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Emam SM, Rayes SME, Ali IAI, Soliman HA, Nafie MS. Synthesis of phthalazine-based derivatives as selective anti-breast cancer agents through EGFR-mediated apoptosis: in vitro and in silico studies. BMC Chem 2023; 17:90. [PMID: 37501139 PMCID: PMC10375784 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-00995-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The parent 2-(4-benzyl-1-oxophthalazin-2(1H)-yl)-acetohydrazide (4) has twenty-nine compounds. The starting material for their corresponding mono, dipeptides and reactions with active methylene compounds were produced by chemoselective N-alkylation of 4-Benzyl-2H-phthalazin-1-one (2) with ethyl chloroacetate to afford (4-benzyl-1-oxo-1H-phthalazin-2-yl) methyl acetate (3). The ester 3 was hydrazinolyzed to give hydrazide 4, then azide 5 coupled with amino acid ester hydrochloride and/or amines to produce several monopeptides, then the methyl (2-(4-benzyl-1-oxophthalazin-2(1H)-yl) acetyl) glycinate (7a) was hydrazinolyzed to produce corresponding hydrazide 2-(4-benzyl-1-oxophthalazin-2(1H)-yl)-N-(2-hydrazineyl-2-oxo ethyl) acetamide (8a). The hydrazide 8a under azide coupling method was coupled with amino acid ester hydrochloride and/or amines to produce several dipeptides, and the hydrazide 8a was also condensed and/or cyclized with several carbonyl compounds. The cytotoxicity of the synthesized compounds was tested using MTT assay, as well as apoptosis-induction through EGFR inhibition. Compounds 11d, 12c and 12d exhibited potent cytotoxic activities with IC50 values of 0.92, 1.89 and 0.57 μM against MDA-MB-231 cells compared to Erlotinib (IC50 = 1.02 μM). Interestingly compound 12d exhibited promising potent EGFR inhibition with an IC50 value 21.4 nM compared to Erlotinib (IC50 = 80 nM). For apoptosis, compound 12d induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells by 64.4-fold (42.5% compared to 0.66 for the control); hence, this compound may serve as a potential target-oriented anti-breast cancer agent. These results agreed with the molecular docking studies that highlighted the binding disposition of compound 12d towards EGFR protein. Hence, compound 12d may serve as a potential and selective anti-breast cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Emam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Samir M El Rayes
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
| | - Ibrahim A I Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Hamdy A Soliman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Nafie
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
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2
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Luethy D, Frimberger AE, Bedenice D, Byrne BS, Groover ES, Gardner RB, Lewis T, MacDonald VS, Proctor-Brown L, Tomlinson JE, Rassnick KM, Johnson AL. Retrospective evaluation of clinical outcome after chemotherapy for lymphoma in 15 equids (1991-2017). J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:953-960. [PMID: 30636061 PMCID: PMC6430950 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prognosis associated with lymphoma in horses is poorly characterized, and treatment is often palliative. Long-term outcome after chemotherapy for horses with lymphoma is not well documented. OBJECTIVE To report long-term outcome of horses with lymphoma treated with chemotherapy. ANIMALS Fifteen equids. METHODS Retrospective case series. Medical record search and call for cases on the ACVIM listserv for horses treated with chemotherapy for lymphoma. RESULTS Fifteen cases with adequate data were identified. Complete remission was achieved in 5 horses (33.3%), partial response was achieved in 9 equids (60%), and stable disease was achieved in 1 horse. Overall response rate was 93.3% (14/15). Overall median survival time was 8 months (range, 1-46 months). Nine horses experienced a total of 14 adverse effects attributable to chemotherapy. Adverse effects were graded according to the Veterinary Cooperative Oncology Group common terminology criteria for adverse events grading system (grade 1 alopecia, n = 2; grade 1 neutropenia, n = 2; grade 1 lymphopenia, n = 3; grade 1 lethargy, n = 1; grade 2 neurotoxicity, n = 1; grade 2 colic, n = 1; grade 1 hypersensitivity, n = 1; grade 2 hypersensitivity, n = 2; grade 5 hypersensitivity, n = 1). Higher grade adverse effects most commonly were associated with doxorubicin administration (n = 4), including 1 horse that died 18 hours post-administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Chemotherapy can be used successfully for treatment of horses with lymphoma. Adverse effects, most commonly mild, occurred in approximately two-thirds of treated horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Luethy
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Daniela Bedenice
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Barbara S Byrne
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Erin S Groover
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama
| | | | | | - Valerie S MacDonald
- University of Saskatchewan Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Lauren Proctor-Brown
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York
| | - Joy E Tomlinson
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York
| | | | - Amy L Johnson
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania
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3
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El-Rayes S, M. S. G, A. A, Fathalla W, Ali IAI. Synthesis and antiproliferative assay of triazolyl-2,2-dimethyl-3-phenylpropanoates as potential HDAC inhibitors. RSC Adv 2019; 9:13896-13907. [PMID: 35519591 PMCID: PMC9064006 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra01277j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition has gained great importance in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir El-Rayes
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Suez Canal University
- Ismailia
- Egypt
| | - Gomaa M. S.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Clinical Pharmacy
- Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
- Dammam 31441
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abouelmagd A.
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Suez Canal University
- Ismailia
- Egypt
| | - Walid Fathalla
- Department of Physics and Math
- Faculty of Engineering
- Port-Said University
- Port-Said
- Egypt
| | - Ibrahim. A. I. Ali
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Suez Canal University
- Ismailia
- Egypt
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4
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Li J, Zhang B, Yue C, Wu J, Zhao L, Sun D, Wang R. Strategies to release doxorubicin from doxorubicin delivery vehicles. J Drug Target 2017; 26:9-26. [PMID: 28805085 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2017.1363209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Chunwen Yue
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Lanxia Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Deqing Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Rongmei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
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5
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Mohamed MF, Shaykoon MS, Abdelrahman MH, Elsadek BE, Aboraia AS, Abuo-Rahma GEDA. Design, synthesis, docking studies and biological evaluation of novel chalcone derivatives as potential histone deacetylase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2017; 72:32-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Preclinical Evaluation of an Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Targeted Doxorubicin-Peptide Conjugate: Toxicity, Biodistribution, and Efficacy in Mice. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:639-649. [PMID: 26869425 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is known to induce apoptosis and necrosis in healthy tissue resulting in unwanted toxicities. To improve the ability of DOX to more specifically target tumors and minimize undesirable side effects, conjugation of DOX with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)--binding peptide (DOX-EBP) has been developed to deliver DOX to EGFR-overexpressing neoplastic cells. Here, we investigated whether DOX-EBP was able to reduce toxicity and enhance anticancer efficacy in vivo through receptor-mediated targeted delivery system. Nude mice were treated with DOX or DOX-EBP to estimate general toxicity, normal tissue damage, biodistribution, and antitumor efficacy. In addition, the expression levels of EGFR in tumor tissues and normal organs were investigated by Western blotting, and their mRNA expression was analyzed by reverse transcription PCR. This study demonstrated that DOX-EBP was able to effectively decrease the distribution of DOX in normal tissues without EGFR overexpressing and reduce DOX-induced toxicity. On the other hand, the research also confirmed that DOX-EBP was able to preferentially accumulate DOX in EGFR-overexpressing tumor tissues and showed the enhanced anticancer efficacy over free DOX. DOX-EBP could be used for receptor-targeted chemotherapy with less toxicity and greater efficacy of tumor cells overexpressing EGFR. DOX-EBP conjugate is a good therapeutic agent for cancer treatment.
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7
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Kratz F, Ehling G, Kauffmann HM, Unger C. Acute and repeat-dose toxicity studies of the (6-maleimidocaproyl)hydrazone derivative of doxorubicin (DOXO-EMCH), an albumin-binding prodrug of the anticancer agent doxorubicin. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 26:19-35. [PMID: 17334177 DOI: 10.1177/0960327107073825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The (6-maleimidocaproyl)hydrazone derivative of doxorubicin (DOXO-EMCH) is an albumin-binding prodrug of doxorubicin with acid-sensitive properties that demonstrates superior antitumor efficacy in murine tumor models, and has been evaluated in a phase I study. In order to establish the toxicity profile of this prodrug, acute and repeat-dose toxicity studies were performed with DOXO-EMCH in CD1-mice, Sprague-Dawley rats and Beagle dogs. Although the objective of the acute toxicity studies was not the determination of LD50 values, the LD50 of DOXO-EMCH was >60mg/kg doxorubicin equivalents in both male and female mice (the LD50 of doxorubicin in CD-1 mice is ~12 mg/kg). In Sprague-Dawley rats, the LD50 was 23.4 and 45.9 mg/kg doxorubicin equivalents for males and females, respectively. For comparison, the LD50 of doxorubicin in Sprague-Dawley rats is ~10.5 mg/kg. The major clinical sign noted following intravenous administration of DOXOEMCH in mice and rats was a dose-dependent peripheral neuropathy which, in general, developed as a delayed toxicity 1-3 weeks after application. The observed neurotoxicity has been well documented for Sprague-Dawley rats treated with doxorubicin at a dose of 5 and 10 mg/kg. In Beagle dogs, LD10 was not reached for DOXO-EMCH at 4.5 mg/kg doxorubicin equivalents. A four-cycle intravenous study with DOXO-EMCH at dose levels of 4×2.5, 5.0 or 7.5 mg/kg doxorubicin equivalents in rats revealed approximately three-fold less side effects on the hemolymphoreticular system when compared to 4×2.5 mg/kg doxorubicin dose, whereas effects on the testes/oligospermia seem to be comparable between both drugs at equitoxic dose. A No Observable Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for DOXO-EMCH of 4×2.5 mg/kg doxorubicin equivalents was established in this study. This dose is equivalent to the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of doxorubicin in rats. In a two-cycle study over a period of 6 weeks in Beagle dogs (intravenous administration of DOXO-EMCH at dose levels of 1.5, 3.0 or 4.5 mg/kg doxorubicin equivalents), dose-related systemic histamine-like reactions within the first 3 hours after injection were noted in all treated groups. Only transient and temporary effects on hematology, urinary function, as well as on histopathology in mid- and/or high-dose animals, were observed. The low dose of 2×1.5 mg/kg was considered to be the NOAEL in this study, which is equivalent to twice the MTD of doxorubicin in Beagle dogs. In summary, the toxicity studies with DOXO-EMCH in mice, rats or dogs have not identified any other special toxicity when compared to the toxicity data for doxorubicin. Preclinical tolerance of DOXO-EMCH was higher in mice, rats and dogs compared to doxorubicin. A dose of 20 mg/m2 doxorubicin equivalents was recommended as the starting dose for a phase I study with DOXO-EMCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kratz
- Tumor Biology Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Clinical Research, Breisacher Strasse 117, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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8
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Théon AP, Pusterla N, Magdesian KG, Wilson WD. Phase I dose escalation of doxorubicin chemotherapy in tumor-bearing equidae. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:1209-17. [PMID: 23889748 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no information on the use of doxorubicin in horses with tumors. OBJECTIVE To determine dose-limiting toxicosis (DLT) and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of doxorubicin in tumor-bearing horses. ANIMALS Seventeen horses with 34 localized or multicentric advanced tumors. METHODS Two-stage dose-ranging design involving intrapatient and interpatient dose escalation. Treatment protocol included 6 treatment cycles given at 3-week intervals with dosages ranging from 40 to 85 mg/m(2). Clinical signs, hematologic, and nonhematologic changes were evaluated. RESULTS Total doses ranged from 1,127 to 2,900 mg in 12 horses that completed the assigned treatment protocols. The MTD was 75 mg/m(2). Hypersensitivity reactions and neutropenia were dose limiting. Hypersensitivity was dose-dependent but schedule invariant. Neutropenia was dose- and cycle-dependent but dose-escalation schedule invariant. Cardiotoxicity was not observed. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The recommended dosage of doxorubicin to treat horses is 70 mg/m(2) given at 3-week intervals as single agent. Adjunctive treatment with antihistamines and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is recommended to control hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Théon
- Departments of Surgery and Radiology, University of California, Davis, CA
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9
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ZHONG YANJUN, LIU SHAOPING, FIRESTONE RAYMONDA, HONG YAPING, LI YAN. Anticancer effects of Ac-Phe-Lys-PABC-doxorubicin via mitochondria-centered apoptosis involving reactive oxidative stress and the ERK1/2 signaling pathway in MGC-803 cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:1681-6. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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10
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Zhong YJ, Shao LH, Li Y. Cathepsin B-cleavable doxorubicin prodrugs for targeted cancer therapy (Review). Int J Oncol 2012; 42:373-83. [PMID: 23291656 PMCID: PMC3583876 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is one of the most effective cytotoxic anticancer drugs used for the treatment of hematological malignancies, as well as a broad range of solid tumors. However, the clinical applications of this drug have long been limited due to its severe dose-dependent toxicities. Therefore, DOX derivatives and analogs have been developed to address this issue. A type of DOX prodrug, cleaved by cathepsin B (Cat B), which is highly upregulated in malignant tumors and premalignant lesions, has been developed to achieve a higher DOX concentration in tumor tissue and a lower concentration in normal tissue, so as to enhance the efficacy and reduce toxicity to normal cells. In this review, we focused on Cat B-cleavable DOX prodrugs and discussed the efficacy of these prodrugs, demonstrated by preclinical and clinical developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jun Zhong
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
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Sanchez E, Li M, Wang C, Nichols CM, Li J, Chen H, Berenson JR. Anti-Myeloma Effects of the Novel Anthracycline Derivative INNO-206. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:3856-67. [PMID: 22619306 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-3130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Sanchez
- Institute for Myeloma & Bone Cancer Research, West Hollywood, CA 90069, USA
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12
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Abu Ajaj K, Graeser R, Fichtner I, Kratz F. In vitro and in vivo study of an albumin-binding prodrug of doxorubicin that is cleaved by cathepsin B. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2009; 64:413-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-009-0942-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Aranciamycin analogs generated by combinatorial biosynthesis show improved antitumor activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 80:15-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1515-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kren V, Rezanka T. Sweet antibiotics - the role of glycosidic residues in antibiotic and antitumor activity and their randomization. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2008; 32:858-89. [PMID: 18647177 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of antibiotics are glycosides. In numerous cases the glycosidic residues are crucial to their activity; sometimes, glycosylation only improves their pharmacokinetic parameters. Recent developments in molecular glycobiology have improved our understanding of aglycone vs. glycoside activities and made it possible to develop new, more active or more effective glycodrugs based on these findings - a very illustrative recent example is vancomycin. The majority of attention has been devoted to glycosidic antibiotics including their past, present, and probably future position in antimicrobial therapy. The role of the glycosidic residue in the biological activity of glycosidic antibiotics, and the attendant targeting and antibiotic selectivity mediated by glycone and aglycone in antibiotics some antitumor agents is discussed here in detail. Chemical and enzymatic modifications of aglycones in antibiotics, including their synthesis, are demonstrated on various examples, with particular emphasis on the role of specific and mutant glycosyltransferases and glycorandomization in the preparation of these compounds. The last section of this review describes and explains the interactions of the glycone moiety of the antibiotics with DNA and especially the design and structure-activity relationship of glycosidic antibiotics, including their classification based on their aglycone and glycosidic moiety. The new enzymatic methodology 'glycorandomization' enabled the preparation of glycoside libraries and opened up new ways to prepare optimized or entirely novel glycoside antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Kren
- Centre of Biocatalysis and Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Unger C, Häring B, Medinger M, Drevs J, Steinbild S, Kratz F, Mross K. Phase I and Pharmacokinetic Study of the (6-Maleimidocaproyl)Hydrazone Derivative of Doxorubicin. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:4858-66. [PMID: 17699865 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-2776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The (6-maleimidocaproyl)hydrazone derivative of doxorubicin (DOXO-EMCH) is an albumin-binding prodrug of doxorubicin with acid-sensitive properties that shows superior antitumor efficacy in murine tumor models and a favorable toxicity profile in mice, rats, and dogs compared with doxorubicin. The purpose of the phase I study was to characterize the toxicity profile of DOXO-EMCH, establish a recommended dose for phase II studies, and assess potential anticancer activity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A starting dose of 20 mg/m2 doxorubicin equivalents was chosen. Forty-one patients with advanced cancer disease were treated with an i.v. infusion of DOXO-EMCH once every 3 weeks at a dose level of 20 to 340 mg/m2 doxorubicin equivalents. RESULTS Treatment with DOXO-EMCH was well tolerated up to 200 mg/m2 without manifestation of drug-related side effects. Myelosuppression (grade 1-2) and mucositis (grade 1-2) were the predominant adverse effects at dose levels of 260 mg/m2 and myelosuppression (grade 1-3) as well as mucositis (grade 1-3) were dose limiting at 340 mg/m2. No cardiac toxicity was observed. Of 30 of 41 evaluable patients, 12 patients (40%) had progressive disease, 15 patients (57%) had stable disease, and 3 patients (10%) had a partial remission. CONCLUSIONS DOXO-EMCH showed a good safety profile and was able to induce tumor regressions in tumor types known to be anthracycline-sensitive tumors, such as breast cancer, small cell lung cancer, and sarcoma. The recommended doxorubicin equivalent dose for phase II studies is 260 mg/m2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Unger
- Department Medical Oncology, Tumor Biology Center, Freiburg, Germany.
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Kratz F. DOXO-EMCH (INNO-206): the first albumin-binding prodrug of doxorubicin to enter clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 16:855-66. [PMID: 17501697 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.16.6.855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The (6-maleimidocaproyl)hydrazone derivative of doxorubicin (DOXO-EMCH) is an albumin-binding prodrug of doxorubicin with acid-sensitive properties that demonstrates superior antitumor efficacy in murine tumor models and a favorable toxicity profile in mice, rats and dogs, including significantly reduced cardiotoxicity. After intravenous administration, DOXO-EMCH binds rapidly to the Cys-34 position of circulating albumin and accumulates in solid tumors due to passive targeting. In a clinical Phase I study, the dose of doxorubicin could be increased by a factor of 4.5-340 mg/m(2) when 75 mg/m(2) of free doxorubicin is considered to be the dose that can be administered as a single agent concomitant with the typical spectrum of side effects (i.e., myelotoxicity and mucositis). DOXO-EMCH was able to induce tumor regressions in anthracycline-sensitive tumors (i.e., breast cancer, small cell lung cancer and sarcoma). Phase II studies will be initiated at the beginning of 2007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Kratz
- Macromolecular Prodrugs, Tumor Biology Center, Freiburg, Germany.
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Luzhetskyy A, Mayer A, Hoffmann J, Pelzer S, Holzenkämper M, Schmitt B, Wohlert SE, Vente A, Bechthold A. Cloning and Heterologous Expression of the Aranciamycin Biosynthetic Gene Cluster Revealed a New Flexible Glycosyltransferase. Chembiochem 2007; 8:599-602. [PMID: 17357167 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Luzhetskyy
- Albert-Lüdwigs Universität, Institüt für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 19, 79104, Freibrug, Germany
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