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Wu X, Koch M, Martínez FPP, Schirhagl R, Włodarczyk-Biegun MK. Quantum Sensing Unravels Antioxidant Efficacy Within PCL/Matrigel Skin Equivalents. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403729. [PMID: 39246220 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Skin equivalents (SE) that recapitulate biological and mechanical characteristics of the native tissue are promising platforms for assessing cosmetics and studying fundamental biological processes. Methods to achieve SEs with well-organized structure, and ideal biological and mechanical properties are limited. Here, the combination of melt electrowritten PCL scaffolds and cell-laden Matrigel to fabricate SE is described. The PCL scaffold provides ideal structural and mechanical properties, preventing deformation of the model. The model consists of a top layer for seeding keratinocytes to mimic the epidermis, and a bottom layer of Matrigel-based dermal compartment with fibroblasts. The compressive modulus and the biological properties after 3-day coculture indicate a close resemblance with the native skin. Using the SE, a testing system to study the damage caused by UVA irradiation and evaluate antioxidant efficacy is established. The effectiveness of Tea polyphenols (TPs) and L-ascorbic acid (Laa) is compared based on free radical generation. TPs are demonstrated to be more effective in downregulating free radical generation. Further, T1 relaxometry is used to detect the generation of free radicals at a single-cell level, which allows tracking of the same cell before and after UVA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Centre Groningen and University of Groningen, Ant. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus Koch
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Felipe P Perona Martínez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Centre Groningen and University of Groningen, Ant. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Centre Groningen and University of Groningen, Ant. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Małgorzata K Włodarczyk-Biegun
- Polymer Science, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
- Biotechnology Centre, The Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, Gliwice, 44-100, Poland
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2
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Gelin A, Masson-Meyers D, Amini F, Moharamzadeh K, Tayebi L. Collagen: The superior material for full-thickness oral mucosa tissue engineering. J Oral Biosci 2024; 66:511-518. [PMID: 38909983 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2024.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue engineering has significantly progressed in developing full-thickness oral mucosa constructs designed to replicate the natural oral mucosa. These constructs serve as valuable in vitro models for biocompatibility testing and oral disease modeling and hold clinical potential for replacing damaged or lost oral soft tissue. However, one of the major challenges in tissue engineering of the oral mucosa is the identification of an appropriate scaffold with optimal porosity, interconnected porous networks, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. These characteristics facilitate cell migration, nutrient delivery, and vascularization. Various biomaterials have been investigated for constructing tissue-engineered oral mucosa models; collagen has demonstrated superior outcomes compared with other materials. HIGHLIGHT This review discusses the different types of tissue-engineered oral mucosa developed using various materials and includes articles published between January 2000 and December 2022 in PubMed and Google Scholar. The review focuses on the superiority of collagen-based scaffolds for tissue engineering of oral mucosa, explores in vitro applications, and discusses potential clinical applications. CONCLUSION Among the various scaffold materials used for engineering the connective tissue of the oral mucosa, collagen-based scaffolds possess excellent biological properties, offering high-quality oral mucosa constructs and high resemblance to the native human oral mucosa in terms of histology and expression of various differentiation markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Gelin
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | | | - Fatemeh Amini
- School of Dentistry, Shahed University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keyvan Moharamzadeh
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, United Arab Emirates; School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA.
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3
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Zheng J, Park K, Jang J, Son D, Park J, Kim J, Yoo JE, You S, Kim IY. Utilizing stem cell-secreted molecules as a versatile toolbox for skin regenerative medicine. J Control Release 2024; 370:583-599. [PMID: 38729435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Stem cells are recognized as an important target and tool in regenerative engineering. In this study, we explored the feasibility of engineering amniotic fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cell-secreted molecules (afMSC-SMs) as a versatile bioactive material for skin regenerative medicine applications in a time- and cost-efficient and straightforward manner. afMSC-SMs, obtained in powder form through ethanol precipitation, effectively contributed to preserving the self-renewal capacity and differentiation potential of primary human keratinocytes (pKCs) in a xeno-free environment, offering a potential alternative to traditional culture methods for their long-term in vitro expansion, and allowed them to reconstitute a fully stratified epithelium sheet on human dermal fibroblasts. Furthermore, we demonstrated the flexibility of afMSC-SMs in wound healing and hair regrowth through injectable hydrogel and nanogel-mediated transdermal delivery systems, respectively, expanding the pool of regenerative applications. This cell-free approach may offer several potential advantages, including streamlined manufacturing processes, scalability, controlled formulation, longer shelf lives, and mitigation of risks associated with living cell transplantation. Accordingly, afMSC-SMs could serve as a promising therapeutic toolbox for advancing cell-free regenerative medicine, simplifying their broad applicability in various clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungmin Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Jang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Daryeon Son
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonggun Kim
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, SL, Therapeutics Inc., Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Yoo
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, SL, Therapeutics Inc., Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungkwon You
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - In-Yong Kim
- Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center & Department of Medical Life Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Jang HJ, Lee JB, Yoon JK. Advanced In Vitro Three-Dimensional Skin Models of Atopic Dermatitis. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2023; 20:539-552. [PMID: 36995643 PMCID: PMC10313606 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-023-00532-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most prevalent inflammatory skin diseases that is characterized by eczematous rashes, intense itching, dry skin, and sensitive skin. Although AD significantly impacts the quality of life and the number of patients keeps increasing, its pathological mechanism is still unknown because of its complexity. The importance of developing new in vitro three-dimensional (3D) models has been underlined in order to understand the mechanisms for the development of therapeutics since the limitations of 2D models or animal models have been repeatedly reported. Thus, the new in vitro AD models should not only be created in 3D structure, but also reflect the pathological characteristics of AD, which are known to be associated with Th2-mediated inflammatory responses, epidermal barrier disruption, increased dermal T-cell infiltration, filaggrin down-regulation, or microbial imbalance. In this review, we introduce various types of in vitro skin models including 3D culture methods, skin-on-a-chips, and skin organoids, as well as their applications to AD modeling for drug screening and mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jeong Jang
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Bok Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Research Institute of Women's Health, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong-Kee Yoon
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 17546, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Tan SH, Chua DAC, Tang JRJ, Bonnard C, Leavesley D, Liang K. Design of Hydrogel-based Scaffolds for in vitro Three-dimensional Human Skin Model Reconstruction. Acta Biomater 2022; 153:13-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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6
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Akh LA, Ishak MO, Harris JF, Glaros TG, Sasiene ZJ, Mach PM, Lilley LM, McBride EM. -Omics potential of in vitro skin models for radiation exposure. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:390. [PMID: 35776214 PMCID: PMC11073334 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04394-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing need to uncover biomarkers of ionizing radiation exposure that leads to a better understanding of how exposures take place, including dose type, rate, and time since exposure. As one of the first organs to be exposed to external sources of ionizing radiation, skin is uniquely positioned in terms of model systems for radiation exposure study. The simultaneous evolution of both MS-based -omics studies, as well as in vitro 3D skin models, has created the ability to develop a far more holistic understanding of how ionizing radiation affects the many interconnected biomolecular processes that occur in human skin. However, there are a limited number of studies describing the biomolecular consequences of low-dose ionizing radiation to the skin. This review will seek to explore the current state-of-the-art technology in terms of in vitro 3D skin models, as well as track the trajectory of MS-based -omics techniques and their application to ionizing radiation research, specifically, the search for biomarkers within the low-dose range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla A Akh
- Biosecurity and Public Health Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Mohammad O Ishak
- Biosecurity and Public Health Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Jennifer F Harris
- Biosecurity and Public Health Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Trevor G Glaros
- Bioenergy and Biome Sciences Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Zachary J Sasiene
- Bioenergy and Biome Sciences Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Phillip M Mach
- Bioenergy and Biome Sciences Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Laura M Lilley
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy Group, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
| | - Ethan M McBride
- Bioenergy and Biome Sciences Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
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7
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Linares-Gonzalez L, Rodenas-Herranz T, Campos F, Ruiz-Villaverde R, Carriel V. Basic Quality Controls Used in Skin Tissue Engineering. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1033. [PMID: 34685402 PMCID: PMC8541591 DOI: 10.3390/life11101033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstruction of skin defects is often a challenging effort due to the currently limited reconstructive options. In this sense, tissue engineering has emerged as a possible alternative to replace or repair diseased or damaged tissues from the patient's own cells. A substantial number of tissue-engineered skin substitutes (TESSs) have been conceived and evaluated in vitro and in vivo showing promising results in the preclinical stage. However, only a few constructs have been used in the clinic. The lack of standardization in evaluation methods employed may in part be responsible for this discrepancy. This review covers the most well-known and up-to-date methods for evaluating the optimization of new TESSs and orientative guidelines for the evaluation of TESSs are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Linares-Gonzalez
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, 18016 Granada, Spain; (L.L.-G.); (T.R.-H.)
- Ibs. GRANADA, Instituto Biosanitario de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (F.C.); (V.C.)
- Department of Histology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Teresa Rodenas-Herranz
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, 18016 Granada, Spain; (L.L.-G.); (T.R.-H.)
- Ibs. GRANADA, Instituto Biosanitario de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (F.C.); (V.C.)
- Department of Histology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando Campos
- Ibs. GRANADA, Instituto Biosanitario de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (F.C.); (V.C.)
- Department of Histology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Ricardo Ruiz-Villaverde
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, 18016 Granada, Spain; (L.L.-G.); (T.R.-H.)
- Ibs. GRANADA, Instituto Biosanitario de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (F.C.); (V.C.)
- Department of Histology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Víctor Carriel
- Ibs. GRANADA, Instituto Biosanitario de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (F.C.); (V.C.)
- Department of Histology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
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8
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Abstract
The skin is a passive and active barrier which protects the body from the environment. Its health is essential for the accomplishment of this role. Since several decades, the skin has aroused a strong interest in various fields (for e.g. cell biology, medicine, toxicology, cosmetology, and pharmacology). In contrast to other organs, 3D models were mostly and directly elaborated in humans due to its architectural simplicity and easy accessibility. The development of these models benefited from the societal pressure to reduce animal experiments. In this review, we first describe human and mouse skin structure and the major differences with other mammals and birds. Next, we describe the different 3D human skin models and their main applications. Finally, we review the available models for domestic animals and discuss the current and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Souci
- ISP, INRAE, Université de Tours, Equipe BioVA, Centre Val de Loire, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Caroline Denesvre
- ISP, INRAE, Université de Tours, Equipe BioVA, Centre Val de Loire, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
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9
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Lombardi B, Casale C, Imparato G, Urciuolo F, Netti PA. Spatiotemporal Evolution of the Wound Repairing Process in a 3D Human Dermis Equivalent. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28407433 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201601422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Several skin equivalent models have been developed to investigate in vitro the re-epithelialization process occurring during wound healing. Although these models recapitulate closure dynamics of epithelial cells, they fail to capture how a wounded connective tissue rebuilds its 3D architecture until the evolution in a scar. Here, the in vitro tissue repair dynamics of a connective tissue is replicated by using a 3D human dermis equivalent (3D-HDE) model composed of fibroblasts embedded in their own extracellular matrix (ECM). After inducing a physical damage, 3D-HDE undergoes a series of cellular and extracellular events quite similar to those occurring in the native dermis. In particular, fibroblasts differentiation toward myofibroblasts phenotype and neosynthesis of hyaluronic acid, fibronectin, and collagen during the repair process are assessed. Moreover, tissue reorganization after physical damage is investigated by measuring the diameter of bundles and the orientation of fibers of the newly formed ECM network. Finally, the ultimate formation of a scar-like tissue as physiological consequence of the repair and closure process is demonstrated. Taking together, the results highlight that the presence of cell-assembled and responsive stromal components enables quantitative and qualitative in vitro evaluation of the processes involved in scarring during wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Lombardi
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53 80125 Naples Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI); University of Naples Federico II; P.leTecchio 80 80125 Naples Italy
| | - Costantino Casale
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB); University of Naples Federico II; P.leTecchio 80 80125 Naples Italy
| | - Giorgia Imparato
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53 80125 Naples Italy
| | - Francesco Urciuolo
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53 80125 Naples Italy
| | - Paolo Antonio Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53 80125 Naples Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI); University of Naples Federico II; P.leTecchio 80 80125 Naples Italy
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB); University of Naples Federico II; P.leTecchio 80 80125 Naples Italy
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10
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Mahnama H, Dadbin S, Frounchi M, Rajabi S. Preparation of biodegradable gelatin/PVA porous scaffolds for skin regeneration. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 45:928-935. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2016.1193025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mahnama
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Susan Dadbin
- Radiation Applications Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Frounchi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sareh Rajabi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Tsai PC, Zhang Z, Florek C, Michniak-Kohn BB. Constructing Human Skin Equivalents on Porcine Acellular Peritoneum Extracellular Matrix forIn VitroIrritation Testing. Tissue Eng Part A 2016; 22:111-22. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2015.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chin Tsai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Zheng Zhang
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | | | - Bozena B. Michniak-Kohn
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
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12
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Jiang LW, Chen H, Lu H. Using human epithelial amnion cells in human de-epidermized dermis for skin regeneration. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 81:26-34. [PMID: 26596214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) is a desirable reserve of stem cells. Human de-epidermized dermis (DED) retains basic tissue structure and parts of the basement membrane (BM) components at the acelluIar dermal surface, and provides a potential tool for skin regeneration. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the potential role of hAECs in skin regeneration, we used DED to perform organotypic culture of hAECs to develop organotypic skin. METHODS HAECs were isolated and cultured. Biological characteristics of hAECs were determined by immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry. To prepare DED, the epidermis was removed and then repeated freeze-thaw cycles. HAECs and fibroblast were seeded onto DED to perform the submerged culture for 3 days and then to be maintained at the air-liquid interface for 14 days to form organotypic culture. To identify whether the obtained DED retain the BM structure and components, the histological characteristics of DED and the BM were detected by immunohistochemistry. To evaluate whether the organotypic skin has similar histological characteristics with normal human skin, the marks of epidermal proliferation and differentiation and basement membrane component were detected by immunohistochemistry. Moreover, cell ultrastructure, cell-cell contact and ultrastructure of BM were examined under the transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS HAECs has stem-cell characteristics with strong pluripotent Oct-4 and embryonic marker SSEA-4 expression. DED has effectively cleansed the cell components and continuous distributions of laminin and collagen IV. The histological appearance of tissue-engineered skin in vitro has 4 to 9 continuous layers of stratified epithelium and is similar to normal human skin in morphology. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that proliferation and differentiation markers such as Ki67, CK19, CK14, CK10, filaggrin but not CK18 expressed similar pattern characteristics to normal human epidermis. In addition, Periodic acid-Schiff stain showed that a uniform red staining strip located at the epidermal-dermal junction. BM component proteins (type IV collagen and laminin) and cell adhesion protein (desmoglein) were detected by immunohistochemistry in organotypic skin. Ultrastructurally, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes and BM zone (BMZ) were observed in organotypic skin. CONCLUSIONS Our studies indicate that the hAECs is a promising stem cell source for tissue-engineered skin, and DED with hAECs is a potential application prospects in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Wei Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, PR China; Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, PR China
| | - Hongduo Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, PR China
| | - Hongguang Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, PR China; Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, PR China.
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13
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Gangwar AK, Kumar N, Khangembam SD, Kumar V, Singh R. Primary chicken embryo fibroblasts seeded acellular dermal matrix (3-D ADM) improve regeneration of full thickness skin wounds in rats. Tissue Cell 2015; 47:311-22. [PMID: 25907656 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rat skins were deepithelialized and decellularized by hypertonic saline and sodium deoxycholate (SDC), respectively. Primary chicken embryo fibroblasts (P-CEF) were cultured and seeded on prepared acellular dermal matrix (ADM). A full thickness skin defect (20×20 mm(2)) was created in thirty-six rats and randomly divided into three equal groups. Defect was left open, repaired with ADM and ADM seeded with P-CEF (3-D ADM) in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. By day 28, the treated wounds healed completely without scar. By day 7 hydroxyproline contents was higher in group 3 as compared to groups 1 and 2. There was slightly more B cell response in animals implanted with ADM and 3-D ADM. At day 21, stimulation index was lower with acellular dermis antigen as compared to 3-D ADM antigen. In group 1 on day 3, the granulation tissue showed more inflammatory reaction, fibroplasia and neovascularization as compared to group 2 and 3. By day 28, there was complete epithelization was observed in all groups over. However, a large scar was observed in group 1. The graft was completely absorbed and replaced with densely thick and best arranged collagen fibers. On day 7, malonyldialdehyde and superoxide dismutase levels were significantly (P<0.05) increased in group 1. Reduced glutathione values increased and reached to near normal in groups 2 and 3. Catalase values were significantly (P<0.05) higher in group 1 at different time intervals. SEM samples of group 2 showed ingrowth of fibroblasts into acellular matrix at host graft junction. However, in group 3 fibroblasts were infiltrated within the pores of graft. It was concluded that P-CEF cells seeded ADM facilitated early and better healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Gangwar
- Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad 224229, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Sangeeta Devi Khangembam
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad 224229, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Vineet Kumar
- Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh 362001, Gujarat, India.
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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14
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Efficacy of supermacroporous poly(ethylene glycol)–gelatin cryogel matrix for soft tissue engineering applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 47:298-312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Bhat S, Kumar A. Cell proliferation on three-dimensional chitosan-agarose-gelatin cryogel scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. J Biosci Bioeng 2012; 114:663-70. [PMID: 22884715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a potential approach for the repair of damaged tissues or organs like skin, cartilage, bone etc. Approach utilizes the scaffolds constructed from natural or synthetic polymers fabricated by the available fabrication technologies. This study focuses on the fabrication of the scaffolds using a novel technology called cryogelation, which synthesizes the scaffolds at sub-zero temperature. We have synthesized a novel scaffold from natural polymers like chitosan, agarose and gelatin in optimized ratio using the cryogelation technology. The elasticity of the scaffold was confirmed by rheological studies which supports the utility of the scaffolds for skin and cardiac tissue engineering. Proliferation of different cell types like fibroblast and cardiac cells was analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorescent microscopy. Biocompatibility of the scaffolds was tested by MTT assay with specific cell type, which showed higher proliferation of the cells on the scaffolds when compared to the two dimensional culture system. Cell proliferation of C(2)C(12) and Cos 7 cells on these scaffolds was further analysed biochemically by alamar blue test and Hoechst test. Biochemical and microscopic analysis of the different cell types on these scaffolds gives an initial insight of these scaffolds towards their utility in skin and cardiac tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumrita Bhat
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
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16
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Pappinen S, Pryazhnikov E, Khiroug L, Ericson MB, Yliperttula M, Urtti A. Organotypic cell cultures and two-photon imaging: Tools for in vitro and in vivo assessment of percutaneous drug delivery and skin toxicity. J Control Release 2012; 161:656-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Garric X, Guillaume O, Dabboue H, Vert M, Molès JP. Potential of a PLA-PEO-PLA-based scaffold for skin tissue engineering: in vitro evaluation. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 23:1687-700. [PMID: 21888762 DOI: 10.1163/092050611x590912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the in vitro behaviour of porous degradable scaffolds of the PLA-PEO-PLA-type designed prior to in vivo evaluation for skin tissue engineering. Two tri-block co-polymers were synthesized from PEO and DL-lactide and their degradation was studied under conditions that mimic a cutaneous wound environment. 3-D porous scaffolds with interconnected pores were fabricated using the salt leaching method and characterized by ESEM and Hg porosimetry. The degrading action of gamma sterilization was studied on the co-polymers. The less degraded one was selected to make porous scaffolds on which human dermal fibroblasts and human epidermal keratinocytes were cultured. The capacity of such scaffolds to act as a dermal equivalent was also considered. Colonization by human dermal fibroblasts was shown after hematoxylin staining and the production of major proteins normally found in the extracellular matrix was assessed by Western blotting of protein extracts. Finally, a skin substitute was generated by seeding human keratinocytes on the dermal equivalent and a new epidermis was characterized by using immuno-histological staining. Results show that gamma sterilization and that degradation under conditions that mimic skin wound healing were acceptable. The fact that fibroblasts produce extracellular matrix and that keratinocytes generated an epidermal barrier argues in favour of the interest of this type of porous scaffold for skin reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Garric
- a IBMM, UMR CNRS 5247, Université Montpellier I, Faculté de Pharmacie , 15 avenue Charles Flahault , 34093 , Montpellier cedex 5 , France
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18
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Fernandez TL, Dawson RA, Van Lonkhuyzen DR, Kimlin MG, Upton Z. A tan in a test tube -in vitro models for investigating ultraviolet radiation-induced damage in skin. Exp Dermatol 2012; 21:404-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2012.01485.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Yang WS, Roh HW, Lee WK, Ryu GH. Evaluation of functions and tissue compatibility of poly (D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) seeded with human dermal fibroblasts. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 17:151-62. [PMID: 16411605 DOI: 10.1163/156856206774879108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In tissue engineering and wound-healing applications, dermal substitutes are used to provide fibroblasts with the mechanical support for their growth and then to facilitate the skin formation. In this study, three-dimensional porous poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) 65/35 scaffolds were prepared and then the composites of the scaffolds and human fetal dermal fibroblasts were fabricated as a tissue-engineered dermal substitute. The function and tissue compatibility of the artificial dermal substitute were evaluated at the levels of gene expression (by RT-PCR) and protein expression (total collagen quantities), as well as by histological and immunohistochemical analysis. The PCR products indicated that the mRNA of type-I collagen, mainly secreted by the fibroblasts onto the PLGA scaffolds, was clearly expressed after 4 weeks. The amount of total collagen synthesized from the cells was shown to increase gradually during the initial culture period and slightly decreased afterwards. After 8 weeks of culture, the fibroblasts were well attached and migrated entirely throughout the pores of the PLGA scaffold with normal function. Furthermore, the positively stained type-I collagen was intensively detected throughout the pores. These results suggest that the function and tissue compatibility may be important criteria in evaluating an artificial tissue-engineered skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Sun Yang
- Department of Medical Devices and Radiation Health, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Seoul, South Korea
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20
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Liu H, Mao J, Yao K, Yang G, Cui L, Cao Y. A study on a chitosan-gelatin-hyaluronic acid scaffold as artificial skin in vitro and its tissue engineering applications. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 15:25-40. [PMID: 15027841 DOI: 10.1163/156856204322752219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan-gelatin-hyaluronic acid scaffolds for tissue regeneration were fabricated by freezing and lyophilizing methods. The scaffolds showed a higher water uptake and retention abilities than chitosan-gelatin scaffolds did. Fibroblasts cultured in chitosan-gelatin-hyaluronic acid scaffolds grew and proliferated well, and they exhibited a strong viability. Keratinocytes were co-cultured with fibroblasts in chitosan-gelatin-hyaluronic acid scaffolds to construct an artificial bilayer skin in vitro. The artificial skin obtained was flexible and had good mechanical properties. The data from this study suggested that chitosan-gelatin-hyaluronic acid scaffolds are suitable for preparing a bilayer skin substitute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Liu
- Research Institute of Polymer Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, Peoples Republic of China
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21
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Xiong X, Jia J, He S, Zhao Y. Cryopreserved lip mucosa tissue derived keratinocytes can fabricate tissue engineered palatal mucosa equivalent. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2010; 94:165-70. [PMID: 20524191 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Clinical application of tissue engineered palatal mucosa is hampered by unavailability of suitable oral keratinocytes as seeding cells. The aim of this study is to fabricate a tissue engineered palatal mucosa equivalent from the oral keratinocytes which cultured from cryopreserved lip mucosa tissues. Abundant lip mucosa tissues during cheilorrhaphy were firstly cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen for four to six months, and then recovered to culture oral keratinocytes for the fabrication of oral mucosa equivalent. In the control groups, oral keratinocytes cultured from fresh lip mucosa, fresh palate mucosa, and cryopreserved palate mucosa were used to fabricate oral mucosa equivalents. Attachment rate of the oral keratinocytes derived from cryopreserved lip mucosa was lower than that of the keratinocytes from fresh lip mucosa samples, however, the cell cycle distribution of oral keratinocytes cultured from all four groups of mucosa samples were similar. Histologically, the fabricated mucosa equivalents from these four groups had four- to six epithelial layers, the basal cells were cubic and the outmost cells were flatten with narrow nuclei which paralleled to the surface of the dermal matrix. Additionally, Ki-67 positive stained cells were mainly located in the basal layer of the epithelium of these equivalents. These characteristics disclosed that the oral mucosa equivalent cultured from the cryopreserved lip mucosa tissue was not different with the equivalents from other groups and similar to the native palate mucosa tissue. It suggested that the cryopreserved lip mucosa tissues could be used for the construction of palatal mucosal equivalent for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuepeng Xiong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
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22
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Laco F, Kun M, Weber HJ, Ramakrishna S, Chan CK. The dose effect of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells on epidermal development in organotypic co-culture. J Dermatol Sci 2009; 55:150-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2009.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Cleft palate repair leaves full-thickness mucosal defects on the palate. Healing might be improved by implantation of a mucosal substitute. However, the genetic and phenotypic deviations of cleft palate cells may hamper tissue engineering. The aim of this study was to construct mucosal substitutes from cleft palate cells, and to compare these with substitutes from normal palatal cells, and with native palatal mucosa. Biopsies from the palatal mucosa of eight children with cleft palate and eight age-matched control individuals were taken. Three biopsies of both groups were processed for (immuno)histochemistry; 5 were used to culture mucosal substitutes. Histology showed that the substitutes from cleft-palate and non-cleft-palate cells were comparable, but the number of cell layers was less than in native palatal mucosa. All epithelial layers in native palatal mucosa and mucosal substitutes expressed the cytokeratins 5, 10, and 16, and the proliferation marker Ki67. Heparan sulphate and decorin were present in the basal membrane and the underlying connective tissue, respectively. We conclude that mucosal cells from children with cleft palate can regenerate an oral mucosa in vitro.
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24
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Garric X, Garreau H, Vert M, Molès JP. Behaviors of keratinocytes and fibroblasts on films of PLA50-PEO-PLA50 triblock copolymers with various PLA segment lengths. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2008; 19:1645-51. [PMID: 17914633 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-007-3232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The growth of human primary keratinocytes and fibroblasts on PLA-PEO-PLA copolymer films was investigated as an intermediate stage of a strategy aimed at making implantable dermo-epidermal substitutes. Four PLA-PEO-PLA triblock copolymers with the same PEO block and different DL-lactic acid/ethylene oxide molar ratios (LA/EO) (0.8, 1.4, 1.8 and 2), were synthesized and characterized by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy. The films made of these copolymers were more hydrophilic than PLA50 and than tissue culture polystyrene controls according to contact angles with water. Proliferation and adhesion of human skin cells were evaluated by MTT assay and by scanning electron microscopy. The presence of PEO in the triblock copolymers influenced cell adhesion and proliferation of fibroblasts, whereas keratinocyte adhesion and proliferation were not affected. These features emphasize the interest of PLA-PEO-PLA triblock copolymers to serve as better compounds than the racemic PLA previously investigated to make supports for human skin primary cells and scaffolds for skin engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Garric
- Faculty of Pharmacy, CRBA, UMR CNRS 5473, University Montpellier 1, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, Montpellier Cedex 5 34093, France.
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25
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Lee DY, Yang JM, Park KH. A dermal equivalent developed from fibroblast culture alone: effect of EGF and insulin. Wound Repair Regen 2008; 15:936-9. [PMID: 18028144 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2007.00310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have recently developed a new dermal equivalent without exogenous materials by culturing dermal fibroblasts alone in serum-containing medium treated with several supplements. In this study, we investigated the effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin on the formation of a dermal equivalent. After cultured dermal fibroblasts reached a confluence in serum-containing medium, they were treated with EGF or insulin. The combined effects of EGF and insulin were also studied. Macroscopically, in contrast to the culture without supplement, the addition of EGF or insulin produced a fibrous sheet. The combination of EGF and insulin showed a more marked effect than a single factor. Histologically, EGF or insulin alone induced a three-dimensional tissue containing several layers of fibroblasts. The combination of EGF and insulin produced a thicker tissue. It was composed of abundant extracellular matrix containing fibroblasts, suggesting a dermis-like tissue. It revealed collagen fibers by Masson-trichrome staining. Immunohistochemically, the components of dermal extracellular matrix such as type 1 collagen, elastin, and fibrillin-1 were diffusely expressed. Ultrastructurally, a large number of collagen fibrils with cross-striated patterns were found around the fibroblasts. These results showed that a dermal equivalent could be formed by culturing dermal fibroblasts alone postconfluently in serum-containing medium with EGF and insulin. They suggest that the two factors play an important role in the formation of a dermal equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Youn Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, South Korea.
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26
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Growth activity of epidermal cells from different parts of human body. Chin Med J (Engl) 2007. [DOI: 10.1097/00029330-200708020-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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27
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Moharamzadeh K, Brook IM, Van Noort R, Scutt AM, Thornhill MH. Tissue-engineered oral mucosa: a review of the scientific literature. J Dent Res 2007; 86:115-24. [PMID: 17251509 DOI: 10.1177/154405910708600203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-engineered oral mucosal equivalents have been developed for clinical applications and also for in vitro studies of biocompatibility, mucosal irritation, disease, and other basic oral biology phenomena. This paper reviews different tissue-engineering strategies used for the production of human oral mucosal equivalents, their relative advantages and drawbacks, and their applications. Techniques used for skin tissue engineering that may possibly be used for in vitro reconstruction of human oral mucosa are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Moharamzadeh
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Crescent, Sheffield, S10 2TA, United Kingdom.
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28
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Lee DY, Lee JH, Yang JM, Lee ES, Park KH, Mun GH. A new dermal equivalent: The use of dermal fibroblast culture alone without exogenous materials. J Dermatol Sci 2006; 43:95-104. [PMID: 16687242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2006.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Revised: 03/12/2006] [Accepted: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the past decade, several kinds of skin equivalents have been developed. However, the dermal equivalents have all contained exogenous materials, which can be difficult to obtain and a source of infections. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to develop a new dermal equivalent by culturing dermal fibroblasts alone without exogenous materials and to evaluate its applicability in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The postconfulent cultures of dermal fibroblasts in serum containing medium, that was supplemented with epidermal growth factor, insulin, hydrocortisone, transferrin and triiodothyronine for 3 weeks, produced a fibrous sheet that was visible macroscopically. To construct a skin equivalent, epidermal keratinocytes were cultured on the top of the fibrous sheet at the air-liquid interface. To evaluate its fate in vivo, the fibrous sheet was grafted into a nude mouse. RESULTS Histologically, the fibrous sheet showed dermis-like tissue that consisted of an extracellular matrix around dermal fibroblasts, and revealed collagen fibers by Masson-trichrome staining. The components of dermal matrix such as type I collagen, type III collagen, elastin, fibrillin-1 and fibronectin were diffusely expressed. Some collagen fibrils were found by electron microscopy. In the skin equivalent, a multilayered epidermis with a horny layer was formed. Some differentiation markers (keratin 1 and 10, and involucrin) and the components of basement membrane (beta4 integrin chain, type IV and VII collagens) were expressed in a similar fashion to those in normal skin in vivo. Ultrastructurally, basement membrane zone such as hemidesmosomes, lamina lucida and lamina densa was found, although it was still incomplete. When the fibrous sheet was grafted in vivo, it revealed blood vessels that were derived from the nude mouse, and persisted for 4 weeks. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrated that a new dermal equivalent, closely resembling a dermis in vivo, could be constructed by culturing dermal fibroblasts alone in a special culture medium. In addition, the dermal equivalent may be useful for experimental and clinical purposes, such as the reconstruction of a skin equivalent in vitro and grafting in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Youn Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
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29
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Rasulov MF, Vasilenko VT, Zaidenov VA, Onishchenko NA. Cell transplantation inhibits inflammatory reaction and stimulates repair processes in burn wound. Bull Exp Biol Med 2006; 142:112-5. [PMID: 17369918 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-006-0306-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We compared the effects of transplantation of fetal fibroblasts and fibroblast-like mesenchymal stem cells of the bone marrow on healing of deep burn wound in rats. It was found that transplantation of fetal fibroblasts and fibroblast-like mesenchymal stem cells on the burn surface reduces cell infiltration, promotes the formation of vessels and granulation tissue, which creates conditions for more rapid healing of the burn wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Rasulov
- Institute of Transplantology and Artificial Organs.
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30
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Venugopal J, Ramakrishna S. Biocompatible nanofiber matrices for the engineering of a dermal substitute for skin regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 11:847-54. [PMID: 15998224 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2005.11.847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural and synthetic biodegradable nanofibers are extensively used for biomedical applications and tissue engineering. Biocompatibility and a well-established safety profile for polycaprolactone (PCL) and collagen represent a favorable matrix for preparing a dermal substitute for engineering skin. Collagen synthesized by fibroblasts is a good surface active agent and demonstrates its ability to penetrate a lipid-free interface. During granulation tissue formation, fibronectin provides a temporary substratum for migration and proliferation of cells and provides a template for collagen deposition, which increases stiffness and tensile strength of this healing tissues. The objective of this study was to fabricate nanofiber matrices from novel biodegradable PCL and collagen to mimic natural extracellular matrix (ECM) and to examine the cell behavior, cell attachment, and interaction between cells and nanofiber matrices. Collagen nanofiber matrices show a significant (p < 0.001) level of fibroblast proliferation and increase up to 54% compared with control tissue culture plate (TCP) after 72 h. The present investigation shows that PCL-coated collagen matrices are suitable for fibroblast growth, proliferation, and migration inside the matrices. This novel biodegradable PCL and collagen nanofiber matrices support the attachment and proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts and might have potential in tissue engineering as a dermal substitute for skin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Venugopal
- Division of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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31
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Liu H, Yin Y, Yao K. Construction of Chitosan— Gelatin—Hyaluronic Acid Artificial Skin In Vitro. J Biomater Appl 2006; 21:413-30. [PMID: 16684796 DOI: 10.1177/0885328206065241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To further enhance the properties of chitosan (Cs)-gelatin (Gel) scaffolds for skin tissue engineering, hyaluronic acid (HA) is introduced to the Cs—gel complex. Porous scaffolds composed of Cs, Gel, and HA are prepared using the freeze-drying method. The scaffold has an interconnected pore structure with two different pore size layers. The water uptake ability, flexibility, and biocompatibility of the scaffold are greatly increased with the incorporation of HA. To construct an artificial skin in vitro, fibroblasts and keratinocytes are co-cultured in Cs—Gel—HA scaffolds at an air—liquid interface. After 2 weeks of co-culture, the epithelial layer becomes progressively stratiform, including cubic perpendicularly oriented cells and a superficial layer of flattened cells. Immunohistochemical analyses confirmed the presence of laminin and type IV collagen, typical molecules of the basement membrane. The results of this study suggest that it is possible to construct a functional artificial skin in vitro and the Cs—Gel—HA scaffold is a promising matrix for skin tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, People's Republic of China.
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Sun T, Norton D, Haycock JW, Ryan AJ, MacNeil S. Development of a Closed Bioreactor System for Culture of Tissue-Engineered Skin at an Air–Liquid Interface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 11:1824-31. [PMID: 16411828 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2005.11.1824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A bioreactor has been developed for the production of tissue-engineered skin at an air-liquid interface for clinical and experimental use. In this closed system, scaffold and bioreactor sterilization, cell seeding, and medium perfusion were all performed with a peristaltic pump. Natural and synthetic dermal substitutes were seeded directly with skin cells without opening the bioreactor and fed either by continuous medium perfusion or by batch-feed. The system was validated by monoculture of human dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes and the coculture of both cell types in acellular human dermis, Azowipes, electrospun polystyrene, and an electrospun composite of polystyrene and poly-DL-lactide fibers. A comparison was made of culture at an air-liquid interface versus submerged culture and of medium change by continuous perfusion versus batch-feed. Fibroblast and endothelial cells showed greater viability under submerged rather than air-liquid conditions whereas keratinocytes favored culture at an air-liquid interface as did cocultured keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Total cellular viability for reconstructed skin with keratinocytes and fibroblasts was greatest with continuous perfusion rather than batch-feed and with electrospun scaffolds compared with acellular human dermis. The bioreactor could also be easily configured to give replicate small areas for experimental use or one continuous area of construct for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- Department of Engineering Materials, Sheffield University, Sheffield, UK
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33
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Lee SB, Kim YH, Chong MS, Hong SH, Lee YM. Study of gelatin-containing artificial skin V: fabrication of gelatin scaffolds using a salt-leaching method. Biomaterials 2005; 26:1961-8. [PMID: 15576170 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2003] [Accepted: 06/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Porous gelatin scaffolds were prepared using a salt-leaching method and these were compared to scaffolds fabricated using a freeze-drying method. The salt-leached gelatin scaffolds were easily formed into desired shapes with a uniformly distributed and interconnected pore structure with an average pore size of around 350 microm. The mechanical strength and the biodegradation rate of the scaffolds increased with the porosity, and were easily modulated by the addition of salt. After 1 week of in vitro culturing, the fibroblasts in salt-leached scaffolds were mainly attached on the surface of the pores in the scaffold, whereas cells seeded on freeze-dried scaffolds were widely distributed and aggregated on the top and the bottom of the scaffold. After 14 d of culturing, the fibroblasts showed a good affinity to, and proliferation on, the gelatin scaffolds without showing any signs of biodegradation. An in vivo study of cultured artificial dermal substitutes showed that an artificial dermis containing the fibroblasts enhanced the re-epithelialization of a full-thickness skin defect when compared to an acellular scaffold after 1 week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Bong Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Haengdang-dong, Seungdong-ku, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
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34
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Lee DY, Cho KH. The effects of epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts on the formation of cutaneous basement membrane in three-dimensional culture systems. Arch Dermatol Res 2004; 296:296-302. [PMID: 15650892 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-004-0529-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2004] [Accepted: 11/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The cutaneous basement membrane (BM) plays an important role in normal and pathological conditions. However, few studies have addressed the formation of the cutaneous BM using three-dimensional culture systems. In this study, to elucidate the effects of human epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts on the formation of the cutaneous BM, keratinocytes were cultured on several dermal substrates in the presence or absence of fibroblasts at the air-liquid interface. After 2 weeks of culture, immunohistochemical stainings for the components of the BM and electron microscopic studies of the BM zone (BMZ) were performed. In cultures of keratinocytes alone on dead reticular dermis or collagen gel without fibroblasts, beta4 integrin chain, laminin, type IV and VII collagens were all expressed. However, ultrastructurally, BMZ was not formed. In cultures of keratinocytes on fibroblast-populated collagen matrix, laminin, and type IV and VII collagens were expressed more strongly than in the absence of fibroblasts. In addition, elements of the BMZ such as hemidesmosomes, lamina lucida, lamina densa and anchoring fibrils were formed, although it was still incomplete. In the culture of keratinocytes alone on de-epidermized dermis (DED) (surface up), beta4 integrin chain, laminin, and type IV and VII collagens were strongly expressed. Also, the BMZ appeared similar to that in normal skin. In cocultures of keratinocytes and fibroblasts on DED or cultures of keratinocytes on DED combined with fibroblast-populated collagen matrix, type IV collagen was expressed more strongly than in cultures of keratinocytes alone. Ultrastructurally, similar findings to those of cultures of keratinocytes alone on DED were seen. Interestingly, when keratinocytes and fibroblasts were cocultured on DED, some fibroblasts were seen in the upper dermis as a result of migration into the dermis through partial loss of the lamina densa. These results show that keratinocytes produce most of the components of the BM such as laminin, and type IV and VII collagens. In addition, fibroblasts stimulate the expression of the components of the BM and the formation of a BMZ, suggesting that fibroblasts may produce laminin, and type IV and VII collagens or influence the effects of keratinocytes on the formation of the BM through a keratinocyte-fibroblast interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Youn Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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35
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Sanmano B, Mizoguchi M, Suga Y, Ikeda S, Ogawa H. Engraftment of umbilical cord epithelial cells in athymic mice: in an attempt to improve reconstructed skin equivalents used as epithelial composite. J Dermatol Sci 2004; 37:29-39. [PMID: 15619432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2004.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2004] [Revised: 10/22/2004] [Accepted: 10/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The umbilical cord (UC) is composed of connective tissue called Wharton Jelly, covered by a simple epithelium believed to derive from amniotic membrane epithelium. In previous studies, we observed that the umbilical cord epithelium (UCE) in situ displayed stratified epithelial structures, in some areas that expressed cytokeratins and differentiation markers as characteristic of keratinocytes under airlifted condition in vitro, UCE cells grown on collagen gel displayed more keratinocytes characteristics. OBJECTIVE To study the ability of UCE cells to undergo terminal differentiation when grown in the most proper environment. METHODS UCE cells were seeded onto the surface of a fibroblast-populated collagen gel then grafted onto the back of nude mice and examined using immunohistochemical techniques and by transmission electron microscope (TEM). RESULTS Post-grafted UCE cells formed a stratified epithelial structure similar to that formed by keratinocytes. Although immunohistochemical staining of UCE cells in skin grafts showed a similar pattern to that seen with the keratinocyte controls, UCE cells maintained many of their own intrinsic characteristics, such as stronger expression of mucous membrane cytokeratins and expression of simple epithelial cytokeratin. Notably, with longer transplant periods, expression of keratinocyte characteristics in UCE cells increased while expression of simple epithelial properties decreased. We observed formation of a complete basement membrane, which had not been achieved using an in vitro model. CONCLUSIONS Grafted UCE cells in an animal model maintain their own intrinsic characteristics, but display the stratified morphogenesis, terminal differentiation and ultrastructures similar to those seen in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borisut Sanmano
- Department of Dermatology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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El-Ghalbzouri A, Lamme EN, van Blitterswijk C, Koopman J, Ponec M. The use of PEGT/PBT as a dermal scaffold for skin tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2004; 25:2987-96. [PMID: 14967531 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.09.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2003] [Accepted: 09/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human skin equivalents (HSEs) were engineered using biodegradable-segmented copolymer PEGT/PBT as a dermal scaffold. As control groups, fibroblast-populated de-epidermized dermis, collagen, fibrin and hybrid PEGT/PBT-collagen matrices were used. Two different approaches were used to generate full-thickness HSE. In the 1-step approach, keratinocytes were seeded onto the fibroblast-populated scaffolds and cultured at the air-liquid (A/L) interface. In the 2-step approach, fully differentiated epidermal sheets were transferred onto fibroblast-populated scaffolds and cultured at the A/L. In a 1-step procedure, keratinocytes migrated into the porous PEGT/PBT scaffold. This was prevented by incorporating fibroblast-populated collagen into the pores of the PEGT/PBT matrix or using the 2-step procedure. Under all experimental conditions, fully differentiated stratified epidermis and basement membrane was formed. Differences in K6, K16, K17, collagen type VII, laminin 5 and nidogen staining were observed. In HSE generated with PEGT/PBT, the expression of these keratins was higher, and the deposition of collagen type VII, laminin 5 and nidogen at the epidermal/matrix junction was retarded compared to control HSEs. Our results illustrate that the copolymer PEGT/PBT is a suitable scaffold for the 2-step procedure, whereas the incorporation of fibroblast-populated collagen or fibrin into the pores of the scaffold is required for the 1-step procedure.
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Lu H, Rollman O. Fluorescence imaging of reepithelialization from skin explant cultures on acellular dermis. Wound Repair Regen 2004; 12:575-86. [PMID: 15453840 DOI: 10.1111/j.1067-1927.2004.012510.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reconstituted skin models are valuable tools in studies of cutaneous biology although they are not generally devised to visualize and quantify the time course of reepithelialization. We describe a skin explant culture technique coupled with vital microscopy allowing sequential imaging of epithelial outgrowth while maintaining the tissue in culture. Radial expansion of neo-epidermis was initiated from a 2-mm skin punch biopsy explanted onto acellular human dermis and maintained at the air-liquid interface in serum-containing keratinocyte medium. Microscopic viewings and surface area measurements of newly formed epidermis were performed repeatedly using fluorescein-based cell staining and subsequent image analysis. The labeling and visualization procedures did not interfere with neo-epidermal growth or tissue architecture. In order to appraise the versatility of the model, we studied the effect of epidermal growth factor supplementation on the course of skin resurfacing as related to tissue morphology and proliferative activity over a 10-day cultivation period. Exogenous epidermal growth factor at 10 ng/ml increased the radial outgrowth rate (mean, + 13.3 percent), papillomatosis index (+ 19.2 percent), epithelial thickness (+ 49.8 percent), and fraction of Ki-67 positive basal cells (+ 18.4 percent) in neo-epidermis produced from a biopsy of normal human skin. The contribution of this miniaturized and convenient format for concurrent studies of dynamic and qualitative features of neo-epidermis should be a useful complement to existing assays of epidermalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Lu
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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Jarman-Smith M, Bodamyali T, Stevens C, Howell JA, Horrocks M, Chaudhuri JB. Human fibroblast culture on a crosslinked dermal porcine collagen matrix. Biochem Eng J 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2003.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Izumi K, Song J, Feinberg SE. Development of a Tissue-Engineered Human Oral Mucosa: From the Bench to the Bed Side. Cells Tissues Organs 2004; 176:134-52. [PMID: 14745242 DOI: 10.1159/000075034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this publication is to make the reader aware of the complexity and steps that are necessary to make a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved laboratory produced cell-based device, for use in clinical trials for reconstructive surgery. Most tissue-engineered cell-based devices are considered as 'human somatic cell therapy' and fall under the auspices of the Center of Biologic Evaluation and Research (CBER) and are considered a combination product by the FDA. We have illustrated the algorithm that is necessary to follow an Independent New Drug (IND) application by using our ex vivo produced oral mucosa equivalents (EVPOME), a tissue-engineered oral mucosa, as an example of a cell-based device that needs FDA approval prior to clinical application. By illustrating the experimental approach and presenting resulting data we attempt to explain each step that we address along the way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Izumi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Mich., USA
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Andriani F, Margulis A, Lin N, Griffey S, Garlick JA. Analysis of microenvironmental factors contributing to basement membrane assembly and normalized epidermal phenotype. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 120:923-31. [PMID: 12787116 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To understand further the role of the dynamic interplay between keratinocytes and stromal components in the regulation of the growth, differentiation, morphogenesis, and basement membrane assembly of human stratified squamous epithelium, we have generated novel, three-dimensional organotypic cultures in which skin keratinocytes were grown in the absence or presence of pre-existing basement membrane components and/or dermal fibroblasts. We found that keratinocytes cultured in the presence of pre-existing basement membrane components and dermal fibroblasts for 9 d showed rapid assembly of basement membrane, as seen by a nearly complete lamina densa, hemidesmosomes, and the polarized, linear distribution of laminin 5 and a6 integrin subunit. Basement membrane assembly was somewhat delayed in the absence of dermal fibroblasts, but did occur at discrete nucleation sites when pre-existing basement membrane components were present. No basement membrane developed in the absence of pre-existing basement membrane components, even in the presence of dermal fibroblasts. Bromodeoxyuridine incorporation studies showed that early keratinocyte growth was independent of mesenchymal support, but by 14 d, both fibroblasts and assembled basement membrane were required to sustain growth. Normalization of keratinocyte differentiation was independent of both dermal fibroblasts and structured basement membrane. These results indicated that epithelial and mesenchymal components play a coordinated role in the generation of structured basement membrane and in the regulation of normalized epithelial growth and tissue architecture in an in vitro model of human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Andriani
- Department of Oral Biology & Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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Lee SB, Jeon HW, Lee YW, Lee YM, Song KW, Park MH, Nam YS, Ahn HC. Bio-artificial skin composed of gelatin and (1-->3), (1-->6)-beta-glucan. Biomaterials 2003; 24:2503-11. [PMID: 12695077 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Porous scaffolds composed of gelatin and beta-glucan were prepared using the freeze-drying method. The scaffold had an inter-connected pore structure with average pore size of 90-150 microm. Results for the contact angle and cell attachment revealed that a high gelatin content was suitable for cellular attachment and distribution in two- or three-dimensional fibroblast cultures, because the gelatin had acidic residues, and arginine-glycine-aspartic acid groups. To prepare a stratified wound dressing to mimic the normal human skin, fibroblasts and keratinocyte cells were isolated from a child's foreskin, and were co-cultured in gelatin/beta-glucan scaffolds were cross-linked using 1-ethyl-(3-3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride. An in vivo study showed that after 1 week, the artificial dermis containing the fibroblasts enhanced the re-epithelialization of a full-thickness skin defect rather than the acellular scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Bong Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
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Coleman CA, Hull BE, McDougal JN, Rogers JV. The effect of m-xylene on cytotoxicity and cellular antioxidant status in rat dermal equivalents. Toxicol Lett 2003; 142:133-42. [PMID: 12765247 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(03)00020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of the skin to volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) can lead to irritation, inflammation and cytotoxicity. Since VOCs are used in industrial, commercial and military applications, concern is mounting with respect to VOC safe exposure limits. Although traditional toxicological assessment of VOCs has utilized animal models, the use of alternative in vitro models is becoming more widespread. We have previously developed a sealed exposure system that prevents chemical loss through evaporation and enables calculation of target cell chemical dose. The present study utilized this in vitro exposure method to assess m-xylene-induced cytotoxicity and antioxidant status in dermal equivalents (dermal fibroblasts in a collagen matrix). At the end of a 1- or 4-h exposure, cytotoxicity was measured using the MTT assay and the EC50 values determined were 1481 +/- 88 and 930 +/- 33, respectively. Decreases in cellular thiols and catalase activity were observed, which occurred in a time and dose-dependent manner. Treatment of dermal equivalents with the antioxidants N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and catalase provided some protection against m-xylene-induced cytotoxicity. When compared to m-xylene exposures, treatment with either 1.0 or 5.0 mM NAC led to increases in the EC50 values at 1 and 4 h. Increases in these EC50 values ranged from 1.22- to 1.32-fold at 1 h and 1.27- to 1.54-fold at 4 h. Although treatment with catalase (1000 U/ml) led to a 1.35-fold increase in cell viability at 1 h, no significant differences were observed at either 1 or 4 h when compared to dermal equivalents exposed to m-xylene alone. These results suggest that exposure to m-xylene leads to a time- and dose-dependent decrease in cellular antioxidants and that cellular thiols may provide protection against the cytotoxic properties of m-xylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clint A Coleman
- ManTech, 2856 G Street, Building 79, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA
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Abstract
Skin is a major target of oxidative stress due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) that originate in the environment and in the skin itself. ROS are generated during normal metabolism, are an integral part of normal cellular function, and are usually of little harm because of intracellular mechanisms that reduce their damaging effects. Antioxidants attenuate the damaging effects of ROS and can impair and/or reverse many of the events that contribute to epidermal toxicity and disease. However, increased or prolonged free radical action can overwhelm ROS defense mechanisms, contributing to the development of cutaneous diseases and disorders. Although ROS play a role in diseases such as skin cancer, their biological targets and pathogenic mode of action are still not fully understood. In addition, strategies useful in the therapeutic management of ROS action in human skin are still lacking. This review is intended to give investigators an introduction to ROS, antioxidants, two skin disorders influenced by ROS action (skin cancer and psoriasis), and relevant model systems used to study ROS action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Trouba
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Ojeh NO, Frame JD, Navsaria HA. In vitro characterization of an artificial dermal scaffold. TISSUE ENGINEERING 2001; 7:457-72. [PMID: 11506734 DOI: 10.1089/10763270152436508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of extensive burn injuries has been enhanced by the development of artificial skin substitutes. Integra Artificial Skin, an acellular collagen-glycosaminoglycan (C-GAG) dermal equivalent requires a two-stage grafting procedure. However, preseeding the C-GAG dermal equivalent with cultured fibroblasts and keratinocytes, with the aim of performing a single-stage grafting procedure, may be beneficial in terms of replacing the requirement for traditional split-skin grafts. In this comparative in vitro study, the interactions of cultured human dermal fibroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes in Integra Artificial Skin in comparison to cadaver deepidermalized dermis (DED) was investigated. An increase in cell proliferation and migration in the C-GAG dermal equivalent was observed over time. Cocultures of fibroblasts and keratinocytes on both dermal equivalents showed positive expression of proliferation, differentiation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) protein markers. Organization of keratinocytes in the epidermal layers of DED composites were better compared to the C-GAG composites. Deposition of ECM proteins was enhanced in the presence of keratinocytes in both dermal equivalents. Results demonstrate that in vitro the C-GAG dermal equivalent is biocompatible for cell attachment, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Preseeding Integra Artificial Skin with cultured autologous fibroblasts and keratinocytes for in vivo application, as a single-stage grafting procedure, warrants testing. A better clinical outcome may be achieved as shown by our in vitro results of the coculture composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- N O Ojeh
- Burns Unit Research Laboratories, The St. Andrews Centre for Plastic Surgery and Burns, Broomfield Hospital, Chelmsford, Essex, U.K
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