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Bax HHM, Gaenssle AL, van der Maarel MJEC, Jurak E. The Synergistic Effect of GH13 and GH57 GBEs of Petrotoga mobilis Results in α-Glucan Molecules with a Higher Branch Density. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4603. [PMID: 38232006 PMCID: PMC10708623 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycogen is a biopolymer consisting of glycosyl units, with a linear backbone connected by α-1,4-linkages and branches attached via α-1,6-linkages. In microorganisms, glycogen synthesis involves multiple enzymes, with glycogen branching enzymes (GBEs) being vital for creating α-1,6-linkages. GBEs exist in two families: glycoside hydrolase (GH) 13 and GH57. Some organisms possess either a single GH13 or GH57 GBE, while others, such as Petrotoga mobilis, have both types of GBEs. In this study, the simultaneous use of a GH13 and GH57 GBE each from Petrotoga mobilis for α-glucan modification was investigated using a linear maltodextrin substrate with a degree of polymerization of 18 (DP18). The products from modifications by one or both GBEs in various combinations were analyzed and demonstrated a synergistic effect when both enzymes were combined, leading to a higher branch density in the glycogen structure. In this cooperative process, PmGBE13 was responsible for creating longer branches, whereas PmGBE57 hydrolyzed these branches, resulting in shorter lengths. The combined action of the two enzymes significantly increased the number of branched chains compared to when they acted individually. The results of this study therefore give insight into the role of PmGBE13 and PmGBE57 in glycogen synthesis, and show the potential use of both enzymes in a two-step modification to create an α-glucan structure with short branches at a high branch density.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Edita Jurak
- Bioproduct Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (H.H.M.B.); (A.L.G.); (M.J.E.C.v.d.M.)
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Han AR, Kim H, Park JT, Kim JW. Characterization of a cold-adapted debranching enzyme and its role in glycogen metabolism and virulence of Vibrio vulnificus MO6-24/O. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY (SEOUL, KOREA) 2022; 60:375-386. [PMID: 35157220 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-022-1507-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus MO6-24/O has three genes annotated as debranching enzymes or pullulanase genes. Among them, the gene encoded by VVMO6_03032 (vvde1) shares a higher similarity at the amino acid sequence level to the glycogen debranching enzymes, AmyX of Bacillus subtilis (40.5%) and GlgX of Escherichia coli (55.5%), than those encoded by the other two genes. The vvde1 gene encoded a protein with a molecular mass of 75.56 kDa and purified Vvde1 efficiently hydrolyzed glycogen and pullulan to shorter chains of maltodextrin and maltotriose (G3), respectively. However, it hydrolyzed amylopectin and soluble starch far less efficiently, and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) only rarely. The optimal pH and temperature of Vvde1 was 6.5 and 25°C, respectively. Vvde1 was a cold-adapted debranching enzyme with more than 60% residual activity at 5°C. It could maintain stability for 2 days at 25°C and 1 day at 35°C, but it destabilized drastically at 40°C. The Vvde1 activity was inhibited considerably by Cu2+, Hg2+, and Zn2+, while it was slightly enhanced by Co2+, Ca2+, Ni2+, and Fe2+. The vvde1 knock-out mutant accumulated more glycogen than the wild-type in media supplemented with 1.0% maltodextrin; however, the side chain length distribution of glycogen was similar to that of the wild-type except G3, which was much more abundant in the mutant. Therefore, Vvde1 seemed to debranch glycogen with the degree of polymerization 3 (DP3) as the specific target branch length. Virulence of the pathogen against Caenorhabditis elegans was attenuated significantly by the vvde1 mutation. These results suggest that Vvde1 might be a unique glycogen debranching enzyme that is involved in both glycogen utilization and shaping of glycogen molecules, and contributes toward virulence of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Reum Han
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Incheon National University, Incheon, 22102, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeyoung Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Incheon National University, Incheon, 22102, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Tae Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Wan Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Incheon National University, Incheon, 22102, Republic of Korea. .,Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22102, Republic of Korea.
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Thermostable alpha-glucan phosphorylases: characteristics and industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:8187-8202. [PMID: 30043268 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9233-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
α-Glucan phosphorylases (α-GPs) catalyze the reversible phosphorolysis of α-1,4-linked polysaccharides such as glycogen, starch, and maltodextrins, therefore playing a central role in the usage of storage polysaccharides. The discovery of these enzymes and their role in the course of catalytic conversion of glycogen was rewarded with the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1947. Nowadays, however, thermostable representatives attract special attention due to their vast potential in the enzymatic production of diverse carbohydrates and derivatives such as (functional) oligo- and (non-natural) polysaccharides, artificial starch, glycosides, and nucleotide sugars. One of the most recently explored utilizations of α-GPs is their role in the multi-enzymatic process of energy production stored in carbohydrate biobatteries. Regardless of their use, thermostable α-GPs offer significant advantages and facilitated bioprocess design due to their high operational temperatures. Here, we present an overview and comparison of up-to-date characterized thermostable α-GPs with a special focus on their reported biotechnological applications.
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Synthesis of New Polysaccharide Materials by Phosphorylase-Catalyzed Enzymatic α-Glycosylations Using Polymeric Glycosyl Acceptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2013-1144.ch011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Tanaka T, Sasayama S, Nomura S, Yamamoto K, Kimura Y, Kadokawa JI. An Amylose-Poly(l
-lactide) Inclusion Supramolecular Polymer: Enzymatic Synthesis by Means of Vine-Twining Polymerization Using a Primer-Guest Conjugate. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomonari Tanaka
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology; Kyoto Institute of Technology; Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Shota Sasayama
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto Kagoshima 890-0065 Japan
| | - Shintaro Nomura
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto Kagoshima 890-0065 Japan
| | - Kazuya Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto Kagoshima 890-0065 Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Kimura
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology; Kyoto Institute of Technology; Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kadokawa
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto Kagoshima 890-0065 Japan
- Research Center for Environmentally Friendly Materials Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology; 27-1 Mizumoto-cho Muroran Hokkaido 050-8585 Japan
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Synthesis of Amylose-Grafted Polysaccharide Materials by Phosphorylase-Catalyzed Enzymatic Polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2012-1105.ch015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Wang L, Wise MJ. Glycogen with short average chain length enhances bacterial durability. Naturwissenschaften 2011; 98:719-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-011-0832-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Kadokawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
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Ye X, Rollin J, Zhang YHP. Thermophilic α-glucan phosphorylase from Clostridium thermocellum: Cloning, characterization and enhanced thermostability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Fujii K, Takata H, Yanase M, Terada Y, Ohdan K, Takaha T, Okada S, Kuriki T. Bioengineering and Application of Novel Glucose Polymers. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420310001614379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Mueller M, Takemasa R, Schwarz A, Atomi H, Nidetzky B. “Short-chain” α-1,4-glucan phosphorylase having a truncated N-terminal domain: Functional expression and characterization of the enzyme from Sulfolobus solfataricus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 1794:1709-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Hong Y, Wu L, Liu B, Peng C, Sheng D, Ni J, Shen Y. Characterization of a glucan phosphorylase from the thermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus tokodaii strain 7. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Physiological aggregation of maltodextrin phosphorylase from Pyrococcus furiosus and its application in a process of batch starch degradation to alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 35:219-23. [PMID: 18087736 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-007-0287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Maltodextrin phosphorylase from Pyrococcus furiosus (PF1535) was fused with the cellulose-binding domain of Clostridium cellulovorans serving as an aggregation module. After molecular cloning of the corresponding gene fusion construct and controlled expression in Escherichia coli BL21, 83% of total maltodextrin phosphorylase activity (0.24 U/mg of dry cell weight) was displayed in active inclusion bodies. These active inclusion bodies were easily isolated by nonionic detergent treatment and directly used for maltodextrin conversion to alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate in a repetitive batch mode. Only 10% of enzyme activity was lost after ten conversion cycles at optimum conditions.
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Chen S, Liu J, Pei H, Li J, Zhou J, Xiang H. Molecular investigation of a novel thermostable glucan phosphorylase from Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2007.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Yanase M, Takaha T, Kuriki T. Developing and Engineering Enzymes for Manufacturing Amylose. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2007. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.54.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Yanase M, Takata H, Fujii K, Takaha T, Kuriki T. Cumulative effect of amino acid replacements results in enhanced thermostability of potato type L alpha-glucan phosphorylase. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:5433-9. [PMID: 16151135 PMCID: PMC1214682 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.9.5433-5439.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermostability of potato type L alpha-glucan phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) was enhanced by random and site-directed mutagenesis. We obtained three single-residue mutations-Phe39-->Leu (F39L), Asn135-->Ser (N135S), and Thr706-->Ile (T706I)-by random mutagenesis. Although the wild-type enzyme was completely inactivated, these mutant enzymes retained their activity even after heat treatment at 60 degrees C for 2 h. Combinations of these mutations were introduced by site-directed mutagenesis. The simultaneous mutation of two (F39L/N135S, F39L/T706I, and N135S/T706I) or three (F39L/N135S/T706I) residues further increased the thermostability of the enzyme, indicating that the effect of the replacement of the residues was cumulative. The triple-mutant enzyme, F39L/N135S/T706I, retained 50% of its original activity after heat treatment at 65 degrees C for 20 min. Further analysis indicated that enzymes with a F39L or T706I mutation were resistant to possible proteolytic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiyo Yanase
- Biochemical Research Laboratory, Ezaki Glico Co. Ltd., 4-6-5 Utajima, Nishiyodogawa-ku, Osaka 555-8502, Japan.
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Takata H. Properties and Application of Enzymes for Bacterial Glycogen Biosynthesis and Degradation. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2004. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.51.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Griessler R, Schwarz A, Mucha J, Nidetzky B. Tracking interactions that stabilize the dimer structure of starch phosphorylase from Corynebacterium callunae. Roles of Arg234 and Arg242 revealed by sequence analysis and site-directed mutagenesis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2003; 270:2126-36. [PMID: 12752432 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen phosphorylases (GPs) constitute a family of widely spread catabolic alpha1,4-glucosyltransferases that are active as dimers of two identical, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-containing subunits. In GP from Corynebacterium callunae, physiological concentrations of phosphate are required to inhibit dissociation of protomers and cause a 100-fold increase in kinetic stability of the functional quarternary structure. To examine interactions involved in this large stabilization, we have cloned and sequenced the coding gene and have expressed fully active C. callunae GP in Escherichia coli. By comparing multiple sequence alignment to structure-function assignments for regulated and nonregulated GPs that are stable in the absence of phosphate, we have scrutinized the primary structure of C. callunae enzyme for sequence changes possibly related to phosphate-dependent dimer stability. Location of Arg234, Arg236, and Arg242 within the predicted subunit-to-subunit contact region made these residues primary candidates for site-directed mutagenesis. Individual Arg-->Ala mutants were purified and characterized using time-dependent denaturation assays in urea and at 45 degrees C. R234A and R242A are enzymatically active dimers and in the absence of added phosphate, they display a sixfold and fourfold greater kinetic stability of quarternary interactions than the wild-type, respectively. The stabilization by 10 mm of phosphate was, however, up to 20-fold greater in the wild-type than in the two mutants. The replacement of Arg236 by Ala was functionally silent under all conditions tested. Arg234 and Arg242 thus partially destabilize the C. callunae GP dimer structure, and phosphate binding causes a change of their tertiary or quartenary contacts, likely by an allosteric mechanism, which contributes to a reduced protomer dissociation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Griessler
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Mu HH, Yu Y, Wasserman BP, Carman GM. Purification and characterization of the maize amyloplast stromal 112-kDa starch phosphorylase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 388:155-64. [PMID: 11361132 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.2267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A plastidic 112-kDa starch phosphorylase (SP) has been identified in the amyloplast stromal fraction of maize. This starch phosphorylase was purified 310-fold from maize endosperm and characterized with respect to its enzymological and kinetic properties. The purification procedure included ammonium sulfate fractionation, Sephacryl 300 HR chromatography, affinity starch adsorption, Q-Sepharose, and Mono Q chromatography. The procedure resulted in a nearly homogeneous enzyme preparation as determined by native and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Anti-SP antibodies recognized the purified 112-kDa SP enzyme and N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis confirmed that the purified enzyme is the amyloplast stromal 112-kDa SP. Analysis of the purified enzyme by Superose 6 gel filtration chromatography indicated that the native enzyme consisted of two identical subunits. The pH optimum for the enzyme was 6.0 in the synthetic direction and 5.5 in the phosphorolytic direction. SP activity was inhibited by thioreactive agents, diethyl pyrocarbonate, phenylglyoxal, and ADP-glucose. The activation energies for the synthetic and phosphorolytic reactions were 11.1 and 16.9 kcal/mol, respectively, and the enzyme was thermally labile above 50 degrees C. Results of kinetic experiments indicated that the enzyme catalyzes its reaction via a sequential Bi Bi mechanism. The Km value for amylopectin was eight-fold lower than that of glycogen. A kinetic analysis indicated that the phosphorolytic reaction was favored over the synthetic reaction when malto-oligosaccharides (4 to 7 units) were used as substrates. The specificity constants (Vmax/Km) of the enzyme measured in either the synthetic or the phosphorolytic directions increased with increasing chain length.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Mu
- Department of Food Science, Cook College, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, Rutgers University, New Brunswick 08901, USA
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Abstract
Although glycogen and other alpha-1,4-D-glucan storage polysaccharides are present in many bacteria, only few glucan phosphorylases from bacteria have been identified and characterised on the protein or gene level. All bacterial phosphorylases follow the same catalytic mechanisms as their plant and vertebrate counterparts, but differ considerably in terms of their substrate specificity and regulation. The catalytic domains are highly conserved while the regulatory sites are only poorly conserved. The degree of conservation between bacterial and mammalian phosphorylases is comparable to that of other non-mammalian and mammalian alpha-glucan phosphorylases. Only for maltodextrin phosphorylase from E. coli the physiological role of the enzyme in the utilisation of maltodextrins is known in detail; that of all other phosphorylases remains still unclear. Roles in regulation of endogenous glycogen metabolism in periods of starvation, and sporulation, stress response or quick adaptation to changing environments are imaginable.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Schinzel
- Theodor-Boveri-Institut, Biozentrum, Universität Würzburg, Germany.
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