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Ermakova GV, Kucheryavyy AV, Zaraisky AG, Bayramov AV. The Molecular Mechanism of Body Axis Induction in Lampreys May Differ from That in Amphibians. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2412. [PMID: 38397089 PMCID: PMC10889193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Lamprey homologues of the classic embryonic inducer Noggin are similar in expression pattern and functional properties to Noggin homologues of jawed vertebrates. All noggin genes of vertebrates apparently originated from a single ancestral gene as a result of genome duplications. nogginA, nogginB and nogginC of lampreys, like noggin1 and noggin2 of gnathostomes, demonstrate the ability to induce complete secondary axes with forebrain and eye structures when overexpressed in Xenopus laevis embryos. According to current views, this finding indicates the ability of lamprey Noggin proteins to suppress the activity of the BMP, Nodal/Activin and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathways, as shown for Noggin proteins of gnathostomes. In this work, by analogy with experiments in Xenopus embryos, we attempted to induce secondary axes in the European river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis by injecting noggin mRNAs into lamprey eggs in vivo. Surprisingly, unlike what occurs in amphibians, secondary axis induction in the lampreys either by noggin mRNAs or by chordin and cerberus mRNAs, the inductive properties of which have been described, was not observed. Only wnt8a mRNA demonstrated the ability to induce secondary axes in the lampreys. Such results may indicate that the mechanism of axial specification in lampreys, which represent jawless vertebrates, may differ in detail from that in the jawed clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina V. Ermakova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia;
| | - Aleksandr V. Kucheryavyy
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia;
| | - Andrey G. Zaraisky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia;
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Andrey V. Bayramov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia;
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2
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Reece AS, Hulse GK. Effects of cannabis on congenital limb anomalies in 14 European nations: A geospatiotemporal and causal inferential study. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2022; 8:dvac016. [PMID: 35966826 PMCID: PMC9364687 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid exposure is increasing in some European nations. Europe therefore provides an interesting test environment for the recently reported link between cannabis exposure and congenital limb anomaly (CLA) rates (CLARs). Exponential genotoxic dose-response relationships make this investigation both intriguing and imperative. Annual CLAR in 14 nations were from Epidemiological Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies. Drug use rates were from European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Dependency. Median household income was from the World Bank. E-values provide a quantitative measure of robustness of results to confounding by extraneous covariates. Inverse probability weighting is an important technique for equalizing exposures across countries and removing sources of bias. Rates of CLA, hip dysplasia and the whole group of limb anomalies were higher in countries with increasing daily cannabis use (P = 1.81 × 10-16, 0.0005 and 2.53 × 10-6, respectively). In additive inverse-probability-weighted panel models, the limb reduction-resin Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentration E-value estimate was 519.93 [95% lower bound (mEV) 49.56], order Resin > Herb ≫ Tobacco > Alcohol. Elevations were noted in 86% E-value estimates and 70.2% of mEVs from 57 E-value pairs from inverse-probability-weighted panel models and from spatial models. As judged by the mEV the degree of association with metrics of cannabis exposure was hip dysplasia > polydactyly > syndactyly > limb anomalies > limb reductions with median E-value estimates from 3.40 × 1065 to 7.06 and median mEVs from 6.14 × 1033 to 3.41. Daily cannabis use interpolated was a more powerful metric of cannabis exposure than herb or resin THC exposure. Data indicate that metrics of cannabis exposure are closely linked with CLAR and satisfy epidemiological criteria for causality. Along with Hawaii and the USA, Europe now forms the third international population in which this causal link has been demonstrated. Cannabis as a predictor of limb anomalies was more potent than tobacco or alcohol. Cannabinoid access should be restricted to protect public health and the community genome/epigenome transgenerationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Stuart Reece
- *Correspondence address. 39 Gladstone Rd., Highgate Hill, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Tel: (+617) 3844-4000; Fax: (+617) 3844-4015; E-mail:
| | - Gary Kenneth Hulse
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
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3
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Sharif SB, Zamani N, Chadwick BP. BAZ1B the Protean Protein. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101541. [PMID: 34680936 PMCID: PMC8536118 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The bromodomain adjacent to the zinc finger domain 1B (BAZ1B) or Williams syndrome transcription factor (WSTF) are just two of the names referring the same protein that is encoded by the WBSCR9 gene and is among the 26-28 genes that are lost from one copy of 7q11.23 in Williams syndrome (WS: OMIM 194050). Patients afflicted by this contiguous gene deletion disorder present with a range of symptoms including cardiovascular complications, developmental defects as well as a characteristic cognitive and behavioral profile. Studies in patients with atypical deletions and mouse models support BAZ1B hemizygosity as a contributing factor to some of the phenotypes. Focused analysis on BAZ1B has revealed this to be a versatile nuclear protein with a central role in chromatin remodeling through two distinct complexes as well as being involved in the replication and repair of DNA, transcriptional processes involving RNA Polymerases I, II, and III as well as possessing kinase activity. Here, we provide a comprehensive review to summarize the many aspects of BAZ1B function including its recent link to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Behrouz Sharif
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;
| | - Nina Zamani
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;
| | - Brian P. Chadwick
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Lee YP, Choi DG. MMPs, TIMPs and BMP-4 in medial rectus muscle obtained from intermittent exotropia patients and their clinical correlations. Acta Ophthalmol 2020; 98:e107-e112. [PMID: 31421016 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To measure the amounts of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, TIMP-2 and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4 in medial rectus muscle (MR) tissue obtained from intermittent exotropia (IXT) patients and to investigate the correlation between each protein amount and the clinical features of IXT including angles of deviation, age at surgery, duration of IXT and postoperative recurrence. METHODS The protein amounts were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in MR collected during surgery for 78 IXT patients. RESULTS The mean amount of MMP-2 per mm of resected MR was 0.86 ng, of MMP-9, 2.72 ng, of TIMP-1, 1.99 ng, of TIMP-2, 0.92 ng and of BMP-4, 0.82 pg. MMP-2 showed a positive correlation with angle of deviation at distance and at near, age at surgery and duration of IXT (p = 0.000, p = 0.000, p = 0.000, p = 0.022, respectively, Spearman's rank correlation analysis). MMP-9 showed a positive correlation with angle of deviation at distance and at near (p = 0.001, p = 0.024) and BMP-4 showed a positive correlation with angle of deviation at distance (p = 0.012). TIMP-1 showed a negative correlation with angle of deviation at distance and at near (p = 0.003, p = 0.000). CONCLUSION In IXT patients, MMPs and BMP-4 tended to increase and TIMPs to decrease with increasing angle of deviation, greater age at surgery and longer duration of IXT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Pyo Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital Hallym University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Dong Gyu Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital Hallym University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
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Polevoy H, Gutkovich YE, Michaelov A, Volovik Y, Elkouby YM, Frank D. New roles for Wnt and BMP signaling in neural anteroposterior patterning. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:embr.201845842. [PMID: 30936121 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201845842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
During amphibian development, neural patterning occurs via a two-step process. Spemann's organizer secretes BMP antagonists that induce anterior neural tissue. A subsequent caudalizing step re-specifies anterior fated cells to posterior fates such as hindbrain and spinal cord. The neural patterning paradigm suggests that a canonical Wnt-signaling gradient acts along the anteroposterior axis to pattern the nervous system. Wnt activity is highest in the posterior, inducing spinal cord, at intermediate levels in the trunk, inducing hindbrain, and is lowest in anterior fated forebrain, while BMP-antagonist levels are constant along the axis. Our results in Xenopus laevis challenge this paradigm. We find that inhibition of canonical Wnt signaling or its downstream transcription factors eliminates hindbrain, but not spinal cord fates, an observation not compatible with a simple high-to-low Wnt gradient specifying all fates along the neural anteroposterior axis. Additionally, we find that BMP activity promotes posterior spinal cord cell fate formation in an FGF-dependent manner, while inhibiting hindbrain fates. These results suggest a need to re-evaluate the paradigms of neural anteroposterior pattern formation during vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Polevoy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yoni E Gutkovich
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ariel Michaelov
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yael Volovik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yaniv M Elkouby
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dale Frank
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Abstract
TGF-β family ligands function in inducing and patterning many tissues of the early vertebrate embryonic body plan. Nodal signaling is essential for the specification of mesendodermal tissues and the concurrent cellular movements of gastrulation. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling patterns tissues along the dorsal-ventral axis and simultaneously directs the cell movements of convergence and extension. After gastrulation, a second wave of Nodal signaling breaks the symmetry between the left and right sides of the embryo. During these processes, elaborate regulatory feedback between TGF-β ligands and their antagonists direct the proper specification and patterning of embryonic tissues. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the function and regulation of TGF-β family signaling in these processes. Although we cover principles that are involved in the development of all vertebrate embryos, we focus specifically on three popular model organisms: the mouse Mus musculus, the African clawed frog of the genus Xenopus, and the zebrafish Danio rerio, highlighting the similarities and differences between these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Zinski
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6058
| | - Benjamin Tajer
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6058
| | - Mary C Mullins
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6058
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7
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Hu W, Zhang Y, Wang L, Lau CW, Xu J, Luo JY, Gou L, Yao X, Chen ZY, Ma RCW, Tian XY, Huang Y. Bone Morphogenic Protein 4-Smad–Induced Upregulation of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor AA Impairs Endothelial Function. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:553-60. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
Bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4) is an important mediator of endothelial dysfunction in cardio-metabolic diseases, whereas platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) are major angiogenic and proinflammatory mediator, although the functional link between these 2 factors is unknown. The present study investigated whether PDGF mediates BMP4-induced endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus.
Approach and Results—
We generated Ad-Bmp4 to overexpress Bmp4 and Ad-Pdgfa-shRNA to knockdown Pdgfa in mice through tail intravenous injection. SMAD4-shRNA lentivirus, SMAD1-shRNA, and SMAD5 shRNA adenovirus were used for knockdown in human and mouse endothelial cells. We found that PDGF-AA impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in aortas and mesenteric resistance arteries. BMP4 upregulated PDGF-AA in human and mouse endothelial cells, which was abolished by BMP4 antagonist noggin or knockdown of SMAD1/5 or SMAD4. BMP4-impared relaxation in mouse aorta was also ameliorated by PDGF-AA neutralizing antibody. Tail injection of Ad-Pdgfa-shRNA ameliorates endothelial dysfunction induced by Bmp4 overexpression (Ad-Bmp4) in vivo. Serum PDGF-AA was elevated in both diabetic patients and diabetic
db/db
mice compared with nondiabetic controls. Pdgfa-shRNA or Bmp4-shRNA adenovirus reduced serum PDGF-AA concentration in
db/db
mice. PDGF-AA neutralizing antibody or tail injection with Pdgfa-shRNA adenovirus improved endothelial function in aortas and mesenteric resistance arteries from
db/db
mice. The effect of PDGF-AA on endothelial function in mouse aorta was also inhibited by Ad-Pdgfra-shRNA to inhibit PDGFRα.
Conclusions—
The present study provides novel evidences to show that PDGF-AA impairs endothelium-dependent vasodilation and PDGF-AA mediates BMP4-induced adverse effect on endothelial cell function through SMAD1/5- and SMAD4-dependent mechanisms. Inhibition of PGDF-AA ameliorates vascular dysfunction in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weining Hu
- From the Shenzhen Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences (W.H., Y.Z., L.W., C.W.L., J.X., J.-Y.L., L.G., X.Y., X.Y.T., Y.H), the School of Life Science (Z.-Y.C.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, the Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong; and Institute of Diabetes and Obesity (R.C.W.M), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- From the Shenzhen Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences (W.H., Y.Z., L.W., C.W.L., J.X., J.-Y.L., L.G., X.Y., X.Y.T., Y.H), the School of Life Science (Z.-Y.C.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, the Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong; and Institute of Diabetes and Obesity (R.C.W.M), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Li Wang
- From the Shenzhen Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences (W.H., Y.Z., L.W., C.W.L., J.X., J.-Y.L., L.G., X.Y., X.Y.T., Y.H), the School of Life Science (Z.-Y.C.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, the Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong; and Institute of Diabetes and Obesity (R.C.W.M), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Wai Lau
- From the Shenzhen Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences (W.H., Y.Z., L.W., C.W.L., J.X., J.-Y.L., L.G., X.Y., X.Y.T., Y.H), the School of Life Science (Z.-Y.C.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, the Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong; and Institute of Diabetes and Obesity (R.C.W.M), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jian Xu
- From the Shenzhen Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences (W.H., Y.Z., L.W., C.W.L., J.X., J.-Y.L., L.G., X.Y., X.Y.T., Y.H), the School of Life Science (Z.-Y.C.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, the Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong; and Institute of Diabetes and Obesity (R.C.W.M), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiang-Yun Luo
- From the Shenzhen Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences (W.H., Y.Z., L.W., C.W.L., J.X., J.-Y.L., L.G., X.Y., X.Y.T., Y.H), the School of Life Science (Z.-Y.C.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, the Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong; and Institute of Diabetes and Obesity (R.C.W.M), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lingshan Gou
- From the Shenzhen Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences (W.H., Y.Z., L.W., C.W.L., J.X., J.-Y.L., L.G., X.Y., X.Y.T., Y.H), the School of Life Science (Z.-Y.C.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, the Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong; and Institute of Diabetes and Obesity (R.C.W.M), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yao
- From the Shenzhen Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences (W.H., Y.Z., L.W., C.W.L., J.X., J.-Y.L., L.G., X.Y., X.Y.T., Y.H), the School of Life Science (Z.-Y.C.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, the Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong; and Institute of Diabetes and Obesity (R.C.W.M), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- From the Shenzhen Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences (W.H., Y.Z., L.W., C.W.L., J.X., J.-Y.L., L.G., X.Y., X.Y.T., Y.H), the School of Life Science (Z.-Y.C.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, the Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong; and Institute of Diabetes and Obesity (R.C.W.M), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ronald Ching Wan Ma
- From the Shenzhen Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences (W.H., Y.Z., L.W., C.W.L., J.X., J.-Y.L., L.G., X.Y., X.Y.T., Y.H), the School of Life Science (Z.-Y.C.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, the Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong; and Institute of Diabetes and Obesity (R.C.W.M), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiao Yu Tian
- From the Shenzhen Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences (W.H., Y.Z., L.W., C.W.L., J.X., J.-Y.L., L.G., X.Y., X.Y.T., Y.H), the School of Life Science (Z.-Y.C.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, the Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong; and Institute of Diabetes and Obesity (R.C.W.M), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu Huang
- From the Shenzhen Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences (W.H., Y.Z., L.W., C.W.L., J.X., J.-Y.L., L.G., X.Y., X.Y.T., Y.H), the School of Life Science (Z.-Y.C.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, the Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong; and Institute of Diabetes and Obesity (R.C.W.M), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Rahman MS, Akhtar N, Jamil HM, Banik RS, Asaduzzaman SM. TGF-β/BMP signaling and other molecular events: regulation of osteoblastogenesis and bone formation. Bone Res 2015; 3:15005. [PMID: 26273537 PMCID: PMC4472151 DOI: 10.1038/boneres.2015.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) plays a fundamental role in the regulation of bone organogenesis through the activation of receptor serine/threonine kinases. Perturbations of TGF-β/BMP activity are almost invariably linked to a wide variety of clinical outcomes, i.e., skeletal, extra skeletal anomalies, autoimmune, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Phosphorylation of TGF-β (I/II) or BMP receptors activates intracellular downstream Smads, the transducer of TGF-β/BMP signals. This signaling is modulated by various factors and pathways, including transcription factor Runx2. The signaling network in skeletal development and bone formation is overwhelmingly complex and highly time and space specific. Additive, positive, negative, or synergistic effects are observed when TGF-β/BMP interacts with the pathways of MAPK, Wnt, Hedgehog (Hh), Notch, Akt/mTOR, and miRNA to regulate the effects of BMP-induced signaling in bone dynamics. Accumulating evidence indicates that Runx2 is the key integrator, whereas Hh is a possible modulator, miRNAs are regulators, and β-catenin is a mediator/regulator within the extensive intracellular network. This review focuses on the activation of BMP signaling and interaction with other regulatory components and pathways highlighting the molecular mechanisms regarding TGF-β/BMP function and regulation that could allow understanding the complexity of bone tissue dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shaifur Rahman
- Tissue Banking and Biomaterial Research Unit, Atomic Energy Research Establishment , Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Naznin Akhtar
- Tissue Banking and Biomaterial Research Unit, Atomic Energy Research Establishment , Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Hossen Mohammad Jamil
- Tissue Banking and Biomaterial Research Unit, Atomic Energy Research Establishment , Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Rajat Suvra Banik
- Lab of Network Biology, Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University , Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Sikder M Asaduzzaman
- Tissue Banking and Biomaterial Research Unit, Atomic Energy Research Establishment , Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh
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9
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Sox5 Is a DNA-binding cofactor for BMP R-Smads that directs target specificity during patterning of the early ectoderm. Dev Cell 2014; 31:374-382. [PMID: 25453832 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The SoxD factor, Sox5, is expressed in ectodermal cells at times and places where BMP signaling is active, including the cells of the animal hemisphere at blastula stages and the neural plate border and neural crest at neurula stages. Sox5 is required for proper ectoderm development, and deficient embryos display patterning defects characteristic of perturbations of BMP signaling, including loss of neural crest and epidermis and expansion of the neural plate. We show that Sox5 is essential for activation of BMP target genes in embryos and explants, that it physically interacts with BMP R-Smads, and that it is essential for recruitment of Smad1/4 to BMP regulatory elements. Our findings identify Sox5 as the long-sought DNA-binding partner for BMP R-Smads essential to plasticity and pattern in the early ectoderm.
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10
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Rogers CD, Jayasena CS, Nie S, Bronner ME. Neural crest specification: tissues, signals, and transcription factors. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2011; 1:52-68. [PMID: 23801667 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest is a transient population of multipotent and migratory cells unique to vertebrate embryos. Initially derived from the borders of the neural plate, these cells undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition to leave the central nervous system, migrate extensively in the periphery, and differentiate into numerous diverse derivatives. These include but are not limited to craniofacial cartilage, pigment cells, and peripheral neurons and glia. Attractive for their similarities to stem cells and metastatic cancer cells, neural crest cells are a popular model system for studying cell/tissue interactions and signaling factors that influence cell fate decisions and lineage transitions. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms required for neural crest formation in various vertebrate species, focusing on the importance of signaling factors from adjacent tissues and conserved gene regulatory interactions, which are required for induction and specification of the ectodermal tissue that will become neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Rogers
- Department of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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11
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Yang Q, Lv X, Kong Q, Li C, Zhou Q, Mao B. Dynamic expression of the LAP family of genes during early development of Xenopus tropicalis. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2011; 54:897-903. [PMID: 22038001 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-011-4224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The leucine-rich repeats and PDZ (LAP) family of genes are crucial for the maintenance of cell polarity as well as for epithelial homeostasis and tumor suppression in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Four members of this gene family are known: densin, erbin, scribble and lano. Here, we identified the four members of the LAP gene family in Xenopus tropicalis and studied their expression patterns during embryonic development. The Xenopus LAP proteins show a conserved domain structure that is similar to their homologs in other vertebrates. In Xenopus embryos, these genes were detected in animal cap cells at the early gastrula stage. At later stages of development, they were widely expressed in epithelial tissues that are highly polar in nature, including the neural epithelia, optic and otic vesicles, and in the pronephros. These data suggest that the roles of the Xenopus LAP genes in the control of cell polarity and morphogenesis are conserved during early development. Erbin and lano show similar expression patterns in the developing head, suggesting potential functional interactions between the two molecules in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiutan Yang
- Core Facility of Genetically Engineered Mice, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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12
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Wu MY, Ramel MC, Howell M, Hill CS. SNW1 is a critical regulator of spatial BMP activity, neural plate border formation, and neural crest specification in vertebrate embryos. PLoS Biol 2011; 9:e1000593. [PMID: 21358802 PMCID: PMC3039673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) gradients provide positional information to direct cell fate specification, such as patterning of the vertebrate ectoderm into neural, neural crest, and epidermal tissues, with precise borders segregating these domains. However, little is known about how BMP activity is regulated spatially and temporally during vertebrate development to contribute to embryonic patterning, and more specifically to neural crest formation. Through a large-scale in vivo functional screen in Xenopus for neural crest fate, we identified an essential regulator of BMP activity, SNW1. SNW1 is a nuclear protein known to regulate gene expression. Using antisense morpholinos to deplete SNW1 protein in both Xenopus and zebrafish embryos, we demonstrate that dorsally expressed SNW1 is required for neural crest specification, and this is independent of mesoderm formation and gastrulation morphogenetic movements. By exploiting a combination of immunostaining for phosphorylated Smad1 in Xenopus embryos and a BMP-dependent reporter transgenic zebrafish line, we show that SNW1 regulates a specific domain of BMP activity in the dorsal ectoderm at the neural plate border at post-gastrula stages. We use double in situ hybridizations and immunofluorescence to show how this domain of BMP activity is spatially positioned relative to the neural crest domain and that of SNW1 expression. Further in vivo and in vitro assays using cell culture and tissue explants allow us to conclude that SNW1 acts upstream of the BMP receptors. Finally, we show that the requirement of SNW1 for neural crest specification is through its ability to regulate BMP activity, as we demonstrate that targeted overexpression of BMP to the neural plate border is sufficient to restore neural crest formation in Xenopus SNW1 morphants. We conclude that through its ability to regulate a specific domain of BMP activity in the vertebrate embryo, SNW1 is a critical regulator of neural plate border formation and thus neural crest specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Y. Wu
- Laboratory of Developmental Signalling, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marie-Christine Ramel
- Laboratory of Developmental Signalling, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Howell
- High-Throughput Screening Facility, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline S. Hill
- Laboratory of Developmental Signalling, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Wang Y, Fu Y, Gao L, Zhu G, Liang J, Gao C, Huang B, Fenger U, Niehrs C, Chen YG, Wu W. Xenopus skip modulates Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and functions in neural crest induction. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:10890-901. [PMID: 20103590 PMCID: PMC2856295 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.058347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The beta-catenin-lymphoid enhancer factor (LEF) protein complex is the key mediator of canonical Wnt signaling and initiates target gene transcription upon ligand stimulation. In addition to beta-catenin and LEF themselves, many other proteins have been identified as necessary cofactors. Here we report that the evolutionally conserved splicing factor and transcriptional co-regulator, SKIP/SNW/NcoA62, forms a ternary complex with LEF1 and HDAC1 and mediates the repression of target genes. Loss-of-function studies showed that SKIP is obligatory for Wnt signaling-induced target gene transactivation, suggesting an important role of SKIP in the canonical Wnt signaling. Consistent with its involvement in beta-catenin signaling, the C-terminally truncated forms of SKIP are able to stabilize beta-catenin and enhance Wnt signaling. In Xenopus embryos, both overexpression and knockdown of Skip lead to reduced neural crest induction, consistent with down-regulated Wnt signaling in both cases. Our results indicate that SKIP is a novel component of the beta-catenin transcriptional complex.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/antagonists & inhibitors
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/cytology
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Library
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Mice
- Neural Crest/cytology
- Neural Crest/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- Wnt1 Protein/genetics
- Wnt1 Protein/metabolism
- Xenopus laevis
- beta Catenin/genetics
- beta Catenin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- From the School of Life Sciences
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, and
| | - Yu Fu
- From the School of Life Sciences
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, and
| | - Lei Gao
- From the School of Life Sciences
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, and
| | - Guixin Zhu
- From the School of Life Sciences
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, and
| | - Juan Liang
- From the School of Life Sciences
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, and
| | - Chan Gao
- From the School of Life Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China and
| | - Binlu Huang
- From the School of Life Sciences
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, and
| | - Ursula Fenger
- the Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christof Niehrs
- the Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ye-Guang Chen
- From the School of Life Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China and
| | - Wei Wu
- From the School of Life Sciences
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, and
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Hahn JY, Cho HJ, Kang HJ, Kim TS, Kim MH, Chung JH, Bae JW, Oh BH, Park YB, Kim HS. Pre-treatment of mesenchymal stem cells with a combination of growth factors enhances gap junction formation, cytoprotective effect on cardiomyocytes, and therapeutic efficacy for myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51:933-43. [PMID: 18308163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of pre-treatment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with growth factors (GFs) on cardiomyogenic differentiation, cytoprotective action on cardiomyocytes (CMCs), and their therapeutic efficacy in myocardial infarction. BACKGROUND Mechanisms of myocardial repair with MSC transplantation have not been fully elucidated, and therapeutic efficacy needs to be enhanced. METHODS The MSCs obtained from the bone marrow of Fisher344 rats were treated with fibroblast growth factor-2, insulin-like growth factor-1, and bone morphogenetic protein-2. The expression of cardiac specific markers and the cytoprotective effect of MSCs with its mechanism were evaluated. Efficacy of MSCs transplantation was studied in rat myocardial infarction model. RESULTS Treatment of MSCs with cocktails of GFs enhanced expression of cardiac transcription factors and survival. Induction of cardiac specific markers by coculture with CMCs and gap junctional communication with CMCs was more active in GF-treated MSCs than untreated MSCs. The GF-treated MSCs reduced apoptosis of neighboring CMCs in a hypoxic condition and enhanced the phosphorylated Akt and phosphorylated c-AMP response element binding protein expression of CMCs, which was markedly reduced by gap junction blockade. In a rat myocardial infarction model, transplantation of GF-treated MSCs resulted in smaller infarct size and better cardiac function than transplantation of untreated MSCs. Additionally, GF treatment enhanced gap junction formation of transplanted MSCs, which did not aggravate arrhythmia. CONCLUSIONS Pre-treatment of MSCs with GFs enhanced cytoprotective effects on neighboring CMCs through gap junction and improved the therapeutic efficacy of MSC transplantation for myocardial repair. "Priming of MSCs with GFs" before transplantation might improve the therapeutic efficacy of cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Yong Hahn
- National Research Laboratory for Cardiovascular Stem Cells, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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15
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Moser M, Yu Q, Bode C, Xiong JW, Patterson C. BMPER is a conserved regulator of hematopoietic and vascular development in zebrafish. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2007; 43:243-53. [PMID: 17618647 PMCID: PMC2709533 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2007.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
For the proper development of vertebrate embryos as well as for survival of the adult organism, it is essential to form a functional vascular system. Molecules involved in this process are members of highly conserved families of proteins that exert conserved functions across species. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) are extracellular factors that are regulated by extracellular modulators and bind to BMP receptors, which in turn activate intracellular signaling cascades. BMPs are necessary not only for induction of endothelial and hematopoietic lineages but also for further endothelial and hematopoietic cell differentiation. Previously, we identified BMPER (BMP endothelial cell precursor derived regulator) and demonstrated its spatiotemporal expression at sites of vasculogenesis and direct modulation of BMP activity. To directly investigate the role of BMPER in vascular development, we cloned the BMPER ortholog in zebrafish (zbmper). It is expressed at sites of high BMP activity, including vascular precursor cells located in the aortic arches and the intermediate cell mass during zebrafish embryonic development. Knockdown of zbmper results in a dorsalized phenotype, a reduced number of gata1 expressing hematopoietic precursor cells and of circulating blood cells as well as in a vascular phenotype. The generation of the caudal vein is compromised and the pattern guiding of the intersomitic vessels is disturbed, indicating that zbmper is required for early steps in vascular pattern formation and hematopoiesis in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Moser
- University of Freiburg, Internal Medicine III, Germany
| | | | | | - Jing-Wei Xiong
- The Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Cam Patterson
- Carolina Cardiovascular Biology Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC
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16
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Rafael MS, Laizé V, Cancela ML. Identification of Sparus aurata bone morphogenetic protein 2: molecular cloning, gene expression and in silico analysis of protein conserved features in vertebrates. Bone 2006; 39:1373-81. [PMID: 16919510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2006.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2005] [Revised: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is a secreted signaling molecule that acts as an inducer of bone formation and a regulator of embryonic development. The objectives of this work were as follows: (1) to clone the full-length cDNA of BMP-2 in a marine fish model, (2) analyze its gene expression during development, in adult tissues and in cell lines, and (3) identify protein conserved features of vertebrate BMP-2. Using a combination of RT- and 5'-RACE-PCR, a 1653-bp fragment corresponding to Sparus aurata BMP-2 cDNA (SaBMP-2) was amplified. Levels of SaBMP-2 gene expression were estimated using quantitative real-time PCR and shown to be strongly increased (150-fold induction) at gastrulation, thus suggesting a key role for BMP-2 in fish development. Tissue distribution of SaBMP-2 mRNA revealed highest levels in the calcified tissues bone, caudal fin and scales and in liver. BMP-2 was also found to be highly expressed in S. aurata bone-derived cell lines VSa13 and VSa16 and to be up-regulated (more than 10-fold induction) in mineralized VSa13 chondrocyte-like cells. Using bioinformatic tools and all vertebrate protein sequences available, conserved features of BMP-2 were characterized. The mature protein was shown to be highly conserved across 20 species indicating that BMP-2 function has been conserved throughout evolution, a finding that is in agreement with the widely accepted view of the important role played by BMPs in vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta S Rafael
- Centre for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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17
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McCauley DW, Bronner-Fraser M. Conservation and divergence of BMP2/4 genes in the lamprey: expression and phylogenetic analysis suggest a single ancestral vertebrate gene. Evol Dev 2004; 6:411-22. [PMID: 15509223 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2004.04054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) molecules are members of a large family of signaling molecules important in numerous developmental pathways throughout the metazoa. Single members of the BMP2/4 class have been found in invertebrates such as cnidarians, arthropods, nematodes, echinoderms, ascidians, and cephalochordates. In all vertebrates studied, there are at least two copies, BMP2 and BMP4, that play important roles in axial patterning, tissue specification, and organogenesis. The basal vertebrate, lamprey, diverged near the time of vertebrate origins and is useful for understanding the gene duplication events that led to the increased complexity of the vertebrate genome. We characterized the sequence and expression pattern of BMP2/4 class genes in the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. We uncovered three genes that we named PmBMP2/4A, PmBMP2/4B, and PmBMP2/4C. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that PmBMP2/4A is closer than PmBMP2/4B or PmBMP2/4C in sequence identity to both BMP2 and BMP4 of gnathostomes. The developmental expression pattern of PmBMP2/4A also more closely resembles the combined early expression patterns of gnathostome BMP2 and BMP4, whereas PmBMP2/4B and PmBMP2/4C appear to play roles only later in development. Cell labeling showed that the BMP-expressing cells in the branchial arches of lampreys are of neural crest origin. Taken together, our sequence and expression data support the duplication of BMP2/4 genes in the lamprey from a single ancestral vertebrate BMP2/4 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W McCauley
- Division of Biology, MC 139-74, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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18
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Ghosh-Choudhury N, Abboud SL, Mahimainathan L, Chandrasekar B, Choudhury GG. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulates bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2)-induced myocyte enhancer factor 2A-dependent transcription of BMP-2 gene in cardiomyocyte precursor cells. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:21998-2005. [PMID: 12663654 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m302277200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth and differentiation factor bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) regulates cardiac development during vertebrate embryogenesis. In cardiac precursor cells, BMP-2 has recently been shown to induce expression of cardiac transcription factors, including myocyte enhancer factor 2A (MEF-2A). The specific signal transduction mechanism by which BMP-2 regulates these actions is not known. We investigated the role of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase in regulating these processes in cardiomyocyte precursor CL6 cells. BMP-2 increased PI 3-kinase activity in these cells in a time-dependent manner, resulting in increased expression of sarcomeric myosin heavy chain (MHC) and MEF-2A. Inhibition of PI 3-kinase abolished these actions of BMP-2, indicating the involvement of PI 3-kinase in these processes. Furthermore, BMP-2 stimulated specific protein.DNA complex formation when an MEF-2 DNA recognition element was used as probe. Antibody supershift assay confirmed the presence of MEF-2A in this protein.DNA complex. Inhibition of PI 3-kinase activity completely prevented the MEF-2A.DNA complex formation. BMP-2 also increased transcription of a reporter gene driven by an MEF-2-specific DNA element in a PI 3-kinase-dependent manner. Ectopic expression of MEF-2A increased BMP-2 transcription to the same extent induced by BMP-2, indicating that MEF-2A may participate in BMP-2 autoregulation in CL6 cells. Expression of dominant negative PI 3-kinase completely abolished BMP-2-induced as well as MEF-2A-mediated BMP-2 transcription. Furthermore expression of MEF-2A increased MHC expression in a PI 3-kinase-dependent manner. Together these data provide the first evidence that BMP-2-induced PI 3-kinase signaling regulates MEF-2A expression and define a mechanism of MEF-2A-dependent BMP-2 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Ghosh-Choudhury
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
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Holland ND, Venkatesh TV, Holland LZ, Jacobs DK, Bodmer R. AmphiNk2-tin, an amphioxus homeobox gene expressed in myocardial progenitors: insights into evolution of the vertebrate heart. Dev Biol 2003; 255:128-37. [PMID: 12618138 DOI: 10.1016/s0012-1606(02)00050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We isolated a full-length cDNA clone of amphioxus AmphiNk2-tin, an NK2 gene similar in sequence to vertebrate NK2 cardiac genes, suggesting a potentially similar function to Drosophila tinman and to vertebrate NK2 cardiac genes during heart development. During the neurula stage of amphioxus, AmphiNk2-tin is expressed first within the foregut endoderm, then transiently in muscle precursor cells in the somites, and finally in some mesoderm cells of the visceral peritoneum arranged in an approximately midventral row running beneath the midgut and hindgut. The peritoneal cells that express AmphiNk2-tin are evidently precursors of the myocardium of the heart, which subsequently becomes morphologically detectable ventral to the gut. The amphioxus heart is a rostrocaudally extended tube consisting entirely of myocardial cells (at both the larval and adult stages); there are no chambers, valves, endocardium, epicardium, or other differentiated features of vertebrate hearts. Phylogenetic analysis of the AmphiNk2-tin sequence documents its close relationship to vertebrate NK2 class cardiac genes, and ancillary evidence suggests a relationship with the Drosophila NK2 gene tinman. Apparently, an amphioxus-like heart, and the developmental program directing its development, was the foundation upon which the vertebrate heart evolved by progressive modular innovations at the genetic and morphological levels of organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Holland
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, USA
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