tissue oxygen measurement in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Kmiec
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - D Tse
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Periannan Kuppusamy
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cristea D, Wolfson H, Ahmad R, Twig Y, Kuppusamy P, Blank A. Compact electron spin resonance skin oximeter: Properties and initial clinical results. Magn Reson Med 2020; 85:2915-2925. [PMID: 33210362 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Skin oxygen level is of significance for the diagnosis and treatment of many clinical problems, such as chronic wounds and diabetic foot ulcers. Furthermore, skin oxygen levels can be correlated to arterial oxygen partial pressure, thereby revealing potentially dangerous conditions such as hyperoxia (too much oxygen), which may occur in ventilated neonates. Traditionally, skin oxygen levels are measured using electrochemical methods and, more recently, also by fluorescence lifetime techniques. These approaches suffer from several drawbacks, rendering them suboptimal. The purpose of this work is to develop an electron spin resonance (ESR) -based method for monitoring oxygen partial pressure (pO2 ) in skin tissue. METHODS A compact sensor for pulsed ESR is designed and constructed. Our ESR-based method makes use of a unique exogenous paramagnetic spin probe that is placed on the skin in a special partially sealed sticker, and subsequently measuring its signal with the compact pulsed ESR sensor that includes a miniature magnet and a small S-band (~2.3 GHz) microwave resonator. The inverse of the spin-spin relaxation time (1/T2 ) measured by ESR is shown to be linearly correlated with pO2 levels. RESULTS The sensor and its matching sticker were tested both in vitro and in vivo (with human subjects). Measured skin pO2 levels reached equilibrium after ~2-3 h and were found to be comparable to those measured by continuous-wave (CW) ESR using a large electromagnet. CONCLUSIONS A compact pulsed ESR sensor with a matching paramagnetic sticker can be used for pO2 monitoring of the skin tissue, similar to large bulky CW ESR systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Cristea
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Helen Wolfson
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rizwan Ahmad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ygal Twig
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Periannan Kuppusamy
- Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Aharon Blank
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Deepa, Mittal A, Taxak S, Tandon V, Pati U. Oxygen-releasing manganese clay hybrid complex triggers p53-mediated cancer cell death in hypoxia. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 178:114054. [PMID: 32450254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia in tumor microenvironment is responsible for resistance to conventional modes of cancer therapeutics. A manganese-clay hybrid compound MHC was shown to generate molecular oxygen in aqueous solution. In this study we have shown that MHC, in hypoxia, causes cancer cell death, through release of molecular oxygen and via p53-dependent apoptosis. MHC treatment of cells results in depletion of mitochondrial membrane potential and inhibition of ROS production, in a cell-specific manner. In hypoxia, the oxygen from MHC releases cells from S-phase arrest thus causing p53-dependent apoptosis. The induction of apoptosis by MHC is higher in p53 Wt/Wt cells when it is compared with p53 Mt/Mt cells. The released oxygen from MHC triggers apoptosis via p53 activation through its enhanced homo-oligomerization, post-translational modifications and nuclear localization. Thus MHC as a cellular oxygen-releasing compound has high potential as a drug for hypoxic tumor regression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepa
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Anil Mittal
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shashank Taxak
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Vibha Tandon
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Uttam Pati
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Clinical and Statistical Considerations when Assessing Oxygen Levels in Tumors: Illustrative Results from Clinical EPR Oximetry Studies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1232:155-168. [PMID: 31893406 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34461-0_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The success of treatment for malignancies, especially those undergoing radiation therapy or chemotherapy, has long been recognized to depend on the degree of hypoxia in the tumor. In addition to the prognostic value of knowing the tumor's initial level of hypoxia, assessing the tumor oxygenation during standard therapy or oxygen-related treatments (such as breathing oxygen-enriched gas mixtures or taking drugs that can increase oxygen supply to tissues) can provide valuable data to improve the efficacy of treatments. A series of early clinical studies of tumors in humans are ongoing at Dartmouth and Emory using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry to assess tumor oxygenation, initially and over time during either natural disease progression or treatment. This approach has the potential for reaching the long-sought goal of enhancing the effectiveness of cancer therapy. In order to effectively reach this goal, we consider the validity of the practical and statistical assumptions when interpreting the measurements made in vivo for patients undergoing treatment for cancer.
Collapse
|
12
|
New approach to measuring oxygen diffusion and consumption in encapsulated living cells, based on electron spin resonance microscopy. Acta Biomater 2020; 101:384-394. [PMID: 31672586 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cell microencapsulation within biocompatible polymers is an established technology for immobilizing living cells that secrete therapeutic products. These can be transplanted into a desired site in the body for the controlled and continuous delivery of the therapeutic molecules. One of the most important properties of the material that makes up the microcapsule is its oxygen penetrability, which is critical for the cells' survival. Oxygen reaches the cells inside the microcapsules via a diffusion process. The diffusion coefficient for the microcapsules' gel material is commonly measured using bulk techniques, where the gel in a chamber is first flushed with nitrogen and the subsequent rate of oxygen diffusion back into it is measured by an oxygen electrode placed in the chamber. This technique does not address possible heterogeneities between microcapsules, and also cannot reveal O2 heterogeneity inside the microcapsule resulting from the living cells' activity. Here we develop and demonstrate a proof of principle for a new approach to measuring and imaging the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) inside a single microcapsule by means of high-resolution and high-sensitivity electron spin resonance (ESR). The proposed methodology makes use of biocompatible paramagnetic microparticulates intercalated inside the microcapsule during its preparation. The new ESR approach was used to measure the O2 diffusion properties of two types of gel materials (alginate and extracellular matrix - ECM), as well as to map a 3D image of the oxygen inside single microcapsules with living cells. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The technology of cell microencapsulation offers major advantages in the sustained delivery of therapeutic agents used for the treatment of various diseases ranging from diabetes to cancer. Despite the great advances made in this field, it still faces substantial challenges, preventing it from reaching the clinical practice. One of the primary challenges in developing cell microencapsulation systems is providing the cells with adequate supply of oxygen in the long term. Nevertheless, there is still no methodology good enough for measuring O2 distribution inside the microcapsule with sufficient accuracy and spatial resolution without affecting the microcapsule and/or the cells' activity in it. In the present work, we introduce a novel magnetic resonance technique to address O2 availability within cell-entrapping microcapsules. For the first time O2 distribution can be accurately measured and imaged within a single microcapsule. This new technique may be an efficient tool in the development of more optimal microencapsulation systems in the future, thus bringing this promising field closer to clinical application.
Collapse
|
13
|
Biocompatibility of Oxygen-Sensing Paramagnetic Implants. Cell Biochem Biophys 2019; 77:197-202. [PMID: 31444784 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-019-00881-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen-sensing implants, composed of paramagnetic microcrystals embedded in a biocompatible polymer, are increasingly being used for electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry in animal models and human subjects. The implants are stable and designed to stay in the tissues for indefinite periods. However, it is not known whether the crystals that may be exposed on the surface of the implants or leached out from the implants will induce cytotoxicity thereby compromising their biocompatibility over the long term. The goal of the current study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the implants and crystalline particulates under in vitro conditions. Apoptosis and cell viability studies were performed using L6, a rat muscle cell line and AsPC-1, a cancer cell line derived from human pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The results indicated that neither the intact implants nor their components elicit cytotoxicity, thus establishing their biocompatibility for use in human subjects.
Collapse
|
14
|
Implantable microchip containing oxygen-sensing paramagnetic crystals for long-term, repeated, and multisite in vivo oximetry. Biomed Microdevices 2019; 21:71. [PMID: 31286244 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-019-0421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
EPR oximetry is established as a viable method for measuring the tissue oxygen level (partial pressure of oxygen, pO2) in animal models; however, it has not yet been established for measurements in humans. EPR oximetry requires an oxygen-sensing paramagnetic probe (molecular or particulate) to be placed at the site/organ of measurement, which may pose logistical and safety concerns, including invasiveness of the probe-placement procedure as well as lack of temporal stability and sensitivity for long-term (repeated) measurements, and possible toxicity in the short- and long-term. In the past, we have developed an implantable oxygen-sensing probe, called OxyChip, which we have successfully established for oximetry in pre-clinical animal models (Hou et al. Biomed. Microdevices 20, 29, 2018). Currently, OxyChip is being evaluated in a limited clinical trial in cancer patients. A major limitation of OxyChip is that it is a large (1.4 mm3) implant and hence not suitable for measuring oxygen heterogeneity that may be present in solid tumors, chronic wounds, etc. In this report, we describe the development of a substantially smaller version of OxyChip (0.07 mm3 or 70 cubic micron), called mChip, that can be placed in the tissue of interest using a 23G syringe-needle with minimal invasiveness. Using in vitro and in vivo models, we have shown that the microchip provides adequate EPR sensitivity, stability, and biocompatibility and thus enables robust, repeated, and simultaneous measurement from multiple implants providing mean and median pO2 values in the implanted region. The mChips will be particularly useful for those applications that require repeated measurements of mean/median pO2 in superficial tissues and malignancies.
Collapse
|
15
|
Sato-Akaba H, Tseytlin M. Development of an L-band rapid scan EPR digital console. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 304:42-52. [PMID: 31100585 PMCID: PMC7549020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of a digital console for in-vivo rapid scan electron paramagnetic resonance (RS-EPR) spectroscopy and imaging is described in detail. The console was build using field programmable gate array (FGPA) technology that permits real-time control of the resonator and scanning magnetic fields during the measurements. Automatic resonator tuning and matching are achieved by implementing a digital feedback control system and using voltage-tunable capacitors. A band-pass subsampling method is used to directly digitize EPR signals at the carrier frequencies of about 1.2 GHz. The magnetic field scan waveforms, excitation EPR frequency, and sampling clock are all internally synchronized. Full-cycle RS-EPR signals are accumulated in the FPGA in real time without any time gaps. The result is the elimination of the re-arm time, during which data are not acquired. The proposed design in this manuscript has a small footprint and is relatively low cost. The FPGA-based RS-EPR system was tested using standard LiNc-BuO and tempone-d16 samples. The RS-EPR linewidth of the LiNc-BuO sample was consistent with an independent pulsed EPR measurement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Sato-Akaba
- Department of Systems Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
| | - Mark Tseytlin
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hashimoto M, Saito N, Ohta H, Yamamoto K, Tashiro A, Nakazawa K, Inanami O, Kitamura H. Inhibition of ubiquitin-specific protease 2 causes accumulation of reactive oxygen species, mitochondria dysfunction, and intracellular ATP decrement in C2C12 myoblasts. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14193. [PMID: 31353872 PMCID: PMC6661303 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-specific protease 2 (USP2) is considered to participate in the differentiation of myoblasts to myotubes, however, its functions in myoblasts under growth conditions remain elusive. In this study, we analyzed the physiological roles of USP2 in myoblasts using Usp2 knockout (KO) C2C12 cells as well as a USP2 specific inhibitor. In addition to the disruption of differentiation, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9-generated Usp2KO cells exhibited inhibition of proliferation compared to parental C2C12 cells. Usp2KO cells reduced the accumulation of intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and oxygen consumption. Moreover, Usp2KO cells had fragmented mitochondria, suggesting that mitochondrial respiration was inactive. The deficiency of Usp2 did not affect the enzymatic activities of respiratory chain complexes I, III, IV, and V. However, mitochondrial membrane permeability-evaluated using calcein AM-cobalt staining-was increased in Usp2KO cells. The membrane potential of Usp2KO cells was clearly decreased. Usp2KO cells accumulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the mitochondria. The USP2-selective inhibitor ML364 also increased the levels of mitochondrial ROS, and modulated the membrane potential and morphology of the mitochondria. These effects were followed by a decrement in the intracellular content of ATP. Based on these findings, we speculate that USP2 may be involved in maintaining the integrity of the mitochondrial membrane. This process ensures the supply of ATP in myoblasts, presumably leading to proliferation and differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, School of Veterinary MedicineRakuno Gakuen UniversityEbetsuJapan
| | - Natsuko Saito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, School of Veterinary MedicineRakuno Gakuen UniversityEbetsuJapan
| | - Haru Ohta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, School of Veterinary MedicineRakuno Gakuen UniversityEbetsuJapan
| | - Kumiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Graduate School of Veterinary MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Asuka Tashiro
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, School of Veterinary MedicineRakuno Gakuen UniversityEbetsuJapan
| | - Kosuke Nakazawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, School of Veterinary MedicineRakuno Gakuen UniversityEbetsuJapan
| | - Osamu Inanami
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Graduate School of Veterinary MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Hiroshi Kitamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, School of Veterinary MedicineRakuno Gakuen UniversityEbetsuJapan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry as a novel approach to monitor the effectiveness and quality of red blood cell transfusions. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2019; 17:296-306. [PMID: 31184583 DOI: 10.2450/2019.0037-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of red blood cell transfusion is to improve tissue oxygenation. Assessment of red blood cell quality and individualised therapeutic needs can be optimised using direct oxygen (O2) measurements to guide treatment. Electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry is capable of accurate, repeatable and minimally invasive measurements of tissue pO2. Here we present preclinical proof-of-concept of the utility of electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry in an experimental setting of acute blood loss, transfusion, and post-transfusion monitoring. MATERIALS AND METHODS Donor rat blood was collected, leucocyte-reduced, and stored at 4 °C in AS-3 for 1, 7 and 14 days. Red blood cell morphology, O2 equilibrium, p50 and Hill numbers from O2 binding and dissociation curves were evaluated in vitro. Recipient rats were bled and maintained at a mean arterial pressure of 30-40 mmHg and hind limb muscle (biceps femoris) pO2 at 25-50% of baseline. Muscle pO2 was monitored continuously over the course of experiments to assess the effectiveness of red blood cell preparations at different stages of blood loss and restoration. RESULTS Red blood cell morphology, O2 equilibrium and p50 values of intra-erythrocyte haemoglobin were significantly altered by refrigerated storage for both 7 and 14 days. Transfusion of red blood cells stored for 7 or 14 days demonstrated an equivalently impaired ability to restore hind limb muscle pO2, consistent with in vitro observations and transfusion with albumin. Red blood cells refrigerated for 1 day demonstrated normal morphology, in vitro oxygenation and in vivo restoration of tissue pO2. DISCUSSION Electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry represents a useful approach to assessing the quality of red blood cells and subsequent transfusion effectiveness.
Collapse
|
18
|
Polacco MA, Hou H, Kuppusamy P, Chen EY. Measuring Flap Oxygen Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Oximetry. Laryngoscope 2019; 129:E415-E419. [PMID: 31034638 DOI: 10.1002/lary.28043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To determine if electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry is a viable technology to aid in flap monitoring. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort. METHODS This was a cohort study assessing accuracy and speed of EPR oximetry in detecting ischemia of a saphenous artery-based flap in a rat model, using transcutaneous oximetry as a control. Measurements were obtained under both resting and ischemic conditions for nine Sprague Dawley rats (18 flaps), for 3 postoperative days following flap elevation. RESULTS The mean partial pressure of oxygen prior to tourniquet application was 66.9 ± 8.9 mm Hg with EPR oximetry and 64.7 ± 5.2 mm Hg with transcutaneous oximetry (P = .45). Mean partial pressures of oxygen during tourniquet application were 8.9 ± 3.2 mm Hg and 8.5 ± 2.9 mm Hg for EPR oximetry and transcutaneous oximetry, respectively (P = .48), and 67.2 ± 6.9 mm Hg and 65.3 ± 6.1 mm Hg after tourniquet release for EPR oximetry and transcutaneous oximetry, respectively (P = .44). The mean ischemia detection time of EPR oximetry was 49 ± 21 seconds. CONCLUSIONS Offering timely, accurate, and noninvasive tissue oxygen measurements, EPR oximetry is a promising adjunct in flap monitoring. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 129:E415-E419, 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Polacco
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Huagang Hou
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Eunice Y Chen
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Samouilov A, Ahmad R, Boslett J, Liu X, Petryakov S, Zweier JL. Development of a fast-scan EPR imaging system for highly accelerated free radical imaging. Magn Reson Med 2019; 82:842-853. [PMID: 31020713 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In continuous wave EPR imaging, the acquisition of high-quality images was previously limited by the requisite long acquisition times of each image projection that was typically greater than 1 second. To accelerate the process of image acquisition facilitating greater numbers of projections and higher image resolution, instrumentation was developed to greatly accelerate the magnetic field scan that is used to obtain each EPR image projection. METHODS A low-inductance solenoidal coil for field scanning was used along with a spherical solenoid air core magnet, and scans were driven by triangular symmetric waves, allowing forward and reverse spectrum acquisition as rapid as 3.8 ms. The uniform distribution of projections was used to optimize the contribution of projections for 3D image reconstruction. RESULTS Using this fast-scan EPR system, high-quality EPR images of phantoms and perfused rat hearts were performed using trityl or nanoparticulate LiNcBuO (lithium octa-n-butoxy-substituted naphthalocyanine) probes with fast-scan EPR imaging at L-band, achieving spatial resolutions of up to 250 micrometers in 1 minute. CONCLUSION Fast-scan EPR imaging can greatly facilitate the efficient and precise mapping of the spatial distribution of free radical and other paramagnetic probes in living systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Samouilov
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Rizwan Ahmad
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - James Boslett
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sergey Petryakov
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Jay L Zweier
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Keeley TP, Mann GE. Defining Physiological Normoxia for Improved Translation of Cell Physiology to Animal Models and Humans. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:161-234. [PMID: 30354965 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The extensive oxygen gradient between the air we breathe (Po2 ~21 kPa) and its ultimate distribution within mitochondria (as low as ~0.5-1 kPa) is testament to the efforts expended in limiting its inherent toxicity. It has long been recognized that cell culture undertaken under room air conditions falls short of replicating this protection in vitro. Despite this, difficulty in accurately determining the appropriate O2 levels in which to culture cells, coupled with a lack of the technology to replicate and maintain a physiological O2 environment in vitro, has hindered addressing this issue thus far. In this review, we aim to address the current understanding of tissue Po2 distribution in vivo and summarize the attempts made to replicate these conditions in vitro. The state-of-the-art techniques employed to accurately determine O2 levels, as well as the issues associated with reproducing physiological O2 levels in vitro, are also critically reviewed. We aim to provide the framework for researchers to undertake cell culture under O2 levels relevant to specific tissues and organs. We envisage that this review will facilitate a paradigm shift, enabling translation of findings under physiological conditions in vitro to disease pathology and the design of novel therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Keeley
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni E Mann
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London , London , United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dayan N, Ishay Y, Artzi Y, Cristea D, Reijerse E, Kuppusamy P, Blank A. Advanced surface resonators for electron spin resonance of single microcrystals. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:124707. [PMID: 30599630 DOI: 10.1063/1.5063367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy of paramagnetic species in single crystals is a powerful tool for characterizing the latter's magnetic interaction parameters in detail. Conventional ESR systems are optimized for millimeter-size samples and make use of cavities and resonators that accommodate tubes and capillaries in the range 1-5 mm. Unfortunately, in the case of many interesting materials such as enzymes and inorganic catalytic materials (e.g., zeolites), single crystals can only be obtained in micron-scale sizes (1-200 µm). To boost ESR sensitivity and to enable experiments on microcrystals, the ESR resonator needs to be adapted to the size and shape of these specific samples. Here, we present a unique family of miniature surface resonators, known as "ParPar" resonators, whose mode volume and shape are optimized for such micron-scale single crystals. This approach significantly improves upon the samples' filling factor and thus enables the measurement of much smaller crystals than was previously possible. We present here the design of such resonators with a typical mode dimension of 20-50 µm, as well as details about their fabrication and testing methods. The devices' resonant mode(s) are characterized by ESR microimaging and compared to the theoretical calculations. Moreover, experimental ESR spectra of single microcrystals with typical sizes of ∼25-50 µm are presented. The measured spin sensitivity for the 50-µm resonator at cryogenic temperatures of 50 K is found to be ∼1.8 × 106 spins/G √Hz for a Cu-doped single crystal sample that is representative of many biological samples of relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nir Dayan
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yakir Ishay
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yaron Artzi
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - David Cristea
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Edward Reijerse
- Max-Planck-Institut fuer Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Muelheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Periannan Kuppusamy
- Department of Radiology and Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA
| | - Aharon Blank
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Desmet CM, Tran LBA, Danhier P, Gallez B. Characterization of a clinically used charcoal suspension for in vivo EPR oximetry. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 32:205-212. [DOI: 10.1007/s10334-018-0704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
23
|
Kmiec MM, Hou H, Lakshmi Kuppusamy M, Drews TM, Prabhat AM, Petryakov SV, Demidenko E, Schaner PE, Buckey JC, Blank A, Kuppusamy P. Transcutaneous oxygen measurement in humans using a paramagnetic skin adhesive film. Magn Reson Med 2018; 81:781-794. [PMID: 30277275 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transcutaneous oxygen tension (TcpO2 ) provides information about blood perfusion in the tissue immediately below the skin. These data are valuable in assessing wound healing problems, diagnosing peripheral vascular/arterial insufficiency, and predicting disease progression or the response to therapy. Currently, TcpO2 is primarily measured using electrochemical skin sensors, which consume oxygen and are prone to calibration errors. The goal of the present study was to develop a reliable method for TcpO2 measurement in human subjects. METHODS We have developed a novel TcpO2 oximetry method based on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) principles with an oxygen-sensing skin adhesive film, named the superficial perfusion oxygen tension (SPOT) chip. The SPOT chip is a 3-mm diameter, 60-μm thick circular film composed of a stable paramagnetic oxygen sensor. The chip is covered with an oxygen-barrier material on one side and secured on the skin by a medical adhesive transfer tape to ensure that only the oxygen that diffuses through the skin surface is measured. The method quantifies TcpO2 through the linewidth of the EPR spectrum. RESULTS Repeated measurements using a cohort of 10 healthy human subjects showed that the TcpO2 measurements were robust, reliable, and reproducible. The TcpO2 values ranged from 7.8 ± 0.8 to 22.0 ± 1.0 mmHg in the volar forearm skin (N = 29) and 8.1 ± 0.3 to 23.4 ± 1.3 mmHg in the foot (N = 86). CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrated that the SPOT chip can measure TcpO2 reliably and repeatedly under ambient conditions. The SPOT chip method could potentially be used to monitor TcpO2 in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej M Kmiec
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Huagang Hou
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - M Lakshmi Kuppusamy
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Thomas M Drews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Anjali M Prabhat
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Sergey V Petryakov
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Eugene Demidenko
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Philip E Schaner
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Jay C Buckey
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Aharon Blank
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Periannan Kuppusamy
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire.,Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Prabhat AM, Kuppusamy ML, Naidu SK, Meduru S, Reddy PT, Dominic A, Khan M, Rivera BK, Kuppusamy P. Supplemental Oxygen Protects Heart Against Acute Myocardial Infarction. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:114. [PMID: 30211171 PMCID: PMC6120988 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI), which occurs often due to acute ischemia followed by reflow, is associated with irreversible loss (death) of cardiomyocytes. If left untreated, MI will lead to progressive loss of viable cardiomyocytes, deterioration of cardiac function, and congestive heart failure. While supplemental oxygen therapy has long been in practice to treat acute MI, there has not been a clear scientific basis for the observed beneficial effects. Further, there is no rationale for the amount or duration of administration of supplemental oxygenation for effective therapy. The goal of the present study was to determine an optimum oxygenation protocol that can be clinically applicable for treating acute MI. Using EPR oximetry, we studied the effect of exposure to supplemental oxygen cycling (OxCy) administered by inhalation of 21–100% oxygen for brief periods (15–90 min), daily for 5 days, using a rat model of acute MI. Myocardial oxygen tension (pO2), cardiac function and pro-survival/apoptotic signaling molecules were used as markers of treatment outcome. OxCy resulted in a significant reduction of infarct size and improvement of cardiac function. An optimal condition of 30-min OxCy with 95% oxygen + 5% CO2 under normobaric conditions was found to be effective for cardioprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali M Prabhat
- Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - M Lakshmi Kuppusamy
- Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States.,Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Shan K Naidu
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sarath Meduru
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Praneeth T Reddy
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Abishai Dominic
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Mahmood Khan
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Brian K Rivera
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Periannan Kuppusamy
- Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States.,Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Khramtsov VV. In Vivo Molecular Electron Paramagnetic Resonance-Based Spectroscopy and Imaging of Tumor Microenvironment and Redox Using Functional Paramagnetic Probes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:1365-1377. [PMID: 29132215 PMCID: PMC5910053 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE A key role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in cancer progression, treatment resistance, and as a target for therapeutic intervention is increasingly appreciated. Among important physiological components of the TME are tissue hypoxia, acidosis, high reducing capacity, elevated concentrations of intracellular glutathione (GSH), and interstitial inorganic phosphate (Pi). Noninvasive in vivo pO2, pH, GSH, Pi, and redox assessment provide unique insights into biological processes in the TME, and may serve as a tool for preclinical screening of anticancer drugs and optimizing TME-targeted therapeutic strategies. Recent Advances: A reasonable radiofrequency penetration depth in living tissues and progress in development of functional paramagnetic probes make low-field electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)-based spectroscopy and imaging the most appropriate approaches for noninvasive assessment of the TME parameters. CRITICAL ISSUES Here we overview the current status of EPR approaches used in combination with functional paramagnetic probes that provide quantitative information on chemical TME and redox (pO2, pH, redox status, Pi, and GSH). In particular, an application of a recently developed dual-function pH and redox nitroxide probe and multifunctional trityl probe provides unsurpassed opportunity for in vivo concurrent measurements of several TME parameters in preclinical studies. The measurements of several parameters using a single probe allow for their correlation analyses independent of probe distribution and time of measurements. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The recent progress in clinical EPR instrumentation and development of biocompatible paramagnetic probes for in vivo multifunctional TME profiling eventually will make possible translation of these EPR techniques into clinical settings to improve prediction power of early diagnostics for the malignant transition and for future rational design of TME-targeted anticancer therapeutics. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 1365-1377.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valery V Khramtsov
- 1 In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia.,2 Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tseytlin M, Stolin AV, Guggilapu P, Bobko AA, Khramtsov VV, Tseytlin O, Raylman RR. A combined positron emission tomography (PET)-electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI) system: initial evaluation of a prototype scanner. Phys Med Biol 2018; 63:105010. [PMID: 29676283 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aabfa1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The advent of hybrid scanners, combining complementary modalities, has revolutionized the application of advanced imaging technology to clinical practice and biomedical research. In this project, we investigated the melding of two complementary, functional imaging methods: positron emission tomography (PET) and electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI). PET radiotracers can provide important information about cellular parameters, such as glucose metabolism. While EPR probes can provide assessment of tissue microenvironment, measuring oxygenation and pH, for example. Therefore, a combined PET/EPRI scanner promises to provide new insights not attainable with current imagers by simultaneous acquisition of multiple components of tissue microenvironments. To explore the simultaneous acquisition of PET and EPR images, a prototype system was created by combining two existing scanners. Specifically, a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM)-based PET scanner ring designed as a portable scanner was combined with an EPRI scanner designed for the imaging of small animals. The ability of the system to obtain simultaneous images was assessed with a small phantom consisting of four cylinders containing both a PET tracer and EPR spin probe. The resulting images demonstrated the ability to obtain contemporaneous PET and EPR images without cross-modality interference. Given the promising results from this initial investigation, the next step in this project is the construction of the next generation pre-clinical PET/EPRI scanner for multi-parametric assessment of physiologically-important parameters of tissue microenvironments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Tseytlin
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States of America. In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yamamoto K, Ikenaka Y, Ichise T, Bo T, Ishizuka M, Yasui H, Hiraoka W, Yamamori T, Inanami O. Evaluation of mitochondrial redox status and energy metabolism of X-irradiated HeLa cells by LC/UV, LC/MS/MS and ESR. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:648-660. [PMID: 29620489 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1460472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the metabolic responses in tumour cells exposed to ionizing radiation, oxygen consumption rate (OCR), cellular lipid peroxidation, cellular energy status (intracellular nucleotide pool and ATP production), and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), semiquinone (SQ), and iron-sulphur (Fe-S) cluster levels were evaluated in human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells at 12 and 24 h after X-irradiation. LC/MS/MS analysis showed that levels of 8-iso PGF2α and 5-iPF2α-VI, lipid peroxidation products of membrane arachidonic acids, were not altered significantly in X-irradiated cells, although mitochondrial ROS levels and OCR significantly increased in the cells at 24 h after irradiation. LC/UV analysis revealed that intracellular AMP, ADP, and ATP levels increased significantly after X-irradiation, but adenylate energy charge (adenylate energy charge (AEC) = [ATP + 0.5 × ADP]/[ATP + ADP + AMP]) remained unchanged after X-irradiation. In low-temperature electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra of HeLa cells, the presence of mitochondrial SQ at g = 2.004 and Fe-S cluster at g = 1.941 was observed and X-irradiation enhanced the signal intensity of SQ but not of the Fe-S cluster. Furthermore, this radiation-induced increase in SQ signal intensity disappeared on treatment with rotenone, which inhibits electron transfer from Fe-S cluster to SQ in complex I. From these results, it was suggested that an increase in OCR and imbalance in SQ and Fe-S cluster levels, which play a critical role in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), occur after X-irradiation, resulting in an increase in ATP production and ROS leakage from the activated mitochondrial ETC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Yamamoto
- a Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- b Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Takahiro Ichise
- b Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Tomoki Bo
- a Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- b Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Hironobu Yasui
- c Central Institute of Isotope Science , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Wakako Hiraoka
- d Laboratory of Biophysics , School of Science and Technology, Meiji University , Kawasaki , Japan
| | - Tohru Yamamori
- a Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Osamu Inanami
- a Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Enomoto A, Qian C, Devasahayam N, Kishimoto S, Oshima N, Blackman B, Swenson RE, Mitchell JB, Koretsky AP, Krishna MC. Wireless implantable coil with parametric amplification for in vivo electron paramagnetic resonance oximetric applications. Magn Reson Med 2018; 80:2288-2298. [PMID: 29603378 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop an implantable wireless coil with parametric amplification capabilities for time-domain electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy operating at 300 MHz. METHODS The wireless coil and lithium phthalocyanine (LiPc), a solid paramagnetic probe, were each embedded individually in a biocompatible polymer polydimethoxysiloxane (PDMS). EPR signals from the LiPc embedded in PDMS (LiPc/PDMS) were generated by a transmit-receive surface coil tuned to 300 MHz. Parametric amplification was configured with an external pumping coil tuned to 600 MHz and placed between the surface coil resonator and the wireless coil. RESULTS Phantom studies showed significant enhancement in signal to noise using the pumping coil. However, no influence of the pumping coil on the oxygen-dependent EPR spectral linewidth of LiPc/PDMS was observed, suggesting the validity of parametric amplification of EPR signals for oximetry by implantation of the encapsulated wireless coil and LiPc/PDMS in deep regions of live objects. In vivo studies demonstrate the feasibility of this approach to longitudinally monitor tissue pO2 in vivo and also monitor acute changes in response to pharmacologic challenges. The encapsulated wireless coil and LiPc/PDMS engendered no host immune response when implanted for ∼3 weeks and were found to be well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS This approach may find applications for monitoring tissue oxygenation to better understand the pathophysiology associated with wound healing, organ transplantation, and ischemic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Enomoto
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Chunqi Qian
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.,Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | | | - Shun Kishimoto
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nobu Oshima
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Rolf E Swenson
- Image Probe Development Center, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James B Mitchell
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alan P Koretsky
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Murali C Krishna
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bobko AA, Eubank TD, Driesschaert B, Khramtsov VV. In Vivo EPR Assessment of pH, pO2, Redox Status, and Concentrations of Phosphate and Glutathione in the Tumor Microenvironment. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29608148 DOI: 10.3791/56624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This protocol demonstrates the capability of low-field electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)-based techniques in combination with functional paramagnetic probes to provide quantitative information on the chemical tumor microenvironment (TME), including pO2, pH, redox status, concentrations of interstitial inorganic phosphate (Pi), and intracellular glutathione (GSH). In particular, an application of a recently developed soluble multifunctional trityl probe provides unsurpassed opportunity for in vivo concurrent measurements of pH, pO2 and Pi in Extracellular space (HOPE probe). The measurements of three parameters using a single probe allow for their correlation analyses independent of probe distribution and time of the measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Bobko
- In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University; Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine
| | - Timothy D Eubank
- In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University; Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine
| | - Benoit Driesschaert
- In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University; Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine
| | - Valery V Khramtsov
- In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University; Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine;
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Amida T, Nakaoka R, Komarov DA, Yamamoto K, Inanami O, Matsumoto S, Hirata H. A 750-MHz Electronically Tunable Resonator Using Microstrip Line Couplers for Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging of a Mouse Tumor-Bearing Leg. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2017; 65:1124-1132. [PMID: 28841547 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2017.2743232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this work was to develop an electronically tunable resonator operating at 750 MHz for continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance (CW-EPR) imaging of a mouse tumor-bearing leg. METHODS The resonator had a multi-coil parallel-gap structure with a sample space of 16 mm in diameter and 20 mm in length. Microstrip line couplers were used in conjunction with varactor diodes to enable resonance frequency adjustment and to reduce the nonlinear effects of the varactor diodes. The resonator was modeled by the finite-element method and a microwave circuit simulation was performed to clarify its radiofrequency characteristics. RESULTS A tunable resonator was evaluated in terms of its resonance frequency, tunable frequency band, and conversion efficiency of the RF magnetic field. The developed resonator provided a tunable frequency band of 4 MHz at a central frequency of 747 MHz and a conversion efficiency of 34 μT/W1/2. To demonstrate the application of this tunable resonator to EPR imaging, three-dimensional EPR images of a sample solution and a mouse tumor-bearing leg were obtained. CONCLUSION The developed tunable resonator satisfied our initial requirements for in vivo EPR imaging and may be able to be further improved using the present finite-element and circuit models if any problems arise during future practical applications. SIGNIFICANCE This work may help to promote EPR imaging of tumor-bearing mice in cancer-related studies.
Collapse
|
32
|
Tseytlin M. Full Cycle Rapid Scan EPR Deconvolution Algorithm. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2017; 281:272-278. [PMID: 28666168 PMCID: PMC5568913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Rapid scan electron paramagnetic resonance (RS EPR) is a continuous-wave (CW) method that combines narrowband excitation and broadband detection. Sinusoidal magnetic field scans that span the entire EPR spectrum cause electron spin excitations twice during the scan period. Periodic transient RS signals are digitized and time-averaged. Deconvolution of absorption spectrum from the measured full-cycle signal is an ill-posed problem that does not have a stable solution because the magnetic field passes the same EPR line twice per sinusoidal scan during up- and down-field passages. As a result, RS signals consist of two contributions that need to be separated and postprocessed individually. Deconvolution of either of the contributions is a well-posed problem that has a stable solution. The current version of the RS EPR algorithm solves the separation problem by cutting the full-scan signal into two half-period pieces. This imposes a constraint on the experiment; the EPR signal must completely decay by the end of each half-scan in order to not be truncated. The constraint limits the maximum scan frequency and, therefore, the RS signal-to-noise gain. Faster scans permit the use of higher excitation powers without saturating the spin system, translating into a higher EPR sensitivity. A stable, full-scan algorithm is described in this paper that does not require truncation of the periodic response. This algorithm utilizes the additive property of linear systems: the response to a sum of two inputs is equal the sum of responses to each of the inputs separately. Based on this property, the mathematical model for CW RS EPR can be replaced by that of a sum of two independent full-cycle pulsed field-modulated experiments. In each of these experiments, the excitation power equals to zero during either up- or down-field scan. The full-cycle algorithm permits approaching the upper theoretical scan frequency limit; the transient spin system response must decay within the scan period. Separation of the interfering up- and down-field scan responses remains a challenge for reaching the full potential of this new method. For this reason, only a factor of two increase in the scan rate was achieved, in comparison with the standard half-scan RS EPR algorithm. It is important for practical use that faster scans not necessarily increase the signal bandwidth because acceleration of the Larmor frequency driven by the changing magnetic field changes its sign after passing the inflection points on the scan. The half-scan and full-scan algorithms are compared using a LiNC-BuO spin probe of known line-shape, demonstrating that the new method produces stable solutions when RS signals do not completely decay by the end of each half-scan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Tseytlin
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ueno M, Matsumoto S, Matsumoto A, Manda S, Nakanishi I, Matsumoto KI, Mitchell JB, Krishna MC, Anzai K. Effect of amifostine, a radiation-protecting drug, on oxygen concentration in tissue measured by EPR oximetry and imaging. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2017; 60:151-155. [PMID: 28584395 PMCID: PMC5453015 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.15-130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Effect of amifostine, a radiation-protecting drug, on muscle tissue partial pressure of oxygen was investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging. When amifostine was administered intraperitoneally or intravenously to mice, the linewidth of the electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of the lithium octa-n-butoxy-substituted naphthalocyanine implanted in the mouse leg muscle decreased. Electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry using a lithium octa-n-butoxy-substituted naphthalocyanine probe and electron paramagnetic resonance oxygen mapping using a triarylmethyl radical paramagnetic probe was useful to quantify pressure of oxygen in the tissues of living mice. The result of electron paramagnetic resonance oximetric imaging showed that administration of amifostine could decrease pressure of oxygen in the muscle and also tumor tissues. This finding suggests that lowering pressure of oxygen in tissues might contribute in part to the radioprotection of amifostine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Ueno
- Radio-Redox-Response Research Team, Advanced Particle Radiation Biology Research Program, Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Shingo Matsumoto
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 10, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1002, USA
| | - Atsuko Matsumoto
- Radio-Redox-Response Research Team, Advanced Particle Radiation Biology Research Program, Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Sushma Manda
- Radio-Redox-Response Research Team, Advanced Particle Radiation Biology Research Program, Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ikuo Nakanishi
- Radio-Redox-Response Research Team, Advanced Particle Radiation Biology Research Program, Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Matsumoto
- Radio-Redox-Response Research Team, Advanced Particle Radiation Biology Research Program, Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - James B Mitchell
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 10, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1002, USA
| | - Murali C Krishna
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 10, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1002, USA
| | - Kazunori Anzai
- Radio-Redox-Response Research Team, Advanced Particle Radiation Biology Research Program, Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.,Nihon Pharmaceutical University, 10281 Komuro, Ina-machi, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kubota H, Komarov DA, Yasui H, Matsumoto S, Inanami O, Kirilyuk IA, Khramtsov VV, Hirata H. Feasibility of in vivo three-dimensional T 2* mapping using dicarboxy-PROXYL and CW-EPR-based single-point imaging. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 30:291-298. [PMID: 28063096 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-016-0606-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of in vivo three-dimensional (3D) relaxation time T 2* mapping of a dicarboxy-PROXYL radical using continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance (CW-EPR) imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS Isotopically substituted dicarboxy-PROXYL radicals, 3,4-dicarboxy-2,2,5,5-tetra(2H3)methylpyrrolidin-(3,4-2H2)-(1-15N)-1-oxyl (2H,15N-DCP) and 3,4-dicarboxy-2,2,5,5-tetra(2H3)methylpyrrolidin-(3,4-2H2)-1-oxyl (2H-DCP), were used in the study. A clonogenic cell survival assay was performed with the 2H-DCP radical using squamous cell carcinoma (SCC VII) cells. The time course of EPR signal intensities of intravenously injected 2H,15N-DCP and 2H-DCP radicals were determined in tumor-bearing hind legs of mice (C3H/HeJ, male, n = 5). CW-EPR-based single-point imaging (SPI) was performed for 3D T 2* mapping. RESULTS 2H-DCP radical did not exhibit cytotoxicity at concentrations below 10 mM. The in vivo half-life of 2H,15N-DCP in tumor tissues was 24.7 ± 2.9 min (mean ± standard deviation [SD], n = 5). The in vivo time course of the EPR signal intensity of the 2H,15N-DCP radical showed a plateau of 10.2 ± 1.2 min (mean ± SD) where the EPR signal intensity remained at more than 90% of the maximum intensity. During the plateau, in vivo 3D T 2* maps with 2H,15N-DCP were obtained from tumor-bearing hind legs, with a total acquisition time of 7.5 min. CONCLUSION EPR signals of 2H,15N-DCP persisted long enough after bolus intravenous injection to conduct in vivo 3D T 2* mapping with CW-EPR-based SPI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harue Kubota
- Division of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, North 14, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0814, Japan
| | - Denis A Komarov
- Division of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, North 14, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0814, Japan
| | - Hironobu Yasui
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan
| | - Shingo Matsumoto
- Division of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, North 14, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0814, Japan
| | - Osamu Inanami
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Igor A Kirilyuk
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, 9, Ac. Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Valery V Khramtsov
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Hiroshi Hirata
- Division of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, North 14, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0814, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hou H, Khan N, Kuppusamy P. Measurement of pO2 in a Pre-clinical Model of Rabbit Tumor Using OxyChip, a Paramagnetic Oxygen Sensor. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 977:313-318. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55231-6_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
36
|
Gallez B. Contribution of Harold M. Swartz to In Vivo EPR and EPR Dosimetry. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2016; 172:16-37. [PMID: 27421469 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncw157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, we are celebrating half a century of research in the application of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) as a biodosimetry tool to evaluate the dose received by irradiated people. During the EPR Biodose 2015 meeting, a special session was organized to acknowledge the pioneering contribution of Harold M. (Hal) Swartz in the field. The article summarizes his main contribution in physiology and medicine. Four emerging themes have been pursued continuously along his career since its beginning: (1) radiation biology; (2) oxygen and oxidation; (3) measuring physiology in vivo; and (4) application of these measurements in clinical medicine. The common feature among all these different subjects has been the use of magnetic resonance techniques, especially EPR. In this article, you will find an impressionist portrait of Hal Swartz with the description of the 'making of' this pioneer, a time-line perspective on his career with the creation of three National Institutes of Health-funded EPR centers, a topic-oriented perspective on his career with a description of his major contributions to Science, his role as a mentor and his influence on his academic children, his active role as founder of scientific societies and organizer of scientific meetings, and the well-deserved international recognition received so far.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Gallez
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Research Group, Avenue Mounier 73.08, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) based biological oximetry is a powerful tool that accurately and repeatedly measures tissue oxygen levels. In vivo determination of oxygen in tissues is crucial for the diagnosis and treatment of a number of diseases. Here, we report the first successful fabrication and remarkable properties of nanofiber sensors for EPR-oximetry applications. Lithium octa-n-butoxynaphthalocyanine (LiNc- BuO), an excellent paramagnetic oxygen sensor, was successfully encapsulated in 300-500 nm diameter fibers consisting of a core of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and a shell of polycaprolactone (PCL) by electrospinning. This core-shell nanosensor (LiNc-BuO-PDMS-PCL) shows a linear dependence of linewidth versus oxygen partial pressure (pO2). The nanofiber sensors have response and recovery times of 0.35 s and 0.55 s, respectively, these response and recovery times are ~12 times and ~218 times faster than those previously reported for PDMS-LiNc-BuO chip sensors. This greater responsiveness is likely due to the high porosity and excellent oxygen permeability of the nanofibers. Electrospinning of the structurally flexible PDMS enabled the fabrication of fibers having tailored spin densities. Core-shell encapsulation ensures the non-exposure of embedded LiNc-BuO and mitigates potential biocompatibility concerns. In vitro evaluation of the fiber performed under exposure to cultured cells showed that it is both stable and biocompatible. The unique combination of biocompatibility due to the PCL 'shell,' the excellent oxygen transparency of the PDMS core, and the excellent oxygen-sensing properties of LiNc-BuO makes LiNc-BuO-PDMS-PCL platform promising for long-term oximetry and repetitive oxygen measurements in both biological systems and clinical applications.
Collapse
|
38
|
Bobko AA, Evans J, Denko NC, Khramtsov VV. Concurrent Longitudinal EPR Monitoring of Tissue Oxygenation, Acidosis, and Reducing Capacity in Mouse Xenograft Tumor Models. Cell Biochem Biophys 2016; 75:247-253. [PMID: 27193607 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-016-0733-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Tissue oxygenation, extracellular acidity, and tissue reducing capacity are among crucial parameters of tumor microenvironment (TME) of significant importance for tumor pathophysiology. In this paper, we demonstrate the complementary application of particulate lithium octa-n-butoxy-naphthalocyanine and soluble nitroxide paramagnetic probes for monitoring of these TME parameters using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique. Two different types of therapeutic interventions were studied: hypothermia and systemic administration of metabolically active drug. In summary, the results demonstrate the utility of EPR technique for non-invasive concurrent longitudinal monitoring of physiologically relevant chemical parameters of TME in mouse xenograft tumor models, including that under therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Bobko
- In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Science Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Jason Evans
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nicholas C Denko
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Valery V Khramtsov
- In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Science Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Langan LM, Dodd NJF, Owen SF, Purcell WM, Jackson SK, Jha AN. Direct Measurements of Oxygen Gradients in Spheroid Culture System Using Electron Parametric Resonance Oximetry. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149492. [PMID: 26900704 PMCID: PMC4764677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced in vitro culture from tissues of different origin includes three-dimensional (3D) organoid micro structures that may mimic conditions in vivo. One example of simple 3D culture is spheroids; ball shaped structures typically used as liver and tumour models. Oxygen is critically important in physiological processes, but is difficult to quantify in 3D culture: and the question arises, how small does a spheroid have to be to have minimal micro-environment formation? This question is of particular importance in the growing field of 3D based models for toxicological assessment. Here, we describe a simple non-invasive approach modified for the quantitative measurement and subsequent evaluation of oxygen gradients in spheroids developed from a non-malignant fish cell line (i.e. RTG-2 cells) using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) oximetry. Sonication of the paramagnetic probe Lithium phthalocyanine (LiPc) allows for incorporation of probe particulates into spheroid during its formation. Spectra signal strength after incorporation of probe into spheroid indicated that a volume of 20 μl of probe (stock solution: 0.10 mg/mL) is sufficient to provide a strong spectra across a range of spheroid sizes. The addition of non-toxic probes (that do not produce or consume oxygen) report on oxygen diffusion throughout the spheroid as a function of size. We provide evidence supporting the use of this model over a range of initial cell seeding densities and spheroid sizes with the production of oxygen distribution as a function of these parameters. In our spheroid model, lower cell seeding densities (∼2,500 cells/spheroid) and absolute size (118±32 μm) allow control of factors such as pre-existing stresses (e.g. ∼ 2% normoxic/hypoxic interface) for more accurate measurement of treatment response. The applied methodology provides an elegant, widely applicable approach to directly characterize spheroid (and other organoid) cultures in biomedical and toxicological research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Langan
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. F. Dodd
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - Stewart F. Owen
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TF, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy M. Purcell
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - Simon K. Jackson
- School of Biomedical & Healthcare Science, Plymouth University, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - Awadhesh N. Jha
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hou H, Khan N, Nagane M, Gohain S, Chen EY, Jarvis LA, Schaner PE, Williams BB, Flood AB, Swartz HM, Kuppusamy P. Skeletal Muscle Oxygenation Measured by EPR Oximetry Using a Highly Sensitive Polymer-Encapsulated Paramagnetic Sensor. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 923:351-357. [PMID: 27526163 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-38810-6_46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We have incorporated LiNc-BuO, an oxygen-sensing paramagnetic material, in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), which is an oxygen-permeable, biocompatible, and stable polymer. We fabricated implantable and retrievable oxygen-sensing chips (40 % LiNc-BuO in PDMS) using a 20-G Teflon tubing to mold the chips into variable shapes and sizes for in vivo studies in rats. In vitro EPR measurements were used to test the chip's oxygen response. Oxygen induced linear and reproducible line broadening with increasing partial pressure (pO2). The oxygen response was similar to that of bare (unencapsulated) crystals and did not change significantly on sterilization by autoclaving. The chips were implanted in rat femoris muscle and EPR oximetry was performed repeatedly (weekly) for 12 weeks post-implantation. The measurements showed good reliability and reproducibility over the period of testing. These results demonstrated that the new formulation of OxyChip with 40 % LiNc-BuO will enable the applicability of EPR oximetry for long-term measurement of oxygen concentration in tissues and has the potential for clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Hou
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
| | - N Khan
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - M Nagane
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - S Gohain
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - E Y Chen
- Department of Surgery, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - L A Jarvis
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - P E Schaner
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - B B Williams
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.,Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - A B Flood
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - H M Swartz
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.,Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - P Kuppusamy
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA. .,Department of Radiology, EPR Center for the Study of Viable Systems, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Frank J, Gündel D, Drescher S, Thews O, Mäder K. Injectable LiNc-BuO loaded microspheres as in vivo EPR oxygen sensors after co-implantation with tumor cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:741-9. [PMID: 26459034 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.10.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry is a technique which allows accurate and repeatable oxygen measurements. We encapsulated a highly oxygen sensitive particulate EPR spin probe into microparticles to improve its dispersibility and, hence, facilitate the administration. These biocompatible, non-toxic microspheres contained 5-10 % (w/w) spin probe and had an oxygen sensitivity of 0.60 ± 0.01 µT/mmHg. To evaluate the performance of the microparticles as oxygen sensors, they were co-implanted with syngeneic tumor cells in 2 different rat strains. Thus, tissue injury was avoided and the microparticles were distributed all over the tumor tissue. Dynamic changes of the intratumoral oxygen partial pressure during inhalation of 8 %, 21 %, or 100 % oxygen were monitored in vivo by EPR spectroscopy and quantified. Values were verified in vivo by invasive fluorometric measurements using Oxylite probes and ex vivo by pimonidazole adduct accumulation. There were no hints that the tumor physiology or tissue oxygenation had been altered by the microparticles. Hence, these microprobes offer great potential as oxygen sensors in preclinical research, not only for EPR spectroscopy but also for EPR imaging. For instance, the assessment of tissue oxygenation during therapeutic interventions might help understanding pathophysiological processes and lead to an individualized treatment planning or the use of formulations with hypoxia triggered release of active agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Frank
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Daniel Gündel
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute of Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 6, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Simon Drescher
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Oliver Thews
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute of Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 6, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Karsten Mäder
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Epel B, Halpern HJ. In Vivo pO2 Imaging of Tumors: Oxymetry with Very Low-Frequency Electron Paramagnetic Resonance. Methods Enzymol 2015; 564:501-27. [PMID: 26477263 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
For over a century, it has been known that tumor hypoxia, regions of a tumor with low levels of oxygenation, are important contributors to tumor resistance to radiation therapy and failure of radiation treatment of cancer. Recently, using novel pulse electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oxygen imaging, near absolute images of the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) in tumors of living animals have been obtained. We discuss here the means by which EPR signals can be obtained in living tissues and tumors. We review development of EPR methods to image the pO2 in tumors and the potential for the pO2 image acquisition in human subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Epel
- Center for Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging In Vivo Physiology, Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Howard J Halpern
- Center for Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging In Vivo Physiology, Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Khan N, Hou H, Swartz HM, Kuppusamy P. Direct and Repeated Measurement of Heart and Brain Oxygenation Using In Vivo EPR Oximetry. Methods Enzymol 2015; 564:529-52. [PMID: 26477264 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Low level of oxygen (hypoxia) is a critical factor that defines the pathological consequence of several pathophysiologies, particularly ischemia, that usually occur following the blockage of a blood vessel in vital organs, such as brain and heart, or abnormalities in the microvasculature, such as peripheral vascular disease. Therefore, methods that can directly and repeatedly quantify oxygen levels in the brain and heart will significantly improve our understanding of ischemic pathologies. Importantly, such oximetry capability will facilitate the development of strategies to counteract low levels of oxygen and thereby improve outcome following stroke or myocardial infarction. In vivo electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry has the capability to monitor tissue oxygen levels in real time. The method has largely been tested and used in experimental animals, although some clinical measurements have been performed. In this chapter, a brief overview of the methodology to repeatedly quantify oxygen levels in the brain and heart of experimental animal models, ranging from mice to swine, is presented. EPR oximetry requires a one-time placement of an oxygen-sensitive probe in the tissue of interest, while the rest of the procedure for reliable, accurate, and repeated measurements of pO2 (partial pressure of oxygen) is noninvasive and can be repeated as often as desired. A multisite oximetry approach can be used to monitor pO2 at many sites simultaneously. Building on significant advances in the application of EPR oximetry in experimental animal models, spectrometers have been developed for use in human subjects. Initial feasibility of pO2 measurement in solid tumors of patients has been successfully demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Khan
- Department of Radiology, EPR Center for the Study of Viable Systems, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Huagang Hou
- Department of Radiology, EPR Center for the Study of Viable Systems, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Harold M Swartz
- Department of Radiology, EPR Center for the Study of Viable Systems, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Periannan Kuppusamy
- Department of Radiology, EPR Center for the Study of Viable Systems, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hashem M, Weiler-Sagie M, Kuppusamy P, Neufeld G, Neeman M, Blank A. Electron spin resonance microscopic imaging of oxygen concentration in cancer spheroids. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2015; 256:77-85. [PMID: 26022394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen (O2) plays a central role in most living organisms. The concentration of O2 is important in physiology and pathology. Despite the importance of accurate knowledge of the O2 levels, there is very limited capability to measure with high spatial resolution its distribution in millimeter-scale live biological samples. Many of the current oximetric methods, such as oxygen microelectrodes and fluorescence lifetime imaging, are compromised by O2 consumption, sample destruction, invasiveness, and difficulty to calibrate. Here, we present a new method, based on the use of the pulsed electron spin resonance (ESR) microimaging technique to obtain a 3D mapping of oxygen concentration in millimeter-scale biological samples. ESR imaging requires the incorporation of a suitable stable and inert paramagnetic spin probe into the desirable object. In this work, we use microcrystals of a paramagnetic spin probe in a new crystallographic packing form (denoted tg-LiNc-BuO). These paramagnetic species interact with paramagnetic oxygen molecules, causing a spectral line broadening that is linearly proportional to the oxygen concentration. Typical ESR results include 4D spatial-spectral images that give an indication about the oxygen concentration in different regions of the sample. This new oximetry microimaging method addresses all the problems mentioned above. It is noninvasive, sensitive to physiological oxygen levels, and easy to calibrate. Furthermore, in principle, it can be used for repetitive measurements without causing cell damage. The tissue model used in this research is spheroids of Human Colorectal carcinoma cell line (HCT-116) with a typical diameter of ∼600μm. Most studies of the microenvironmental O2 conditions inside such viable spheroids carried out in the past used microelectrodes, which require an invasive puncturing of the spheroid and are also not applicable to 3D O2 imaging. High resolution 3D oxygen maps could make it possible to evaluate the relationship between morphological and physiological alterations in the spheroids, which would help understand the oxygen metabolism in solid tumors and its correlation with the susceptibility of tumors to various oncologic treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mada Hashem
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Michal Weiler-Sagie
- Department of Biological Regulation - Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Periannan Kuppusamy
- EPR Center for Viable Systems and the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
| | - Gera Neufeld
- The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Michal Neeman
- Department of Biological Regulation - Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aharon Blank
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Rivera BK, Naidu SK, Subramanian K, Joseph M, Hou H, Khan N, Swartz HM, Kuppusamy P. Real-time, in vivo determination of dynamic changes in lung and heart tissue oxygenation using EPR oximetry. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 812:81-86. [PMID: 24729218 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0620-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
The use of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry for oxygen measurements in deep tissues (>1 cm) is challenging due to the limited penetration depth of the microwave energy. To overcome this limitation, implantable resonators, having a small (0.5 mm diameter) sensory loop containing the oxygen-sensing paramagnetic material connected by a pair of twisted copper wire to a coupling loop (8-10 mm diameter), have been developed, which enable repeated measurements of deep-tissue oxygen levels (pO2, partial pressure of oxygen) in the brain and tumors of rodents. In this study, we have demonstrated the feasibility of measuring dynamic changes in pO2 in the heart and lung of rats using deep-tissue implantable oxygen sensors. The sensory loop of the resonator contained lithium octa-n-butoxynaphthalocyanine (LiNc-BuO) crystals embedded in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer and was implanted in the myocardial tissue or lung pleura. The external coupling loop was secured subcutaneously above chest. The rats were exposed to different breathing gas mixtures while undergoing EPR measurements. The results demonstrated that implantable oxygen sensors provide reliable measurements of pO2 in deep tissues such as heart and lung under adverse conditions of cardiac and respiratory motions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Rivera
- Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Shan K Naidu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kamal Subramanian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Matthew Joseph
- Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Huagang Hou
- EPR Center for the Study of Viable Systems, Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 48 Lafayette Street, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA
| | - Nadeem Khan
- EPR Center for the Study of Viable Systems, Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 48 Lafayette Street, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA
| | - Harold M Swartz
- EPR Center for the Study of Viable Systems, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Periannan Kuppusamy
- EPR Center for the Study of Viable Systems, Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 48 Lafayette Street, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Noninvasive monitoring of small intestinal oxygen in a rat model of chronic mesenteric ischemia. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 67:451-9. [PMID: 23636684 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9611-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We noninvasively monitored the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) in rat's small intestine using a model of chronic mesenteric ischemia by electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry over a 7-day period. The particulate probe lithium octa-n-butoxynaphthalocyanine (LiNc-BuO) was embedded into the oxygen permeable material polydimethyl siloxane by cast-molding and polymerization (Oxy-Chip). A one-time surgical procedure was performed to place the Oxy-Chip on the outer wall of the small intestine (SI). The superior mesenteric artery (SMA) was banded to ~30% of blood flow for experimental rats. Noninvasive measurement of pO2 was performed at the baseline for control rats or immediate post-banding and on days 1, 3, and 7. The SI pO2 for control rats remained stable over the 7-day period. The pO2 on day-7 was 54.5 ± 0.9 mmHg (mean ± SE). SMA-banded rats were significantly different from controls with a noted reduction in pO2 post banding with a progressive decline to a final pO2 of 20.9 ± 4.5 mmHg (mean ± SE; p = 0.02). All SMA-banded rats developed adhesions around the Oxy-Chip, yet remained asymptomatic. The hypoxia marker Hypoxyprobe™ was used to validate the low tissue pO2. Brown cytoplasmic staining was consistent with hypoxia. Mild brown staining was noted predominantly on the villus tips in control animals. SMA-banded rats had an extended region of hypoxic involvement in the villus with a higher intensity of cytoplasmic staining. Deep brown stainings of the enteric nervous system neurons and connective tissue both within layers and in the mesentery were noted. SMA-banded rats with lower pO2 values had a higher intensity of staining. Thus, monitoring SI pO2 using the probe Oxy-Chip provides a valid measure of tissue oxygenation. Tracking pO2 in conditions that produce chronic mesenteric ischemia will contribute to our understanding of intestinal tissue oxygenation and how changes impact symptom evolution and the trajectory of chronic disease.
Collapse
|
47
|
Moldovan NI, Anghelina M, Varadharaj S, Butt OI, Wang T, Yang F, Moldovan L, Zweier JL. Reoxygenation-derived toxic reactive oxygen/nitrogen species modulate the contribution of bone marrow progenitor cells to remodeling after myocardial infarction. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e000471. [PMID: 24419735 PMCID: PMC3959689 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background The core region of a myocardial infarction is notoriously unsupportive of cardiomyocyte survival. However, there has been less investigation of the potentially beneficial spontaneous recruitment of endogenous bone marrow progenitor cells (BMPCs) within infarcted areas. In the current study we examined the role of tissue oxygenation and derived toxic species in the control of BMPC engraftment during postinfarction heart remodeling. Methods and Results For assessment of cellular origin, local oxygenation, redox status, and fate of cells in the infarcted region, myocardial infarction in mice with or without LacZ+ bone marrow transplantation was induced by coronary ligation. Sham‐operated mice served as controls. After 1 week, LacZ+ BMPC‐derived cells were found inhomogeneously distributed into the infarct zone, with a lower density at its core. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry showed that pO2 in the infarct recovered starting on day 2 post–myocardial infarction, concomitant with wall thinning and erythrocytes percolating through muscle microruptures. Paralleling this reoxygenation, increased generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species was detected at the infarct core. This process delineated a zone of diminished BMPC engraftment, and at 1 week infiltrating cells displayed immunoreactive 3‐nitrotyrosine and apoptosis. In vivo treatment with a superoxide dismutase mimetic significantly reduced reactive oxygen species formation and amplified BMPC accumulation. This treatment also salvaged wall thickness by 43% and left ventricular ejection fraction by 27%, with significantly increased animal survival. Conclusions BMPC engraftment in the infarct inversely mirrored the distribution of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. Antioxidant treatment resulted in increased numbers of engrafted BMPCs, provided functional protection to the heart, and decreased the incidence of myocardial rupture and death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicanor I Moldovan
- Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Swartz HM, Williams BB, Zaki BI, Hartford AC, Jarvis LA, Chen EY, Comi RJ, Ernstoff MS, Hou H, Khan N, Swarts SG, Flood AB, Kuppusamy P. Clinical EPR: unique opportunities and some challenges. Acad Radiol 2014; 21:197-206. [PMID: 24439333 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy has been well established as a viable technique for measurement of free radicals and oxygen in biological systems, from in vitro cellular systems to in vivo small animal models of disease. However, the use of EPR in human subjects in the clinical setting, although attractive for a variety of important applications such as oxygen measurement, is challenged with several factors including the need for instrumentation customized for human subjects, probe, and regulatory constraints. This article describes the rationale and development of the first clinical EPR systems for two important clinical applications, namely, measurement of tissue oxygen (oximetry) and radiation dose (dosimetry) in humans. The clinical spectrometers operate at 1.2 GHz frequency and use surface-loop resonators capable of providing topical measurements up to 1 cm depth in tissues. Tissue pO2 measurements can be carried out noninvasively and repeatedly after placement of an oxygen-sensitive paramagnetic material (currently India ink) at the site of interest. Our EPR dosimetry system is capable of measuring radiation-induced free radicals in the tooth of irradiated human subjects to determine the exposure dose. These developments offer potential opportunities for clinical dosimetry and oximetry, which include guiding therapy for individual patients with tumors or vascular disease by monitoring of tissue oxygenation. Further work is in progress to translate this unique technology to routine clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harold M Swartz
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, 48 Lafayette Street, Lebanon, NH 03766.
| | - Benjamin B Williams
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, 48 Lafayette Street, Lebanon, NH 03766
| | - Bassem I Zaki
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - Alan C Hartford
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - Lesley A Jarvis
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - Eunice Y Chen
- Department of Surgery, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - Richard J Comi
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - Marc S Ernstoff
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - Huagang Hou
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, 48 Lafayette Street, Lebanon, NH 03766
| | - Nadeem Khan
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, 48 Lafayette Street, Lebanon, NH 03766
| | - Steven G Swarts
- Dept. of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Ann B Flood
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, 48 Lafayette Street, Lebanon, NH 03766
| | - Periannan Kuppusamy
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, 48 Lafayette Street, Lebanon, NH 03766
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Swartz HM, Hou H, Khan N, Jarvis LA, Chen EY, Williams BB, Kuppusamy P. Advances in probes and methods for clinical EPR oximetry. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 812:73-79. [PMID: 24729217 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0620-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
EPR oximetry, which enables reliable, accurate, and repeated measurements of the partial pressure of oxygen in tissues, provides a unique opportunity to investigate the role of oxygen in the pathogenesis and treatment of several diseases including cancer, stroke, and heart failure. Building on significant advances in the in vivo application of EPR oximetry for small animal models of disease, we are developing suitable probes and instrumentation required for use in human subjects. Our laboratory has established the feasibility of clinical EPR oximetry in cancer patients using India ink, the only material presently approved for clinical use. We now are developing the next generation of probes, which are both superior in terms of oxygen sensitivity and biocompatibility including an excellent safety profile for use in humans. Further advances include the development of implantable oxygen sensors linked to an external coupling loop for measurements of deep-tissue oxygenations at any depth, overcoming the current limitation of 10 mm. This paper presents an overview of recent developments in our ability to make meaningful measurements of oxygen partial pressures in human subjects under clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harold M Swartz
- EPR Center for the Study of Viable Systems, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA.
| | - Huagang Hou
- EPR Center for the Study of Viable Systems, Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, 48 Lafayette Street, HB 7785, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA
| | - Nadeem Khan
- EPR Center for the Study of Viable Systems, Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, 48 Lafayette Street, HB 7785, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA
| | - Lesley A Jarvis
- Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Eunice Y Chen
- Department of Surgery, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Benjamin B Williams
- EPR Center for the Study of Viable Systems, Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, 48 Lafayette Street, HB 7785, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA
| | - Periannan Kuppusamy
- EPR Center for the Study of Viable Systems, Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, 48 Lafayette Street, HB 7785, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Sherwani SI, Aldana C, Usmani S, Adin C, Kotha S, Khan M, Eubank T, Scherer PE, Parinandi N, Magalang UJ. Intermittent hypoxia exacerbates pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in a mouse model of diabetes mellitus. Sleep 2013; 36:1849-58. [PMID: 24293759 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.3214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The effects of intermittent hypoxia (IH) on pancreatic function in the presence of diabetes and the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We hypothesized that IH would exacerbate pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and alter the fatty acids in the male Tallyho/JngJ (TH) mouse, a rodent model of type 2 diabetes. DESIGN TH mice were exposed for 14 d to either 8 h of IH or intermittent air (IA), followed by an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) and tissue harvest. The effect of IH on insulin release was determined by using a β3-adrenergic receptor (AR) agonist. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS During IH, pancreatic tissue pO2 decreased from 20.4 ± 0.9 to 5.7 ± 2.6 mm Hg, as determined by electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry. TH mice exposed to IH exhibited higher plasma glucose levels during the IPGTT (P < 0.001) while the insulin levels tended to be lower (P = 0.06). Pancreatic islets of the IH group showed an enhancement of the caspase-3 staining (P = 0.002). IH impaired the β-AR agonist-mediated insulin release (P < 0.001). IH increased the levels of the total free fatty acids and saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acids), and decreased levels of the monounsaturated fatty acids in the pancreas and plasma. Ex vivo exposure of pancreatic islets to palmitic acid suppressed insulin secretion and decreased islet cell viability. CONCLUSIONS Intermittent hypoxia increases pancreatic apoptosis and exacerbates dysfunction in a polygenic rodent model of diabetes. An increase in free fatty acids and a shift in composition towards long chain saturated fatty acid species appear to mediate these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shariq I Sherwani
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH ; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|