1
|
Andraweera PH, Gatford KL, Dekker GA, Leemaqz S, Jayasekara RW, Dissanayake VHW, McCowan L, Roberts CT. The INSR rs2059806 single nucleotide polymorphism, a genetic risk factor for vascular and metabolic disease, associates with pre-eclampsia. Reprod Biomed Online 2017; 34:392-398. [PMID: 28117222 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pre-eclampsia is a risk factor for later life vascular and metabolic diseases. This study postulates that this reflects a common genetic cause, and investigates whether the INSR rs2059806 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (a risk factor for essential hypertension, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome) is also associated with pre-eclampsia. The association of INSR rs2059806 with pre-eclampsia was tested in two cohorts - a Caucasian case control group (123 pre-eclamptic mother-father-baby trios and 1185 mother-father-baby trios from uncomplicated pregnancies) and an independent cohort of Sinhalese women (175 women with pre-eclampsia and 171 women with uncomplicated pregnancies). In the Caucasian cohort, the prevalence of the INSR rs2059806 AA genotype was greater among pre-eclamptic women compared with the uncomplicated pregnancies (12.7% versus 4.7%, OR[95%CI] = 3.1[1.6-5.8], P = 0.0003). In the Sinhalese cohort, maternal INSR rs2059806 AA genotype was greater among pre-eclamptic women who delivered small for gestational age infants compared with the uncomplicated pregnancies (10.8% versus 4.2%, OR[95%CI] = 2.8[1.0-7.4], P = 0.03). Thus, it was found that the INSR rs2059806 SNP is also associated with pre-eclampsia phenotypes in two independent cohorts suggesting that genetic susceptibility may be implicated in the link between pre-eclampsia and subsequent vascular and metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prabha H Andraweera
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Kathryn L Gatford
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Gustaaf A Dekker
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Women's and Children's Division, Lyell McEwin Hospital, Elizabeth Vale, Australia
| | - Shalem Leemaqz
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Rohan W Jayasekara
- Human Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Lesley McCowan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Claire T Roberts
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Andraweera PH, Gatford KL, Dekker GA, Leemaqz S, Russell D, Thompson SD, McCowan L, Roberts CT. Insulin family polymorphisms in pregnancies complicated by small for gestational age infants. Mol Hum Reprod 2015; 21:745-52. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gav031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
3
|
Ardon O, Procter M, Tvrdik T, Longo N, Mao R. Sequencing analysis of insulin receptor defects and detection of two novel mutations in INSR gene. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2014; 1:71-84. [PMID: 27896077 PMCID: PMC5121292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the insulin receptor gene cause the inherited insulin resistant syndromes Leprechaunism and Rabson–Mendenhall syndrome. These recessive conditions are characterized by intrauterine and post-natal growth restrictions, dysmorphic features, altered glucose homeostasis, and early demise. The insulin receptor gene (INSR) maps to the short arm of chromosome 19 and is composed of 22 exons. Here we optimize the conditions for sequencing this gene and report novel mutations in patients with severe insulin resistance. Methods PCR amplification of the 22 coding exons of the INSR gene was performed using M13-tailed primers. Bidirectional DNA sequencing was performed with BigDye Terminator chemistry and M13 primers and the product was analyzed on the ABI 3100 genetic analyzer. Data analysis was performed using Mutation Surveyor software comparing the sequence to a reference INSR sequence (Genbank NC_000019). Results We sequenced four patients with Leprechaunism or Rabson–Mendenhall syndromes as well as seven samples from normal individuals and confirmed previously identified mutations in the affected patients. Three of the four mutations identified in this group caused premature insertion of a stop codon. In addition, the INSR gene was sequenced in 14 clinical samples from patients with suspected insulin resistance and one novel mutation was found in an infant with a suspected diagnosis of Leprechaunism. Discussion Leprechaunism and Rabson–Mendenhall syndrome are very rare and difficult to diagnose. Diagnosis is currently based mostly on clinical criteria. Clinical availability of DNA sequencing can provide an objective way of confirming or excluding the diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Ardon
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - M Procter
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - T Tvrdik
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - N Longo
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - R Mao
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sarac F, Berdeli A, Sarac S, Savas S, Atan M, Akcicek F. Insulin receptor substrate gene polymorphisms are associated with metabolic syndrome but not with its components. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/jdm.2013.34033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
5
|
Singh RB, Gupta S, Dherange P, De Meester F, Wilczynska A, Alam SE, Pella D, Wilson DW. Metabolic syndrome: a brain disease. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2012; 90:1171-83. [PMID: 22913633 DOI: 10.1139/y2012-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent research indicates an association between brain dysfunction and the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. To investigate this, we created a Medline search (up to December 2011) of articles in PubMed. The results indicated that refined carbohydrates, saturated and total fat, high levels of ω-6 fatty acids, and low levels of ω-3 fatty acids and other long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), all in conjunction with sedentary behaviour and mental stress can predispose to inflammation. Increased sympathetic activity, with increased secretion of catecholamine, cortisol, and serotonin can cause oxidative stress, which may damage the arcuate nucleus as well as the hypothalamus and macrophages, and the liver may release pro-inflammatory cytokines. These, in conjunction with an underlying deficiency in long chain PUFA, may damage the arcuate nucleus as well as neuropeptide-Y and pro-opiomelanocortin neurons and insulin receptors in the brain, especially during fetal life, infancy, and childhood, resulting in their dysfunction. Of the fatty acids in the brain, 30%-50% are long chain PUFA, which are incorporated in the cell membrane phospholipids. Hence, ω-3 fatty acids, which are also known to enhance parasympathetic activity and increase the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 as well as acetylcholine in the hippocampus, may be protective. Therefore, treatment with ω-3 fatty acids may be applied for the prevention of metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ram B Singh
- The TsimTsoum Institute, Krakow, Silesia, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ranjzad F, Mahmoudi T, Irani Shemirani A, Mahban A, Nikzamir A, Vahedi M, Ashrafi M, Gourabi H. A common variant in the adiponectin gene and polycystic ovary syndrome risk. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:2313-9. [PMID: 21637951 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0981-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we explored whether polymorphisms in insulin receptor (INSR), adiponectin (ADIPOQ), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and vitamin D receptor (VDR) genes are associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). A total of 362 subjects, including 181 women with PCOS and 181 controls were enrolled in this case-control study. Two SNPs (rs2059806 and rs1799817) in the INSR gene, two SNPs (rs2241766 and rs1501299) in the ADIPOQ gene, one SNP (rs6256) in the PTH gene, and one SNP (rs757343) in the VDR gene were analyzed using PCR-RFLP method. We observed no significant difference in genotype and allele frequencies between the women with PCOS and controls for the rs2059806, rs1799817, rs1501299, rs6256, and rs757343 polymorphisms either before or after adjustment for confounding factors including age and BMI. However, the ADIPOQ rs2241766 "TT" genotype compared with "TG and GG" genotypes was associated with a 1.93-fold increased risk for PCOS (P = 0.006, OR = 1.93, 95% CI = 1.20-3.11), and the differences remained significant after adjustment for age and BMI (P = 0.039, OR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.03-2.86). Furthermore, the ADIPOQ rs2241766 "T" allele was significantly overrepresented in women with PCOS than controls (P = 0.006; OR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.18-2.70), and the difference remained significant after Bonferroni correction. Our findings suggest that the ADIPOQ rs2241766 "TT" genotype is a marker of increased PCOS susceptibility. This study also indicates for the first time that there are no significant association between INSR rs2059806, PTH rs6256, and VDR rs757343 gene polymorphisms and PCOS risk. However, these data remain to be confirmed in larger studies and in other populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Ranjzad
- Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pella D, Singh RB, Otsuka K, Chiang C, Joshi SR. Nutritional Predictors and Modulators of Insulin Resistance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/13590840410001695220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pella
- 1st Internal Clinic Faculty of Medicine, PJ Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Ram B. Singh
- Medical Hospital and Research Centre, Moradabad, Subharti Medical College, Moradabad, India
| | - Kuniaki Otsuka
- Department of Neurocardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shashank R. Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Grant Medical College & Sir JJ Group of Hospitals, Lilavati Hospital, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Singh RB, Tomlinson B, Thomas GN, Sharma R. Coronary Artery Disease and Coronary Risk Factors: The South Asian Paradox. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/13590840020030258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
9
|
Ramachandran V, Ismail P, Stanslas J, Shamsudin N. Analysis of renin-angiotensin aldosterone system gene polymorphisms in Malaysian essential hypertensive and type 2 diabetic subjects. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2009; 8:11. [PMID: 19243623 PMCID: PMC2656464 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-8-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) plays an important role in regulating the blood pressure and the genetic polymorphisms of RAAS genes has been extensively studied in relation to the cardiovascular diseases in various populations with conflicting results. The aim of this study was to determine the association of five genetic polymorphisms (A6G and A20C of angiotensinogen (AGT), MboI of renin, Gly460Trp of aldosterone synthase and Lys173Arg of adducin) of RAAS genes in Malaysian essential hypertensive and type 2 diabetic subjects. METHODS RAAS gene polymorphisms were determined using mutagenically separated PCR and PCR-RFLP method in a total of 270 subjects consisting of 70 hypertensive subjects without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 60 T2DM, 65 hypertensive subjects with T2DM and 75 control subjects. RESULTS There was significant difference found in age, body mass index, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose and high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels between the hypertensive subjects with or without T2DM and control subjects. No statistically significant differences between groups were found in the allele frequency and genotype distribution for A20C variant of AGT gene, MboI of renin, Gly460Trp of aldosterone and Lys173Arg of adducin (p > 0.05). However, the results for A6G of AGT gene revealed significant differences in allele and genotype frequencies in essential hypertension with or without T2DM (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Among the five polymorphisms of RAAS genes only A6G variant of AGT gene was significantly associated in Malaysian essential hypertensive and type 2 diabetic subjects. Therefore, A6G polymorphism of the AGT gene could be a potential genetic marker for increased susceptibility to essential hypertension with or without T2DMin Malaysian subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasudevan Ramachandran
- Genetic Research Group, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Klass DM, Lauer N, Hay B, Kratzer W, Fuchs M. Arg64 variant of the beta3-adrenergic receptor is associated with gallstone formation. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102:2482-7. [PMID: 17640319 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The beta3-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) is a transmembrane receptor highly expressed in adipose tissue and thought to be involved in the regulation of lipolysis. ADRB3 is also highly expressed in gallbladder tissue where it may be involved in gallbladder contraction. Because polymorphisms of ADRB3 are present in populations with a high prevalence of gallstones (e.g., Pima-Indians, obese subjects), we hypothesized that known polymorphisms for ADRB3 (Trp64Arg) may represent an independent risk factor for gallstone disease. METHODS The EMIL cross-sectional study investigated the health behavior and prevalence of chronic diseases in a small Southwestern German town of 12,475 inhabitants. From 3,893 randomly selected citizens 2,147 subjects were enrolled and screened for gallstones employing ultrasonography. Blood samples were drawn for biochemical analysis and isolation of genomic DNA. ADBR3 genotypes were determined by TaqMan SNP Assay. RESULTS We identified 171 (8%) gallstone carriers of whom 143 participated (46 male, 97 female), with a mean age of 51.4, and mean BMI of 29.3 kg/m2. For these subjects an age, gender and BMI matched partner without gallstones was recruited from the study population. Genotyping for ADRB3 revealed an Arg64 allele frequency of 5.9 versus 0.7% (HR = 11.9, P < 0.05) compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the ADRB3 Trp64Arg polymorphism is associated with gallstone disease thereby representing a genetic marker that identifies subjects at higher risk for gallstone formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar M Klass
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sarafidis PA, Bakris GL. Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertension: an epidemiologic approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 1:334-42; quiz 343. [PMID: 17679789 DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-4564.2006.05795.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
During the past 2 decades, numerous experimental studies have provided solid evidence for the existence of several mechanisms connecting insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia with blood pressure elevation, within the context of the cardiometabolic syndrome. In parallel, several groups have attempted to examine these associations from an epidemiologic perspective, but relevant findings were less consistent and not extensively discussed. Hyperinsulinemia has been associated with high blood pressure levels and hypertension development in cross-sectional, case-control, and prospective cohort studies. An association between insulin resistance and hypertension is also evident in existing studies, but prospective data on this relation are limited. Moreover, most of the evidence supporting close associations between these factors derives from Caucasian and Japanese populations, whereas data in other populations are not in agreement. This review summarizes and evaluates the relevant epidemiologic evidence to elucidate an important aspect of the relationship between hypertension and the cardiometabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pantelis A Sarafidis
- Hypertension/Clinical Research Center, Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kozan O, Oguz A, Abaci A, Erol C, Ongen Z, Temizhan A, Celik S. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among Turkish adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 61:548-53. [PMID: 17119546 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MS) in a sample representing Turkish population using United States Adult Treatment Panel-3 guidelines. DESIGN The study included random samples from both urban and rural populations in the seven geographical regions of Turkey. The population for this analysis were 2108 men (1372 in urban and 736 in rural areas) and 2151 women (1423 in urban and 728 in rural areas) with a mean age of 40.9+/-14.9 years (range 20-90). RESULTS The prevalence of the MS diagnosed using the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria was 33.9% (1442 of 4259) and differed significantly in men (28%) and women (39.6%). The prevalence of syndrome increased with age in men, from 10.7% in subjects aged 20-29 years to 49% in those aged over 70 years. The prevalence increased with age in women, from 9.6% in subjects aged 20-29 years to 74.6% in those aged 60-69 years, and decreased to 68.6% in those over 70 years of age. The prevalence of the syndrome was similar in urban (33.8%) and rural (33.9%) population. We found 26.8, 26.4, 19.3, 10.9 and 3.6% of the population had at least 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 components, respectively. We found 57.2, 32.3 and 10.6% of the subjects with MS had 3, 4 and 5 components, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of the MS in the adult Turkish population is very high, especially in women. Our findings have important implications for public health in Turkey.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Kozan
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Hypertension is a complex genetic disorder caused by interplay between several "risk" genes and environmental factors (genetic heritability approximately 30%). Most genetic studies of hypertension use a candidate gene approach and two conclusions have been made: there is no association or linkage with the genes studied, or the hypertension phenotype is heterogeneous and subgroups with hypertension related to certain polymorphisms cannot be identified because of background noise. Studies using intermediate phenotypes suggest the latter is most likely. Another problem is the reliability of gene structure assessment: usually only one or two gene polymorphisms are assessed. The use of intermediate phenotypes and dense mapping of candidate genes would provide a better approach for identifying genotype-phenotype correlations, which might enable the use of genotypes to identify more-specific therapeutic and preventative measures for hypertensives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Agarwal
- Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Anim-Nyame N, Sooranna SR, Jones J, Alaghband-Zadeh J, Steer PJ, Johnson MR. Insulin resistance and pre-eclampsia: a role for tumor necrosis factor-alpha? Gynecol Endocrinol 2004; 18:117-23. [PMID: 15255279 DOI: 10.1080/09513590410001667832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance occurs in pre-eclampsia, but the cause is unknown. Furthermore, it is uncertain whether women destined to develop pre-eclampsia have a pre-existing insulin resistance or whether it is acquired with the development of the disease. We carried out this study to test the hypotheses that the increase in insulin resistance associated with pre-eclampsia is related to higher levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and that the increase in insulin resistance precedes the clinical onset of the disease. Fasting plasma samples were obtained from ten women who subsequently developed pre-eclampsia and ten normal pregnant controls at 16, 20, 24, 28, 32 and 36 weeks' gestation to measure circulating levels of insulin, glucose and TNF-alpha. Fasting insulin resistance index (FIRI) was calculated from insulin and glucose concentrations. In the normal controls, fasting insulin and TNF-alpha levels, and FIRI increased with gestation, and these were significantly greater than baseline values from 24, 28 and 28 weeks, respectively. In the group of women who developed pre-eclampsia, plasma levels of insulin and the FIRI were significantly higher than baseline from 20 and 24 weeks, respectively, but both were significantly higher than in the control group at 32 and 36 weeks. The increase in TNF-alpha in the pre-eclampsia group was significantly greater than in normal pregnant controls (p < 0.001). However, there was no significant association between TNF-alpha levels and FIRI in either normal pregnancy or pregnancies developing pre-eclampsia. These data suggest that insulin resistance in pre-eclampsia precedes the clinical onset of the disease, but that it is not related to elevated levels of TNF-alpha.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Anim-Nyame
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College School of Science, Technology and Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sánchez-Corona J, Flores-Martínez SE, Machorro-Lazo MV, Galaviz-Hernández C, Morán-Moguel MC, Perea FJ, Mújica-López KI, Vargas-Ancona L, Laviada-Molina HA, Fernández V, Pardío J, Arroyo P, Barrera H, Hanson RL. Polymorphisms in candidate genes for type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Mexican population with metabolic syndrome findings. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2004; 63:47-55. [PMID: 14693412 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2003.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic or insulin resistance syndrome, characterized by hypertension, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia, may have genetic determinants. The insulin gene (INS), insulin receptor gene (INSR) and insulin receptor substrate 1 gene (IRS1) have been proposed as candidate genes. We examined eight polymorphisms in these genes in 163 individuals from Yucatan, Mexico; this population has a high prevalence of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. Subjects were evaluated for body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure. Blood samples were collected to determine glucose, insulin, triglycerides and cholesterol levels, as well as for DNA isolation. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in INS, INSR and IRS1 were identified by polymerase chain reaction and digestion with selected restriction enzymes. Among the eight polymorphisms analyzed, the PstI polymorphism in INS was significantly associated with hypertriglyceridemia and with the presence of at least one abnormality related to the metabolic syndrome (P=0.007 and 0.004, respectively). The MaeIII polymorphism in INS was associated with fasting hyperinsulinemia (P=0.045). In multilocus analyses including both INS polymorphisms, significant associations were seen with hypertriglyceridemia (P=0.006), hypercholesterolemia (P=0.031) and with presence of at least one metabolic abnormality (P=0.009). None of the polymorphisms in INSR or IRS1 was associated with any of these traits. These findings suggest that the insulin gene may be an important determinant of metabolic syndrome, and particularly of dyslipidemia, in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Sánchez-Corona
- División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, IMSS. Sierra Mojada 800, Col. Independencia, C.P. 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Coronary Artery Disease in Developing and Newly Industrialized Countries: A Scientific Statement of the International College of Cardiology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0455-9_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
17
|
Corry DB, Joolhar FS, Hori MT, Tuck ML. Decreased erythrocyte insulin binding in hypertensive subjects with hyperinsulinemia. Am J Hypertens 2002; 15:296-301. [PMID: 11991213 DOI: 10.1016/s0895-7061(01)02336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigates erythrocyte insulin receptor binding and affinity in subjects with hypertension and hyperinsulinemia. Insulin receptor-binding function has not been extensively studied in hypertensive subjects. METHODS Insulin receptor density, binding affinity, and protein tyrosine kinase activity were measured in erythrocytes from 18 hypertensive and 16 normotensive subjects. Insulin sensitivity was measured by the fasting plasma insulin/glucose ratio and the homeostatic assessment model algorithm (HOMA) index. Erythrocyte insulin binding was determined by a competitive binding assay and protein tyrosine kinase activity was measured by an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay technique. RESULTS Fasting plasma insulin/glucose ratio and the insulin resistance index (HOMA) were significantly higher in the hypertensive versus normotensive subjects. Receptor saturation of the high affinity binding sites (Bmax) was reduced in the hypertensive versus control subjects. The Kd values were lower in the erythrocytes from hypertensive than control subjects. Insulin-induced protein tyrosine kinase activity was decreased in erythrocytes from hypertensive versus control subjects. CONCLUSIONS A reduced erythrocyte insulin receptor density and tyrosine protein kinase activity may reflect insulin receptor dysfunction in hypertensive individuals who have insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. More information is needed examining insulin receptor function in other target tissues such as fat or skeletal muscle cells before defects in the insulin receptor can be firmly proposed as a cause of the metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalila B Corry
- Division of Endocrinology, Veterans Affairs, Greater Los Angeles, Health Care System, Sepulveda, California, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Ribeiro-Filho FF, Faria AN, Kohlmann O, Ajzen S, Ribeiro AB, Zanella MT, Ferreira SR. Ultrasonography for the evaluation of visceral fat and cardiovascular risk. Hypertension 2001; 38:713-7. [PMID: 11566963 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.38.3.713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Visceral fat accumulation is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Clinical evaluation of visceral fat is limited because of the lack of reliable and low-cost methods. To assess the correlation between ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT) for the evaluation of visceral fat, 101 obese women, age 50.5+/-7.7 years with a body mass index of 39.2+/-5.4 kg/m(2), were submitted to ultrasonograph and CT scans. Visceral fat measured by ultrasonography, 1 cm above the umbilical knot, showed a high correlation with CT-determined visceral fat (r=0.67, P<0.0001). The ultrasonograph method showed good reproducibility with an intra-observer variation coefficient of <2%. Both ultrasonograph and CT visceral fat values were correlated with fasting insulin (r=0.29 and r=0.27, P<0.01) and plasma glucose 2 hours after oral glucose load (r=0.22 and r=0.34, P<0.05), indicating that ultrasonography is a useful method to evaluate cardiovascular risk. A significant correlation was also found between visceral fat by CT and serum sodium (r=0.18, P<0.05). A ultrasonograph-determined visceral-to-subcutaneous fat ratio of 2.50 was established as a cutoff value to define patients with abdominal visceral obesity. This value also identified patients with higher levels of plasma glucose, serum insulin and triglycerides and lower levels of HDL-cholesterol, which are metabolic abnormalities characteristic of the metabolic syndrome. Our data demonstrate that ultrasonography is a precise and reliable method for evaluation of visceral fat and identification of patients with adverse metabolic profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F F Ribeiro-Filho
- Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pérusse L, Chagnon YC, Weisnagel SJ, Rankinen T, Snyder E, Sands J, Bouchard C. The human obesity gene map: the 2000 update. OBESITY RESEARCH 2001; 9:135-69. [PMID: 11316348 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2001.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This report constitutes the seventh update of the human obesity gene map incorporating published results up to the end of October 2000. Evidence from the rodent and human obesity cases caused by single-gene mutations, Mendelian disorders exhibiting obesity as a clinical feature, quantitative trait loci uncovered in human genome-wide scans and in cross-breeding experiments in various animal models, and association and linkage studies with candidate genes and other markers are reviewed. Forty-seven human cases of obesity caused by single-gene mutations in six different genes have been reported in the literature to date. Twenty-four Mendelian disorders exhibiting obesity as one of their clinical manifestations have now been mapped. The number of different quantitative trait loci reported from animal models currently reaches 115. Attempts to relate DNA sequence variation in specific genes to obesity phenotypes continue to grow, with 130 studies reporting positive associations with 48 candidate genes. Finally, 59 loci have been linked to obesity indicators in genomic scans and other linkage study designs. The obesity gene map reveals that putative loci affecting obesity-related phenotypes can be found on all chromosomes except chromosome Y. A total of 54 new loci have been added to the map in the past 12 months and the number of genes, markers, and chromosomal regions that have been associated or linked with human obesity phenotypes is now above 250. Likewise, the number of negative studies, which are only partially reviewed here, is also on the rise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Pérusse
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Thomas GN, Tomlinson B, Chan JC, Sanderson JE, Cockram CS, Critchley JA. Renin-angiotensin system gene polymorphisms, blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and diabetes in Hong Kong Chinese: a significant association of tne ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2001; 24:356-61. [PMID: 11213892 DOI: 10.2337/diacare.24.2.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In Chinese populations, hypertension is common and is a major risk factor for cerebrovascular and coronary heart disease, particularly when associated with diabetes. The clustering of these disorders and dyslipidemia and obesity is termed the metabolic syndrome and is increasing in prevalence in the populations of modernizing Asian nations. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) helps maintain blood pressure and salt homeostasis and may play a role in the pathogenesis of aspects of the metabolic syndrome. We investigated three RAS gene polymorphisms--the ACE insertion/deletion (I/D), angiotensinogen (AGT) M235T, and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) A1166C polymorphisms--for a possible role in modulating these disorders in 853 Chinese subjects with varying components of the metabolic syndrome. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The three gene polymorphisms of this cross-sectional study were detected using polymerase chain reaction-based protocols. The genotype frequencies were compared between the controls (n = 119) and both overlapping and nonoverlapping groups of patients with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia using chi2 test. Differences in levels of the biochemical parameters between the genotypes were determined using analysis of variance. RESULTS No significant relationship was identified between these polymorphisms and blood pressure in this population. Although the AT1RA1166C polymorphism was not associated with any aspect of the metabolic syndrome examined, there was limited evidence to suggest that the AGT M235T polymorphism may be associated with cholesterol levels. The ACE I allele was significantly more frequent in each group comprising subjects with type 2 diabetes/glucose intolerance (GIT), and the I allele was associated with higher fasting plasma glucose levels. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that these polymorphisms are unlikely to be involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The ACE I/D polymorphism was associated with the metabolic syndrome, having a higher frequency of I allele-containing genotypes in those groups, but this appeared to result predominantly from the relationship with type 2 diabetes/GIT in this population of Chinese subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G N Thomas
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|