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Sheikh A, Hussain SA, Ghori Q, Naeem N, Fazil A, Giri S, Sathian B, Mainali P, Al Tamimi DM. The spectrum of genetic mutations in breast cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:2177-85. [PMID: 25824734 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.6.2177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women around the world. About one in 12 women in the West develop breast cancer at some point in life. It is estimated that 5%-10% of all breast cancer cases in women are linked to hereditary susceptibility due to mutations in autosomal dominant genes. The two key players associated with high breast cancer risk are mutations in BRCA 1 and BRCA 2. Another highly important mutation can occur in TP53 resulting in a triple negative breast cancer. However, the great majority of breast cancer cases are not related to a mutated gene of high penetrance, but to genes of low penetrance such as CHEK2, CDH1, NBS1, RAD50, BRIP1 and PALB2, which are frequently mutated in the general population. In this review, we discuss the entire spectrum of mutations which are associated with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asfandyar Sheikh
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan E-mail :
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Ali AM, Singh TR, Meetei AR. FANCM-FAAP24 and FANCJ: FA proteins that metabolize DNA. Mutat Res 2009; 668:20-26. [PMID: 19379763 PMCID: PMC2714411 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare autosomal recessive or X-linked disorder characterized by aplastic anemia, cancer susceptibility and cellular sensitivity to DNA-crosslinking agents. Eight FA proteins (FANCA, -B, -C, -E, -F, -G, -L and -M) and three non-FA proteins (FAAP100, FAAP24 and HES1) form the FA nuclear core complex that is required for monoubiquitination of the FANCD2-FANCI dimer upon DNA damage. The other three FA proteins, FANCD1/BRCA2, FANCJ/BACH1/BRIP1 and FANCN/PALB2, act in parallel or downstream of the FANCD2-FANCI dimer. Despite the isolation and characterization of several FA proteins, the mechanism by which these proteins protect cells from DNA interstrand crosslinking agents has been unclear. This is because a majority of the FA proteins lack any recognizable functional domains that can provide insight into their function. The recently discovered FANCM (Hef) and FANCJ (BRIP1/BACH1) proteins contain helicase domains, providing potential insight into the role of FA proteins in DNA repair. FANCM with its partner, FAAP24, and FANCJ bind and metabolize a variety of DNA substrates. In this review, we focus on the discovery, structure, and function of the FANCM-FAAP24 and FANCJ proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Mahmood Ali
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Thiyam Ramsing Singh
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Amom Ruhikanta Meetei
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
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Thompson LH, Hinz JM. Cellular and molecular consequences of defective Fanconi anemia proteins in replication-coupled DNA repair: mechanistic insights. Mutat Res 2009; 668:54-72. [PMID: 19622404 PMCID: PMC2714807 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Fanconi anemia (FA) molecular network consists of 15 "FANC" proteins, of which 13 are associated with mutations in patients with this cancer-prone chromosome instability disorder. Whereas historically the common phenotype associated with FA mutations is marked sensitivity to DNA interstrand crosslinking agents, the literature supports a more global role for FANC proteins in coping with diverse stresses encountered by replicative polymerases. We have attempted to reconcile and integrate numerous observations into a model in which FANC proteins coordinate the following physiological events during DNA crosslink repair: (a) activating a FANCM-ATR-dependent S-phase checkpoint, (b) mediating enzymatic replication-fork breakage and crosslink unhooking, (c) filling the resulting gap by translesion synthesis (TLS) by error-prone polymerase(s), and (d) restoring the resulting one-ended double-strand break by homologous recombination repair (HRR). The FANC core subcomplex (FANCA, B, C, E, F, G, L, FAAP100) promotes TLS for both crosslink and non-crosslink damage such as spontaneous oxidative base damage, UV-C photoproducts, and alkylated bases. TLS likely helps prevent stalled replication forks from breaking, thereby maintaining chromosome continuity. Diverse DNA damages and replication inhibitors result in monoubiquitination of the FANCD2-FANCI complex by the FANCL ubiquitin ligase activity of the core subcomplex upon its recruitment to chromatin by the FANCM-FAAP24 heterodimeric translocase. We speculate that this translocase activity acts as the primary damage sensor and helps remodel blocked replication forks to facilitate checkpoint activation and repair. Monoubiquitination of FANCD2-FANCI is needed for promoting HRR, in which the FANCD1/BRCA2 and FANCN/PALB2 proteins act at an early step. We conclude that the core subcomplex is required for both TLS and HRR occurring separately for non-crosslink damages and for both events during crosslink repair. The FANCJ/BRIP1/BACH1 helicase functions in association with BRCA1 and may remove structural barriers to replication, such as guanine quadruplex structures, and/or assist in crosslink unhooking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry H Thompson
- Biology and Biotechnology Division, L452, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551-0808, United States.
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Kumaraswamy E, Shiekhattar R. Activation of BRCA1/BRCA2-associated helicase BACH1 is required for timely progression through S phase. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:6733-41. [PMID: 17664283 PMCID: PMC2099226 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00961-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACH1 (also known as FANCJ and BRIP1) is a DNA helicase that directly interacts with the C-terminal BRCT repeat of the breast cancer susceptibility protein BRCA1. Previous biochemical and functional analyses have suggested a role for the BACH1 homolog in Caenorhabditis elegans during DNA replication. Here, we report the association of BACH1 with a distinct BRCA1/BRCA2-containing complex during the S phase of the cell cycle. Depletion of BACH1 or BRCA1 using small interfering RNAs results in delayed entry into the S phase of the cell cycle. Such timely progression through S phase requires the helicase activity of BACH1. Importantly, cells expressing a dominant negative mutation in BACH1 that results in a defective helicase displayed increased activation of DNA damage checkpoints and genomic instability. BACH1 helicase is silenced during the G(1) phase of the cell cycle and is activated through a dephosphorylation event as cells enter S phase. These results point to a critical role for BACH1 helicase activity not only in the timely progression through the S phase but also in maintaining genomic stability.
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Sharma S, Doherty K, Brosh R. Mechanisms of RecQ helicases in pathways of DNA metabolism and maintenance of genomic stability. Biochem J 2006; 398:319-37. [PMID: 16925525 PMCID: PMC1559444 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Helicases are molecular motor proteins that couple the hydrolysis of NTP to nucleic acid unwinding. The growing number of DNA helicases implicated in human disease suggests that their vital specialized roles in cellular pathways are important for the maintenance of genome stability. In particular, mutations in genes of the RecQ family of DNA helicases result in chromosomal instability diseases of premature aging and/or cancer predisposition. We will discuss the mechanisms of RecQ helicases in pathways of DNA metabolism. A review of RecQ helicases from bacteria to human reveals their importance in genomic stability by their participation with other proteins to resolve DNA replication and recombination intermediates. In the light of their known catalytic activities and protein interactions, proposed models for RecQ function will be summarized with an emphasis on how this distinct class of enzymes functions in chromosomal stability maintenance and prevention of human disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Sharma
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, U.S.A
| | - Kevin M. Doherty
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, U.S.A
| | - Robert M. Brosh
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Botuyan MVE, Nominé Y, Yu X, Juranic N, Macura S, Chen J, Mer G. Structural basis of BACH1 phosphopeptide recognition by BRCA1 tandem BRCT domains. Structure 2005; 12:1137-46. [PMID: 15242590 PMCID: PMC3652423 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2004.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2004] [Revised: 06/05/2004] [Accepted: 06/08/2004] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BRCT tandem domains, found in many proteins involved in DNA damage checkpoint and DNA repair pathways, were recently shown to be phosphopeptide binding motifs. Using solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mutational analysis, we have characterized the interaction of BRCA1-BRCT domains with a phosphoserine-containing peptide derived from the DNA repair helicase BACH1. We show that a phenylalanine in the +3 position from the phosphoserine of BACH1 is bound to a conserved hydrophobic pocket formed between the two BRCT domains and that recognition of the phosphate group is mediated by lysine and serine side chains from the amino-terminal BRCT domain. Mutations that prevent phosphopeptide binding abolish BRCA1 function in DNA damage-induced checkpoint control. Our NMR data also reveal a dynamic interaction between BRCA1-BRCT and BACH1, where the bound phosphopeptide exists as an equilibrium of two conformations and where BRCA1-BRCT undergoes a transition to a more rigid conformation upon peptide binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Victoria E. Botuyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Yves Nominé
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Xiaochun Yu
- Department of Oncology and Department of Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Nenad Juranic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Slobodan Macura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Oncology and Department of Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, Minnesota 55905
- *Correspondence: (J.C.), (G.M.)
| | - Georges Mer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, Minnesota 55905
- *Correspondence: (J.C.), (G.M.)
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Cai J, Xue H, Zhan M, Rao MS. Characterization of Progenitor-Cell-Specific Genes Identified by Subtractive Suppression Hybridization. Dev Neurosci 2005; 26:131-47. [PMID: 15711056 DOI: 10.1159/000082133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2003] [Accepted: 02/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have utilized subtractive suppression hybridization (SSH) to identify differentially expressed genes present in either neuroepithelial (NEP) cells or glial restricted precursor (GRP) cells. Eighteen clones enriched in GRP cells and 28 in NEP cells were identified. Five of the GRP-specific clones (tenascin C, cystatin C, GABA transporter 3, extracellular matrix molecule 2 and H2-4) were characterized further, and their glial specificity was confirmed by RT-PCR, in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. H2-4 (an expressed sequence tag) was shown to be part of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 3. Overall, our results show that SSH can be used to identify lineage- and stage-specific markers and that extracellular matrix molecules likely play important roles in the migration and differentiation of GRPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingli Cai
- Laboratoryof Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Cantor S, Drapkin R, Zhang F, Lin Y, Han J, Pamidi S, Livingston DM. The BRCA1-associated protein BACH1 is a DNA helicase targeted by clinically relevant inactivating mutations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:2357-62. [PMID: 14983014 PMCID: PMC356955 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0308717101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACH1 is a nuclear protein that directly interacts with the highly conserved, C-terminal BRCT repeats of the tumor suppressor, BRCA1. Mutations within the BRCT repeats disrupt the interaction between BRCA1 and BACH1, lead to defects in DNA repair, and result in breast and ovarian cancer. BACH1 is necessary for efficient double-strand break repair in a manner that depends on its association with BRCA1. Moreover, some women with early-onset breast cancer and no abnormalities in either BRCA1 or BRCA2 carry germline BACH1 coding sequence changes, suggesting that abnormal BACH1 function contributes to tumor induction. Here, we show that BACH1 is both a DNA-dependent ATPase and a 5'-to-3' DNA helicase. In two patients with early-onset breast cancer who carry distinct germline BACH1 coding sequence changes, the resulting proteins are defective in helicase activity, indicating that these sequence changes disrupt protein function. These results reinforce the notion that mutant BACH1 participates in breast cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Cantor
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Lazare Research Building, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Lei H, Vorechovsky I. BACH1 517C-->T transition impairs protein translocation to nucleus: a role in breast cancer susceptibility? Int J Cancer 2003; 104:389-91. [PMID: 12569564 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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