1
|
Ghanati K, Eghbaljoo H, Akbari N, Mazaheri Y, Aghebat-Bekheir S, Mahmoodi B, Zandsalimi F, Basaran B, Sadighara P. Determination of melamine contamination in milk with various packaging: a risk assessment study. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1095. [PMID: 37626272 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Melamine is one type of monomer used as starting substance in manufacturing packaging lining in many countries worldwide. Environmental and food contamination is an issue constantly discussed. In the present study, the melamine content in milk samples with three package types was measured by HPLC/UV. Melamine is not a lipophilic compound. Therefore, the selected samples were low-fat milk. The melamine content in various packaged milk, including packet, polyethylene bags, and plastic packaging, is 790 ± 39.8, 50.7 ± 13, and 57.7 ± 24.54 ppb, respectively. According to the existing standards, the measured values in all the milk samples were lower than the permitted limits. The risk assessment for adults and children showed that the HQ value for both age groups was less than 1. Therefore, milk consumption will not pose a health risk in terms of contamination with melamine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiandokht Ghanati
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute (NNFTRI) and Food Safety Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran, Tehran
| | - Hadi Eghbaljoo
- Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nader Akbari
- Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yeganeh Mazaheri
- Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Aghebat-Bekheir
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Mahmoodi
- Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Zandsalimi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Burhan Basaran
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Parisa Sadighara
- Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang W, Liang C, Zhang X, Tian X, Ren C, Chen S, Wang J, Zhang J. Melamine induced changes in histopathology of the main organs and transcriptional levels of MAPK signaling genes in kidneys of female mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:585-592. [PMID: 34842327 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Melamine is an important chemical raw material used in industries, which has potential health risks to animals and humans. Current research mainly focuses on the toxic effects of high-dose melamine ingestion. However, there are few reports on whether melamine at the current limited standard dose has adverse effects on various tissues and organs, and whether there are sensitive target genes for risk evaluation. For this, 24 female Kunming mice were fed 0, 1.8-, 3.6-, and 7.2- mg/kg/d melamine via drinking water for consecutive 28 days, respectively. The morphological changes of the ovarian, hepatic, and renal tissues were firstly observed. The results demonstrated that the histopathology of ovary, liver, and especially in kidney had been altered by melamine intake in female. And then, the transcriptional levels of MAPK signaling genes including p38, ERK1, ERK2, JNK1, and JNK2 in kidneys were investigated by real-time PCR. The data showed that ERK1 and p38 mRNAs expressions were up-regulated significantly by melamine, suggesting that ERK1 and p38 transcriptional levels in the kidney might to be considered as candidate targets for lower-dose melamine toxicity. This study not only provides potential targets for the diagnosis and prevention of melamine damage, but also helps to assess the health risks of the current minimum allowable levels of melamine in food and environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Liang
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Tian
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxia Ren
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuming Chen
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jundong Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhai Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
ALOTAIBI S, ALOTHMAN ZA, BADJAH AY, SIDDIQUI MR, WABAIDUR SM, ALMUTAIRI MM, ALHUSSAIN MS. Determination of migrated formaldehyde from kitchenware using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.14721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
4
|
|
5
|
Chung YC, Park JE, Choi JW, Chun BC. Enhancement of Tensile Strength and Shape Recovery Characteristics of Grafted Polyurethane Using Melamine as a Crosslinking Agent. Macromol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-020-8159-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
6
|
Migration of monomers, plastic additives, and non-intentionally added substances from food utensils made of melamine–formaldehyde resin following ultraviolet sterilization. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
7
|
Abedini R, Jahed Khaniki G, Molaee Aghaee E, Sadighara P, Nazmara S, Akbari-Adergani B, Naderi M. Determination of melamine contamination in chocolates containing powdered milk by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:165-171. [PMID: 34150227 PMCID: PMC8172743 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00590-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Melamine is widely being reported as a food adulterant. Although its toxicity is currently recognized, melamine adulterations of dairy products are ongoing to apparently increase the amount of protein. The study was conducted to investigate the determination of melamine amounts in chocolates containing powdered milk. In this study, 60 samples of chocolates containing powdered milk, both imported and domestic brands, were collected. The samples were prepared by solid phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). According to the results, melamine was found in about 94% of imported samples and about 77% of Iranian samples. Melamine concentration in imported samples ranged from 0.032 to 2.692 mg/kg, while in Iranian ones it ranged from 0.013 to 2.600 mg/kg. The mean melamine concentrations of foreign and Iranian samples were 0.685 ± 0.68 and 0.456 ± 0.73 mg/kg, respectively. Moreover, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values of melamine were 0.017 and 0.052 μg/ml, respectively. The recovery rate (R%) at fortified levels of 1-2 mg/kg was found to be 89.20-95.69% with an RSD (Relative Standard Deviation) of 1.8-2.7%. Based on the study results, melamine was present in 85% of all samples and the melamine level in one Iranian brand and one imported brand was higher than the Codex Organization standard. However, the consumption of chocolates containing these low levels of melamine does not constitute a health risk for consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Abedini
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Jahed Khaniki
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Molaee Aghaee
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Sadighara
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Nazmara
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrouz Akbari-Adergani
- Food & Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food & Drug Organization, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maziar Naderi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chang L, Wu Q, She R, Tong D. The pathologic lesions of liver caused by melamine alone or in combination with cyanuric acid in mice. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:230-238. [PMID: 33706074 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of melamine (MA) and its analogue cyanuric acid (CA) in multiple organs has been widely investigated. The purpose of this study was to characterize the pathological lesions of the liver caused by melamine alone or in combination with CA. Mice were oral administered 0, 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg/day MA and CA mixture (MC), or 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day MA alone for 7 days. We found MC caused increase of liver weight index and elevations of the serum concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and creatinine (Cr). Histopathologically, both MA and MC caused scattered necrosis and inflammation cell infiltration in liver. Notably, at 100 mg/kg/day MC, melamine-related crystals were observed in hepatic sinusoid. The liver at high-dose MA and MC groups were further examined by TEM. There were marked degeneration of the mitochondria, and crystal deposition in the Disse space or cytoplasm of hepatic cells and Kupffer cells. TUNEL staining revealed that MA and MC caused apoptosis of hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. Western blotting showed the expression of Bcl-2 decreased, and Bax and caspase-3 increase in liver. The analysis of oxidative stress showed that the expression and activities of two key antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) decreased, and the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) elevated in MA- and MC-treated mice. These results from this study demonstrated that both MA and MC caused pathological damage to the liver in mice, especially when ingested in high concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiaoxing Wu
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiping She
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, Beijing, China
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Release of Melamine and Formaldehyde from Melamine-Formaldehyde Plastic Kitchenware. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163629. [PMID: 32784987 PMCID: PMC7463570 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of melamine and formaldehyde from kitchenware made of melamine resins is still a matter of great concern. To investigate the migration and release behavior of the monomers from melamine-based food contact materials into food simulants and food stuffs, cooking spoons were tested under so-called hot plate conditions at 100 °C. Release conditions using the real hot plate conditions with 3% acetic acid were compared with conditions in a conventional migration oven and with a release to deionized water. Furthermore, the kinetics of the release were studied using Arrhenius plots giving an activation energy for the release of melamine of 120 kJ/mol. Finally, a correlation between quality of the resins, specifically the kind of bridges between the monomers, and the release of melamine, was confirmed by CP/MAS 13C-NMR measurements of the melamine kitchenware. Obviously, the ratio of methylene bridges and dimethylene ether bridges connecting the melamine monomers during the curing process can be directly correlated with the amount of the monomers released into food.
Collapse
|
10
|
Zheng G, Boor BE, Schreder E, Salamova A. Exposure to melamine and its derivatives in childcare facilities. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 244:125505. [PMID: 32050329 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Melamine (MEL) and its derivatives are widely used in many consumer products, including furniture, kitchenware, and plastics. However, very limited knowledge exists on human exposure to MEL and its derivatives, especially in the indoor environment. Here, we determined the occurrence and distribution of 11 MEL derivatives in childcare facilities and estimated children's exposure through dust ingestion and dermal absorption. We analyzed dust and samples of nap mats, a commonly used item in many childcares, from eight facilities located in the United States. Eight MEL-based compounds were detected in dust, and total MEL concentrations ranged from 429 to 117,000 ng/g. The most abundant compounds found in the dust samples were MEL, cyanuric acid (CYA), ammeline (AMN), and ammelide (AMD), with median concentrations of 1620, 585, 1060, and 299 ng/g, respectively. MEL, CYA, AMN and 2,4,6-tris[bis(methoxymethyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazine (TBMMAT) were also detected in nap mats with median concentrations of 45.6, 19.8, 1510 and 2.5 ng/g, respectively. ΣMEL concentrations in mat covers (median 709 ng/g) were significantly higher than those in mat foam (median 15.1 ng/g). Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of MEL and its derivatives via dust ingestion were two orders of magnitude higher than the EDIs through dermal absorption, but both were below the established tolerable daily intake levels. This is the first report on exposure to MEL and its derivatives in the childcare environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guomao Zheng
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Brandon E Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, 177 South Russell Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Erika Schreder
- Toxic Free Future, 4649, Sunnyside Ave N., Suite 540, Seattle, WA, 98103, USA
| | - Amina Salamova
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Measurement of melamine migration from melamine-ware products by designed HPLC method and the effect of food-type on the level of migration. Interdiscip Toxicol 2019; 11:316-320. [PMID: 31762683 PMCID: PMC6853010 DOI: 10.2478/intox-2018-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Melamine-ware is widely used around the world. There is a public health concern as regards the safety of melamine when exposed to food. This study was carried out to measure the level of melamine migration in melamine-ware products by HPLC method and the effect of food-type on the level of melamine migration. In food control laboratories in Iran, there is no common method to measure and monitor melamine migration, hence a method using HPLC technique was adopted and validated to solve this problem. The validation results showed the reliability with 94.9% accuracy and 95.3% precision. Furthermore, the limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.145 and 0.435 μg/ml, which for a new method were within acceptable ranges. Melamine migrations from 4 most available melamine wares were measured. Distilled water, 3% acetic acid and 15% ethanol were used as food simulant at 30 °C for 90 min. Although melamine migration occurred in all samples and acidic conditions had a significant effect, the values were not higher than the European standard (30 μg/ml). The study revealed that the HPLC method was valid and could be applied and developed to measure melamine migration. However, precautions should be considered while choosing melamine-ware utensil as long-term exposure to this substance has a negative effect on health, especially on the kidneys.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhu H, Loganathan BG, Kannan K. Occurrence and Profiles of Melamine and Cyanuric Acid in Bovine Feed and Urine from China, India, and the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:7029-7035. [PMID: 31063362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Melamine and cyanuric acid have been reported to occur in animal products. Nevertheless, information that pertains to the occurrence of melamine and cyanuric acid in cattle feed and urine is lacking. In this study, the occurrence of melamine and its three derivatives (i.e., cyanuric acid, ammeline, and ammelide) was determined in 183 bovine urine and 29 matched feed samples collected from China, India, and the United States. ∑Melamine (sum of four target compounds) was found in all urine samples at concentrations that ranged from 4.2 to 5280 ng/mL (median: 370 ng/mL); cyanuric acid was the major derivative, accounting for 97% of the total concentrations, followed by melamine (2.2%). The ubiquitous occurrence of ∑Melamine in feed (21-6230 ng/g) suggests that it is the major source of melamine and its derivatives in bovines. Urinary concentrations of melamine and cyanuric acid varied significantly among the three countries, with samples from China as having the highest concentrations, followed by the United States and India. The calculated cumulative daily intakes of melamine and cyanuric acid were at least 10-fold below the current tolerable daily intake recommended for humans. Our study provides evidence-based data on exposure patterns and sources of melamine and cyanuric acid in cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Zhu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health , State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509 , Albany , New York 12201-0509 , United States
| | - Bommanna G Loganathan
- Department of Chemistry and Watershed Studies Institute , Murray State University , 1201 Jesse D. Jones Hall , Murray , Kentucky 42071-3300 , United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health , State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509 , Albany , New York 12201-0509 , United States
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li Z, Li Y, Li L, Wang T. Aquamarine blue emitting silver nanoparticles as fluorescent sensor for melamine detection. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 217:51-59. [PMID: 30927571 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Designing an exceptional probe to detect minute quantities of melamine is of huge importance for the safety and health of the human race. In this study, an aquamarine blue and rapid fluorescent sensor was devised by chemical reduction synthesis method for highly selective and sensitive detection of melamine in milk using polyethyleneimine protected silver nanoparticles (PEI-AgNPs). The optical properties of PEI-AgNPs were studied as a function of reactive material concentration, incubation time, temperature and pH. The formation of PEI-AgNPs was verified by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and found that the PEI-AgNPs were spherical in shape with an average diameter of 15 nm. The prepared PEI-AgNPs were aquamarine blue luminescent under UV light and show a maximum emission at 470 nm, when excited at 348 nm. The fluorescence of the PEI-AgNPs can be effectively quenched by the addition of melamine due to its ability to interact with citric acid (CA) through hydrogen bonding and form silver-melamine complexes with Ag+ via coordination bonds, while the addition of other nitro compounds induced feeble quenching of PEI-AgNPs, suggesting the high selectivity of PEI-AgNPs. The present sensor system exhibits a good linear response to melamine ranging from 0.16 to 56 μM, and the limit of detection was found to be 132 nM (Sb/K = 3). Significantly, the fluorescence sensor exhibited good selectivity and acted as a potential probe for detection of melamine in milk samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Li
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Normal University, Xinzhou 034000, PR China.
| | - Yang Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 201424, PR China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong 030619, PR China.
| | - Tianyun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Normal University, Xinzhou 034000, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Manav H, Gurbuz O, Cumbul D, Tokat I, Korkmaz E, Dagdelen A. Investigation of overall and melamine migration from melamine bowls. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1556/066.2019.48.2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H.M. Manav
- Department of Food Residues, National Food Reference Laboratory, Yenimahalle, 06170 Ankara, Turkey
| | - O. Gurbuz
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bursa Uludag, Gorukle Campus 16059, Bursa. Turkey
| | - D. Cumbul
- Department of Food Additives and Residues, Central Research Institute of Food and Feed Control, Hurriyet Street 126 Osmangazi, 16036 Bursa. Turkey
| | - I.E. Tokat
- Department of Food Additives and Residues, Central Research Institute of Food and Feed Control, Hurriyet Street 126 Osmangazi, 16036 Bursa. Turkey
| | - E. Korkmaz
- Department of Vegetal Products Packaging Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Food and Feed Control, Hurriyet Street: 126 Osmangazi, 16036 Bursa. Turkey
| | - A.F. Dagdelen
- Department of Food Engineering, Bursa Technical University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Architecture and Engineering, 16310 Yildirim. Bursa
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chang L, Lu Z, Li D, Zhang L, Wang Z, Du Q, Huang Y, Zhao X, Tong D. Melamine causes testicular toxicity by destroying blood-testis barrier in piglets. Toxicol Lett 2018; 296:114-124. [PMID: 30055240 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Melamine (MA) exposure causes male reproductive toxicity, however, the mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the roles of the blood-testis barrier (BTB) in MA-induced reproductive toxicity in piglets. Male weaned piglets were exposed to MA concentrations of 0, 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg in the diet for 10 weeks. They were euthanized on days 1, 7 and 14 after the final exposure. Body and organ weights, serum biochemistry and testosterone, gross and histopathological changes, and BTB ultrastructure and integrity were assessed. BTB junction protein expression levels and protein levels of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in testes were measured. We found that MA dose-dependently decreased serum testosterone levels and caused gross and histopathological lesions in the testis and epididymis. Marked BTB damage was evidenced by abnormal changes in BTB ultrastructure and increased BTB permeability. Furthermore, MA decreased the protein levels of ZO-1, occludin, N-cadherin, and connexin-43, paralleled by increased the protein levels of p-Erk, p-JNK and p-p38 in testes, suggesting that MA disrupted BTB by downregulating the expressions of BTB junction proteins, with possible involvement of the MAPK signaling pathway. In conclusion, MA exposure gives rise to testicular toxicity in male piglets through destroying BTB integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zheng Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Delong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Karthikraj R, Bollapragada R, Kannan K. Melamine and its derivatives in dog and cat urine: An exposure assessment study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 238:248-254. [PMID: 29567446 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Melamine is a nitrogen-containing organic compound that is used in a wide range of products, including paints, plastics, and paper, as a flame retardant. A few studies have reported the occurrence of melamine and its derivatives in pet food, following a number of deaths of cats and dogs from kidney failure in 2007, which was attributed to melamine contamination in ingredients used in pet food. Nevertheless, studies that report the occurrence of melamine and its derivatives in pet urine are scarce. In this study, we measured melamine and its derivatives (i.e., ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid) in dog (n = 30) and cat (n = 30) urine collected from Albany, New York, USA, during March through July 2017. The mean (±SD) concentrations of melamine, ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid in dog urine were 21.1 ± 51.2, 2.3 ± 3.8, 9.9 ± 1 0.4, and 79.0 ± 105 ng/mL, respectively; the corresponding concentrations in cats were 21.4 ± 26.1, 1.2 ± 2.5, 6.1 ± 3.9, and 105 ± 94.6 ng/mL, respectively. No significant difference was observed in urinary concentrations of melamine derivatives between cats and dogs. Age and gender were important determinants of the concentrations of the target chemicals in cats and dogs. Cumulative daily intake of melamine and its derivatives was calculated on the basis of urinary concentrations and was found to be 10-500-fold below the tolerable daily intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendiran Karthikraj
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, United States
| | - Rasya Bollapragada
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, United States; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Melamine, beyond the kidney: A ubiquitous endocrine disruptor and neurotoxicant? Toxicol Lett 2017; 280:181-189. [PMID: 28751210 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Melamine is commonly used in a variety of consumer products such as furniture, dining ware, and food utensils. The chemical infamously gained worldwide attention by its illegal addition to a variety of foodstuffs in order to falsify protein content, which led to serious, sometimes fatal, health impacts in children and pets. This resulted in a large amount of published primary studies and reviews of the impacts of melamine exposure on kidney function. However, a growing body of literature suggests that melamine may have impacts beyond renal dysfunction. We conducted a scoping review of this literature which yielded more than 40 studies with human, animal, and in vitro findings. Neurological impacts, reproductive function, and anthropometric outcomes were identified as possible candidates for systematic review based on evidence stream and replication of endpoints. The results of this analysis provide a basis for prioritizing future research on health impacts associated with melamine exposure.
Collapse
|
18
|
García Ibarra V, Rodríguez Bernaldo de Quirós A, Sendón R. Study of melamine and formaldehyde migration from melamine tableware. Eur Food Res Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-015-2623-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
19
|
Thomas C, Siong D, Pirnay S. Evaluation of the content--containing interaction in cosmetic products using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Int J Cosmet Sci 2014; 36:327-35. [PMID: 24749946 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Thomas
- EXPERTOX Agency and Laboratory, 14 rue Godefroy Cavaignac, 75011, Paris, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang S, Yu Z, Hu N, Sun Y, Suo Y, You J. Sensitive determination of melamine leached from tableware by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography using 10-methyl-acridone-2-sulfonyl chloride as a pre-column fluorescent labeling reagent. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
21
|
Chu CY, Wang CC. Toxicity of melamine: the public health concern. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2013; 31:342-386. [PMID: 24171438 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2013.844758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Melamine contamination in food has resulted in sickness and deaths of human infants, pets, and farm animals in the past decade. The majority of the victims suffered from acute kidney injury, nephrolithiasis, and urolithiasis. Since then, animal studies have revealed the possible target organs of the melamine toxicity and the extent of the adverse effects of the contaminant. State-of-the-art analytical methods have been developed to achieve the "zero tolerance" aim for such economically motivated adulteration. These studies provide in-depth understanding of the melamine toxicity and promising analytical methods, which can help us safeguard our dairy food source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Y Chu
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , New Territories , Hong Kong
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mattarozzi M, Milioli M, Cavalieri C, Bianchi F, Careri M. Rapid desorption electrospray ionization-high resolution mass spectrometry method for the analysis of melamine migration from melamine tableware. Talanta 2012; 101:453-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
23
|
Melamine causes apoptosis of rat kidney epithelial cell line (NRK-52e cells) via excessive intracellular ROS (reactive oxygen species) and the activation of p38 MAPK pathway. Cell Biol Int 2012; 36:383-9. [PMID: 22150157 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20110504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
There was an outbreak of urinary stones associated with consumption of melamine-tainted milk products in 2008 in China, leading to serious illness of many infants and even death. We have recently demonstrated that melamine causes oxidative damage on the NRK (normal rat kidney)-52e cells. The objective of this study was to explore the cellular signalling pathway that mediates the cell apoptosis induced by melamine in the NRK-52e cells. Fluorescence microscope showed that melamine enhanced intracellular ROS (reactive oxygen species) levels of the NRK-52e cells. AO/EB (acridine orange/ethidium bromide) staining and flow cytometry revealed that melamine increased apoptotic and necrotic percentages of the NRK-52e cells in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide] assays and flow cytometry displayed that SB203580, an inhibitor for p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway, increased the proliferation of the NRK-52e cells and reduced the apoptotic and necrotic percentages of the NRK-52e cells. Western blots further demonstrated that p38 phosphorylation was activated by melamine in the NRK-52e cells and inhibitor SB203580 blocked the increase of p38 phosphorylation induced by melamine. Together, these results suggested that melamine causes apoptosis of the NRK-52e cells via excessive intracellular ROS and the activation of p38 MAPK pathway. This study thus offers a novel insight into molecular mechanisms by which melamine has adverse cytotoxicity on renal tubular epithelial cells.
Collapse
|
24
|
Determination of Melamine and Related Derivatives by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1096.2011.01572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
25
|
Hsieh YT, Chen WT, Tomalová I, Preisler J, Chang HT. Detection of melamine in infant formula and grain powder by surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:1393-1398. [PMID: 22592982 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a method for the determination of melamine (MEL), ammeline (AMN), and ammelide (AMD) by surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS) using gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). The major peaks for MEL, AMN, and AMD at m/z 127.07, 128.05, and 129.04 are assigned to the [MEL + H](+), [AMN + H](+), and [AMD + H](+) ions. Because the three tested compounds adsorb weakly onto the surfaces of the Au NPs through Au-N bonding, they can be easily concentrated from complex samples by applying a simple trapping/centrifugation process. The SALDI-MS method provides limits of detection of 5, 10, and 300 nM for MEL, AMN, and AMD, respectively, at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The signal variation for 150-shot average spectra of the three analytes within the same spot was 15%, and the batch-to-batch variation was 20%. We have validated the practicality of this approach by the analysis of these three analytes in infant formula and grain powder. This simple and rapid SALDI-MS approach holds great potential for screening of MEL in foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cytoprotective effect of trolox against oxidative damage and apoptosis in the NRK-52e cells induced by melamine. Cell Biol Int 2012; 36:183-8. [PMID: 21939437 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20110036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of urinary stones associated with consumption of melamine-tainted milk products occurred in 2008 in China, leading to serious illness of many infants and even death. However, the toxicity of melamine in kidney epithelial cells remains unclear. We have explored the effects of melamine and trolox on renal NRK-52e (normal rat kidney 52e) cells. The IC(50) of melamine was measured by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide] assay. Total SOD (superoxide dismutase) was determined by NBT (Nitro Blue Tetrazolium) staining method. GSH-Px (glutathione peroxidase) activity was detected by UV colorimetric assay, and MDA (malondialdehyde) content was determined by thiobarbituric acid assay. Apoptosis induced by melamine was determined by flow cytometry. The IC(50) increased when NRK-52e cells were treated with both melamine and trolox compared with melamine only. SOD and GSH-Px activities were decreased, but MDA content was increased by melamine in a dose-dependent manner. Trolox significantly enhanced SOD and GSH-Px activity in melamine-treated NRK-52e cells, but it decreased their MDA content. LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) activity and the level of ROS (reactive oxygen species) of the NRK-52e cells were enhanced by melamine compared with the control. Furthermore, the apoptosis rate increased in NRK-52e cells treated with melamine, whereas trolox was protective. These results show that melamine has an obvious adverse effect on proliferation of NRK-52e cells, causing oxidative damage and apoptosis, thus providing a novel insight into renal cytotoxicology of melamine. Trolox ameliorates the effect on melamine toxicity.
Collapse
|
27
|
Huang HY, Lin CL, Jiang SH, Singco B, Cheng YJ. Capillary electrochromatography–mass spectrometry determination of melamine and related triazine by-products using poly(divinyl benzene-alkene-vinylbenzyl trimethylammonium chloride) monolithic stationary phases. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 719:96-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
28
|
Tian Y, Chen L, Gao L, Michel FC, Wan C, Li Y, Dick WA. Composting of waste paint sludge containing melamine resin as affected by nutrients and gypsum addition and microbial inoculation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 162:129-137. [PMID: 22243857 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Melamine formaldehyde resins have hard and durable properties and are found in many products, including automobile paints. These resins contain high concentrations of nitrogen and, if properly composted, can yield valuable products. We evaluated the effects of starter compost, nutrients, gypsum and microbial inoculation on composting of paint sludge containing melamine resin. A bench-scale composting experiment was conducted at 55 °C for 91 days and then at 30 °C for an additional 56 days. After 91 days, the composts were inoculated with a mixed population of melamine-degrading microorganisms. Melamine resin degradation after the entire 147 days of composting varied between 73 and 95% for the treatments with inoculation of microorganisms compared to 55-74% for the treatments without inoculation. Degradation was also enhanced by nutrients and gypsum additions. Our results infer that large scale composting of melamine resins in paint sludge is possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Tian
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ge J, Zhao LW, Liu C, Jiang S, Lee PW, Liu F. Rapid determination of melamine in soil and strawberry by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Food Control 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
30
|
Chik Z, Haron DM, Ahmad E, Taha H, Mustafa A. Analysis of melamine migration from melamine food contact articles. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:967-73. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.576401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Chik
- a Shimadzu-UMMC Centre for Xenobiotics Studies (SUCXeS), Department of Pharmacology , Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya , 50603 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - D.E. Mohamad Haron
- a Shimadzu-UMMC Centre for Xenobiotics Studies (SUCXeS), Department of Pharmacology , Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya , 50603 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - E.D. Ahmad
- a Shimadzu-UMMC Centre for Xenobiotics Studies (SUCXeS), Department of Pharmacology , Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya , 50603 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - H. Taha
- a Shimadzu-UMMC Centre for Xenobiotics Studies (SUCXeS), Department of Pharmacology , Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya , 50603 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - A.M. Mustafa
- a Shimadzu-UMMC Centre for Xenobiotics Studies (SUCXeS), Department of Pharmacology , Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya , 50603 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chien CY, Wu CF, Liu CC, Chen BH, Huang SP, Chou YH, Chang AW, Lee HH, Pan CH, Wu WJ, Shen JT, Chang MY, Huang CH, Shiea J, Hsieh TJ, Wu MT. High melamine migration in daily-use melamine-made tableware. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 188:350-356. [PMID: 21345588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.01.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Melamine is commonly used to manufacture tableware, and this could be one of the important exposure sources in humans. The study aims to measure melamine migrated from different material-made tableware by the most sensitive technique of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The test samples were filled with pre-warmed designated-temperature (from room temperature (∼20 °C), 30 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C, 80 °C, to 90 °C) simulant (either distilled water or 3% acetic acid) up to 20 ml and immersed in a water bath at that designated temperature for 15 or 30 minutes (min). High melamine migration levels, ranging from 6.97 to 19.03 μg/ml, can be measured from all melamine-made samples containing 20 ml 3% acetic acid in water bath of 90 °C for 30 min, whereas melamine cannot be detectable in all other material-made samples in the same condition. In addition, the cheaper the melamine-made tableware samples, the higher the melamine migration levels. The migration of melamine amount is dependent on different temperatures, contact times, simulant, and prices of tableware. Since tableware is used in daily life, it is prudent to cautiously select materials that contain foodstuffs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yi Chien
- Graduate Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Xu Q, Yin X, Wang M, Wang H, Zhang N, Shen Y, Xu S, Zhang L, Gu Z. Analysis of phthalate migration from plastic containers to packaged cooking oil and mineral water. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:11311-7. [PMID: 20949921 DOI: 10.1021/jf102821h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The migration of phthalates (PAEs), a class of typical environmental estrogen contaminants in food, from food packaging to packaged food attracts more and more attention worldwide. Many factors will affect the migration processes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate PAE migration from plastic containers to cooking oil and mineral water packed in authentic commercial packaging and stored under various conditions (different storage temperatures, contact times, and storage states (static or dynamic state)) and to identify a potential relationship between the amount and type of PAEs migrated and the lipophilic character of the food matrix. The samples were analyzed by a novel method of liquid chromatography combined with solid-phase extraction by an electrospun nylon 6 nanofibers mat, with PAE detection limits of 0.001 μg/L in mineral water and 0.020 μg/L in cooking oil, respectively. The results demonstrated that the cooking oil was a more suitable medium for the migration of PAEs from packages into foodstuffs than mineral water. Scilicet, the migration potential of the PAEs into foodstuffs, depends on the lipophilic characteristics of the food matrix. The results also demonstrated that migrations were more significant at higher temperature, longer contact time, and higher dynamic frequency; thus, the migration tests should be evaluated with consideration of different storage temperatures and contact times. Mathematical models with good logarithmic relationships were established to demonstrate the relationship between the PAE migration and food/packaging contact time for different storage temperatures. These established mathematical models would be expected to become a set of practical tools for the prediction of PAE migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
Determination of melamine and related triazine by-products ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 673:206-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
35
|
Gao CQ, Wu SG, Yue HY, Ji F, Zhang HJ, Liu QS, Fan ZY, Liu FZ, Qi GH. Toxicity of dietary melamine to laying ducks: biochemical and histopathological changes and residue in eggs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:5199-5205. [PMID: 20225895 DOI: 10.1021/jf904595q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Jinding laying ducks (n = 648) were subjected to one of six dietary treatments (0, 1, 5, 25, 50, or 100 mg of melamine/kg of diet) to investigate the toxicity of melamine and determine the melamine residue in eggs. Ducks were fed melamine-supplemented diets for 21 days followed by a 21 day withdrawal period. Dietary melamine had no adverse effects on laying performance. Renal lesions were correlated with increasing levels of dietary melamine. Melamine residue in eggs increased with dietary melamine during the first 21 days and reached the maximum content (1.35 mg/kg) in the 100 mg of melamine/kg of diet group. Melamine residue in eggs decreased rapidly during the withdrawal period. The depletion time for egg melamine residue increased with dietary melamine level. These results indicated that a dietary level of > or = 50 mg of melamine/kg of feed induces obvious renal injury. The residue level and withdrawal time for melamine clearance in eggs correlated with the dietary melamine level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Qi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bhat VS, Ball GL, McLellan CJ. Derivation of a melamine oral reference dose (RfD) and drinking-water total allowable concentration. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2010; 13:16-50. [PMID: 20336578 DOI: 10.1080/10937401003673784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Due to its high nitrogen content, melamine has been used to adulterate food to increase apparent protein content. In 2008, thousands of Chinese infants consumed reconstituted formula derived from melamine-adulterated milk. Urinary-tract stones (comprised of melamine and uric acid) accumulated in some victims and lead to acute renal failure or death. Premature infants and children (<2 yr) have an increased susceptibility to ingested melamine. Due to incomplete reporting, the human data were inadequate to identify a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for melamine-induced pediatric urolithiasis. Urolithiasis, urinary bladder cystitis, and ulcerations were observed in F344 rats after subchronic or chronic ingestion of melamine at > or =72 mg/kg-d. Bladder epithelial damage was followed by epithelial hyperplasia that progressed to bladder papillomas and carcinomas in male but not female F344 rats or male or female B6C3F1 mice. Short-term assays suggest, at best, weak genotoxic activity, and kinetic data show that melamine is not metabolized. Since reliable exposure information was lacking from the clinical reports, an oral reference dose (RfD) based on urolithiasis in male rats after 13 wk of continuous melamine ingestion was calculated as a 10% benchmark dose (38 mg/kg-d). Incorporation of 10-fold interspecies and intraspecies (for the increased susceptibility of infants) uncertainty factors and a threefold database uncertainty factor (for the lack of immunological, neurological and reproduction toxicity data) yields an oral RfD of 0.13 mg/kg-d. Assuming the 70-kg adult consumes 2 L of drinking water daily, a total allowable concentration of 0.9 mg/L (900 microg/L) was calculated for melamine in drinking water.
Collapse
|
37
|
Chen JS. What can we learn from the 2008 melamine crisis in China? BIOMEDICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES : BES 2009; 22:109-111. [PMID: 19618687 DOI: 10.1016/s0895-3988(09)60031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Shi Chen
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| |
Collapse
|