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Meagher RB, Lewis ZA, Ambati S, Lin X. DectiSomes: C-type lectin receptor-targeted liposomes as pan-antifungal drugs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 196:114776. [PMID: 36934519 PMCID: PMC10133202 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Combatting the ever-increasing threat from invasive fungal pathogens faces numerous fundamental challenges, including constant human exposure to large reservoirs of species in the environment, the increasing population of immunocompromised or immunosuppressed individuals, the unsatisfactory efficacy of current antifungal drugs and their associated toxicity, and the scientific and economic barriers limiting a new antifungal pipeline. DectiSomes represent a new drug delivery platform that enhances antifungal efficacy for diverse fungal pathogens and reduces host toxicity for current and future antifungals. DectiSomes employ pathogen receptor proteins - C-type lectins - to target drug-loaded liposomes to conserved fungal cognate ligands and away from host cells. DectiSomes represent one leap forward for urgently needed effective pan-antifungal therapy. Herein, we discuss the problems of battling fungal diseases and the state of DectiSome development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Meagher
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Zachary A Lewis
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Suresh Ambati
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Xiaorong Lin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Machata S, Sreekantapuram S, Hünniger K, Kurzai O, Dunker C, Schubert K, Krüger W, Schulze-Richter B, Speth C, Rambach G, Jacobsen ID. Significant Differences in Host-Pathogen Interactions Between Murine and Human Whole Blood. Front Immunol 2021; 11:565869. [PMID: 33519798 PMCID: PMC7843371 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.565869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine infection models are widely used to study systemic candidiasis caused by C. albicans. Whole-blood models can help to elucidate host-pathogens interactions and have been used for several Candida species in human blood. We adapted the human whole-blood model to murine blood. Unlike human blood, murine blood was unable to reduce fungal burden and more substantial filamentation of C. albicans was observed. This coincided with less fungal association with leukocytes, especially neutrophils. The lower neutrophil number in murine blood only partially explains insufficient infection and filamentation control, as spiking with murine neutrophils had only limited effects on fungal killing. Furthermore, increased fungal survival is not mediated by enhanced filamentation, as a filament-deficient mutant was likewise not eliminated. We also observed host-dependent differences for interaction of platelets with C. albicans, showing enhanced platelet aggregation, adhesion and activation in murine blood. For human blood, opsonization was shown to decrease platelet interaction suggesting that complement factors interfere with fungus-to-platelet binding. Our results reveal substantial differences between murine and human whole-blood models infected with C. albicans and thereby demonstrate limitations in the translatability of this ex vivo model between hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Machata
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Sravya Sreekantapuram
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hünniger
- Research Group Fungal Septomics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Kurzai
- Research Group Fungal Septomics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christine Dunker
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Katja Schubert
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Wibke Krüger
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bianca Schulze-Richter
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Cornelia Speth
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Rambach
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ilse D. Jacobsen
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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Naglik JR, Gaffen SL, Hube B. Candidalysin: discovery and function in Candida albicans infections. Curr Opin Microbiol 2019; 52:100-109. [PMID: 31288097 PMCID: PMC6687503 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Candidalysin is the first peptide toxin identified in any human fungal pathogen. Candidalysin is critical for Candida albicans mucosal and systemic infections. Candidalysin activates danger-response and damage-protection pathways in host cells. Candidalysin activates the epidermal growth factor receptor in epithelial cells and the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages. Candidalysin drives neutrophil recruitment and Type 17 immunity.
Candidalysin is a cytolytic peptide toxin secreted by the invasive form of the human pathogenic fungus, Candida albicans. Candidalysin is critical for mucosal and systemic infections and is a key driver of host cell activation, neutrophil recruitment and Type 17 immunity. Candidalysin is regarded as the first true classical virulence factor of C. albicans but also triggers protective immune responses. This review will discuss how candidalysin was discovered, the mechanisms by which this peptide toxin contributes to C. albicans infections, and how its discovery has advanced our understanding of fungal pathogenesis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian R Naglik
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.
| | - Sarah L Gaffen
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15261, USA
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, 07745, Germany; Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, 07745, Germany
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4
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Romani L, Puccetti P. Controlling pathogenic inflammation to fungi. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 5:1007-17. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.5.6.1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Li WQ, Hu XC, Zhang X, Ge Y, Zhao S, Hu Y, Ashman RB. Immunisation with the glycolytic enzyme enolase confers effective protection against Candida albicans infection in mice. Vaccine 2011; 29:5526-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Su QP, Wen DZ, Yang Q, Zhang YH, Liu C, Wang L. Comparison of phage pVIII and KLH as vector in inducing the production of cytokines in C57BL/6J mice. Vaccine 2006; 25:970-5. [PMID: 17055124 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Revised: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that phage display Candida albicans (C. albicans) LKVIRK epitope was protective in systemically infected C57BL/6J mice. The different development from precursor Ths, Th1 or Th2, will result in a protective or nonprotective immune response. To compare the types of cytokines induced by biologically and chemically synthesized vectors, C57BL/6J mice were immunized with hybrid phage displaying the epitope of LKVIRK and by synthesized peptide epitope LKVIRKNIVKKMIE conjugated through cysteine to keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH). The production of cytokines in spleens of immunized mice and in splenocytes culture supernatants stimulated by homologous immunogen in vitro was studied by RT-PCR and quantitative sandwich ELISA. The results showed that, compared to Tris-EDTA buffer (TE, 1 mM Tris, 0.1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0) injected mice, the expressions of Th1 type cytokine IFN-gamma, IL-2 and IL-12 were increased in hybrid phage, KLH-C, and wild phage immunized mice, and there were no differences between mice immunized with hybrid phage and KLH-C. While the expression of Th2 type cytokine IL-10 was similar in all mice, IL-4 was not detected. We obtained the same results in mRNA and protein level. These findings indicated that as carriers, phage and KLH were similar in inducing the Th1 type cytokines expression. Comparing to peptide synthesis couple with a carrier protein for injection, phage may be an inexpensive and simple route to the production of effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Ping Su
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province 130024, People's Republic of China
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ADRF Research Grant Abstracts. Aust Dent J 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2005.tb00377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Herring AC, Falkowski NR, Chen GH, McDonald RA, Toews GB, Huffnagle GB. Transient neutralization of tumor necrosis factor alpha can produce a chronic fungal infection in an immunocompetent host: potential role of immature dendritic cells. Infect Immun 2005; 73:39-49. [PMID: 15618139 PMCID: PMC538928 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.1.39-49.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying induction of immune dysregulation and chronic fungal infection by a transient tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) deficiency remain to be defined. The objective of our studies was to determine the potential contribution of neutropenia and immature dendritic cells to the immune deviation. Administration of an anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody at day 0 neutralized TNF-alpha only during the first week of a pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans infection. Transient neutralization of TNF-alpha resulted in transient depression of interleukin-12 (IL-12), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production but permanently impaired long-term clearance of the infection from the lungs even after the levels of these cytokines increased and a vigorous inflammatory response developed. Early neutrophil recruitment was defective in the absence of TNF-alpha. However, as demonstrated by neutrophil depletion studies, this did not account for the decrease in IL-12 and IFN-gamma levels and did not play a role in establishing chronic pulmonary cryptococcal infection. Transient TNF-alpha neutralization also produced a deficiency in CD11c(+) MHC II(+) cells and IL-12 in the lymph nodes, potentially implicating a defect in mature dendritic cell trafficking. Transfer of cryptococcal antigen-pulsed immature dendritic cells into naive mice prior to intratracheal challenge resulted in the development of a nonprotective immune response to C. neoformans that was similar to that observed in anti-TNF-alpha-treated mice (increased IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 levels, pulmonary eosinophilia, and decreased clearance). Thus, stimulation of an antifungal response by immature dendritic cells can result in an immune deviation similar to that produced by transient TNF-alpha deficiency, identifying a new mechanism by which a chronic fungal infection can occur in an immunocompetent host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Herring
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 6301 MSRB III, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0642, USA
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Phillips AJ, Sudbery I, Ramsdale M. Apoptosis induced by environmental stresses and amphotericin B in Candida albicans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:14327-32. [PMID: 14623979 PMCID: PMC283591 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2332326100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
New antifungal agents are urgently required to combat life-threatening infections caused by opportunistic fungal pathogens like Candida albicans. The manipulation of endogenous fungal programmed cell death responses could provide a basis for future therapies. Here we assess the physiology of death in C. albicans in response to environmental stresses (acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide) and an antifungal agent (amphotericin B). Exposure of C. albicans to 40-60 mM acetic acid, 5-10 mM hydrogen peroxide, or 4-8 microg.ml-1 amphotericin B produced cellular changes reminiscent of mammalian apoptosis. Nonviable cells that excluded propidium iodide displayed the apoptotic marker phosphatidylserine (as shown by annexin-V-FITC labeling), were terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive (indicating nuclease-mediated double-strand DNA breakage), and produced reactive oxygen species. Ultrastructural changes in apoptotic cells included chromatin condensation and margination, separation of the nuclear envelope, and nuclear fragmentation. C. albicans cells treated at higher doses of these compounds showed cellular changes characteristic of necrosis. Necrotic cells displayed reduced TUNEL staining, a lack of surface phosphatidylserine, limited reactive oxygen species production, and an inability to exclude propidium iodide. Necrotic cells lacked defined nuclei and showed extensive intracellular vacuolization. Apoptosis in C. albicans was associated with an accumulation of cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle, and under some apoptosis-inducing conditions, significant proportions of yeast cells switched to hyphal growth before dying. This is a demonstration of apoptosis in a medically important fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Phillips
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD Aberdeen, Scotland
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Lamarre C, LeMay JD, Deslauriers N, Bourbonnais Y. Candida albicans expresses an unusual cytoplasmic manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (SOD3 gene product) upon the entry and during the stationary phase. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:43784-91. [PMID: 11562375 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m108095200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here that in addition to a cytoplasmic copper-zinc-containing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and a mitochondrial manganese-containing SOD, Candida albicans expresses a third SOD gene (SOD3). The deduced amino acid sequence contains all of the motifs found in previously characterized manganese-containing SODs, except the presence of a mitochondrial transit peptide. Recombinant Sod3p expressed and purified from Escherichia coli is a homotetramer with a subunit mass of 25.4 kDa. Mass absorption spectrometry detected the presence of both iron and manganese in purified Sod3p but, as determined by metal replacement experiments, the enzyme displays activity only when bound to manganese. Overexpression of SOD3 was shown to rescue the hypersensitivity to redox cycling agents of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant lacking the cytoplasmic copper-zinc-containing SOD. Northern blot analyses showed that the transcription of SOD3 is induced neither by the transition from the yeast to the mycelial form of C. albicans nor by drug-induced oxidative stress. In continuous cultures, the expression of SOD3 was strongly stimulated upon the entry and during the stationary phase, concomitantly with the repression of SOD1. We conclude that Sod3p is an atypical cytosolic manganese-containing superoxide dismutase that is involved in the protection of C. albicans against reactive oxygen species during the stationary phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lamarre
- Département de Biochimie et Microbiologie, Université Laval, Québec G1K 7P4, Canada
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12
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Hultgren OH, Stenson M, Tarkowski A. Role of IL-12 in Staphylococcus aureus-triggered arthritis and sepsis. ARTHRITIS RESEARCH 2001; 3:41-7. [PMID: 11178125 PMCID: PMC17823 DOI: 10.1186/ar138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2000] [Revised: 08/08/2000] [Accepted: 09/04/2000] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates that endogenous production of IL-12 is crucial for survival in Staphylococcus aureus-induced arthritis in mice. Staphylococcal load is enhanced in several organs, because of lack of IL-12. This might be due to decreased production of IFN-gamma in IL-12-deficient mice. Although IL-12-deficient mice were exposed to higher staphylococcal load, they demonstrated no increased severity of arthritis as compared with control animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- O H Hultgren
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden.
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13
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Peltroche-Llacsahuanga H, Schnitzler N, Schmidt S, Tintelnot K, Lütticken R, Haase G. Phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and killing of Candida dubliniensis and Candida albicans by human neutrophils. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000; 191:151-5. [PMID: 11004413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida dubliniensis is a phylogenetically closely related species to Candida albicans. So far virtually nothing is known about the virulence factors of C. dubliniensis. Cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) plays a critical role in adhesion of microorganisms to phagocytic cells; hydrophobic cells of C. albicans have been reported to be less sensitive to phagocytic killing than hydrophilic cells. C. dubliniensis displays CSH at 37 degrees C in contrast to C. albicans. To elucidate this issue, we determined levels of phagocytosis, oxidative burst and killing by human neutrophils of C. dubliniensis (n=10) compared to C. albicans (n=10) both cultured at 37 degrees C. Obtained test results revealed no statistically significant differences between these two yeast species for the level of phagocytosis (77.3 vs. 76.2% after 60 min), evoked oxidative burst (64.5 vs. 67.3% after 30 min) and killing (72.7 vs. 73.1% after 240 min). Therefore, human neutrophils can be considered to be equally efficient against these two yeast species.
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Xiong J, Kang K, Liu L, Yoshida Y, Cooper KD, Ghannoum MA. Candida albicans and Candida krusei differentially induce human blood mononuclear cell interleukin-12 and gamma interferon production. Infect Immun 2000; 68:2464-9. [PMID: 10768932 PMCID: PMC97447 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.5.2464-2469.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/1999] [Accepted: 01/26/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protection against Candida infection involves both innate and acquired immune responses, and cytokines produced by monocytes during the innate response may modify the acquired immune response by T cells. We hypothesized that Candida species which differ in pathogenicity can differentially induce production of immunoregulatory cytokines by human monocytes, which in turn modify T cells for immune responses to Candida. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effects of Candida albicans and Candida krusei on immunoregulatory cytokine production by human monocytes and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Purified monocytes were incubated with live or heat-killed strains of C. albicans and C. krusei at the optimal Candida/monocyte ratio of 0.5. Cytokines in the supernatants were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our data demonstrated that live C. albicans and C. krusei significantly induced interleukin-10 (IL-10), monocyte chemotactic factor 1, IL-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha production by monocytes relative to unstimulated monocytes. In contrast, unlike C. krusei, pathogenic live strains of C. albicans induced no or only a minimal level of IL-12. The expression of IL-12 p40 mRNA levels by reverse transcription-PCR corroborated the IL-12 protein (p70) findings. In human PBMC, human blood monocytes were the major source of both IL-10 and IL-12 production in response to C. albicans and C. krusei. Upon activation of T cells in the presence of Candida-modified monocytes and antigen-presenting cells, IL-12 production by PBMC treated with Candida organisms correlated strongly with the level of IFN-gamma production by T cells. These results indicate that the virulence of C. albicans may be related to its ability to induce the monocytic type II cytokine IL-10, with a selective inhibition of IL-12 production, which may be responsible for the observed lack of T-cell IFN-gamma and may restrain an effective type I immune response to Candida.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xiong
- Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, Case Western University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Kullberg BJ, Netea MG, Vonk AG, van der Meer JW. Modulation of neutrophil function in host defense against disseminated Candida albicans infection in mice. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1999; 26:299-307. [PMID: 10575142 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.1999.tb01402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils (PMNs) constitute the main mechanism of host defense against acute invasive and disseminated candidiasis. Recent studies have demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) play an important role in the recruitment of PMNs at the site of invasive Candida infection. In the absence of either TNFalpha or IL-6, the course of experimental disseminated candidiasis is more severe, due to defective PMN recruitment. Treatment of mice with recombinant G-CSF (rG-CSF) leads to a significantly reduced mortality during disseminated candidiasis. The outgrowth of Candida albicans from the organs of rG-CSF-treated mice is significantly decreased. Treatment with the combination of rG-CSF and fluconazole has an additive effect on the reduction of fungal load in the organs. In subacute or chronic disseminated Candida infection, rG-CSF is less effective, indicating that neutrophil recruitment and activation are crucial in acute, life-threatening candidiasis, whereas other host defense mechanisms control the outcome of less overwhelming invasive Candida infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Kullberg
- Department of Medicine, Catholic University Nijmegen and University Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Cassatella
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Verona, Italy
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17
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Mencacci A, Cenci E, Sero GD, Fé d’Ostiani C, Mosci P, Trinchieri G, Adorini L, Romani L. IL-10 Is Required for Development of Protective Th1 Responses in IL-12-Deficient Mice upon Candida albicans Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.11.6228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
IL-12 is both required and prognostic for Th1 development in mice with Candida albicans infection. To delineate further the physiologic role of IL-12 in antifungal immunity, mice deficient for this cytokine were assessed for susceptibility to C. albicans infections, and for parameters of innate and adaptive immunity. IL-12-deficient mice were highly susceptible to gastrointestinal infection or to reinfection and showed elevated production of Candida-specific IgE and IL-4 and defective production of IFN-γ. The failure to mount protective Th1 responses occurred despite the presence of an unimpaired innate antifungal immune response, which correlated with unaltered IFN-γ production, but defective production of, and responsiveness to, inhibitory IL-10. IL-10 or IL-12 neutralization increased the innate antifungal resistance in wild-type mice. However, in IL-12-deficient mice, treatment with exogenous IL-12 or IL-10 impaired IL-4 production and increased resistance to infection, through a negative effect on the CTLA-4/B7-2 costimulatory pathway. These results confirm the obligatory role of IL-12 in the induction of anticandidal Th1 responses, and indicate the existence of a positive regulatory loop between IL-12 and IL-10 that may adversely affect the innate antifungal response, but is required for optimal costimulation of IL-12-dependent CD4+Th1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Mencacci
- *Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elio Cenci
- *Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Del Sero
- *Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Cristiana Fé d’Ostiani
- *Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Mosci
- *Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | - Luigina Romani
- *Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Ashman RB. Candida albicans: pathogenesis, immunity and host defence. RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 1998; 149:281-8; discussion 494-6. [PMID: 9720946 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2494(98)80752-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R B Ashman
- Oral Biology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Brisbane Old
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Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a potent immunoregulatory cytokine that is crucially involved in a wide range of infectious diseases. In several experimental models of bacterial, parasitic, viral, and fungal infection, endogenous IL-12 is required for early control of infection and for generation and perhaps maintenance of acquired protective immunity, directed by T helper type 1 (Th1) cells and mediated by phagocytes. Although the relative roles of IL-12 and gamma interferon in Th1-cell priming may be to a significant extent pathogen dependent, common to most infections is that IL-12 regulates the magnitude of the gamma interferon response at the initiation of infection, thus potentiating natural resistance, favoring Th1-cell development; and inhibiting Th2 responses. Treatment of animals with IL-12, either alone or as a vaccine adjuvant, has been shown to prevent disease by many of the same infectious agents, by stimulating innate resistance or promoting specific reactivity. Although IL-12 may enhance protective memory responses in vaccination or in combination with antimicrobial chemotherapy, it is yet unclear whether exogenous IL-12 can alter established responses in humans. Continued investigation into the possible application of IL-12 therapy to human infections is warranted by the role of the cytokine in inflammation, immunopathology, and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Romani
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy.
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Abstract
A variety of pathological conditions, including impaired immune function, is believed to underlie host susceptibility to fungal infections and to determine both the severity and the characteristic of the associated pathology. Although the redundancy and the interdependence of antifungal responses may not favor the proper dissection and appreciation of individual effector mechanisms, the T helper type 1/type 2 paradigm of acquired immunity to fungi is proving essential for a better understanding of the host response from a regulatory perspective. The recent understanding of the importance of the different T helper cell subsets in fungal infections and the increasing appreciation of the reciprocal regulation between the innate, humoral, and adaptive immune systems in the development of optimal antimicrobial immunity have offered us new clues which may lead to an understanding of T cell dependent immunity to fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Romani
- Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122, Perugia, Italy.
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