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Diana L, Mastroianni L, Diana V, Puentes R. Streptococcus spp. isolated from bovine mastitis: Antimicrobial sensitivity studies and disagreement evaluation between routine phenotypic diagnosis and molecular identification. Rev Argent Microbiol 2024:S0325-7541(24)00088-9. [PMID: 39304366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2024.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis poses a significant threat to global dairy production, resulting in substantial losses in milk production. Streptococcus bacteria, particularly Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Streptococcus dysgalactiae, are commonly implicated in this condition. An accurate diagnosis is crucial for implementing effective treatment and minimizing its impact on production. This study examined 115 Streptococcus strains isolated from bovine mastitis cases in Uruguay using PCR for species identification. Additionally, the resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin, and penicillin was assessed in 81 of the bacterial strains under study. Significant disparities between phenotypic and genotypic detection were evident across all three species, with only 31% of strains identified phenotypically aligning with PCR results. Phenotypic prevalence indicated S. dysgalactiae as the most prevalent (44.35%), followed by S. uberis (24.34%) and S. agalactiae (6.09%). However, the genotypic identification revealed S. uberis as the most prevalent, followed by S. dysgalactiae, while S. agalactiae remained the least prevalent. The high sensitivity and speed of PCR suggest its potential routine implementation for diagnosing bovine mastitis caused by Streptococcus in any laboratory. Although, penicillin resistance was practically nonexistent, tetracycline and erythromycin exhibit higher resistance levels across all three species studied. In conclusion, the study underlines the importance of early diagnosis, highlights variations in bacterial prevalence, and proposes PCR as a valuable diagnostic tool for Streptococcus species responsible for bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Diana
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Patobiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Lucas Mastroianni
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Patobiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Rodrigo Puentes
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Patobiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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2
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Naranjo-Lucena A, Slowey R. Invited review: Antimicrobial resistance in bovine mastitis pathogens: A review of genetic determinants and prevalence of resistance in European countries. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:1-23. [PMID: 36333144 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is an urgent and growing problem worldwide, both for human and animal health. In the animal health sector actions have been taken as concerns grow regarding the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Mastitis is the most common infection in dairy cattle. We aimed to summarize the genetic determinants found in staphylococci, streptococci, and Enterobacteriaceae isolated from mastitic milk samples and provide a comparison of percentage resistance to a variety of antimicrobials in European countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Naranjo-Lucena
- National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Laboratory Campus, Celbridge, Ireland W23 VW2C.
| | - Rosemarie Slowey
- National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Laboratory Campus, Celbridge, Ireland W23 VW2C
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Abd El-Aziz NK, Ammar AM, El Damaty HM, Abd Elkader RA, Saad HA, El-Kazzaz W, Khalifa E. Environmental Streptococcus uberis Associated with Clinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows: Virulence Traits, Antimicrobial and Biocide Resistance, and Epidemiological Typing. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1849. [PMID: 34206268 PMCID: PMC8300258 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis remains a serious problem for dairy animals. The misappropriation of antimicrobial agents helps accelerate resistance, which poses a serious challenge in controlling environmental S. uberis infection. Here, we study the virulence attributes, antimicrobial and biocide resistance, and epidemiological typing of S. uberis recovered from bovine clinical mastitis in dairy farms of diverse hygienic interventions in Egypt. The overall S. uberis infection rate was 20.59%; all were multidrug-resistant (MDR). The sua gene was the most frequent virulence gene (42.02%), followed by pauA (40.57%), cfu (21.73%), skc (20.28%), and opp (11.59%). The erm(B) gene served as the predominant antimicrobial-resistant gene (75.36%), followed by fexA (52.63%) and tet(M), blaZ, and aac(6')aph(2″) genes (46.38% each). Of note, 79.71%, 78.26%, and 18.84% of S. uberis isolates harbored qacED1, qacC/D, and qacA/B genes, respectively. All analyzed isolates were S. uberis type I by their unique RFLP-PCR pattern. In conclusion, the sustained presence of pauA and sua genes throughout the investigated farms contributes to a better understanding of the bacterium's pathogenicity. Furthermore, MDR coupled with the existence of biocide resistance genes indicates the importance of S. uberis surveillance and the prudent use of antimicrobials in veterinary clinical medicine to avoid the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhan K Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Ammar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Hend M El Damaty
- Department of Animal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Rehab A Abd Elkader
- Belbies Veterinary Organization, Ministry of Agriculture, Belbies 44974, Egypt
| | - Hosam A Saad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed El-Kazzaz
- Molecular Microbiology Lab., Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Eman Khalifa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh 51511, Egypt
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4
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McDougall S, Penry J, Dymock D. Antimicrobial susceptibilities in dairy herds that differ in dry cow therapy usage. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:9142-9163. [PMID: 34001359 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intramammary infusion of antimicrobials at the end of lactation (dry cow therapy; DCT) is a central part of mastitis control programs and is one of the major indications for antimicrobial use in dairy cows. However, with increasing focus on prudent use of antimicrobials and concerns about emergence of antimicrobial resistance, the practice of treating every cow at the end of lactation with DCT is in question. This cross-sectional, observational study determined the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 10 antimicrobials for coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, and Streptococcus uberis isolates from milk samples from dairy cows with somatic cell counts >200,000 cells/mL in herds that had been organic for >3 yr (n = 7), or had used either ampicillin-cloxacillin DCT (n = 11) or cephalonium DCT (n = 8) in the preceding 3 yr. The organic herds were certified under the United States Department of Agriculture National Organic Program, meaning that there was no blanket DCT, and minimal use of antimicrobials in general, with a loss of organic status of the animal if treated with antimicrobials. Breakpoints (where available) were used to categorize isolates as resistant, intermediate, or susceptible to antimicrobials. The MIC distributions of isolates from different herd types were compared using binomial or multinomial logistic regression. Of 240 CNS isolates, 12.9, 0.8, 7.1, 32.6, and 1.2%, were intermediate or resistant to ampicillin, cephalothin, erythromycin, penicillin, and tetracycline, respectively. Of 320 Staph. aureus isolates, 29.0, 2.5, 1.2, and 34.9% were intermediately resistant or resistant to ampicillin, penicillin, erythromycin, and oxacillin, respectively. Of 184 Strep. uberis isolates, 1.1, 25.0, 1.6, and 1.6% were intermediately resistant or resistant to erythromycin, penicillin, pirlimycin, and tetracycline, respectively. Generally, the MIC of CNS and streptococcal isolates from organic herds were lower than isolates from herds using DCT. However, the differences in MIC distributions occurred at MIC below clinical breakpoints, so that the bacteriological cure rates may not differ between isolates of differing MIC. Bimodal distributions of MIC for ampicillin and penicillin were found in Staph. aureus isolates from organic herds, suggesting that isolates with a higher MIC are a natural part of the bacterial population of the bovine mammary gland, or that isolates with higher MIC have persisted within these organic herds from a time when antimicrobials had been used. Given these observations, further work is required to determine if exposure to DCT is causally associated with the risk of elevated MIC, and whether reduction or removal of DCT from herds would reduce the risk of elevated MIC of mastitis pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S McDougall
- Cognosco, Anexa, PO Box 21, Morrinsville 3300, New Zealand.
| | - J Penry
- Cognosco, Anexa, PO Box 21, Morrinsville 3300, New Zealand
| | - D Dymock
- MSD, Upper Hutt 5140, New Zealand
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Ding Y, Wu Q, Guo Y, Li M, Li P, Ma Y, Liu W. Effects of in vitro-induced drug resistance on the virulence of Streptococcus. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:935-943. [PMID: 33314727 PMCID: PMC8136945 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of in vitro-induced drug resistance on the virulence of Streptococcus. Micro-dilution method was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). In vitro-induced drug resistance was conducted for S. agalactiae (CVCC1886) and S. dysgalactiae (CVCC3701) by gradually increasing the antimicrobial concentration (strains were from IVDC, China). PCR was used to detect the resistance and virulence genes of the strains before and after resistance induction. Colony morphology was observed to compare the physiological and biochemical properties of the strains. A total of 88 clean-grade Kunming mice (obtained from Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China) were used in half of the lethal dose (LD50) test for detecting the changes in virulence of strains. The results showed that S. agalactiae (CVCC1886) and S. dysgalactiae (CVCC3701) developed resistance against seven kinds of antibiotics, respectively. Resistance and virulence genes of CVCC3701 were changed when treated by the Penicillin-inducing. The growth of the CVCC3701-PEN was decreased compared to the CVCC3701. Virulence test in mice indicated that the LD50 of CVCC3701 before induction and CVCC3701-PEN after induction were 5.45 × 106 and 5.82 × 108 CFU/ml, respectively. Compared with the untreated bacteria, the bacterial virulence was reduced 1.1 × 102 times after resistance induction. In conclusion, S. dysgalactiae (CVCC3701) is a susceptible strain of drug resistance to antibiotics, in vitro-induced drug resistance reduced the virulence of CVCC3701, but the virulence is still existing and also could result in the death of mice. For public health safety, it must be alert to the emergence of drug resistance of Streptococcus in animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue‐Xia Ding
- College of Coastal Agricultural SciencesGuangdong Ocean UniversityZhanjiangPR China
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & ToxicologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineInner Mongolia Agricultural UniversityHohhotPR China
- Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal DiseaseMinistry of AgricultureHohhotPR China
| | - Qun Wu
- Research Institute of Agricultural MachineryChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesZhanjiangPR China
| | - Yan Guo
- College of Coastal Agricultural SciencesGuangdong Ocean UniversityZhanjiangPR China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & ToxicologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineInner Mongolia Agricultural UniversityHohhotPR China
- Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal DiseaseMinistry of AgricultureHohhotPR China
| | - Pei‐Feng Li
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & ToxicologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineInner Mongolia Agricultural UniversityHohhotPR China
- Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal DiseaseMinistry of AgricultureHohhotPR China
| | - Yi Ma
- College of Coastal Agricultural SciencesGuangdong Ocean UniversityZhanjiangPR China
- Maoming BranchGuangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureMaomingPR China
| | - Wen‐Chao Liu
- College of Coastal Agricultural SciencesGuangdong Ocean UniversityZhanjiangPR China
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6
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Hernandez L, Bottini E, Cadona J, Cacciato C, Monteavaro C, Bustamante A, Sanso AM. Multidrug Resistance and Molecular Characterization of Streptococcus agalactiae Isolates From Dairy Cattle With Mastitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:647324. [PMID: 33996629 PMCID: PMC8120232 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.647324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae is a pathogen-associated to bovine mastitis, a health disorder responsible for significant economic losses in the dairy industry. Antimicrobial therapy remains the main strategy for the control of this bacterium in dairy herds and human In order to get insight on molecular characteristics of S. agalactiae strains circulating among Argentinean cattle with mastitis, we received 1500 samples from 56 dairy farms between 2016 and 2019. We recovered 56 S. agalactiae isolates and characterized them in relation to serotypes, virulence genes, and antimicrobial susceptibility. Serotypes III and II were the most prevalent ones (46% and 41%, respectively), followed by Ia (7%). In relation to the 13 virulence genes screened in this study, the genes spb1, hylB, cylE, and PI-2b were present in all the isolates, meanwhile, bca, cpsA, and rib were detected in different frequencies, 36%, 96%, and 59%, respectively. On the other hand, bac, hvgA, lmb, PI-1, PI-2a, and scpB genes could not be detected in any of the isolates. Disk diffusion method against a panel of eight antimicrobial agents showed an important number of strains resistant simultaneously to five antibiotics. We also detected several resistance-encoding genes, tet(M), tet(O), ermB, aphA3, and lnu(B) (9%, 50%, 32%, 32%, and 5%, respectively). The results here presented are the first molecular data on S. agalactiae isolates causing bovine mastitis in Argentina and provide a foundation for the development of diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic methods, including the perspective of a vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Hernandez
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, CIVETAN (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Enriqueta Bottini
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Clínica y Experimental, CIVETAN (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Jimena Cadona
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, CIVETAN (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Claudio Cacciato
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Clínica y Experimental, CIVETAN (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Cristina Monteavaro
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Clínica y Experimental, CIVETAN (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Ana Bustamante
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, CIVETAN (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Andrea Mariel Sanso
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, CIVETAN (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
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7
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Shan Y, Yang N, Teng D, Wang X, Mao R, Hao Y, Ma X, Fan H, Wang J. Recombinant of the Staphylococcal Bacteriophage Lysin CHAP k and Its Elimination against Streptococcus agalactiae Biofilms. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020216. [PMID: 32041118 PMCID: PMC7074704 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is the most important infectious disease, causing significant losses in the dairy industry, in which Streptococcus agalactiae is a major pathogen. In this study, lysin CHAPk, derived from bacteriophage K, was expressed heterogeneously, and its antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects against S. agalactiae isolated from bovine mastitis were further analyzed. CHAPk was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), in which the purified yield of CHAPk was up to 14.6 mg/L with the purity of 95%. Time-killing kinetic curves showed that CHAPk fastly killed S. agalactiae in TSB medium and in milk within 25 min (by 3.3 log10 CFU/mL and 2.4 log10 CFU/mL, respectively). Observation of scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed cells wrinkled and ruptured after the treatment of CHAPk. CHAPk effectively inhibited early biofilms by 95% in 8 × MIC, and eradicated mature biofilms by 89.4% in 16 × MIC. Moreover, CHAPk killed 99% bacteria in mature biofilms. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) also demonstrated the potent antimicrobial and anti-biofilm action of CHAPk. It was firstly demonstrated CHAPk had the characters of inhibition/elimination of S. agalactiae biofilms and killing the bacteria in biofilms. CHAPk has the potential to develop a new antibacterial agent for mastitis treatment of S. agalactiae infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxue Shan
- Gene Engineering Labotory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.S.); (N.Y.); (D.T.); (X.W.); (R.M.); (Y.H.); (X.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and rural affairs, Beijing 100081, China
- Tianjin Animal Science and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin 300381, China
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Na Yang
- Gene Engineering Labotory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.S.); (N.Y.); (D.T.); (X.W.); (R.M.); (Y.H.); (X.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and rural affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Da Teng
- Gene Engineering Labotory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.S.); (N.Y.); (D.T.); (X.W.); (R.M.); (Y.H.); (X.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and rural affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Gene Engineering Labotory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.S.); (N.Y.); (D.T.); (X.W.); (R.M.); (Y.H.); (X.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and rural affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ruoyu Mao
- Gene Engineering Labotory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.S.); (N.Y.); (D.T.); (X.W.); (R.M.); (Y.H.); (X.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and rural affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ya Hao
- Gene Engineering Labotory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.S.); (N.Y.); (D.T.); (X.W.); (R.M.); (Y.H.); (X.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and rural affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xuanxuan Ma
- Gene Engineering Labotory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.S.); (N.Y.); (D.T.); (X.W.); (R.M.); (Y.H.); (X.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and rural affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huan Fan
- Tianjin Animal Science and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin 300381, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (H.F.)
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Gene Engineering Labotory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.S.); (N.Y.); (D.T.); (X.W.); (R.M.); (Y.H.); (X.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and rural affairs, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (H.F.)
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Đuričić D, Sukalić T, Marković F, Kočila P, Žura Žaja I, Menčik S, Dobranić T, Benić M, Samardžija M. Effects of Dietary Vibroactivated Clinoptilolite Supplementation on the Intramammary Microbiological Findings in Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020202. [PMID: 31991715 PMCID: PMC7070774 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study aimed to determine the effects of dietary vibroactivated clinoptilolite supplementation on the intramammary microbiological findings in dairy cows, causative agents of intramammary infection, and their sensitivity to antibiotics. The cows (n = 78) were randomly divided into two groups: the clinoptilolite (CPL)-treated group that received 100 g of clinoptilolite (CPL) in-feed (n = 38) from the seventh month of pregnancy to 75 days after calving and the control group (CON) of untreated cows (n = 40). Milk samples were taken from each cow on days 7, 25, 45, and 75 postpartum. Different causative pathogens were isolated in 86 udder quarters (7.07%), in 3.87% environmental microflora, and 89.06% were bacteriologically negative. The most effective antibiotics were cefoperazone and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, while cloxacillin and tetracycline were the least effective. In the CPL group (14 cows), nine pathogens were isolated in 27 quarters, while in the control (CON) group (24 cows), 13 pathogens in 59 quarters. Cows from the CON group had a 1.96 times higher risk of intramammary infection than cows from the CPL group. Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the effects of dietary vibroactivated clinoptilolite supplementation on the intramammary microbiological findings in dairy cows, causative agents of potential intramammary infection, and their sensitivity to antibiotics. Cows (n = 78) were randomly divided into two groups: CPL-treated group that received clinoptilolite (CPL) in-feed (n = 38), i.e., 50 g natural powdered zeolite CPL, twice daily from the seventh month of pregnancy to 75 days after calving, and the control group (CON) of untreated cows (n = 40). Milk samples were taken from each cow on days 7, 25, 45, and 75 postpartum. The following causative pathogens were isolated in 86 udder quarters: Staphylococcus aureus in 5.81% of positive samples, Staphylococcus spp. 9.32%, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) 22.09%, Streptococcus uberis 13.95%, Streptococcus agalactiae 1.16%, Streptococcus sp. 3.49%, Escherichia coli 8.13%, Enterococcus spp. 6.98%, Corynebacterium spp. 11.63%, Pasteurella sp. 10.47%, Serratia spp. 2.33%, and Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Citrobacter sp., Prototheca sp., and yeasts each in 1.16% of samples. Additionally, 3.87% of environmental microflora samples (n = 47) and 89.06% of udder samples (n = 1083) were bacteriologically negative. The most effective antibiotics were cefoperazone and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, while cloxacillin and tetracycline were the least effective antibiotics in both groups. In the clinoptilolite supplemented (CPL) group (n = 38) of 14 cows, nine causative agents of mastitis were isolated in 27 quarters, while in the control (CON) group (n = 40) of 24 cows, 13 causative agents of mastitis were isolated in 59 quarters. Cows from the CON group had a 1.96 times higher risk of intramammary infection than cows from the CPL group during the observation period (odds ratio = 1.96, p = 0.0031; 95% CI = 1.2570–3.0770).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dražen Đuričić
- Veterinary Practice Đurđevac, Kolodvorska 2, 48350 Đurđevac, Croatia;
| | - Tomislav Sukalić
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Department Križevci, Zakmardijeva 10, 48260 Križevci, Croatia;
| | - Franjo Marković
- Belupo Pharmaceuticals, Vargovićeva 4/3, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia;
| | - Predrag Kočila
- Animal Feed Factory d.d., Novakova 11, 40000 Čakovec, Croatia;
| | - Ivona Žura Žaja
- Faculty of Veteririnary Medicine University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Ž.Ž.); (S.M.); (T.D.)
| | - Sven Menčik
- Faculty of Veteririnary Medicine University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Ž.Ž.); (S.M.); (T.D.)
| | - Tomislav Dobranić
- Faculty of Veteririnary Medicine University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Ž.Ž.); (S.M.); (T.D.)
| | - Miroslav Benić
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Marko Samardžija
- Faculty of Veteririnary Medicine University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Ž.Ž.); (S.M.); (T.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385912390157
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9
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Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Streptococci Most Frequently Isolated from Czech Dairy Cows with Mastitis. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2019-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim was to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility of most frequently isolated streptococci from Czech dairy herds. A total of 3,719 quarter milk samples were collected and cultivated between January 2017 and June 2018 from cows with clinical or subclinical mastitis from 112 farms. Only one isolate of each species, collected from the same farm per six-month period, was included in the susceptibility testing. The susceptibilities of Streptococcus uberis (163 isolates) and S. dysgalactiae (25 isolates) to 10 antimicrobials (penicillin – PEN, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid – AMC, ceftiofur – EFT, clindamycin – CLI, gentamicin – GEN, streptomycin – STR, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole – SXT, enrofloxacin – ENR, tetracycline – TET, rifampicin – RIF) from 9 groups were determined by measuring their minimum inhibitory concentrations. The percentages of resistant S. uberis isolates to the antimicrobials were as follows: TET (63.2%), STR (52.1%), CLI (30.1%), and RIF (2.5%). Intermediate susceptibility was found to RIF (63.2%), PEN (35%), ENR (2.5%), EFT (1.8%), and AMC (1.2%). All the S. uberis isolates were susceptible to GEN and SXT (100%). However, only 6.7% of S. uberis isolates were susceptible to all tested antimicrobials, and 38.7% of isolates were multidrug resistant (≥ 3 groups of antimicrobials). All the S. dysgalactiae isolates were susceptible to PEN, AMC, EFT, GEN, SXT, and ENR (100%). Resistant S. dysgalactiae isolates were found to TET (60%), STR (28%), CLI (12%), and intermediate to TET (24%) and RIF (20%). Sixteen percent of S. dysgalactiae isolates were multidrug resistant. The relatively high occurrence of (multiple) resistance, relative to mastitis pathogens, highlights the importance of monitoring this condition in dairy herds.
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Chehabi CN, Nonnemann B, Astrup LB, Farre M, Pedersen K. In vitro Antimicrobial Resistance of Causative Agents to Clinical Mastitis in Danish Dairy Cows. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 16:562-572. [PMID: 31059284 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the antimicrobial resistance patterns of major causative agents to clinical mastitis in Danish dairy cows collected in 2016 to provide data on the current resistance patterns. Such data may subsequently serve as basis for a guideline for prudent use of antimicrobial agents in mastitis treatment. In addition, this study serves as a baseline for future comparison. The minimum inhibitory concentrations in Escherichia coli (n = 62), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 18), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 63), coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CNS) (n = 49), Streptococcus uberis (n = 61), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (n = 33), and Streptococcus agalactiae (n = 13) were determined to antimicrobial agents representing most classes relevant for treatment. The occurrence of resistance in the 299 bacterial isolates in total was evaluated using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute clinical breakpoints or in-house breakpoint values. For E. coli, low resistance levels were detected, 11.3% being resistant to ampicillin while resistance to other compounds was lower or zero. In contrast, K. pneumoniae revealed frequent ampicillin resistance (83.3%), but was susceptible to most other antimicrobial agents tested. Staphylococci were susceptible to the majority of antimicrobial agents tested, only 17.7% of the S. aureus isolates and 22.4% of the CNS being resistant to penicillin. Species distribution of the CNS isolates revealed that Staphylococcus simulans, Staphylococcus chromogenes, and Staphylococcus epidermidis were the most prevalent species. One S. aureus and one S. chromogenes isolate was found to be cefoxitin resistant and confirmed as methicillin resistant by polymerase chain reaction detection of the mecA gene, showing that methicillin resistance in staphylococci is present. All species of streptococci were susceptible to penicillin. No other critical resistance was found in any species, and resistance was in general low to all clinically relevant compounds. We emphasize the need for continuous surveillance of antibiotic resistance in major mastitis pathogens and the need for harmonization of methods and interpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaza Nazih Chehabi
- 1National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bettina Nonnemann
- 1National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lærke Boye Astrup
- 1National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Karl Pedersen
- 3Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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Tian XY, Zheng N, Han RW, Ho H, Wang J, Wang YT, Wang SQ, Li HG, Liu HW, Yu ZN. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes of Streptococcus isolated from dairy cows with mastitis in China. Microb Pathog 2019; 131:33-39. [PMID: 30940606 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus is a major mastitis-causing pathogen in dairy cows. To investigate the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and virulence gene of Streptococcus in mastitic milk, a total of 735 mastitic raw milk samples from dairy cows in 11 provinces of China were collected and tested. Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus isolates was determined by disc diffusion against 8 classes 29 antimicrobial agents, and Streptococcus resistant genes and virulence genes were determined by PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis. A total of 64 (8.71%) isolates of Streptococcus were isolated and identified using biochemical profiling, including 22 isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae, 13 isolates of Streptococcus dysgalactiae, and 29 isolates of Streptococcus uberis. Out of 64 resistant Streptococcus isolates, all isolates (100%) were resistant to 3 or more antimicrobials. The most frequency (n = 18, 28.12%) of the isolates were multi-resistant to 5-7 antimicrobials and the highest multi-resistant number was 29 (n = 1, 1.56%). Streptococcus isolates had the highest resistance rate to tetracycline (98.44%) and oxacillin (98.44%), followed by penicillin G (96.88%) and doxycycline (96.88%), and the lowest resistance was observed with respect to ciprofloxacin (1.56%). A total of 16 antimicrobials resistance genes with 25 combination patterns were detected in the isolates. The gene combination of Sul1/Sul2/Sul3 + gyrA/parC + cat1/cat2 was the most common pattern (12.5%). The correlation between resistant phenotypes and resistance genes in Streptococcs was 35.87%. A total of 7 virulence genes were detected and 59 (92.19%) isolates harbored at least one gene. Twenty-four classes of gene patterns were found in the isolates and the patterns of bca (9.38%) and cfb (9.38%) were the most prevalent form. In conclusion, the issue of drug resistance of Streptococcus is still a great concern in cattle health in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Y Tian
- College of Food Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, PR China.
| | - N Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - R W Han
- College of Food Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, PR China.
| | - H Ho
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - J Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, PR China.
| | - Y T Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Test Technology for Agro-products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, PR China.
| | - S Q Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, PR China.
| | - H G Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, PR China.
| | - H W Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, PR China.
| | - Z N Yu
- Haidu College.Qingdao Agricultural University, Laiyang, 265200, PR China.
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Abstract
The genus Streptococcus includes Gram-positive organisms shaped in cocci and organized in chains. They are commensals, pathogens, and opportunistic pathogens for humans and animals. Most Streptococcus species of veterinary relevance have a specific ecological niche, such as S. uberis, which is almost exclusively an environmental pathogen causing bovine mastitis. In contrast, S. suis can be considered as a true zoonotic pathogen, causing specific diseases in humans after contact with infected animals or derived food products. Finally, Streptococcus species such as S. agalactiae can be sporadically zoonotic, even though they are pathogens of both humans and animals independently. For clarification, a short taxonomical overview will be given here to highlight the diversity of streptococci that infect animals. Several families of antibiotics are used to treat animals for streptococcal infections. First-line treatments are penicillins (alone or in combination with aminoglycosides), macrolides and lincosamides, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines. Because of the selecting role of antibiotics, resistance phenotypes have been reported in streptococci isolated from animals worldwide. Globally, the dynamic of resistance acquisition in streptococci is slower than what is experienced in Enterobacteriaceae, probably due to the much more limited horizontal spread of resistance genes. Nonetheless, transposons or integrative and conjugative elements can disseminate resistance determinants among streptococci. Besides providing key elements on the prevalence of resistance in streptococci from animals, this article will also largely consider the mechanisms and molecular epidemiology of the major types of resistance to antimicrobials encountered in the most important streptococcal species in veterinary medicine.
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Zhu L, Cao X, Xu Q, Su J, Li X, Zhou W. Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of tilmicosin-SLN against Streptococcus agalactiae: in vitro and in vivo studies. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:4747-4755. [PMID: 30147316 PMCID: PMC6103319 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s168179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus and Staphylococcus are the major contagious organisms causing dairy cow mastitis. Our previous studies have demonstrated that solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) can effectively enhance the antimicrobial activity of tilmicosin against Staphylococcus. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of tilmicosin-loaded SLN (Til-SLN) against Streptococcus agalactiae. Methods Til-SLN was prepared using a hot homogenization and ultrasonication method as described previously. Til-SLN was labeled with rhodamine B for nanoparticle tracking. In vitro antibacterial experiments were carried out by broth dilution technique. Pharmacokinetics of the drug and distribution of the nanoparticles in mammary gland were studied after subcutaneous injection in Kunming mice. The therapeutic study was conducted in a mouse mastitis model infected with S. agalactiae. Results The results showed that the diameter, polydispersity index, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and loading capacity of the nanoparticles were not significantly affected by fluorescence labeling. Til-SLN showed a sustained and enhanced antibacterial activity in vitro. Til-SLN maintained a sustained drug concentration above 17 µg/g for at least 6 days in the mammary gland, as compared with only 3 days for the same amount of tilmicosin phosphate solution. The mean residence time and elimination half-life (T1/2) of Til-SLN were much longer than those of tilmicosin phosphate solution. Most of the nanoparticles remained at the injection site and a few were transferred to the mammary glands, indicating that the drug was slowly released at the injection site and then distributed to the mammary glands. SLN significantly enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of tilmicosin as determined by lower colony forming unit counts. Conclusion These results demonstrate that SLN could effectively enhance the antibacterial activity of tilmicosin against Streptococcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyan Zhu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xiaoxia Cao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China,
| | - Qinxin Xu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China,
| | - Jing Su
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xihe Li
- Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolian Plateau School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, People's Republic of China.,Inner Mongolia Saikexing Institute of Breeding and Reproductive Biotechnology in Domestic Animals, Saikexing Breeding and Reproductive Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Hohhot, 011517, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhong Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China,
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Tomazi T, de Souza Filho AF, Heinemann MB, dos Santos MV. Molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from clinical mastitis in dairy cattle. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199561. [PMID: 29928042 PMCID: PMC6013152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to: (a) genotypically characterize Streptococcus agalactiae isolates recovered from clinical mastitis (CM) cases in dairy cows and, (b) determine the association of antimicrobial susceptibility (AMS) and genotypes of Strep. agalactiae clustered according to the genetic similarity. A total of 89 Strep. agalactiae isolates recovered from bovine CM were genotyped using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. In addition, the AMS of the isolates was determined using a commercial broth microdilution test composed of 10 antimicrobials (penicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, cephalothin, ceftiofur, penicillin/novobiocin, erythromycin, pirlimycin, tetracycline, and sulfadimethoxine). Descriptive analysis was used to report the frequency of RAPD-types and genotypic clusters within herd, housing system, season and CM severity scores. The minimal antimicrobial concentrations that inhibited 50% (MIC50) and 90% (MIC90) of the isolates were calculated and survival analysis was completed to verify the differences of AMS among genotypic clusters. Results of RAPD showed a great genotypic diversity of Strep. agalactiae (45 RAPD-types) and three clusters (Ia, Ib and II) were created based on the genetic similarity among genotypes. After clustering, a high genetic similarity was observed within and between herds. Overall, Strep. agalactiae showed high susceptibility to most antimicrobials, except to tetracycline and erythromycin. Differences in the AMS among clusters were observed for ampicillin, ceftiofur, erythromycin, pirlimycin, sulfadimethoxine and tetracycline. In conclusion, Strep. agalactiae is still highly susceptible to most antimicrobials, although differences in susceptibility to certain antimicrobials were observed among genotypic clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Tomazi
- Department of Animal Production and Nutrition, Milk Quality Research Laboratory (Qualileite), University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Antonio Francisco de Souza Filho
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Laboratory of Bacterial Zoonosis, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Bryan Heinemann
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Laboratory of Bacterial Zoonosis, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Veiga dos Santos
- Department of Animal Production and Nutrition, Milk Quality Research Laboratory (Qualileite), University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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15
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Ferreira JC, Gomes MS, Bonsaglia ECR, Canisso IF, Garrett EF, Stewart JL, Zhou Z, Lima FS. Comparative analysis of four commercial on-farm culture methods to identify bacteria associated with clinical mastitis in dairy cattle. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194211. [PMID: 29543852 PMCID: PMC5854378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Several multiple-media culture systems have become commercially available for on-farm identification of mastitis-associated pathogens. However, the accuracy of these systems has not been thoroughly and independently validated against microbiological evaluations performed by referral laboratories. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the performance of commercially available culture plates (Accumast, Minnesota Easy System, SSGN and SSGNC Quad plates) to identify pathogens associated with clinical mastitis in dairy cows. Milk samples from the affected quarter with clinical mastitis were aerobically cultured with the on-farm culture systems and by two additional reference laboratories. Agreeing results from both standard laboratories were denoted as the reference standard (RS). Accuracy (Ac), sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV, respectively) and Cohen’s kappa coefficient (k) of on-farm plates were determined based on the RS culture of 211 milk samples. All four plate-systems correctly identified ≥ 84.9% of milk samples with no bacterial growth. Accumast had greater values for all overall predictive factors (Ac, Se, Sp, PPV and NPV) and a substantial agreement (k = 0.79) with RS. The inter-rater agreements of Minnesota, SSGN, and SSGNC with RS were moderate (0.45 ≤ k ≤ 0.55). The effectiveness to categorize bacterial colonies at the genus and species was numerically different amongst the commercial plates. Our findings suggest that Accumast was the most accurate on-farm culture system for identification of mastitis-associated pathogens of the four systems included in the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jair C. Ferreira
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Marilia S. Gomes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Erika C. R. Bonsaglia
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Igor F. Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Edgar F. Garrett
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Jamie L. Stewart
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Ziyao Zhou
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Fabio S. Lima
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhang S, Piepers S, Shan R, Cai L, Mao S, Zou J, Ali T, De Vliegher S, Han B. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antimicrobial resistance profiles in Streptococcus dysgalactiae isolated from bovine clinical mastitis in 5 provinces of China. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:3344-3355. [PMID: 29397161 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is among the most prevalent and costly diseases of dairy animals and is caused by a variety of bacterial pathogens including Streptococcus dysgalactiae. However, comprehensive studies reporting the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of S. dysgalactiae isolated from bovine mastitis are scarce. Therefore, this study was to investigate the occurrence of S. dysgalactiae associated with bovine clinical mastitis, to assess their antimicrobial resistance profiles, and to analyze the phenotypic and genotypic profiling of resistant isolates. In total, 1,180 milk samples were collected from dairy cows with clinical mastitis belonging to 74 commercial dairy herds located in 14 provinces of China from January 2014 to May 2016. Overall S. dysgalactiae isolates were recovered from 88 (7.5%) of the mastitic milk samples. The antimicrobial susceptibility of these isolates was tested against 8 antimicrobial agents by using minimum inhibitory concentrations. Results showed that 82 (93.2%) isolates expressed resistance to more than one antimicrobial agent. Antimicrobial resistance was highest against kanamycin (89.8%), sulfonamide (83.0%), and streptomycin (58.0%), which can be attributed to the intrinsic resistance for most of Streptococcus spp. against those antimicrobial substances. Strikingly, 30 (34.1%) and 12 (13.6%) isolates were found resistant to cephalexin and ceftriaxone, respectively. BlaTEM, ermB, and tetM were the most prevalent resistance genes. All isolates carried at least one of all tested resistance genes. Also, 1.1, 12.5, 18.2, 36.4, and 31.8% of isolates were positive for at least one tested resistance gene in 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 classes of antimicrobials. Survival analysis showed a significant association between ermB and survival of the S. dysgalactiae isolates at increasing erythromycin concentrations. No other statistically significant associations were observed between the phenotypic and genotypic resistance profiles. This study concludes a considerable prevalence of S. dysgalactiae associated with bovine mastitis in dairy herds of China and these isolates exhibited high resistance rates to tested antimicrobials, coupled with high occurrence of resistance genes. Both the prevalence of S. dysgalactiae and their antimicrobial resistance profiles strongly varied among dairy herds, demonstrating the need for antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance at the herd level to ensure optimal therapeutic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Sofie Piepers
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ruixue Shan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Lingjie Cai
- Animal Health Cattle, Boehringer Ingelheim International Trading (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 18/F Building A, Pingan International Financial Center 3, South Xinyuan Road, Beijing, 100027, China
| | - Shuanglan Mao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Tariq Ali
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bo Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, P. R. China.
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Kaczorek E, Małaczewska J, Wójcik R, Rękawek W, Siwicki AK. Phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Streptococcus spp. isolated from cases of clinical mastitis in dairy cattle in Poland. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:6442-6453. [PMID: 28601447 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis of dairy cattle is one of the most frequently diagnosed diseases worldwide. The main etiological agents of mastitis are bacteria of the genus Streptococcus spp., in which several antibiotic resistance mechanisms have been identified. However, detailed studies addressing this problem have not been conducted in northeastern Poland. Therefore, the aim of our study was to analyze, on phenotypic and genotypic levels, the antibiotic resistance pattern of Streptococcus spp. isolated from clinical cases of mastitis from dairy cattle in this region of Poland. The research was conducted using 135 strains of Streptococcus (Streptococcus uberis, n = 53; Streptococcus dysgalactiae, n = 41; Streptococcus agalactiae, n = 27; other streptococci, n = 14). The investigation of the antimicrobial susceptibility to 8 active substances applied in therapy in the analyzed region, as well as a selected bacteriocin (nisin), was performed using the minimum inhibitory concentration method. The presence of selected resistance genes (n = 14) was determined via PCR. We also investigated the correlation between the presence of resistance genes and the antimicrobial susceptibility of the examined strains in vitro. The highest observed resistance of Streptococcus spp. was toward gentamicin, kanamycin, and tetracycline, whereas the highest susceptibility occurred toward penicillin, enrofloxacin, and marbofloxacin. Additionally, the tested bacteriocin showed high efficacy. The presence of 13 analyzed resistance genes was observed in the examined strains [gene mef(A) was not detected]. In most strains, at least one resistance gene, mainly responsible for resistance to tetracyclines [tet(M), tet(K), tet(L)], was observed. However, a relationship between the presence of a given resistance gene and antimicrobial susceptibility on the phenotypic level was not always observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kaczorek
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - J Małaczewska
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - R Wójcik
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - W Rękawek
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - A K Siwicki
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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Cameron M, Saab M, Heider L, McClure JT, Rodriguez-Lecompte JC, Sanchez J. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Environmental Streptococci Recovered from Bovine Milk Samples in the Maritime Provinces of Canada. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:79. [PMID: 27695696 PMCID: PMC5023660 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Determination of antimicrobial susceptibility of bovine mastitis pathogens is important for guiding antimicrobial treatment decisions and for the detection of emerging resistance. Environmental streptococci are ubiquitous in the farm environment and are a frequent cause of mastitis in dairy cows. The aim of the study was to determine patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility among species of environmental streptococci isolated from dairy cows in the Maritime Provinces of Canada. The collection consisted of 192 isolates identified in milk samples collected from 177 cows originating from 18 dairy herds. Results were aggregated into: (1) Streptococcus uberis (n = 70), (2) Streptococcus dysgalactiae (n = 28), (3) other Streptococci spp. (n = 35), (4), Lactococcus spp. (n = 32), and (5) Enterococcus spp. (n = 27). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using the Sensititre microdilution system and mastitis plate format. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to analyze the data, with antimicrobial susceptibility as the outcome. The proportion of susceptible S. uberis ranged from 23% (for penicillin) to 99% (for penicillin/novobiocin), with a median of 82%. All S. dysgalactiae were susceptible to all antimicrobials except for penicillin (93% susceptible) and tetracycline (18% susceptible). The range of susceptibility for other Streptococcus spp. was 43% (for tetracycline) to 100%, with a median percent susceptibility of 92%. Lactococcus spp. isolates displayed percent susceptibilities ranging from 0% (for penicillin) to 97% (for erythromycin), median 75%. For the antimicrobials tested, the minimum inhibitory concentrations were higher for Enterococcus spp. than for the other species. According to the multilevel models, there was a significant interaction between antimicrobial and bacterial species, indicating that susceptibility against a particular antimicrobial varied among the species of environmental streptococci and vice versa. Generally, susceptibility decreased with increasing within-herd average somatic cell count, isolates recovered in mid-lactation were more susceptible than isolates recovered in early lactation, and isolates recovered in samples collected post-clinical mastitis were more susceptible than isolates recovered from non-clinical lactating quarters. The results of this research support continued susceptibility of environmental streptococci to beta-lactam antimicrobials. A departure from the expected susceptibility to beta-lactams was the apparent reduced susceptibility of S. uberis to penicillin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite Cameron
- Department of Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island , Charlottetown, PE , Canada
| | - Matthew Saab
- Department of Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada; Diagnostic Services, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Luke Heider
- Department of Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island , Charlottetown, PE , Canada
| | - J Trenton McClure
- Department of Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island , Charlottetown, PE , Canada
| | | | - Javier Sanchez
- Department of Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island , Charlottetown, PE , Canada
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Olivares-Pérez J, Kholif AE, Rojas-Hernández S, Elghandour MMMY, Salem AZM, Bastida AZ, Velázquez-Reynoso D, Cipriano-Salazar M, Camacho-Díaz LM, Alonso-Fresán MU, DiLorenzo N. Prevalence of bovine subclinical mastitis, its etiology and diagnosis of antibiotic resistance of dairy farms in four municipalities of a tropical region of Mexico. Trop Anim Health Prod 2015; 47:1497-504. [PMID: 26255183 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-015-0890-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A region-wide survey was conducted in the tropical area of Tierra Caliente, State of Guerrero, Mexico to estimate the prevalence of subclinical bovine mastitis (SCM), distribution of mastitis pathogens, and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of different mastitis pathogens in dairy farms. In total, 1036 quarter milk samples were obtained from 259 cows at 87 different dairy farms. Collected quarter milk samples were submitted for California Mastitis Test (CMT), bacteriological examination, and testing for antimicrobial susceptibility. Overall prevalence of SCM in the studied area was 20.5 %. Prevalence in the different regions was as follows: 28 % in Arcelia municipality, 21 % in Tlalchapa municipality, 19.4 % in Pungarabato municipality, and 14.3 % in Finch Cutzamala municipality. Of all positive isolates, 97.5 % were Gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, of all positive isolates, 37.5 % were Proteus vulgaris, 25 % Salmonella spp., 12.5 % Enterobacter aerogenes, and 10 % Escherichia coli. Klebsiella pneumonia and E. coli were sensitive for netilmicin antimicrobial. However, E. coli was sensitive for pefloxacin and gentamicin with a sensitivity for pefloxacin for E. aerogenes, while Staphylococci were sensitive for gentamicin and dicloxacillin. It could be concluded that practices such as the implementation of mastitis control programs, improved milking hygiene together with an intramammary treatment with netilmicin, pefloxacin, and gentamicin antimicrobials should be considered for mastitis prevention in the study area of Tierra Caliente, in the tropical area of Guerrero, Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Olivares-Pérez
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Altamirano, P.O. 40660, Mexico
| | - Ahmed Eid Kholif
- Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St. Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Saul Rojas-Hernández
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Altamirano, P.O. 40660, Mexico
| | | | | | - Adrian Zaragoza Bastida
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Rancho Universitario, Av. Universidad Km. 1, Ex-Hda. de Aquetzalpa AP 32, CP 43600, Tulancingo, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - David Velázquez-Reynoso
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Altamirano, P.O. 40660, Mexico
| | - Moisés Cipriano-Salazar
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Altamirano, P.O. 40660, Mexico
| | - Luis Miguel Camacho-Díaz
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Altamirano, P.O. 40660, Mexico
| | - María Uxúa Alonso-Fresán
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Nicolas DiLorenzo
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Marianna, FL, USA
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Ruegg P, Oliveira L, Jin W, Okwumabua O. Phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility and occurrence of selected resistance genes in gram-positive mastitis pathogens isolated from Wisconsin dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:4521-34. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Molecular and Phenotypic Characterization of Aerococcus viridans Associated with Subclinical Bovine Mastitis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125001. [PMID: 25919289 PMCID: PMC4412496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerococcus viridans is a wide spread bacterium in the environment and clinically this organism is associated with different diseases in animals and humans. However, the geno- and phenotypic characterization of A. viridans associated with bovine mastitis has not yet been reported. The objectives of this study were to investigate the genetic and phenotypic diversity of A. viridans isolates using three different molecular methods including 16S rRNA gene sequencing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) along with biochemical tests, including antimicrobial susceptibility test. In total, 60 A. viridans strains were cultured from dairy herds presenting with subclinical mastitis. The results of biochemical tests revealed that most of the isolates (75.0%) were accurately identified by API Rapid 20 Strep system and the majority of A. viridans strains (96.7%) were found to be catalase negative, while two (3.3%) isolates were weakly positive. All isolates were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, followed by streptomycin (96.7%), tetracycline (65.0%) and clindamycin (56.7%) by minimum inhibition concentration-determining broth microdilution technique. As compared to the sequence of 16S rRNA gene, both PFGE and RAPD showed their capacities to discriminate the intra-species diversity of A. viridans. Furthermore, most of the isolates obtained from the same herd or region belonged to the same major RAPD group, which indicated that RAPD is an appropriate assay for tracking the origins of isolates and epidemiological studies of A. viridans. This is a novel approach to use three molecular techniques and to compare their efficiency regarding the genetic diversity of A. viridans. The data suggest that A. viridans associated with subclinical mastitis has a considerable phenotypic and genotypic diversity.
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Ding Y, Zhao J, He X, Li M, Guan H, Zhang Z, Li P. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence-related genes of Streptococcus obtained from dairy cows with mastitis in Inner Mongolia, China. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 54:162-167. [PMID: 25856704 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1025290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Mastitis is the most expensive disease in the dairy cattle industry and results in decreased reproductive performance. Streptococcus, especially Streptococcus agalactiae, possesses a variety of virulence factors that contribute to pathogenicity. OBJECTIVE Streptococcus isolated from mastitis was tested to assess the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and distribution of antibiotic resistance- and virulence-related genes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty-one Streptococcus isolates were phenotypically characterized for antimicrobial resistance against 15 antibiotics by determining minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) using a micro-dilution method. Resistance- and virulence-related genes were detected by PCR. RESULTS High percentage of resistance to β-lactams, along with tetracycline and erythromycin, was found. Resistance to three or more of seven antimicrobial agents was observed at 88.9%, with penicillin-tetracycline-erythromycin-clindamycin as the major profile in Streptococcus isolates. Resistant genes were detected by PCR, the result showed that 86.4, 86.4, 81.5, and 38.3% of isolates were mainly carrying the pbp2b, tetL, tetM, and ermB genes, respectively. Nine virulence genes were investigated. Genes cyl, glnA, cfb, hylB, and scaA were found to be in 50% of isolates, while 3.7, 21, and 4.9% of isolates were positive for bca, lmb, and scpB, genes, respectively. None of the isolates carried the bac gene. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This study suggests the need for prudent use of antimicrobial agents in veterinary clinical medicine to avoid the increase and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance arising from the use of antimicrobial drugs in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexia Ding
- a Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology , College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University , Hohhot , Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region , PR China
- b Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease , Ministry of Agriculture , Hohhot , Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region , China
| | - Junli Zhao
- c Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences , Hohhot , Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region , PR China , and
| | - Xiuling He
- a Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology , College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University , Hohhot , Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region , PR China
- b Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease , Ministry of Agriculture , Hohhot , Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region , China
| | - Man Li
- a Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology , College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University , Hohhot , Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region , PR China
- b Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease , Ministry of Agriculture , Hohhot , Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region , China
| | - Hong Guan
- a Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology , College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University , Hohhot , Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region , PR China
- b Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease , Ministry of Agriculture , Hohhot , Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region , China
| | - Ziying Zhang
- d College of Basic, Inner Mongolia Medical University , Hohhot , Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region , PR China
| | - Peifeng Li
- a Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology , College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University , Hohhot , Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region , PR China
- b Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease , Ministry of Agriculture , Hohhot , Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region , China
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Pillar C, Stoneburner A, Shinabarger D, Abbeloos E, Goby L. In vitro susceptibility of bovine mastitis pathogens to a combination of penicillin and framycetin: Development of interpretive criteria for testing by broth microdilution and disk diffusion. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:6594-607. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Antimicrobial susceptibility and distribution of inhibition zone diameters of bovine mastitis pathogens in Flanders, Belgium. Vet Microbiol 2014; 171:374-81. [PMID: 24703745 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In dairy farms, antimicrobial drugs are frequently used for treatment of (sub)clinical mastitis. Determining the antimicrobial susceptibility of mastitis pathogens is needed to come to a correct use of antimicrobials. Strains of Staphylococcus aureus (n=768), Streptococcus uberis (n=939), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (n=444), Escherichia coli (n=563), and Klebsiella species (n=59) originating from routine milk samples from (sub)clinical mastitis were subjected to the disk diffusion method. Disks contained representatives of frequently used antibiotics in dairy. A limited number of clinical breakpoints were available through CLSI, and showed that susceptibility of Staph. aureus, E. coli, and Klebsiella was moderate to high. For streptococcal species however, a large variation between the tested species and the different antimicrobials was observed. In a next step, wild type populations were described based on epidemiological cut off values (EUCAST). Because of the limited number of official cut off values, the data were observed as a mastitis subpopulation and self-generated cut off values were created and a putative wild type population was suggested. The need for accurate clinical breakpoints for veterinary pathogens is high. Despite the lack of these breakpoints, however, a population study can be performed based on the distribution of inhibition zone diameters on the condition that a large number of strains is tested.
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Minst K, Märtlbauer E, Miller T, Meyer C. Short communication: Streptococcus species isolated from mastitis milk samples in Germany and their resistance to antimicrobial agents. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:6957-62. [PMID: 22999286 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is one of the most frequent infectious diseases in dairy cattle and is a reason for antimicrobial drug usage in dairy cows. The bacteria involved in bovine mastitis are mainly Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., and coliforms. The aim of this study was to determine antimicrobial resistance among Streptococcus spp. isolated from bovine mastitis milk. Antimicrobial resistance in Strep. uberis (n=227), Strep. dysgalactiae (n=49), and Strep. agalactiae (n=3) was determined for 9 antimicrobial agents using the broth microdilution method in accordance with Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute recommendations. Of all Streptococcus spp., 13% were multidrug resistant. The rate of multidrug resistance was higher among Strep. uberis (15%) than among Strep. dysgalactiae (6%) and Strep. agalactiae (0%). Resistance to tetracycline was the most common, followed by resistance to erythromycin, pirlimycin, and gentamicin. Resistance rates were higher on farms with more than 80 cows compared with those with fewer than 20 cows. β-Lactams should remain the drugs of choice in the treatment of streptococcal mastitis. The slightly elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations determined for these antibiotics may indicate, however, the emergence of resistant streptococci. To identify such changes in susceptibility as early as possible, antimicrobial resistance in streptococci should be surveyed regularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Minst
- Staatliches Tierärztliches Untersuchungsamt Aulendorf-Diagnostikzentrum, Aulendorf, Germany
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Albarellos GA, Montoya L, Denamiel GAA, Velo MC, Landoni MF. Pharmacokinetics and bone tissue concentrations of lincomycin following intravenous and intramuscular administrations to cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 35:534-40. [PMID: 22132730 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic properties and bone concentrations of lincomycin in cats after single intravenous and intramuscular administrations at a dosage rate of 10 mg/kg were investigated. Lincomycin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for some gram-positive strains isolated from clinical cases was determined. Serum lincomycin disposition was best-fitted to a bicompartmental and a monocompartmental open models with first-order elimination after intravenous and intramuscular dosing, respectively. After intravenous administration, distribution was rapid (T(1/2(d)) = 0.22 ± 0.09 h) and wide as reflected by the volume of distribution (V((d(ss)))) of 1.24 ± 0.08 L/kg. Plasma clearance was 0.28 ± 0.09 L/h · kg and elimination half-life (T(1/2)) 3.56 ± 0.62 h. Peak serum concentration (C(max)), T(max), and bioavailability for the intramuscular administration were 7.97 ± 2.31 μg/mL, 0.12 ± 0.05 h, and 82.55 ± 23.64%, respectively. Thirty to 45 min after intravenous administration, lincomycin bone concentrations were 9.31 ± 1.75 μg/mL. At the same time after intramuscular administration, bone concentrations were 3.53 ± 0.28 μg/mL. The corresponding bone/serum ratios were 0.77 ± 0.04 (intravenous) and 0.69 ± 0.18 (intramuscular). Lincomycin MIC for Staphylococcus spp. ranged from 0.25 to 16 μg/mL and for Streptococcus spp. from 0.25 to 8 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Albarellos
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Petrovski KR, Laven RA, Lopez-Villalobos N. A descriptive analysis of the antimicrobial susceptibility of mastitis-causing bacteria isolated from samples submitted to commercial diagnostic laboratories in New Zealand (2003-2006). N Z Vet J 2011; 59:59-66. [PMID: 21409731 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2011.552853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe the antimicrobial susceptibility of mastitis-causing bacteria isolated from milk samples submitted to commercial laboratories over a period of 40 months. METHODS The records of reported results of milk samples submitted by veterinary practitioners to five commercial veterinary laboratories in the North and South Islands of New Zealand, between August 2003 and December 2006 were reviewed. Logistic regression was used to analyse the effect of year, island, and the interaction of year and antimicrobial on the probability of antimicrobial susceptibility for each pathogen and antimicrobial combination, where the causative bacteria had >1,000 susceptibility tests in total and the antimicrobials was tested on >500 isolates. A total of 9,262 isolates were included in this study, with an average of nearly seven susceptibility tests per isolate, totalling 62,918 tests. RESULTS Streptococcus uberis isolates demonstrated high overall susceptibility (>90.0%) to the majority of antimicrobial agents except ampicillin (81.7%), lincomycin (85.3%), trimethoprim/sulphonamide combination (88.6%), and, as expected, aminoglycosides (<4%). The susceptibility of Strep. dysgalactiae was similar to that of Strep. uberis, except for greater susceptibility to oxacillin (98.1%) and much lower susceptibility to tetracyclines (11.2%). The susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolates was markedly different from that of Strep. uberis for the majority of antimicrobials tested. Susceptibility of Staph. aureus was lower than 90% to ampicillin (73.4%), erythromycin (74.7%), lincomycin (66.1%), penicillin (73.1%), and streptomycin (71.7%). No antimicrobial was effective against all Staph. aureus isolates. Minor changes were found in the overall susceptibility of the main mastitis-causing bacteria between 2003 and 2006. CONCLUSIONS The antimicrobial agents intended for treatment of bovine mastitis currently available in New Zealand generally demonstrated good in-vitro efficacy against streptococci and staphylococci, with the exception of aminoglycosides. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Analysis of the results of antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates from milk samples from dairy cows in New Zealand provides useful data for surveillance purposes, and a baseline for identifying changes in antimicrobial sensitivity in this population. However, the variation in antimicrobial susceptibility between individual isolates means that these data are of limited value when determining treatment of mastitis at the farm level.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Petrovski
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Ryu SH, Koo HC, Lee YW, Park YH, Lee CW. Etiologic and epidemiologic analysis of bacterial infectious upper respiratory disease in Thoroughbred horses at the Seoul Race Park. J Vet Sci 2011; 12:195-7. [PMID: 21586881 PMCID: PMC3104176 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2011.12.2.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious upper respiratory disease (IURD) of Thoroughbred racehorses has been a frequent problem (29.6% of incidence) at the Seoul Race Park (Korea). Risk factors for IURD include the season with a high transfer rate (summer and fall), the stabling period (≤ 3 months), and age (2 to 3 years old), suggesting that the movement and new environment may have depressed the immune system of the horses and decreased their ability to respond properly to pathogens. The bacterial strains (n = 98) isolated from IURD horses included Pseudomonas spp., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus equi subsp. equi and zooepidemicus.
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Kalmus P, Aasmäe B, Kärssin A, Orro T, Kask K. Udder pathogens and their resistance to antimicrobial agents in dairy cows in Estonia. Acta Vet Scand 2011; 53:4. [PMID: 21299911 PMCID: PMC3041692 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-53-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The goal of this study was to estimate the distribution of udder pathogens and their antibiotic resistance in Estonia during the years 2007-2009. Methods The bacteriological findings reported in this study originate from quarter milk samples collected from cows on Estonian dairy farms that had clinical or subclinical mastitis. The samples were submitted by local veterinarians to the Estonian Veterinary and Food Laboratory during 2007-2009. Milk samples were examined by conventional bacteriology. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed with the disc diffusion test. Logistic regression with a random herd effect to control for clustering was used for statistical analysis. Results During the study period, 3058 clinical mastitis samples from 190 farms and 5146 subclinical mastitis samples from 274 farms were investigated. Positive results were found in 57% of the samples (4680 out of 8204), and the proportion did not differ according to year (p > 0.05). The proportion of bacteriologically negative samples was 22.3% and that of mixed growth was 20.6%. Streptococcus uberis (Str. uberis) was the bacterium isolated most frequently (18.4%) from cases of clinical mastitis, followed by Escherichia coli (E. coli) (15.9%) and Streptococcus agalactiae (Str. agalactiae) (11.9%). The bacteria that caused subclinical mastitis were mainly Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (20%) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) (15.4%). The probability of isolating S. aureus from milk samples was significantly higher on farms that had fewer than 30 cows, when compared with farms that had more than 100 cows (p < 0.005). A significantly higher risk of Str. agalactiae infection was found on farms with more than 600 cows (p = 0.034) compared with smaller farms. The proportion of S. aureus and CNS isolates that were resistant to penicillin was 61.4% and 38.5%, respectively. Among the E. coli isolates, ampicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline resistance were observed in 24.3%, 15.6% and 13.5%, respectively. Conclusions This study showed that the main pathogens associated with clinical mastitis were Str. uberis and E. coli. Subclinical mastitis was caused mainly by S. aureus and CNS. The number of S. aureus and Str. agalactiae isolates depended on herd size. Antimicrobial resistance was highly prevalent, especially penicillin resistance in S. aureus and CNS.
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Gardner AJ, Percival SL, Cochrane CA. Biofilms and Role to Infection and Disease in Veterinary Medicine. SPRINGER SERIES ON BIOFILMS 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-21289-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Haenni M, Saras E, Madec JY. Demonstration of a shift towards penicillin resistance in the Streptococcus uberis population. J Med Microbiol 2010; 59:993-995. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.018978-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Haenni
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (AFSSA), Unité Bactériologie et Virulence Bactériennes, 31 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Estelle Saras
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (AFSSA), Unité Bactériologie et Virulence Bactériennes, 31 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Yves Madec
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (AFSSA), Unité Bactériologie et Virulence Bactériennes, 31 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69364 Lyon, France
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Pieterse R, Todorov SD, Leon M T D. Mode of action and In Vitro susceptibility of mastitis pathogens to macedocin ST91KM and preparation of a teat seal containing the bacteriocin. Braz J Microbiol 2010; 41:133-45. [PMID: 24031473 PMCID: PMC3768610 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220100001000020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is considered to be the most economically costly disease affecting the dairy industry. Regular dosage of animals with antibiotics, including use of prophylactic concentrations, may select for resistant strains. The purpose of this study was to determine the mode of action of a new bacteriocin (macedocin ST91KM), to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance of mastitis pathogens to antibiotics commonly used in treatment remedies, and to introduce the possible use of an alternative antimicrobial agent. The bacteriocin macedocin ST91KM, produced by Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. macedonicus ST91KM, is bactericidal to Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis and Staphylococcus aureus associated with mastitis infections, including strains resistant to methicillin and oxacillin. Sensitive cells were deformed and secreted nucleotides, K(+) and β-galactosidase when exposed to macedocin ST91KM. Adsorption of the peptide to target cells decreased in the presence of solvents, suggesting that receptors on the cell surfaces have lipid moieties. No adsorption was recorded in the presence of MgCl2, KI and Na2CO3, suggesting that ionic strength plays an important role. A teat seal preparation containing macedocin ST91KM effectively released the peptide and inhibited the growth of S. agalactiae. Macedocin ST91KM could form the basis for alternative dry cow therapy to prevent mastitis infections in dairy cows as it is effective against pathogens that display resistance to conventional antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Pieterse
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch , 7600 Stellenbosch , South Africa
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Penicillin-binding protein gene alterations in Streptococcus uberis isolates presenting decreased susceptibility to penicillin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:1140-5. [PMID: 20065061 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00915-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus uberis is an environmental pathogen commonly causing bovine mastitis, an infection that is generally treated with penicillin G. No field case of true penicillin-resistant S. uberis (MIC > 16 mg/liter) has been described yet, but isolates presenting decreased susceptibility (MIC of 0.25 to 0.5 mg/liter) to this drug are regularly reported to our laboratory. In this study, we demonstrated that S. uberis can readily develop penicillin resistance in laboratory-evolved mutants. The molecular mechanism of resistance (acquisition of mutations in penicillin-binding protein 1A [PBP1A], PBP2B, and PBP2X) was generally similar to that of all other penicillin-resistant streptococci described so far. In addition, it was also specific to S. uberis in that independent resistant mutants carried a unique set of seven consensus mutations, of which only one (Q(554)E in PBP2X) was commonly found in other streptococci. In parallel, independent isolates from bovine mastitis with different geographical origins (France, Holland, and Switzerland) and presenting a decreased susceptibility to penicillin were characterized. No mosaic PBPs were detected, but they all presented mutations identical to the one found in the laboratory-evolved mutants. This indicates that penicillin resistance development in S. uberis might follow a stringent pathway that would explain, in addition to the ecological niche of this pathogen, why naturally occurring resistances are still rare. In addition, this study shows that there is a reservoir of mutated PBPs in animals, which might be exchanged with other streptococci, such as Streptococcus agalactiae, that could potentially be transmitted to humans.
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Nam HM, Lim SK, Kang HM, Kim JM, Moon JS, Jang KC, Joo YS, Kang MI, Jung SC. Antimicrobial resistance of streptococci isolated from mastitic bovine milk samples in Korea. J Vet Diagn Invest 2009; 21:698-701. [PMID: 19737768 DOI: 10.1177/104063870902100517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance of streptococci isolated from mastitic bovine milk samples. A total of 178 isolates belonging to 6 different Streptococcus species were examined: S. uberis (n = 99), S. bovis (n = 30), S. oralis (n = 24), S. salivarius (n = 13), S. intermedius (n = 7), and S. agalactiae (n = 5). Only 8.9% (16/178) of the isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested in this study, and S. agalactiae and S. intermedius isolates were all resistant to at least 1 antimicrobial agent tested. Overall, the most frequently observed resistance was to tetracycline (61.2%), followed by lincomycin (43.2%), gentamycin (35.3%), oxacillin (34.3%), and erythromycin (28.6%). Cephalothin and penicillin were the only antimicrobial agents to which most of the streptococci (>or=92%) were susceptible. Wide differences in the prevalence of resistance are apparent among the individual species: S. salivarius displayed exceptionally high resistance to cephalothin (23.0%) and oxacillin (76.9%) and S. agalactiae (20%) and S. intermedius (14.2%) to penicillin. Streptococcus salivarius and S. agalactiae were all susceptible to erythromycin, but others showed various rates of resistance ranging from 12.5% to 42.8%. Resistance to 3 or more of 7 antimicrobial agents was observed in all species (37.6%, 67/178).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyang-Mi Nam
- Bacteriology and Parasitology Division, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, 480, Anyang 6-dong, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 430-824, Republic of Korea.
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Vachée A, Varon E, Jouy E, Meunier D. [Antibiotics susceptibility of Streptococcus and Enterococcus: data of Onerba network]. PATHOLOGIE-BIOLOGIE 2009; 57:240-244. [PMID: 18343047 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2007.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This work was aimed to analyze trends in susceptibility to antibiotics among the main species of beta-hemolytic streptococci involved in community-acquired infections in human (Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae), or in animals (Streptococcus suis and Streptococcus uberis) and also among the main enterocci species, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. Data were recorded since 1996 through the Onerba networks. S. pyogenes, as the other beta-hemolytic streptococci studied remained fully susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics. However, susceptibility to macrolides is clearly decreasing in S. pyogenes. In 2002, only 62 to 65% of the strains according to the network considered, were susceptible to erythromycin. A similar trend was observed for S. agalactiae with only 75% of erythromycin susceptibility in 2002, and for both species isolated from animals S. suis and S. uberis, with respectively 35 and 76% of strains susceptible to erythromycin. In enterococci, susceptibility to beta-lactams remained stable between 2000 and 2004. Indeed, the susceptibility to aminopenicillins remained high in E. faecalis (about 98%), whereas the proportion of E. faecium isolates susceptible to these antibiotics were lower than 60%. From 1999 to 2004, various studies conducted in French hospitals showed that the vancomycin resistance among enterococci accounted for less than 2%. However, the recent emergence of glycopeptide resistant enterococci clusters in French hospitals is a matter of concern and emphasizes the need for an ongoing surveillance. Such trend in macrolide resistance among S. pyogenes or S. agalactiae should consequently lead to propose other alternatives in case of beta-lactam allergy, and for pharyngitis, to rethink the place of the culture for susceptibility testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vachée
- Fédération de biologie, centre hospitalier de Roubaix, 17, boulevard Lacordaire, 59035 Roubaix, France.
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Pitkälä A, Koort J, Björkroth J. Identification and antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus parauberis isolated from bovine milk samples. J Dairy Sci 2009; 91:4075-81. [PMID: 18832235 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The conventional identification of Streptococcus uberis/parauberis group (n = 137) in clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis samples originating from 111 different farms was compared with identification based on 16 and 23S rRNA gene HindIII RFLP patterns used as operational taxonomic units in numerical analyses. On the basis of ribopattern analysis only 2 isolates belonged to S. parauberis, which is thus not a frequent cause of bovine intramammary infections in Finland. According to in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing, Streptococcus uberis is susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics. The prevalence of erythromycin (15.6%) and oxytetracycline (40.6%) resistance of clinical S. uberis isolates was higher than reported previously among subclinical isolates. The 2 subclinical S. parauberis isolates were susceptible to all the antimicrobials tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pitkälä
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Helsinki, Finland.
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Bengtsson B, Unnerstad HE, Ekman T, Artursson K, Nilsson-Ost M, Waller KP. Antimicrobial susceptibility of udder pathogens from cases of acute clinical mastitis in dairy cows. Vet Microbiol 2008; 136:142-9. [PMID: 19058930 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To investigate occurrence of acquired antimicrobial resistance in udder pathogens MICs in Staphylococcus aureus (n=211), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) (n=56), Streptococcus uberis (n=113), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (n=152), Streptococcus agalactiae (n=6), Escherichia coli (n=163), and Klebsiella spp. (n=42) were determined using microdilution. Isolates were from a nation wide survey employing strict inclusion criteria. Presence of acquired resistance was evaluated by species-specific epidemiological cut-off values issued by EUCAST. Penicillin or methicillin resistance in staphylococci were however evaluated by beta-lactamase production or presence of the mecA gene, respectively. Staphylococci were mostly susceptible to antimicrobials tested but 7.1% of S. aureus and 12.5% of CNS were resistant to penicillin by beta-lactamase production. Methicillin resistance was not found in S. aureus. All Streptococcus dysgalactiae and S. agalactiae were susceptible to penicillin. Bimodal MIC distributions for tetracycline in S dysgalactiae and S. uberis indicate acquired resistance in some isolates. Among E. coli 12.3% of isolates were resistant to one or more antimicrobials. Resistance to streptomycin (11.0%), sulphametoxazole (8.6%), ampicillin (7.4%), or tetracycline (4.9%) were the most common traits. Klebsiella spp. were resistant to ampicillin and some isolates also to tetracycline (7.1%) or sulphonamide (9.5%). The study shows that in Sweden bacteria associated with acute clinical mastitis for the most part are susceptible to antimicrobials used in therapy but resistance to penicillin in S. aureus is not uncommon. Penicillin is recommended for treatment of mastitis caused by gram-positive pathogens and regular monitoring of beta-lactamase production in S. aureus is therefore recommended in herds with udder health problems.
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Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among bacterial pathogens isolated from cattle in different European countries: 2002-2004. Acta Vet Scand 2008; 50:28. [PMID: 18611246 PMCID: PMC2486267 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-50-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The project "Antibiotic resistance in bacteria of animal origin – II" (ARBAO-II) was funded by the European Union (FAIR5-QLK2-2002-01146) for the period 2003–2005, with the aim to establish a continuous monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility among veterinary laboratories in European countries based on validated and harmonised methodologies. Available summary data of the susceptibility testing of the bacterial pathogens from the different laboratories were collected. Method Antimicrobial susceptibility data for several bovine pathogens were obtained over a three year period (2002–2004). Each year the participating laboratories were requested to fill in excel-file templates with national summary data on the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance from different bacterial species. A proficiency test (EQAS – external quality assurance system) for antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted each year to test the accuracy of antimicrobial susceptibility testing in the participating laboratories. The data from this testing demonstrated that for the species included in the EQAS the results are comparable between countries. Results Data from 25,241 isolates were collected from 13 European countries. For Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis major differences were apparent in the occurrence of resistance between countries and between the different antimicrobial agents tested. The highest frequency of resistance was observed for penicillin. For Mannheimia haemolytica resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulphonamide were observed in France, the Netherlands and Portugal. All isolates of Pasteurella multocida isolated in Finland and most of those from Denmark, England (and Wales), Italy and Sweden were susceptible to the majority of the antimicrobials. Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Streptococcus uberis isolates from Sweden were fully susceptible. For the other countries some resistance was observed to tetracycline, gentamicin and erythromycin. More resistance and variation of the resistance levels between countries were observed for Escherichia coli compared to the other bacterial species investigated. Conclusion In general, isolates from Denmark, England (and Wales), the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland showed low frequencies of resistance, whereas many isolates from Belgium, France, Italy, Latvia and Spain were resistant to most antimicrobials tested. In the future, data on the prevalence of resistance should be used to develop guidelines for appropriate antimicrobial use in veterinary medicine.
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Abstract
Streptococcus uberis UCN 42, isolated from a case of bovine mastitis, was intermediately resistant to lincomycin (MIC = 2 microg/ml) while remaining susceptible to clindamycin (MIC = 0.06 microg/ml) and erythromycin. A 1.1-kb SacI fragment was cloned from S. uberis UCN 42 total DNA on plasmid pUC 18 and introduced into Escherichia coli AG100A, where it conferred resistance to both clindamycin and lincomycin. The sequence analysis of the fragment showed the presence of a new gene, named lnu(D), that encoded a 164-amino-acid protein with 53% identity with Lnu(C) previously reported to occur in Streptococcus agalactiae. Crude lysates of E. coli AG100A containing the cloned lnu(D) gene inactivated lincomycin and clindamycin in the presence of ATP and MgCl(2). Mass spectrometry experiments demonstrated that the lnu(D) enzyme catalyzed adenylylation of clindamycin. A domain conserved in deduced sequences of lincosamide O-nucleotidyltransferases Lnu(A), Lnu(C), LinA(N2), and Lin(D) and in the aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase ANT(2'') was identified.
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Schmitt-van de Leemput E, Zadoks R. Genotypic and Phenotypic Detection of Macrolide and Lincosamide Resistance in Streptococcus uberis. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:5089-96. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Basualdo C, Sgroy V, Finola MS, Marioli JM. Comparison of the antibacterial activity of honey from different provenance against bacteria usually isolated from skin wounds. Vet Microbiol 2007; 124:375-81. [PMID: 17540520 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2006] [Revised: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The antibacterial activity of honey samples provided by apiarists and honey packers was tested against microorganisms usually isolated from skin wounds. The antibacterial activity was tested using the well-agar diffusion assay. The honey samples were tested without dilution, and at 75, 50, 30, and 10% (w/v) dilution. Most of the undiluted honey samples inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Some honey samples provided by apiarists also inhibited the growth of S. aureus even at 50% dilution. Undiluted honey samples also inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus uberis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, although to a lesser extent. No inhibition of Micrococcus luteus and Enterococcus faecalis growth was detected. The diameters of the inhibition zones generated by honey samples provided by apiarists were larger than those generated by honey samples provided by honey packers. This observation may be explained by considering the provenance of the honey samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Basualdo
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, ruta 36, km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
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Melchior MB, Vaarkamp H, Fink-Gremmels J. Biofilms: a role in recurrent mastitis infections? Vet J 2006; 171:398-407. [PMID: 16624706 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis remains one the most important diseases in dairy cattle despite the progress made in improving general udder health in recent years. Epidemiological studies have revealed that following treatment with antimicrobials, bacteriological cure rates vary between 0% and 80% but with no evidence of a significant loss of activity of the major classes of antibiotics licensed for the treatment of bovine mastitis. Recurrent infections are often attributable to biofilm growth of bacteria and this review provides an overview of those mechanisms related to bacterial biofilm growth in mastitis. Biofilm formation is accompanied by significant genetic and subsequent physiological changes in the microorganisms resulting, inter alia, in a loss of sensitivity to virtually all classes of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Melchior
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, P.O. Box 80152, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Dogan B, Schukken YH, Santisteban C, Boor KJ. Distribution of serotypes and antimicrobial resistance genes among Streptococcus agalactiae isolates from bovine and human hosts. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 43:5899-906. [PMID: 16333073 PMCID: PMC1317170 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.12.5899-5906.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
To better understand the emergence and transmission of antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus agalactiae, we compared phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of 52 human and 83 bovine S. agalactiae isolates. Serotypes found among isolates from human hosts included V (48.1%), III (19.2%), Ia and Ib (13.5% each), and II (5.8%). Among isolates from bovine hosts, molecular serotypes III and II were predominant (53 and 14.5%, respectively). Four and 21 different ribotypes were found among human and bovine isolates, respectively. A combination of ribotyping and serotyping showed that two bovine isolates were indistinguishable from human isolates. Resistance to tetracycline and erythromycin was more common among human (84.6% and 26.9%, respectively) than bovine (14.5% and 3.6%, respectively) isolates. tetM was found in all tetracycline-resistant human isolates, while tetO was the predominant resistance gene among bovine isolates. tet genes were found among various ribotypes. ermB, ermTR, and mefA were detected among erythromycin-resistant human isolates, while ermB was the only erythromycin resistance determinant among isolates from bovine hosts. For isolates from human hosts, erythromycin resistance genes appeared to be associated with specific ribotypes. We conclude that (i) human and bovine S. agalactiae isolates represent distinct populations; (ii) human host-associated S. agalactiae subtypes may occasionally be transmitted to bovines; (iii) while emergence of erythromycin and tetracycline resistance appears to largely occur independently among human and bovine isolates, occasional cross-species transfer of resistant strains or transmission of resistance genes between human- and bovine-associated subtypes may occur; and (iv) dissemination of antibiotic-resistant S. agalactiae appears to include both clonal spread of resistant strains as well as horizontal gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belgin Dogan
- Department of Food Science, 413 Stocking Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Distribution of serotypes and antimicrobial resistance genes among Streptococcus agalactiae isolates from bovine and human hosts. J Clin Microbiol 2005. [PMID: 16333073 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.12.5899–5906.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the emergence and transmission of antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus agalactiae, we compared phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of 52 human and 83 bovine S. agalactiae isolates. Serotypes found among isolates from human hosts included V (48.1%), III (19.2%), Ia and Ib (13.5% each), and II (5.8%). Among isolates from bovine hosts, molecular serotypes III and II were predominant (53 and 14.5%, respectively). Four and 21 different ribotypes were found among human and bovine isolates, respectively. A combination of ribotyping and serotyping showed that two bovine isolates were indistinguishable from human isolates. Resistance to tetracycline and erythromycin was more common among human (84.6% and 26.9%, respectively) than bovine (14.5% and 3.6%, respectively) isolates. tetM was found in all tetracycline-resistant human isolates, while tetO was the predominant resistance gene among bovine isolates. tet genes were found among various ribotypes. ermB, ermTR, and mefA were detected among erythromycin-resistant human isolates, while ermB was the only erythromycin resistance determinant among isolates from bovine hosts. For isolates from human hosts, erythromycin resistance genes appeared to be associated with specific ribotypes. We conclude that (i) human and bovine S. agalactiae isolates represent distinct populations; (ii) human host-associated S. agalactiae subtypes may occasionally be transmitted to bovines; (iii) while emergence of erythromycin and tetracycline resistance appears to largely occur independently among human and bovine isolates, occasional cross-species transfer of resistant strains or transmission of resistance genes between human- and bovine-associated subtypes may occur; and (iv) dissemination of antibiotic-resistant S. agalactiae appears to include both clonal spread of resistant strains as well as horizontal gene transfer.
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Denamiel G, Llorente P, Carabella M, Rebuelto M, Gentilini E. Anti-microbial susceptibility of Streptococcus spp. isolated from bovine mastitis in Argentina. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:125-8. [PMID: 15876224 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2005.00830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro susceptibility to penicillin G, erythromycin and clindamycin was determined by the disc diffusion test and by E-test for a total of 47 streptococcal strains (three Streptococcus uberis, 36 Streptococcus agalactiae, eight Streptococcus dysgalactiae spp. dysgalactiae) isolated from bovine intramammary infections in Argentina. Moreover, resistance phenotypes of erythromycin-resistant streptococcal isolates was characterized. MIC90 of penicillin G, erythromycin and clindamycin for S. agalactiae were 0.75, 8.0 and 12.0 microg/ml respectively. Resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin was detected in 13 (27.6%) and 12 (25.5%) isolates respectively. No isolate was resistant to penicillin G. Resistance against macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramin B (MLS(B)) represented by the constitutive MLS(B) phenotype was present in 11 (23.4%) erythromycin-resistant isolates and two isolates (4.3%) expressed the M phenotype. The inducible MLS(B) phenotype was not identified. Results suggest that beta-lactams are the first-line antibiotics when treating streptococcal udder infections; however, the continuous monitoring of the antibiotic resistance is essential, as the emergence of resistant strains has become a growing concern on the therapy of bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Denamiel
- Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Chorroain 280 (1427) Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Duarte RS, Miranda OP, Bellei BC, Brito MAVP, Teixeira LM. Phenotypic and molecular characteristics of Streptococcus agalactiae isolates recovered from milk of dairy cows in Brazil. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:4214-22. [PMID: 15365014 PMCID: PMC516365 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.9.4214-4222.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Information on the characteristics of Streptococcus agalactiae obtained from bovine sources in Brazil is still very limited. The aim of this study was to assess the phenotypic and genotypic diversity among S. agalactiae isolates from milk of dairy cows presenting clinical or subclinical mastitis in the southeast region of Brazil. Phenotypic characterization was based on physiological and serological tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were carried out by the disk method. Genetic diversity was evaluated by using random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR (RAPD-PCR) (by using the primer 1254) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) (by using SmaI as the restriction enzyme) and by PCRs for detection of genes associated with resistance to erythromycin and tetracycline as well as PCRs for detection of genes coding for cell surface-associated proteins. According to the results of physiologic tests, 45 (52.9%) isolates showed beta-hemolysis and 44 (51.7%) were susceptible to bacitracin. Fourteen different biotypes were detected. The two most frequent biotypes comprised strains that were non-beta-hemolytic; fermented galactose, lactose, and salicin; produced protease; and were negative for DNase production. Serotype III was predominant (66 isolates [77.6%]), followed by serotypes II, Ia, Ib, and VI. Resistance to tetracycline and erythromycin was found in 38 (44.7%) and 9 (10.5%) isolates, respectively, with tet(O) (31.7%) and erm(B) (100%) being the most frequently occurring resistance genes. Three genes coding for surface proteins, bca, lmb, and scpB, were detected in 55 (64.7%), 7 (8.2%), and 43 (50.5%) isolates, respectively. In most cases, isolates from animals in the same herd presented closely related genetic profiles (determined by either RAPD-PCR or PFGE), which were distinct from those of isolates from different herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael S Duarte
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco I, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
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Pitkälä A, Haveri M, Pyörälä S, Myllys V, Honkanen-Buzalski T. Bovine Mastitis in Finland 2001—Prevalence, Distribution of Bacteria, and Antimicrobial Resistance. J Dairy Sci 2004; 87:2433-41. [PMID: 15328265 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(04)73366-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A nationwide survey was conducted in Finland to estimate prevalence of bovine mastitis, distribution of mastitis pathogens, and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of different mastitis pathogens. In total, 12,661 quarter milk samples were collected from 3282 dairy cows at 216 farms. These were randomly selected from a database covering all Finnish dairy farms. Quarter milk samples collected by the dairy advisors were submitted for somatic cell counting, bacteriological examination, and testing for antimicrobial susceptibility. If the milk SCC of a cow or of a quarter exceeded 300,000/mL, the cow was defined as having mastitis. The results were compared with those of a previous survey done in 1995. The prevalence of mastitis continued to decrease from 38% in 1995 to 31% in 2001. Compared with the study from 1995, the number of quarters with bacterial growth in 2001 increased significantly from 21.0 to 33.5%. This mainly resulted from increased prevalence of Corynebacterium bovis. Coagulase-negative staphylococci remained the most common bacterial group, comprising almost one-half of the pathogens isolated, whereas the relative number of Staphylococcus aureus isolations decreased from the time of the previous study. According to in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing, the enterococci demonstrated the highest level of resistance. Compared with the other Nordic countries, penicillin resistance among the staphylococci was still at a relatively high level in Finland (52.1 and 32.0% for Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci, respectively). Streptococci isolated from mastitis were very susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics, as also found in the previous survey in 1995.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pitkälä
- National Veterinary and Food Research Institute, EELA, PB 45, FIN-00581 Helsinki, Finland.
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Guérin-Faublée V, Carret G, Houffschmitt P. In vitro activity of 10 antimicrobial agents against bacteria isolated from cows with clinical mastitis. Vet Rec 2003; 152:466-71. [PMID: 12723630 DOI: 10.1136/vr.152.15.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The susceptibility of 495 strains of bacteria, recently isolated in France from cows with clinical mastitis, to 10 antimicrobial agents--penicillin G, cloxacillin, oxacillin, cephalexin, cefazolin, cephapirin, cefquinome, neomycin, ampicillin and colistin--was determined by measuring their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICS). Overall, the levels of resistance were very low except for staphylococci and penicillin G. The 167 streptococcal strains were susceptible to all of the beta-lactams tested, but six (3-6 per cent) were highly resistant to neomycin. Of the 171 staphylococcal isolates, 36.2 per cent were resistant to penicillin G, one strain of Staphylococcus sciuri was classified as methicillin-resistant, but they were all susceptible to neomycin. None of the 122 strains of Escherichia coli was resistant to colistin, but 12 had high MIC values for one or more of the cephalosporins.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Guérin-Faublée
- Département de Santé Publique Veterinaire, Ecole Nationale Véterinaire de Lyon, BP 83, 69280 Marcy l'étoile, France
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