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Perinatal Outcome and Long-Term Infectious Morbidity of Offspring Born to Women with Known Tuberculosis. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9092768. [PMID: 32859003 PMCID: PMC7565561 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the perinatal outcome of women with tuberculosis and to assess a possible association between maternal tuberculosis and long-term infectious morbidity of the offspring. Study design: Perinatal outcome and long-term infectious morbidity of offspring of mothers with and without tuberculosis were assessed. The study groups were followed until 18 years of age tracking infectious-related morbidity and infectious-related hospitalizations and then compared. For perinatal outcome, generalized estimation equation models were used. A Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to compare cumulative incidence of long-term infectious morbidity. A Cox proportional hazards model was conducted to control for confounders. Results: During the study period, 243,682 deliveries were included, of which 46 (0.018%) occurred in women with tuberculosis. Maternal tuberculosis was found to be independently associated with placental abruption, cesarean deliveries, and very low birth weight. However, offspring born to mothers with tuberculosis did not demonstrate higher rates of infectious-related morbidity. Maternal tuberculosis was not noted as an independent risk factor for long-term infectious morbidity of the offspring. Conclusion: In our study, maternal tuberculosis was found to be independently associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. However, higher risk for long-term infectious morbidity of the offspring was not demonstrated. Careful surveillance of these women is required.
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Maternal hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus carrier status during pregnancy and long-term respiratory complications in the offspring. Early Hum Dev 2019; 140:104904. [PMID: 31751932 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2019.104904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maternal HBV or HCV carrier status is a cause for concern regarding both the course of pregnancy and the short-term perinatal outcomes. Our main aim was to evaluate whether offspring born to carrier mothers during pregnancy, also suffer from long-term pediatric respiratory morbidity (until 18 years of age). METHOD OF STUDY A population-based cohort analysis was conducted at a single tertiary medical center. The study included all singleton deliveries between the years 1991-2014, comparing incidence of respiratory-related hospitalization of offspring born to mothers who were carrier of HBV or HCV during their pregnancy to those born to nonexposed mothers. Respiratory morbidities were based on a predefined set of ICD-9 codes. A Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to compare cumulative hospitalization incidence between the groups and a Cox regression model was used to adjust for confounding variables. RESULTS During the study period, 242,342 deliveries met the inclusion criteria. Of them, 771 (0.31%) were to HBV or HCV mother carriers during pregnancy. A Kaplan-Meier curve demonstrated that children born to HBV or HCV carriers had higher cumulative incidence of respiratory morbidity (Log rank test p = 0.007). In the Cox regression model, while controlling for maternal age, diabetes mellitus, hypertensive disorders, caesarian section and gestational age at birth, maternal HBV or HCV carrier status was noted as an independent risk factor for long-term respiratory morbidity in the offspring (adjusted HR = 1.43, 95% CI 1.07-1.90, p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS Maternal HBV or HCV carrier status in pregnancy may increase offspring susceptibility to long-term respiratory morbidity.
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Cohen R, Gutvirtz G, Wainstock T, Sheiner E. Maternal urinary tract infection during pregnancy and long-term infectious morbidity of the offspring. Early Hum Dev 2019; 136:54-59. [PMID: 31319353 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common bacterial infection in pregnant women and is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. We sought to investigate the long-term infectious outcomes of children to mothers who were diagnosed with UTI during their pregnancy. METHODS A population-based cohort analysis was conducted at a single tertiary medical center. The study included all singleton deliveries between the years 1991-2014, comparing offspring born to mothers diagnosed with UTI during their pregnancy with those born to non-exposed mothers. Infectious-related hospitalizations of the offspring up to the age of 18 years were assessed according to a predefined set of ICD-9 codes. A Kaplan-Meier survival curve was conducted to compare cumulative hospitalization incidence between the groups. A Cox regression model was used to adjust for confounders. RESULTS During the study period, 243,725 deliveries met the inclusion criteria. Of them, 8034 (3.3%) were exposed to maternal UTI during pregnancy. Infectious-related hospitalizations were significantly prevalent in offspring to exposed mothers (12.3% vs. 11.0%, OR = 1.125, 95% CI 1.051-1.204, Kaplan-Meier log rank p < 0.001). In the Cox regression model, while controlling for clinically relevant confounders, maternal UTI (adjuster HR = 1.240), as well as preterm delivery (adjusted HR = 1.385) and cesarean delivery (adjusted HR = 1.198) were noted as independent risk factors for long-term infectious morbidity of the offspring. CONCLUSIONS Maternal UTI in pregnancy may influence offspring susceptibility to pediatric infections, as it was found to be an independent risk factor for long-term infectious morbidity of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Cohen
- The Goldman Medical School at the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Gil Gutvirtz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Tamar Wainstock
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Eyal Sheiner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Madar R, Rotter A, Ben-Asher HW, Mughal MR, Arumugam TV, Wood WH, Becker KG, Mattson MP, Okun E. Postnatal TLR2 activation impairs learning and memory in adulthood. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 48:301-12. [PMID: 26021559 PMCID: PMC4508200 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation in the central nervous system is detrimental for learning and memory, as evident form epidemiological studies linking developmental defects and maternal exposure to harmful pathogens. Postnatal infections can also induce neuroinflammatory responses with long-term consequences. These inflammatory responses can lead to motor deficits and/or behavioral disabilities. Toll like receptors (TLRs) are a family of innate immune receptors best known as sensors of microbial-associated molecular patterns, and are the first responders to infection. TLR2 forms heterodimers with either TLR1 or TLR6, is activated in response to gram-positive bacterial infections, and is expressed in the brain during embryonic development. We hypothesized that early postnatal TLR2-mediated neuroinflammation would adversely affect cognitive behavior in the adult. Our data indicate that postnatal TLR2 activation affects learning and memory in adult mice in a heterodimer-dependent manner. TLR2/6 activation improved motor function and fear learning, while TLR2/1 activation impaired spatial learning and enhanced fear learning. Moreover, developmental TLR2 deficiency significantly impairs spatial learning and enhances fear learning, stressing the involvement of the TLR2 pathway in learning and memory. Analysis of the transcriptional effects of TLR2 activation reveals both common and unique transcriptional programs following heterodimer-specific TLR2 activation. These results imply that adult cognitive behavior could be influenced in part, by activation or alterations in the TLR2 pathway at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravit Madar
- The Mina and Everard Goodman faculty of Life sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 52900, Israel, The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Aviva Rotter
- The Mina and Everard Goodman faculty of Life sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 52900, Israel, The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Hiba Waldman Ben-Asher
- The Mina and Everard Goodman faculty of Life sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Mohamed R. Mughal
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Thiruma V. Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - WH Wood
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - KG Becker
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Mark P. Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA, Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Eitan Okun
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290000, Israel; The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel.
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Williamson LL, Bilbo SD. Neonatal infection modulates behavioral flexibility and hippocampal activation on a Morris Water Maze task. Physiol Behav 2014; 129:152-9. [PMID: 24576680 PMCID: PMC4005787 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal infection has enduring effects on the brain, both at the cellular and behavioral levels. We determined the effects of peripheral infection with Escherichia coli at postnatal day (P) 4 in rats on a water maze task in adulthood, and assessed neuronal activation in the dentate gyrus (DG) following the memory test. Rats were trained and tested on one of 3 distinct water maze task paradigms: 1) minimal training (18 trials/3days), 2) extended training (50 trials/10days) or 3) reversal training (extended training followed by 30 trials/3days with a new platform location). Following a 48h memory test, brains were harvested to assess neuronal activation using activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated (Arc) protein in the DG. Following minimal training, rats treated neonatally with E. coli had improved performance and paradoxically reduced Arc expression during the memory test compared to control rats treated with PBS early in life. However, neonatally-infected rats did not differ from control rats in behavior or neuronal activation during the memory test following extended training. Furthermore, rats treated neonatally with E. coli were significantly impaired during the 48h memory test for a reversal platform location, unlike controls. Specifically, whereas neonatally-infected rats were able to acquire the new location at the same rate as controls, they spent significantly less time in the target quadrant for the reversal platform during a memory test. However, neonatally-infected and control rats had similar levels of Arc expression following the 48h memory test for reversal. Together, these data indicate that neonatal infection may improve the rate of acquisition on hippocampal-dependent tasks while impairing flexibility on the same tasks; in addition, network activation in the DG during learning may be predictive of future cognitive flexibility on a hippocampal-dependent task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L Williamson
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States.
| | - Staci D Bilbo
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
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Wallace KL, Lopez J, Shaffery JP, Wells A, Paul IA, Bennett WA. Interleukin-10/Ceftriaxone prevents E. coli-induced delays in sensorimotor task learning and spatial memory in neonatal and adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Brain Res Bull 2010; 81:141-8. [PMID: 19883741 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intrauterine infection during pregnancy is associated with early activation of the fetal immune system and poor neurodevelopmental outcomes. Immune activation can lead to alterations in sensorimotor skills, changes in learning and memory and neural plasticity. Both interleukin-10 (IL-10) and Ceftriaxone have been shown to decrease immune system activation and increase memory capacity, respectively. Using a rodent model of intrauterine infection, we examined sensorimotor development in pups, learning and memory, via the Morris water maze, and long-term potentiation in adult rats. Pregnant rats at gestational day 17 were inoculated with 1 x 10(5) colony forming units of Escherichia coli (E. coli) or saline. Animals in the treatment group received IL-10/Ceftriaxone for 3 days following E. coli administration. Intrauterine infection delayed surface righting, negative geotaxis, startle response and eye opening. Treatment with IL-10/Ceftriaxone reduced the delay in these tests. Intrauterine infection impaired performance in the probe trial in the Morris water maze (saline 25.13+/-1.01; E. coli 20.75+/-1.01; E. coli+IL-10/Ceftriaxone 20.2+/-1.62) and reduced the induction of long-term potentiation (saline 141.5+/-4.3; E. coli 128.7+/-3.9; E. coli+IL-10/Ceftriaxone 140.0+/-10). In summary, the results of this study indicate that E. coli induced intrauterine infection delays sensorimotor and learning and memory, while IL-10/Ceftriaxone rescues some of these behaviors. These delays were also accompanied by an increase in interleukin-1beta levels, which indicates immune activation. IL-10/Ceftriaxone prevents these delays as well as decreases E. coli-induced interleukin-1beta activation and may offer a window of time in which suitable treatment could be administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Wallace
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of MS Medical Center, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, MS 39216, United States.
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