1
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Ducza L, Gaál B. The Neglected Sibling: NLRP2 Inflammasome in the Nervous System. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1006-1028. [PMID: 38722788 PMCID: PMC11081174 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0926-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
While classical NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing protein 1 (NLRP1) and NLRP3 inflammasomal proteins have been extensively investigated, the contribution of NLRP2 is still ill-defined in the nervous system. Given the putative significance of NLRP2 in orchestrating neuroinflammation, further inquiry is needed to gain a better understanding of its connectome, hence its specific targeting may hold a promising therapeutic implication. Therefore, bioinformatical approach for extracting information, specifically in the context of neuropathologies, is also undoubtedly preferred. To the best of our knowledge, there is no review study selectively targeting only NLRP2. Increasing, but still fragmentary evidence should encourage researchers to thoroughly investigate this inflammasome in various animal- and human models. Taken together, herein we aimed to review the current literature focusing on the role of NLRP2 inflammasome in the nervous system and more importantly, we provide an algorithm-based protein network of human NLRP2 for elucidating potentially valuable molecular partnerships that can be the beginning of a new discourse and future therapeutic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Ducza
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary, Hungary
| | - Botond Gaál
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary, Hungary
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2
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Osipovich AB, Dudek KD, Trinh LT, Kim LH, Shrestha S, Cartailler JP, Magnuson MA. ZFP92, a KRAB domain zinc finger protein enriched in pancreatic islets, binds to B1/Alu SINE transposable elements and regulates retroelements and genes. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010729. [PMID: 37155670 PMCID: PMC10166502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Repressive KRAB domain-containing zinc-finger proteins (KRAB-ZFPs) are abundant in mammalian genomes and contribute both to the silencing of transposable elements (TEs) and to the regulation of developmental stage- and cell type-specific gene expression. Here we describe studies of zinc finger protein 92 (Zfp92), an X-linked KRAB-ZFP that is highly expressed in pancreatic islets of adult mice, by analyzing global Zfp92 knockout (KO) mice. Physiological, transcriptomic and genome-wide chromatin binding studies indicate that the principal function of ZFP92 in mice is to bind to and suppress the activity of B1/Alu type of SINE elements and modulate the activity of surrounding genomic entities. Deletion of Zfp92 leads to changes in expression of select LINE and LTR retroelements and genes located in the vicinity of ZFP92-bound chromatin. The absence of Zfp92 leads to altered expression of specific genes in islets, adipose and muscle that result in modest sex-specific alterations in blood glucose homeostasis, body mass and fat accumulation. In islets, Zfp92 influences blood glucose concentration in postnatal mice via transcriptional effects on Mafb, whereas in adipose and muscle, it regulates Acacb, a rate-limiting enzyme in fatty acid metabolism. In the absence of Zfp92, a novel TE-Capn11 fusion transcript is overexpressed in islets and several other tissues due to de-repression of an IAPez TE adjacent to ZFP92-bound SINE elements in intron 3 of the Capn11 gene. Together, these studies show that ZFP92 functions both to repress specific TEs and to regulate the transcription of specific genes in discrete tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B. Osipovich
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Karrie D. Dudek
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Linh T. Trinh
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Lily H. Kim
- College of Arts and Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Shristi Shrestha
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jean-Philippe Cartailler
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Magnuson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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3
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Zhang YY, Gu LJ, Zhu N, Wang L, Cai MC, Jia JS, Rong S, Yuan WJ. Calpain 6 inhibits autophagy in inflammatory environments: A preliminary study on myoblasts and a chronic kidney disease rat model. Int J Mol Med 2021; 48:194. [PMID: 34435644 PMCID: PMC8416137 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.5027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A non-classical calpain, calpain 6 (CAPN6), can inhibit skeletal muscle differentiation and regeneration. In the present study, the role of CAPN6 in the regulation of the autophagy of myoblasts in vitro was investigated. The underlying molecular events and the CAPN6 level in atrophic skeletal muscle in a rat model of chronic kidney disease (CKD) were also investigated. In vitro, CAPN6 was overexpressed, or knocked down, in rat L6 myoblasts to assess autophagy and related gene expression and co-localization. Subsequently, myoblasts were treated with a mixture of cytokines, and relative gene expression and autophagy were assessed. A rat model of CKD for muscle atrophy was established, and blood chemical level and the expression of CAPN6 in muscle were assessed. The data revealed that the knockdown of CAPN6 in rat myoblasts resulted in increased microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) levels, while its overexpression decreased LC3 levels and impaired autophagy. Additionally, it was observed that the co-localization of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1), a lysosomal marker, proteins was increased. In addition, mTOR, Raptor and α-tubulin (a marker of microtubules) increased in the CAPN6 overexpression group. However, inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (INF)-γ and lipopolysaccharides upregulated CAPN6 expression, inhibited L6 myoblast autophagy and stabilized mTOR activity. Furthermore, the animal model successfully mimicked human disease as regards an increase in body weight, and a reduction in muscle mass, cross-sectional area and blood biomarker concentrations; a slight increase in CAPN6 mRNA and protein levels in muscles was observed. Finally, the data of the present study suggested that CAPN6 reduced autophagy via the maintenance of mTOR signaling, which may play a role in CKD-related muscle atrophy. However, future studies are required to determine whether CAPN6 may be used as an intervention target for CKD-related skeletal muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yue Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Li Jie Gu
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Nan Zhu
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Ling Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Min Chao Cai
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Jie Shuang Jia
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Shu Rong
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Wei Jie Yuan
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
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4
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Spinozzi S, Albini S, Best H, Richard I. Calpains for dummies: What you need to know about the calpain family. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2021; 1869:140616. [PMID: 33545367 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2021.140616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review was written in memory of our late friend, Dr. Hiroyuki Sorimachi, who, following the steps of his mentor Koichi Suzuki, a pioneer in calpain research, has made tremendous contributions to the field. During his career, Hiro also wrote several reviews on calpain, the last of which, published in 2016, was comprehensive. In this manuscript, we decided to put together a review with the basic information a novice may need to know about calpains. We also tried to avoid similarities with previous reviews and reported the most significant new findings, at the same time highlighting Hiro's contributions to the field. The review will cover a short history of calpain discovery, the presentation of the family, the life of calpain from transcription to activity, human diseases caused by calpain mutations and therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Spinozzi
- Genethon, 1 bis, Rue de l'Internationale - 91000 Evry, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, 91000, Evry, France
| | - Sonia Albini
- Genethon, 1 bis, Rue de l'Internationale - 91000 Evry, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, 91000, Evry, France
| | - Heather Best
- Genethon, 1 bis, Rue de l'Internationale - 91000 Evry, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, 91000, Evry, France
| | - Isabelle Richard
- Genethon, 1 bis, Rue de l'Internationale - 91000 Evry, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, 91000, Evry, France.
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5
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Nian H, Ma B. Calpain-calpastatin system and cancer progression. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:961-975. [PMID: 33470511 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The calpain system is required by many important physiological processes, including the cell cycle, cytoskeleton remodelling, cellular proliferation, migration, cancer cell invasion, metastasis, survival, autophagy, apoptosis and signalling, as well as the pathogenesis of a wide range of disorders, in which it may function to promote tumorigenesis. Calpains are intracellular conserved calcium-activated neutral cysteine proteinases that are involved in mediating cancer progression via catalysing and regulating the proteolysis of their specific substrates, which are important signalling molecules during cancer progression. μ-calpain, m-calpain, and their specific inhibitor calpastatin are the three molecules originally identified as comprising the calpain system and they contain several crucial domains, specific motifs, and functional sites. A large amount of data supports the roles of the calpain-calpastatin system in cancer progression via regulation of cellular adhesion, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and cellular survival and death, as well as inflammation and angiogenesis during tumorigenesis, implying that the inhibition of calpain activity may be a potential anti-cancer intervention strategy targeting cancer cell survival, invasion and chemotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Nian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Binyun Ma
- Department of Medicine/Hematology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, U.S.A
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6
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Chen L, Xiao D, Tang F, Gao H, Li X. CAPN6 in disease: An emerging therapeutic target (Review). Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:1644-1652. [PMID: 33000175 PMCID: PMC7521557 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As a member of the calpain protein family, calpain6 (CAPN6) is highly expressed mainly in the placenta and embryos. It plays a number of important roles in cellular processes, such as the stabilization of microtubules, the main-tenance of cell stability, the control of cell movement and the inhibition of apoptosis. In recent years, various studies have found that CAPN6 is one of the contributing factors associated with the tumorigenesis of uterine tumors and osteosarcoma, and that CAPN6 participates in the development of tumors by promoting cell proliferation and angiogenesis, and by inhibiting apoptosis, which is mainly regulated by the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway. Due to its abnormal cellular expression, CAPN6 has also been found to be associated with a number of diseases, such as white matter damage and muscular dystrophy. Therefore, CAPN6 may be a novel therapeutic target for these diseases. In the present review, the role of CAPN6 in disease and its possible use as a target in various therapies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Dongqiong Xiao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Fajuan Tang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Hu Gao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xihong Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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7
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Goto S, Ozaki Y, Ozawa F, Mizutani E, Kitaori T, Suzumori N, Blomgren K, Furuno T, Sugiura-Ogasawara M. The investigation of calpain in human placenta with fetal growth restriction. Am J Reprod Immunol 2020; 85:e13325. [PMID: 32852077 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM The mechanism of fetal growth restriction (FGR) is not fully understood. In this study, we explored the contribution of the calpain-calpastatin system and the activated states of calpains in human FGR placenta. METHOD OF STUDY The placentas were collected from patients of FGR (n = 17) and controls (n = 23) at elective cesarean sections in Nagoya City University Hospital and used for experiments upon informed consent. The existence and the expression of calpains and calpastatin in human placenta were compared between FGR and controls using immunohistochemistry, SDS-PAGE, and Western blotting. RESULTS Staining of calpains (pre-, post-μ-calpain, pre-, post-m-calpain, and calpain-6) and calpastatin was observed in cytoplasm of trophoblast cells, both in FGR and control placenta. Pre-μ-calpain was located in the cytoplasm, and post-μ-calpain was located mainly in proximity to the cytoplasmic membrane. The expression of pre-μ-calpain was significantly higher (P < .001) and calpain-6 was significantly lower (P = .01) in FGR placentas. The inactive μ-calpain (80 kDa) was significantly elevated (P < .01), and active μ-calpain (76 kDa) was significantly decreased (P = .01) in FGR placentas. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that activation of μ-calpain is suppressed in FGR placentas and that calpain-6 in human placenta is involved in the pathology of FGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Goto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Research Center for Recurrent Pregnancy Loss, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Ozaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Research Center for Recurrent Pregnancy Loss, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,The Education and Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fumiko Ozawa
- Research Center for Recurrent Pregnancy Loss, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Tamao Kitaori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Research Center for Recurrent Pregnancy Loss, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Suzumori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tadahide Furuno
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Biophysics, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mayumi Sugiura-Ogasawara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Research Center for Recurrent Pregnancy Loss, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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8
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Velez G, Sun YJ, Khan S, Yang J, Herrmann J, Chemudupati T, MacLaren RE, Gakhar L, Wakatsuki S, Bassuk AG, Mahajan VB. Structural Insights into the Unique Activation Mechanisms of a Non-classical Calpain and Its Disease-Causing Variants. Cell Rep 2020; 30:881-892.e5. [PMID: 31968260 PMCID: PMC7001764 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased calpain activity is linked to neuroinflammation including a heritable retinal disease caused by hyper-activating mutations in the calcium-activated calpain-5 (CAPN5) protease. Although structures for classical calpains are known, the structure of CAPN5, a non-classical calpain, remains undetermined. Here we report the 2.8 Å crystal structure of the human CAPN5 protease core (CAPN5-PC). Compared to classical calpains, CAPN5-PC requires high calcium concentrations for maximal activity. Structure-based phylogenetic analysis and multiple sequence alignment reveal that CAPN5-PC contains three elongated flexible loops compared to its classical counterparts. The presence of a disease-causing mutation (c.799G>A, p.Gly267Ser) on the unique PC2L2 loop reveals a function in this region for regulating enzymatic activity. This mechanism could be transferred to distant calpains, using synthetic calpain hybrids, suggesting an evolutionary mechanism for fine-tuning calpain function by modifying flexible loops. Further, the open (inactive) conformation of CAPN5-PC provides structural insight into CAPN5-specific residues that can guide inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Velez
- Omics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Young Joo Sun
- Omics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Saif Khan
- Protein and Crystallography Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AX, UK
| | - Jing Yang
- Omics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jonathan Herrmann
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Photon Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Teja Chemudupati
- Omics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Robert E MacLaren
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford EC1V 2PD, UK; Oxford Eye Hospital, University of Oxford NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Lokesh Gakhar
- Protein and Crystallography Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Soichi Wakatsuki
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Photon Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | | | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Omics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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9
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Placental cell death patterns exhibit differences throughout gestation in two strains of laboratory mice. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 378:341-358. [PMID: 31227907 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cell death is an essential physiological process required for the proper development and function of the human placenta. Although the mouse is a commonly used animal model for development studies, little is known about the extent and distribution of cell death in the mouse placenta throughout development and its physiological relevance. In the present study, we report the results of a systematic and quantitative assessment of cell death patterns in the placentae of two strains of laboratory mice commonly used for developmental studies-ICR and C57Bl/6. TUNEL staining revealed that ICR and C57Bl/6 placentae exhibited similar cell death patterns to those reported in human placentae during pregnancy, with comparatively infrequent death observed during early gestation, which increased and became more organized towards term. Interestingly, when comparing strain differences, increased cell death was observed in almost all regions of the inbred C57Bl/6 placentae compared to the outbred ICR strain. Finally, since Bcl-2 ovarian killer (Bok) has been reported to be a key player in human placental cell death, we examined its expression in murine placentae throughout gestation. Bok protein expression was observed in all placental regions and increased towards term in both strains. The results of this study indicate that although strain-specific differences in placental cell death exist, the overall rates and patterns of cell death during murine placentation parallel those previously described in humans. Thus, the murine placenta is a useful model to investigate molecular pathways involved in cell death signaling during human placentation.
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10
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Translating genetic, biochemical and structural information to the calpain view of development. Mech Dev 2018; 154:240-250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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11
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Coomer CE, Morris AC. Capn5 Expression in the Healthy and Regenerating Zebrafish Retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:3643-3654. [PMID: 30029251 PMCID: PMC6054427 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Autosomal dominant neovascular inflammatory vitreoretinopathy (ADNIV) is a devastating inherited autoimmune disease of the eye that displays features commonly seen in other eye diseases, such as retinitis pigmentosa and diabetic retinopathy. ADNIV is caused by a gain-of-function mutation in Calpain-5 (CAPN5), a calcium-dependent cysteine protease. Very little is known about the normal function of CAPN5 in the adult retina, and there are conflicting results regarding its role during mammalian embryonic development. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an excellent animal model for studying vertebrate development and tissue regeneration, and represents a novel model to explore the function of Capn5 in the eye. Methods We characterized the expression of Capn5 in the developing zebrafish central nervous system (CNS) and retina, in the adult zebrafish retina, and in response to photoreceptor degeneration and regeneration using whole-mount in situ hybridization, FISH, and immunohistochemistry. Results In zebrafish, capn5 is strongly expressed in the developing embryonic brain, early optic vesicles, and in newly differentiated retinal photoreceptors. We found that expression of capn5 colocalized with cone-specific markers in the adult zebrafish retina. We observed an increase in expression of Capn5 in a zebrafish model of chronic rod photoreceptor degeneration and regeneration. Acute light damage to the zebrafish retina was accompanied by an increase in expression of Capn5 in the surviving cones and in a subset of Müller glia. Conclusions These studies suggest that Capn5 may play a role in CNS development, photoreceptor maintenance, and photoreceptor regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagney E. Coomer
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Ann C. Morris
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
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12
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Velez G, Bassuk AG, Schaefer KA, Brooks B, Gakhar L, Mahajan M, Kahn P, Tsang SH, Ferguson PJ, Mahajan VB. A novel de novo CAPN5 mutation in a patient with inflammatory vitreoretinopathy, hearing loss, and developmental delay. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2018; 4:mcs.a002519. [PMID: 29472286 PMCID: PMC5983175 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a002519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations that activate the protease calpain-5 (CAPN5) cause a nonsyndromic adult-onset autoinflammatory eye disease characterized by uveitis, altered synaptic signaling, retinal degeneration, neovascularization, and intraocular fibrosis. We describe a pediatric patient with severe inflammatory vitreoretinopathy accompanied by hearing loss and developmental delay associated with a novel, de novo CAPN5 missense mutation (c.865C>T, p.Arg289Trp) that shows greater hyperactivation of the calpain protease, indicating a genotype–phenotype correlation that links mutation severity to proteolytic activity and the possibility of earlier onset syndromic disease with auditory and neurological abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Velez
- Omics Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Alexander G Bassuk
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Kellie A Schaefer
- Omics Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
| | - Brian Brooks
- Pediatric, Developmental, and Genetic Eye Disease Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Lokesh Gakhar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.,Protein Crystallography Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - MaryAnn Mahajan
- Omics Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
| | - Philip Kahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, New York University, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Barbara and Donald Jonas Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York 10016, USA.,Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Polly J Ferguson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Omics Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.,Palo Alto Veterans Administration, Palo Alto, California 94538, USA
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Lindström NO, Guo J, Kim AD, Tran T, Guo Q, De Sena Brandine G, Ransick A, Parvez RK, Thornton ME, Baskin L, Grubbs B, McMahon JA, Smith AD, McMahon AP. Conserved and Divergent Features of Mesenchymal Progenitor Cell Types within the Cortical Nephrogenic Niche of the Human and Mouse Kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:806-824. [PMID: 29449449 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017080890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular interactions among nephron, interstitial, and collecting duct progenitors drive mammalian kidney development. In mice, Six2+ nephron progenitor cells (NPCs) and Foxd1+ interstitial progenitor cells (IPCs) form largely distinct lineage compartments at the onset of metanephric kidney development. Here, we used the method for analyzing RNA following intracellular sorting (MARIS) approach, single-cell transcriptional profiling, in situ hybridization, and immunolabeling to characterize the presumptive NPC and IPC compartments of the developing human kidney. As in mice, each progenitor population adopts a stereotypical arrangement in the human nephron-forming niche: NPCs capped outgrowing ureteric branch tips, whereas IPCs were sandwiched between the NPCs and the renal capsule. Unlike mouse NPCs, human NPCs displayed a transcriptional profile that overlapped substantially with the IPC transcriptional profile, and key IPC determinants, including FOXD1, were readily detected within SIX2+ NPCs. Comparative gene expression profiling in human and mouse Six2/SIX2+ NPCs showed broad agreement between the species but also identified species-biased expression of some genes. Notably, some human NPC-enriched genes, including DAPL1 and COL9A2, are linked to human renal disease. We further explored the cellular diversity of mesenchymal cell types in the human nephrogenic niche through single-cell transcriptional profiling. Data analysis stratified NPCs into two main subpopulations and identified a third group of differentiating cells. These findings were confirmed by section in situ hybridization with novel human NPC markers predicted through the single-cell studies. This study provides a benchmark for the mesenchymal progenitors in the human nephrogenic niche and highlights species-variability in kidney developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils O Lindström
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Jinjin Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Albert D Kim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Tracy Tran
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Qiuyu Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | | | - Andrew Ransick
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Riana K Parvez
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Matthew E Thornton
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Laurence Baskin
- Department of Urology and Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Brendan Grubbs
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Jill A McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Andrew D Smith
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, and
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine,
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Schaefer KA, Toral MA, Velez G, Cox AJ, Baker SA, Borcherding NC, Colgan DF, Bondada V, Mashburn CB, Yu CG, Geddes JW, Tsang SH, Bassuk AG, Mahajan VB. Calpain-5 Expression in the Retina Localizes to Photoreceptor Synapses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:2509-21. [PMID: 27152965 PMCID: PMC4868102 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-18680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We characterize calpain-5 (CAPN5) expression in retinal and neuronal subcellular compartments. Methods CAPN5 gene variants were classified using the exome variant server, and RNA-sequencing was used to compare expression of CAPN5 mRNA in the mouse and human retina and in retinoblastoma cells. Expression of CAPN5 protein was ascertained in humans and mice in silico, in mouse retina by immunohistochemistry, and in neuronal cancer cell lines and fractionated central nervous system tissue extracts by Western analysis with eight antibodies targeting different CAPN5 regions. Results Most CAPN5 genetic variation occurs outside its protease core; and searches of cancer and epilepsy/autism genetic databases found no variants similar to hyperactivating retinal disease alleles. The mouse retina expressed one transcript for CAPN5 plus those of nine other calpains, similar to the human retina. In Y79 retinoblastoma cells, the level of CAPN5 transcript was very low. Immunohistochemistry detected CAPN5 expression in the inner and outer nuclear layers and at synapses in the outer plexiform layer. Western analysis of fractionated retinal extracts confirmed CAPN5 synapse localization. Western blots of fractionated brain neuronal extracts revealed distinct subcellular patterns and the potential presence of autoproteolytic CAPN5 domains. Conclusions CAPN5 is moderately expressed in the retina and, despite higher expression in other tissues, hyperactive disease mutants of CAPN5 only manifest as eye disease. At the cellular level, CAPN5 is expressed in several different functional compartments. CAPN5 localization at the photoreceptor synapse and with mitochondria explains the neural circuitry phenotype in human CAPN5 disease alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie A Schaefer
- Omics Laboratory, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Marcus A Toral
- Omics Laboratory, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 3Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Gabriel Velez
- Omics Laboratory, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 3Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Allison J Cox
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Sheila A Baker
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 5Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Nicholas C Borcherding
- Omics Laboratory, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 3Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Diana F Colgan
- Omics Laboratory, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Vimala Bondada
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Charles B Mashburn
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Chen-Guang Yu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - James W Geddes
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Barbara & Donald Jonas Stem Cell Laboratory, and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Alexander G Bassuk
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 9Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Omics Laboratory, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
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15
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Xiang Y, Li F, Wang L, Zheng A, Zuo J, Li M, Wang Y, Xu Y, Chen C, Chen S, Xiao B, Tao Z. Decreased calpain 6 expression is associated with tumorigenesis and poor prognosis in HNSCC. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:2237-2243. [PMID: 28454386 PMCID: PMC5403261 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpains are a family of intracellular cysteine proteases involved in various biological processes. Previously, the family was identified to have abnormal expression in several types of malignant tumor. Calpain 6 was less well known; however, it was recently identified to be involved in the carcinogenesis of certain types of malignant tumor. However, the expression of calpain 6 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains unclear. A total of six datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) was analyzed and an association between calpain 6 expression levels and HNSCC was identified, with the expression of calpain 6 observed to be significantly decreased in HNSCC (P<0.01). However, the expression of calpain 6 may vary between distinct tumor stages of HNSCC. Furthermore, calpain 6 expression was positively associated with the survival rate in patients with HNSCC (P<0.05), with increased expression of calpain 6 associated with an improved survival outcome. Calpain 6 expression was analyzed using an HNSCC tissue microarray and these results were consistent with the statistical analysis of the bioinformatics data from the GEO, indicating that calpain 6 may be a tumor suppressor protein in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinzhou Xiang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Fen Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Anyuan Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Zuo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yongping Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Shiming Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Bokui Xiao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Zezhang Tao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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16
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Ribas L, Robledo D, Gómez-Tato A, Viñas A, Martínez P, Piferrer F. Comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of the process of gonadal sex differentiation in the turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 422:132-149. [PMID: 26586209 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The turbot is a flatfish with a ZW/ZZ sex determination system but with a still unknown sex determining gene(s), and with a marked sexual growth dimorphism in favor of females. To better understand sexual development in turbot we sampled young turbot encompassing the whole process of gonadal differentiation and conducted a comprehensive transcriptomic study on its sex differentiation using a validated custom oligomicroarray. Also, the expression profiles of 18 canonical reproduction-related genes were studied along gonad development. The expression levels of gonadal aromatase cyp19a1a alone at three months of age allowed the accurate and early identification of sex before the first signs of histological differentiation. A total of 56 differentially expressed genes (DEG) that had not previously been related to sex differentiation in fish were identified within the first three months of age, of which 44 were associated with ovarian differentiation (e.g., cd98, gpd1 and cry2), and 12 with testicular differentiation (e.g., ace, capn8 and nxph1). To identify putative sex determining genes, ∼4.000 DEG in juvenile gonads were mapped and their positions compared with that of previously identified sex- and growth-related quantitative trait loci (QTL). Although no genes mapped to the previously identified sex-related QTLs, two genes (foxl2 and 17βhsd) of the canonical reproduction-related genes mapped to growth-QTLs in linkage group (LG) 15 and LG6, respectively, suggesting that these genes are related to the growth dimorphism in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ribas
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Robledo
- Departamento de Genética. Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - A Gómez-Tato
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada, Facultad de Matemáticas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15781, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Viñas
- Departamento de Genética. Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - P Martínez
- Departamento de Genética. Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - F Piferrer
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
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17
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Moretti D, Del Bello B, Allavena G, Maellaro E. Calpains and cancer: Friends or enemies? Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 564:26-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Ramayo-Caldas Y, Fortes MRS, Hudson NJ, Porto-Neto LR, Bolormaa S, Barendse W, Kelly M, Moore SS, Goddard ME, Lehnert SA, Reverter A. A marker-derived gene network reveals the regulatory role of PPARGC1A, HNF4G, and FOXP3 in intramuscular fat deposition of beef cattle. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:2832-45. [PMID: 24778332 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
High intramuscular fat (IMF) awards price premiums to beef producers and is associated with meat quality and flavor. Studying gene interactions and pathways that affect IMF might unveil causative physiological mechanisms and inform genomic selection, leading to increased accuracy of predictions of breeding value. To study gene interactions and pathways, a gene network was derived from genetic markers associated with direct measures of IMF, other fat phenotypes, feedlot performance, and a number of meat quality traits relating to body conformation, development, and metabolism that might be plausibly expected to interact with IMF biology. Marker associations were inferred from genomewide association studies (GWAS) based on high density genotypes and 29 traits measured on 10,181 beef cattle animals from 3 breed types. For the network inference, SNP pairs were assessed according to the strength of the correlation between their additive association effects across the 29 traits. The co-association inferred network was formed by 2,434 genes connected by 28,283 edges. Topological network parameters suggested a highly cohesive network, in which the genes are strongly functionally interconnected. Pathway and network analyses pointed towards a trio of transcription factors (TF) as key regulators of carcass IMF: PPARGC1A, HNF4G, and FOXP3. Importantly, none of these genes would have been deemed as significantly associated with IMF from the GWAS. Instead, a total of 313 network genes show significant co-association with the 3 TF. These genes belong to a wide variety of biological functions, canonical pathways, and genetic networks linked to IMF-related phenotypes. In summary, our GWAS and network predictions are supported by the current literature and suggest a cooperative role for the 3 TF and other interacting genes including CAPN6, STC2, MAP2K4, EYA1, COPS5, XKR4, NR2E1, TOX, ATF1, ASPH, TGS1, and TTPA as modulators of carcass and meat quality traits in beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ramayo-Caldas
- CSIRO Food Futures Flagship and CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia Departament de Ciencia Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative (GABI), Domaine de Vilvert, Bâtiment GABI-320, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - M R S Fortes
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Center for Animal Science, QLD 4062, Australia
| | - N J Hudson
- CSIRO Food Futures Flagship and CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - L R Porto-Neto
- CSIRO Food Futures Flagship and CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - S Bolormaa
- Victorian Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - W Barendse
- CSIRO Food Futures Flagship and CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - M Kelly
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Center for Animal Science, QLD 4062, Australia
| | - S S Moore
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Center for Animal Science, QLD 4062, Australia
| | - M E Goddard
- Victorian Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia School of Land and Environment, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - S A Lehnert
- CSIRO Food Futures Flagship and CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - A Reverter
- CSIRO Food Futures Flagship and CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia
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19
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Rowton M, Ramos P, Anderson DM, Rhee JM, Cunliffe HE, Rawls A. Regulation of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition by PARAXIS during somitogenesis. Dev Dyn 2013; 242:1332-44. [PMID: 24038871 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dynamic alterations in cell shape, migration, and adhesion play a central role in tissue morphogenesis during embryonic development and congenital disease. The mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition that occurs during vertebrate somitogenesis is required for proper patterning of the axial musculoskeletal system. Somitic MET is initiated in the presomitic mesoderm by PARAXIS-dependent changes in cell adhesion, cell polarity, and the composition of the extracellular matrix. However, the target genes downstream of the transcription factor PARAXIS remain poorly described. RESULTS A genome-wide comparison of gene expression in the anterior presomitic mesoderm and newly formed somites of Paraxis(-/-) embryos resulted in a set of deregulated genes enriched for factors associated with extracellular matrix and cytoskeletal organization and cell-cell and cell-ECM adhesion. The greatest change in expression was seen in fibroblast activation protein alpha (Fap), encoding a dipeptidyl peptidase capable of increasing fibronectin and collagen fiber organization in extracellular matrix. Further, downstream genes in the Wnt and Notch signaling pathways were downregulated, predicting that PARAXIS participates in positive feedback loops in both pathways. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that PARAXIS initiates and stabilizes somite epithelialization by integrating signals from multiple pathways to control the reorganization of the ECM, cytoskeleton, and adhesion junctions during MET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Rowton
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
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20
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Potential biomarkers of nonobstructive azoospermia identified in microarray gene expression analysis. Fertil Steril 2013; 100:1686-94.e1-7. [PMID: 24012201 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.07.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify potential biomarkers of azoospermia to determine a particular stage of spermatogenetic differentiation. DESIGN GeneChip Human Gene 1.0 ST microarray with validation at mRNA and protein levels. SETTING Basic research laboratory. PATIENT(S) Men with various types of nonobstructive azoospermia (n = 18) and with normal spermatogenesis (n = 4). INTERVENTION(S) Obtaining 31 testicular biopsy samples. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Gene expression analysis using the Affymetrix Human Gene 1.0 ST microarrays on 14 selected genes according to the highest fold change, verified with quantitative polymerase chain reaction and on independent set of microarray samples. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were additionally performed. RESULT(S) The comparative analysis of gene expression profiles in the infertile and control groups resulted in the selection of 4,946 differentially expressed genes. AKAP4, UBQLN3, CAPN11, GGN, SPACA4, SPATA3, and FAM71F1 were the most significantly down-regulated genes in infertile patients. Global analysis also led to identification of up-regulated genes-WBSCR28, ADCY10, TMEM225, SPATS1, FSCN3, GTSF1L, and GSG1-in men with late maturation arrest. Moreover, the results from quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot largely confirmed the microarray data. CONCLUSION(S) The set of selected genes can be used to create a molecular diagnostic tool to determine the degree of spermatogenic impairment for men with idiopathic nonobstructive azoospermia.
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Tonami K, Hata S, Ojima K, Ono Y, Kurihara Y, Amano T, Sato T, Kawamura Y, Kurihara H, Sorimachi H. Calpain-6 deficiency promotes skeletal muscle development and regeneration. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003668. [PMID: 23935533 PMCID: PMC3731218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpains are Ca(2+)-dependent modulator Cys proteases that have a variety of functions in almost all eukaryotes. There are more than 10 well-conserved mammalian calpains, among which eutherian calpain-6 (CAPN6) is unique in that it has amino acid substitutions at the active-site Cys residue (to Lys in humans), strongly suggesting a loss of proteolytic activity. CAPN6 is expressed predominantly in embryonic muscles, placenta, and several cultured cell lines. We previously reported that CAPN6 is involved in regulating microtubule dynamics and actin reorganization in cultured cells. The physiological functions of CAPN6, however, are still unclear. Here, to elucidate CAPN6's in vivo roles, we generated Capn6-deficient mice, in which a lacZ expression cassette was integrated into the Capn6 gene. These Capn6-deficient mouse embryos expressed lacZ predominantly in skeletal muscles, as well as in cartilage and the heart. Histological and biochemical analyses showed that the CAPN6 deficiency promoted the development of embryonic skeletal muscle. In primary cultured skeletal muscle cells that were induced to differentiate into myotubes, Capn6 expression was detected in skeletal myocytes, and Capn6-deficient cultures showed increased differentiation. Furthermore, we found that CAPN6 was expressed in the regenerating skeletal muscles of adult mice after cardiotoxin-induced degeneration. In this experimental system, Capn6-deficient mice exhibited more advanced skeletal-muscle regeneration than heterozygotes or wild-type mice at the same time point. These results collectively showed that a loss of CAPN6 promotes skeletal muscle differentiation during both development and regeneration, suggesting a novel physiological function of CAPN6 as a suppressor of skeletal muscle differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Tonami
- Calpain Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Hata
- Calpain Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Ojima
- Animal Products Research Division, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasuko Ono
- Calpain Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kurihara
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Amano
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sato
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Kawamura
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kurihara
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sorimachi
- Calpain Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Filali H, Vidal E, Bolea R, Márquez M, Marco P, Vargas A, Pumarola M, Martin-Burriel I, Badiola JJ. Gene and protein patterns of potential prion-related markers in the central nervous system of clinical and preclinical infected sheep. Vet Res 2013; 44:14. [PMID: 23497022 PMCID: PMC3608070 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular pathogenic mechanisms of prion diseases are far from clear. Genomic analyses have revealed genetic biomarkers potentially involved in prion neuropathology in naturally scrapie-infected sheep, a good animal model of infectious prionopathies. However, these biomarkers must be validated in independent studies at different stages of the disease. The gene and protein expression profiles and protein distribution of six potential genetic biomarkers (i.e., CAPN6, COL1A2, COL3A1, GALA1, MT2A and MTNR1B) are presented here for both the early and terminal stages of scrapie in five different brain regions. Gene transcription changes were confirmed in the medulla oblongata, and the expression profiles were generally similar in other central nervous system regions. The changes were more substantial in clinical animals compared to preclinical animals. The expression of the CAPN6 protein increased in the spinal cord and cerebellum of the clinical and preclinical brains. The distribution of the GALA1 was identified in glial cells from the cerebellum of scrapie-infected animals, GALA1 protein expression was increased in clinical animals in the majority of regions, and the increase of MT2A was in agreement with previous reports. The downregulation of MTNR1B was especially marked in the Purkinje cells. Finally, although collagen genes were downregulated the protein immunostaining did not reveal significant changes between the scrapie-infected and control animals. In conclusion, this study of gene transcription and protein expression and distribution confirm CAPN6, GALA1, MTNR1B and MT2A as potential targets for further prion disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Filali
- Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Calpain-5 mutations cause autoimmune uveitis, retinal neovascularization, and photoreceptor degeneration. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1003001. [PMID: 23055945 PMCID: PMC3464205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant neovascular inflammatory vitreoretinopathy (ADNIV) is an autoimmune condition of the eye that sequentially mimics uveitis, retinitis pigmentosa, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy as it progresses to complete blindness. We identified two different missense mutations in the CAPN5 gene in three ADNIV kindreds. CAPN5 encodes calpain-5, a calcium-activated cysteine protease that is expressed in retinal photoreceptor cells. Both mutations cause mislocalization from the cell membrane to the cytosol, and structural modeling reveals that both mutations lie within a calcium-sensitive domain near the active site. CAPN5 is only the second member of the large calpain gene family to cause a human Mendelian disorder, and this is the first report of a specific molecular cause for autoimmune eye disease. Further investigation of these mutations is likely to provide insight into the pathophysiologic mechanisms of common diseases ranging from autoimmune disorders to diabetic retinopathy.
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Ono Y, Sorimachi H. Calpains: an elaborate proteolytic system. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1824:224-36. [PMID: 21864727 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Calpain is an intracellular Ca(2+)-dependent cysteine protease (EC 3.4.22.17; Clan CA, family C02). Recent expansion of sequence data across the species definitively shows that calpain has been present throughout evolution; calpains are found in almost all eukaryotes and some bacteria, but not in archaebacteria. Fifteen genes within the human genome encode a calpain-like protease domain. Interestingly, some human calpains, particularly those with non-classical domain structures, are very similar to calpain homologs identified in evolutionarily distant organisms. Three-dimensional structural analyses have helped to identify calpain's unique mechanism of activation; the calpain protease domain comprises two core domains that fuse to form a functional protease only when bound to Ca(2+)via well-conserved amino acids. This finding highlights the mechanistic characteristics shared by the numerous calpain homologs, despite the fact that they have divergent domain structures. In other words, calpains function through the same mechanism but are regulated independently. This article reviews the recent progress in calpain research, focusing on those studies that have helped to elucidate its mechanism of action. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteolysis 50 years after the discovery of lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Ono
- Calpain Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.
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Marion A, Dieudonné FX, Patiño-Garcia A, Lecanda F, Marie PJ, Modrowski D. Calpain-6 is an endothelin-1 signaling dependent protective factor in chemoresistant osteosarcoma. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:2514-25. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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26
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The PI3K-Akt pathway regulates calpain 6 expression, proliferation, and apoptosis. Cell Signal 2011; 23:827-36. [PMID: 21255642 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The calpains are a family of cysteine proteases involved in some biological processes whose activities are highly dependent on Ca(2+). Calpain 6 (CAPN6), one member of the family, is unique in that it lacks the active-site cysteine residues for protease activity. According to the data that CAPN6 was up-regulated in the Akt transformed mouse embryonic fibroblast cells by cDNA chip, the mechanisms underlying elevated CAPN6 expression by PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and its biological functions were studied. The results showed that CAPN6 was down-regulated on transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels by the PI3K inhibitor or Akt deletion. CAPN6 protein was stabilized by PI3K-GSK-3β pathway. Deleted CAPN6 promoters activity were assessed by dual-luciferase reporter system, and the founding indicated that -93/+200 DNA fragment was the core promoter of it. Transcription factor binding sites in the CAPN6 promoter were mutated and the results showed that AP1, Oct-1, and FoxD3 were the critical transcription factors in regulation of CAPN6 expression. In addition, CAPN6 promoted cancer cell proliferation and inhibited its apoptosis. The finding demonstrates that CAPN6 is regulated by the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and provides evidence that it may be a therapeutic target of cancer.
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Nemova NN, Lysenko LA, Kantserova NP. Proteases of the calpain family: Structure and functions. Russ J Dev Biol 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360410050073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Hermo L, Pelletier RM, Cyr DG, Smith CE. Surfing the wave, cycle, life history, and genes/proteins expressed by testicular germ cells. Part 2: changes in spermatid organelles associated with development of spermatozoa. Microsc Res Tech 2010; 73:279-319. [PMID: 19941292 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Spermiogenesis is a long process whereby haploid spermatids derived from the meiotic divisions of spermatocytes undergo metamorphosis into spermatozoa. It is subdivided into distinct steps with 19 being identified in rats, 16 in mouse and 8 in humans. Spermiogenesis extends over 22.7 days in rats and 21.6 days in humans. In this part, we review several key events that take place during the development of spermatids from a structural and functional point of view. During early spermiogenesis, the Golgi apparatus forms the acrosome, a lysosome-like membrane bound organelle involved in fertilization. The endoplasmic reticulum undergoes several topographical and structural modifications including the formation of the radial body and annulate lamellae. The chromatoid body is fully developed and undergoes structural and functional modifications at this time. It is suspected to be involved in RNA storing and processing. The shape of the spermatid head undergoes extensive structural changes that are species-specific, and the nuclear chromatin becomes compacted to accommodate the stream-lined appearance of the sperm head. Microtubules become organized to form a curtain or manchette that associates with spermatids at specific steps of their development. It is involved in maintenance of the sperm head shape and trafficking of proteins in the spermatid cytoplasm. During spermiogenesis, many genes/proteins have been implicated in the diverse dynamic events occurring at this time of development of germ cells and the absence of some of these have been shown to result in subfertility or infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Hermo
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B2.
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Macqueen DJ, Delbridge ML, Manthri S, Johnston IA. A Newly Classified Vertebrate Calpain Protease, Directly Ancestral to CAPN1 and 2, Episodically Evolved a Restricted Physiological Function in Placental Mammals. Mol Biol Evol 2010; 27:1886-902. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msq071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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30
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Macqueen DJ, Meischke L, Manthri S, Anwar A, Solberg C, Johnston IA. Characterisation of capn1, capn2-like, capn3 and capn11 genes in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.): Transcriptional regulation across tissues and in skeletal muscle at distinct nutritional states. Gene 2010; 453:45-58. [PMID: 20093171 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The typical calpain proteases are a subset of a wider superfamily and regulate a broad spectrum of physiological processes. Here we characterised Atlantic halibut complete-coding orthologues of calpain-1, calpain-2-like, "muscle-specific" calpain-3, plus calpain-11, a recently recognised vertebrate-wide family member. Phylogenetic analysis established the relationship of each sequence within a comprehensive framework of vertebrate calpains, including teleost paralogues. This approach provided significant insight into the evolution of teleost calpains. For example, teleost sequences considered calpain-2 orthologues formed a monophyletic clade external to sister clades for tetrapod calpain-2 and vertebrate calpain-8. Thus, teleost "calpain-2" is likely not directly orthologous to tetrapod calpain-2 and represents a calpain-2-like protein. The characteristic domain structure of typical calpains was observed in each halibut sequence, although calpain-3, as for other teleosts, retained only one (IS2) of three further domains found in human calpain-3 (NS, IS1 and IS2). Transcripts for capn1, capn2-like and capn11 were widely detected across eleven halibut tissues, whereas capn3 was detected in striated muscles, spleen and ovary, but absent or relatively less abundant in other tissues. We assessed the transcript expression of each calpain gene in fast-twitch skeletal muscle where nutritional state was altered with 60days feed restriction, followed by 60days satiation refeeding. Measured by quantitative real-time PCR, capn1 transcript levels were highest during maximal fasting and then steadily decreased with refeeding, where muscle was in net positive protein balance. Conversely capn2-like showed little response, whereas capn3 and capn11 transcript levels were lowest at maximal fasting before being strongly constitutively upregulated with subsequent refeeding. Halibut capn3 transcript abundance was on average 6.5, 23.7 and 5.9 fold greater than capn1, capn2-like and capn11 respectively in skeletal muscle across nutritional states. In turn, transcript levels of capn1 and capn11 were invariably higher than capn2-like, but were dependent on nutritional state compared to each other. The differential regulation of these genes in response to nutritional status suggests distinct roles for typical calpain family members in regulating the balance between catabolism and growth in teleost skeletal muscle.
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31
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Rho SB, Byun HJ, Park SY, Chun T. Calpain 6 supports tumorigenesis by inhibiting apoptosis and facilitating angiogenesis. Cancer Lett 2008; 271:306-13. [PMID: 18657900 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Since calpain 6 is overexpressed in uterine cervical cancer tissue compared to normal tissue, we sought to define the role of calpain 6 during tumorigenesis. We overexpressed calpain 6 or inhibited calpain 6 in human cervical cancer cells (HeLa cells) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and measured cisplatin-mediated apoptosis and VEGF-mediated angiogenesis. The results indicated that calpain 6 supported tumorigenesis by inhibiting apoptosis and facilitating angiogenesis. To our knowledge, this result is the first evidence implicating calpain 6 in tumorigenesis, and it reveals calpain 6 as a novel therapeutic target for certain types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Bae Rho
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 809, Madu 1-dong, Ilsan-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 411-769, Republic of Korea
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Osmundsen H, Landin MA, From SH, Kolltveit KM, Risnes S. Changes in gene-expression during development of the murine molar tooth germ. Arch Oral Biol 2007; 52:803-13. [PMID: 17374359 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2007.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Revised: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In a matter of a few days the murine tooth germ develops into a complex, mineralized, structure. Murine 30K microarrays were used to examine gene expression in the mandibular first molar tooth germs isolated at 15.5dpc and at 2DPN. Microarray results were validated using real-time RT-PCR. The results suggested that only 25 genes (3 without known functions) exhibited significantly higher expression at 15.5dpc compared to 2DPN. In contrast, almost 1400 genes exhibited significantly (P<0.015) higher expression at 2DPN compared to 15.5dpc, about half of which were genes with unknown functions. More than 50 of the 783 known genes exhibited higher than 10-fold increase in expression at 2DPN, amongst these were genes coding for enamel matrix proteins which were expressed several 100-fold higher at 2DPN. GO and KEGG analysis showed highly significant associations between families of the 783 known genes and cellular functions relating to energy metabolism, protein metabolism, regulation of cell division, cell growth and apoptosis. The use of bioinformatics analysis therefore yielded a functional profile in agreement with known differences in tissue morphology and cellular composition between these two stages. Such data is therefore useful in directing attention towards genes, or cellular activities, which likely are worthy of further studies as regards their involvement in odontogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Osmundsen
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Box 1052 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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33
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Ben-Aharon I, Brown PR, Shalgi R, Eddy EM. Calpain 11 is unique to mouse spermatogenic cells. Mol Reprod Dev 2007; 73:767-73. [PMID: 16541461 PMCID: PMC1855627 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The calpains are a family of calcium-dependent thiol proteases involved in intracellular processing of proteins. They occur as heterodimers containing one of various large subunits and a common small subunit. Some of the large subunits are expressed ubiquitously and others are expressed in a restricted set of tissues. We have cloned the cDNA for mouse calpain 11 and demonstrated that it is expressed specifically in the mouse testis. The mRNA begins to accumulate in the testis between days 14 and 16 after birth, corresponding to the period of pachytene spermatocyte development. The protein is detected by day 18 after birth, during mid to late pachytene spermatocyte development, and is present in the acrosomal region of spermatozoa from the cauda epididymis. The expression of calpain 11 during spermatogenesis and its localization in spermatozoa suggest that it is involved in regulating calcium-dependent signal transduction events during meiosis and sperm functional processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irit Ben-Aharon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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34
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Tonami K, Kurihara Y, Aburatani H, Uchijima Y, Asano T, Kurihara H. Calpain 6 is involved in microtubule stabilization and cytoskeletal organization. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:2548-61. [PMID: 17210638 PMCID: PMC1899902 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00992-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The calpains are a family of Ca(2+)-dependent cysteine proteases implicated in various biological processes. In this family, calpain 6 (Capn6) is unique in that it lacks the active-site cysteine residues requisite for protease activity. During the search for genes downstream of the endothelin 1 (ET-1) signaling in pharyngeal-arch development, we identified Capn6. After confirming that the expression of Capn6 in pharyngeal arches is downregulated in ET-1-null embryos by in situ hybridization, we investigated its function. In Capn6-transfected cells, cytokinesis was retarded and was often aborted to yield multinucleated cells. Capn6 overexpression also caused the formation of microtubule bundles rich in acetylated alpha-tubulin and resistant to the depolymerizing activity of nocodazole. Green fluorescent protein-Capn6 overexpression, immunostaining for endogenous Capn6, and biochemical analysis demonstrated interaction between Capn6 and microtubules, which appeared to be mainly mediated by domain III. Furthermore, RNA interference-mediated Capn6 inactivation caused microtubule instability with a loss of acetylated alpha-tubulin and induced actin reorganization, resulting in lamellipodium formation with membrane ruffling. Taken together, these results indicate that Capn6 is a microtubule-stabilizing protein expressed in embryonic tissues that may be involved in the regulation of microtubule dynamics and cytoskeletal organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Tonami
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Abstract
Calpains, particularly conventional dimeric calpains, have claimed to be involved in the cell degeneration processes that characterize numerous disease conditions linked to dysfunctions of cellular Ca2+ homeostasis. The evidence supporting their involvement has traditionally been indirect and circumstantial, but recent work has added more solid evidence supporting the role of ubiquitous dimeric calpains in the process of neurodegeneration. The only disease condition in which a calpain defect has been conclusively involved concerns an atypical monomeric calpain: the muscle specific calpain-3, also known as p94. Inactivating defects in its gene cause a muscular dystrophy termed LGMD-2A. The molecular mechanism by which the absence of the proteolytic activity of calpain-3 causes the dystrophic process is unknown. Another atypical calpain, which has been characterized recently as a Ca2(+)-dependent protease, calpain 10, appears To be involved in the etiology of type 2 diabetes. The involvement has been inferred essentially from genetic evidence. Also in the case of type 2 diabetes the molecular mechanisms that could link the disease to calpain 10 are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bertipaglia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Padova, Italy
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36
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Abstract
The calpain family of proteases has been implicated in cellular processes such as apoptosis, proliferation and cell migration. Calpains are involved in several key aspects of migration, including: adhesion and spreading; detachment of the rear; integrin- and growth-factor-mediated signaling; and membrane protrusion. Our understanding of how calpains are activated and regulated during cell migration has increased as studies have identified roles for calcium and phospholipid binding, autolysis, phosphorylation and inhibition by calpastatin in the modulation of calpain activity. Knockout and knockdown approaches have also contributed significantly to our knowledge of calpain biology, particularly with respect to the specific functions of different calpain isoforms. The mechanisms by which calpain-mediated proteolysis of individual substrates contributes to cell motility have begun to be addressed, and these efforts have revealed roles for proteolysis of specific substrates in integrin activation, adhesion complex turnover and membrane protrusion dynamics. Understanding these mechanisms should provide avenues for novel therapeutic strategies to treat pathological processes such as tumor metastasis and chronic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santos J Franco
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Ersfeld K, Barraclough H, Gull K. Evolutionary Relationships and Protein Domain Architecture in an Expanded Calpain Superfamily in Kinetoplastid Parasites. J Mol Evol 2005; 61:742-57. [PMID: 16315106 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-004-0272-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Accepted: 07/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Employing whole-genome analysis we have characterized a large family of genes coding for calpain-related proteins in three kinetoplastid parasites. We have defined a total of 18 calpain-like sequences in Trypanosoma brucei, 27 in Leishmania major, and 24 in Trypanosoma cruzi. Sequence characterization revealed a well-conserved protease domain in most proteins, although residues critical for catalytic activity were frequently altered. Many of the proteins contain a novel N-terminal sequence motif unique to kinetoplastids. Furthermore, 24 of the sequences contain N-terminal fatty acid acylation motifs indicating association of these proteins with intracellular membranes. This extended family of proteins also includes a group of sequences that completely lack a protease domain but is specifically related to other kinetoplastid calpain-related proteins by a highly conserved N-terminal domain and by genomic organization. All sequences lack the C-terminal calmodulin-related calcium-binding domain typical of most mammalian calpains. Our analysis emphasizes the highly modular structure of calpains and calpain-like proteins, suggesting that they are involved in diverse cellular functions. The discovery of this surprisingly large family of calpain-like proteins in lower eukaryotes that combines novel and conserved sequence modules contributes to our understanding of the evolution of this abundant protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Ersfeld
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
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Franz T, Winckler L, Boehm T, Dear TN. Capn5 is expressed in a subset of T cells and is dispensable for development. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:1649-54. [PMID: 14749380 PMCID: PMC344194 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.4.1649-1654.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2003] [Revised: 11/13/2003] [Accepted: 11/19/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Capn5 gene was inactivated by homologous recombination in ES cells that subsequently colonized the germ line of mice. The targeted mutation integrated a lacZ expression cassette into the Capn5 gene, allowing the expression of Capn5 mRNA to be examined in detail in heterozygous animals. Expression was observed in embryonic and newborn thymuses, in various epithelial tissues, and in tissues of the central nervous system. In the thymus, Capn5 was expressed mainly in relatively immature CD25(+) embryonic thymocytes. Despite the numerous expression sites of Capn5, the majority of Capn5-null mice were viable and fertile and appeared healthy. Histopathological analysis did not reveal any differences between Capn5-null and wild-type mice. There were no defects in the major T- or B-cell populations in the thymus, spleen, bone marrow, or peritoneum, nor did apoptosis appear abnormal in Capn5-null T cells. There was no evidence for the development of autoimmune disease in Capn5-null animals. However, a small proportion of homozygous null offspring from heterozygous matings were runted and most often did not survive to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanna Franz
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
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Ilian MA, Bekhit AEDA, Bickerstaffe R. Does the newly discovered calpain 10 play a role in meat tenderization during post-mortem storage? Meat Sci 2004; 66:317-27. [DOI: 10.1016/s0309-1740(03)00106-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2002] [Revised: 04/22/2003] [Accepted: 04/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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40
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Ilian MA, Bekhit AED, Bickerstaffe R. The relationship between meat tenderization, myofibril fragmentation and autolysis of calpain 3 during post-mortem aging. Meat Sci 2004; 66:387-97. [DOI: 10.1016/s0309-1740(03)00125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2002] [Revised: 03/04/2003] [Accepted: 04/22/2003] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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41
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Ilian MA, Bickerstaffe R, Greaser ML. Postmortem changes in myofibrillar-bound calpain 3 revealed by immunofluorescence microscopy. Meat Sci 2004; 66:231-40. [DOI: 10.1016/s0309-1740(03)00096-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2003] [Revised: 04/10/2003] [Accepted: 04/11/2003] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Abstract
The calpain system originally comprised three molecules: two Ca2+-dependent proteases, mu-calpain and m-calpain, and a third polypeptide, calpastatin, whose only known function is to inhibit the two calpains. Both mu- and m-calpain are heterodimers containing an identical 28-kDa subunit and an 80-kDa subunit that shares 55-65% sequence homology between the two proteases. The crystallographic structure of m-calpain reveals six "domains" in the 80-kDa subunit: 1). a 19-amino acid NH2-terminal sequence; 2). and 3). two domains that constitute the active site, IIa and IIb; 4). domain III; 5). an 18-amino acid extended sequence linking domain III to domain IV; and 6). domain IV, which resembles the penta EF-hand family of polypeptides. The single calpastatin gene can produce eight or more calpastatin polypeptides ranging from 17 to 85 kDa by use of different promoters and alternative splicing events. The physiological significance of these different calpastatins is unclear, although all bind to three different places on the calpain molecule; binding to at least two of the sites is Ca2+ dependent. Since 1989, cDNA cloning has identified 12 additional mRNAs in mammals that encode polypeptides homologous to domains IIa and IIb of the 80-kDa subunit of mu- and m-calpain, and calpain-like mRNAs have been identified in other organisms. The molecules encoded by these mRNAs have not been isolated, so little is known about their properties. How calpain activity is regulated in cells is still unclear, but the calpains ostensibly participate in a variety of cellular processes including remodeling of cytoskeletal/membrane attachments, different signal transduction pathways, and apoptosis. Deregulated calpain activity following loss of Ca2+ homeostasis results in tissue damage in response to events such as myocardial infarcts, stroke, and brain trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell E Goll
- Muscle Biology Group, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Yu X, Mykles DL. Cloning of a muscle-specific calpain from the American lobster Homarus americanus: expression associated with muscle atrophy and restoration during moulting. J Exp Biol 2003; 206:561-75. [PMID: 12502777 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA (1977 bp) encoding a crustacean calpain (Ha-CalpM; GenBank accession no. AY124009) was isolated from a lobster fast muscle cDNA library. The open reading frame specified a 575-amino acid (aa) polypeptide with an estimated mass of 66.3 kDa. Ha-CalpM shared high identity with other calpains in the cysteine proteinase domain (domain II; aa 111-396) and domain III (aa 397-575), but most of the N-terminal domain (domain I; aa 1-110) was highly divergent. Domain II contained the cysteine, histidine and asparagine triad essential for catalysis, as well as two conserved aspartate residues that bind Ca(2+). In domain III an acidic loop in the C2-like region, which mediates Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipid binding, had an expanded stretch of 17 aspartate residues. Ha-CalpM was classified as a non-EF-hand calpain, as it lacked domain IV, a calmodulin-like region containing five EF-hand motifs. Northern blot analysis, relative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time PCR showed that Ha-CalpM was highly expressed in skeletal muscles, but at much lower levels in heart, digestive gland, intestine, integument, gill, nerve cord/thoracic ganglion and antennal gland. An antibody raised against a unique N-terminal sequence recognized a 62 kDa isoform in cutter claw and crusher claw closer muscles and a 68 kDa isoform in deep abdominal muscle. Ha-CalpM was distributed throughout the cytoplasm, as well as in some nuclei, of muscle fibers. Purification of Ha-CalpM showed that the 62 kDa and 68 kDa isoforms co-eluted from gel filtration and ion exchange columns at positions consistent with those of previously described Ca(2+)-dependent proteinase III (CDP III; 59 kDa). Ha-CalpM mRNA and protein did not change during the moulting cycle. The muscle-specific expression of Ha-CalpM and the ability of Ha-CalpM/CDP III to degrade myofibrillar proteins suggest that it is involved in restructuring and/or maintaining contractile structures in crustacean skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Yu
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Richard I, Roudaut C, Marchand S, Baghdiguian S, Herasse M, Stockholm D, Ono Y, Suel L, Bourg N, Sorimachi H, Lefranc G, Fardeau M, Sébille A, Beckmann JS. Loss of calpain 3 proteolytic activity leads to muscular dystrophy and to apoptosis-associated IkappaBalpha/nuclear factor kappaB pathway perturbation in mice. J Cell Biol 2000; 151:1583-90. [PMID: 11134085 PMCID: PMC2150676 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.151.7.1583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpain 3 is known as the skeletal muscle-specific member of the calpains, a family of intracellular nonlysosomal cysteine proteases. It was previously shown that defects in the human calpain 3 gene are responsible for limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A (LGMD2A), an inherited disease affecting predominantly the proximal limb muscles. To better understand the function of calpain 3 and the pathophysiological mechanisms of LGMD2A and also to develop an adequate model for therapy research, we generated capn3-deficient mice by gene targeting. capn3-deficient mice are fully fertile and viable. Allele transmission in intercross progeny demonstrated a statistically significant departure from Mendel's law. capn3-deficient mice show a mild progressive muscular dystrophy that affects a specific group of muscles. The age of appearance of myopathic features varies with the genetic background, suggesting the involvement of modifier genes. Affected muscles manifest a similar apoptosis-associated perturbation of the IkappaBalpha/nuclear factor kappaB pathway as seen in LGMD2A patients. In addition, Evans blue staining of muscle fibers reveals that the pathological process due to calpain 3 deficiency is associated with membrane alterations.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Calpain/chemistry
- Calpain/deficiency
- Calpain/genetics
- Calpain/metabolism
- Creatine Kinase/metabolism
- Crosses, Genetic
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Evans Blue
- Female
- Fertility
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Targeting
- Genotype
- I-kappa B Proteins
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/enzymology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/enzymology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophies/enzymology
- Muscular Dystrophies/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophies/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophies/pathology
- NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Phenotype
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Sarcolemma/pathology
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stephen Baghdiguian
- Laboratoire de Dynamique Moléculaire des Interactions Membranaires, CNRS-UMR 5539
| | | | | | - Yasuko Ono
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | | | | | - Hiroyuki Sorimachi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Gérard Lefranc
- Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS UPR 1142, Université Montpellier 2, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Michel Fardeau
- Institut de Myologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Alain Sébille
- Atelier de Régénération Neuromusculaire, Faculté de Médecine Saint Antoine, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Jacques S. Beckmann
- Généthon, CNRS URA 1922–1923, 91000 Évry, France
- Centre National de Genotypage, 91057 Evry, France
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Dear TN, Meier NT, Hunn M, Boehm T. Gene structure, chromosomal localization, and expression pattern of Capn12, a new member of the calpain large subunit gene family. Genomics 2000; 68:152-60. [PMID: 10964513 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2000.6289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report the identification of mouse Capn12, a new member of the calpain large subunit gene family. It possesses potential protease and calcium-binding domains, features typical of the classical calpains. In situ hybridization and Northern blot analysis demonstrate that during the anagen phase of the hair cycle the cortex of the hair follicle is the major expression site of Capn12. The gene was sequenced in its entirety and consists of 21 exons spanning 13 kb with an exon-intron structure typical of the calpain gene family. The last exon of the mouse Actn4 gene overlaps the 3' end of Capn12 but in the opposite orientation. This overlap between the two genes is conserved in the human genome. Three versions of the Capn12 mRNA transcript were identified. They occur as a result of alternative splicing, and two of these encode a protein lacking the C-terminal calmodulin-like domain. Radiation hybrid mapping localized Capn12 to mouse chromosome 7, closely linked to a marker positioned at 10.4 cM. Refined mapping of Capn5, also previously localized to chromosome 7, indicated that it was not closely linked to Capn12, mapping tightly linked to a marker positioned at 48.5 cM.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Dear
- Max-Planck Institute for Immunobiology, Stuebeweg 51, Freiburg, D-79108, Germany.
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Arthur JS, Elce JS, Hegadorn C, Williams K, Greer PA. Disruption of the murine calpain small subunit gene, Capn4: calpain is essential for embryonic development but not for cell growth and division. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:4474-81. [PMID: 10825211 PMCID: PMC85815 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.12.4474-4481.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/1999] [Accepted: 03/16/2000] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpains are a family of Ca(2+)-dependent intracellular cysteine proteases, including the ubiquitously expressed micro- and m-calpains. Both mu- and m-calpains are heterodimers, consisting of a distinct large 80-kDa catalytic subunit, encoded by the genes Capn1 and Capn2, and a common small 28-kDa regulatory subunit (Capn4). The physiological roles and possible functional distinctions of mu- and m-calpains remain unclear, but suggested functions include participation in cell division and migration, integrin-mediated signal transduction, apoptosis, and regulation of cellular control proteins such as cyclin D1 and p53. Homozygous disruption of murine Capn4 eliminated both mu- and m-calpain activities, but this did not affect survival and proliferation of cultured embryonic stem cells or embryonic fibroblasts, or the early stages of organogenesis. However, mutant embryos died at midgestation and displayed defects in the cardiovascular system, hemorrhaging, and accumulation of erythroid progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Arthur
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Pathology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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