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Puri R, Bot F, Singh U, O’Mahony JA. Influence of Transglutaminase Crosslinking on Casein Protein Fractionation during Low Temperature Microfiltration. Foods 2021; 10:foods10123146. [PMID: 34945697 PMCID: PMC8701848 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Low temperature microfiltration (MF) is applied in dairy processing to achieve higher protein and microbiological quality ingredients and to support ingredient innovation; however, low temperature reduces hydrophobic interactions between casein proteins and increases the solubility of colloidal calcium phosphate, promoting reversible dissociation of micellar β-casein into the serum phase, and thus into permeate, during MF. Crosslinking of casein proteins using transglutaminase was studied as an approach to reduce the permeation of casein monomers, which typically results in reduced yield of protein in the retentate fraction. Two treatments (a) 5 °C/24 h (TA) and (b) 40 °C/90 min (TB), were applied to the feed before filtration at 5 °C, with a 0.1 µm membrane. Flux was high for TA treatment possibly due to the stabilising effect of transglutaminase on casein micelles. It is likely that formation of isopeptide bonds within and on the surface of micelles results in the micelles being less readily available for protein-protein and protein–membrane interactions, resulting in less resistance to membrane pores and flow passage, thereby conferring higher permeate flux. The results also showed that permeation of casein monomers into the permeate was significantly reduced after both enzymatic treatments as compared to control feed due to the reduced molecular mobility of soluble casein, mainly β-casein, caused by transglutaminase crosslinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Puri
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 TP07 Cork, Ireland; (F.B.); (J.A.O.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Francesca Bot
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 TP07 Cork, Ireland; (F.B.); (J.A.O.)
| | - Upendra Singh
- Lakeland Dairies, Bailieborough, A82 N6K8 Co. Cavan, Ireland;
| | - James A. O’Mahony
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 TP07 Cork, Ireland; (F.B.); (J.A.O.)
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Concentration-triggered liquid-to-solid transition of sodium caseinate suspensions as a function of temperature and enzymatic cross-linking. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.105464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Raak N, Brehm L, Abbate RA, Henle T, Lederer A, Rohm H, Jaros D. Self-association of casein studied using enzymatic cross-linking at different temperatures. FOOD BIOSCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Raak N, Schöne C, Rohm H, Jaros D. Acid-induced gelation of enzymatically cross-linked caseinate in different ionic milieus. Food Hydrocoll 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Chen W, Zhou S, Ge L, Wu W, Jiang X. Translatable High Drug Loading Drug Delivery Systems Based on Biocompatible Polymer Nanocarriers. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:1732-1745. [PMID: 29690764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Most nanocarriers possess low drug loading, resulting in frequently repeated administration and thereby high cost and increased side effects. Furthermore, the characteristics of nanocarrier materials, especially the drug loading capacity, plays a vital role in the drug delivery efficacy. In this review, we focus on the readily translatable polymeric drug delivery systems with high drug loading, which are comprised of biocompatible polymers such as poly(ethylene glycol), poly( N-vinylpyrrolidone), polyoxazoline, natural proteins like albumin and casein, non-natural proteins such as recombinant elastin-like polypeptides, as well as nucleic acids. At the end of this review, applications of these polymeric nanocarriers on the delivery of proteins and gene drugs are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhi Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , P. R. China
| | - Sensen Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , P. R. China
| | - Lei Ge
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , P. R. China
| | - Xiqun Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , P. R. China
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Kizzie-Hayford N, Raak N, Jaros D, Rohm H. Addition of crude tiger nut protein extract affects stiffness of enzymatically cross-linked dairy proteins. Int J Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nazir Kizzie-Hayford
- Chair of Food Engineering; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden 01069 Germany
- Department of Biochemistry; College of Agricultural and Natural Sciences; School of Biological Sciences; University of Cape Coast; Cape Coast Central Region P.O.Box: PMB Ghana
| | - Norbert Raak
- Chair of Food Engineering; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden 01069 Germany
| | - Doris Jaros
- Chair of Food Engineering; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden 01069 Germany
| | - Harald Rohm
- Chair of Food Engineering; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden 01069 Germany
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7
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Romeih E, Walker G. Recent advances on microbial transglutaminase and dairy application. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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8
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Cross-linking with microbial transglutaminase: Isopeptide bonds and polymer size as drivers for acid casein gel stiffness. Int Dairy J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Paramban Rahila M, Kumar R, Mann B, Koli PS. Enzymatic Modification of Milk Proteins for the Preparation of Low Fat Dahi. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Dairy Chemistry Division; ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute; Karnal Haryana 132 001 India
| | - Bimlesh Mann
- Dairy Chemistry Division; ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute; Karnal Haryana 132 001 India
| | - Pankaj S Koli
- Dairy Chemistry Division; ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute; Karnal Haryana 132 001 India
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de Kruif CGK, Pedersen J, Huppertz T, Anema SG. Coacervates of lactotransferrin and β- or κ-casein: structure determined using SAXS. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:10483-10490. [PMID: 23859400 DOI: 10.1021/la402236f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Lactotransferrin (LF) is a large globular protein in milk with immune-regulatory and bactericidal properties. At pH 6.5, LF (M = 78 kDa) carries a net (calculated) charge of +21. β-Casein (BCN) and κ-casein (KCN) are part of the casein micelle complex in milk. Both BCN and KCN are amphiphillic proteins with a molar mass of 24 and 19 kDa and carry net charges of -14 and -4, respectively. Both BCN and KCN form soap-like micelles, with 40 and 65 monomers, respectively. The net negative charges are located in the corona of the micelles. On mixing LF with the caseins, coacervates are formed. We analyzed the structure of these coarcervates using SAXS. It was found that LF binds to the corona of the micellar structures, at the charge neutrality point. BCN/LF and KCN/LF ratios at the charge neutrality point were found to be ~1.2 and ~5, respectively. We think that the findings are relevant for the protection mechanism of globular proteins in bodily fluids where unstructured proteins are abundant (saliva). The complexes will prevent docking of enzymes on specific charged groups on the globular protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Kees de Kruif
- Van 't Hoff laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Padualaan 8, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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Tsevdou MS, Eleftheriou EG, Taoukis PS. Transglutaminase treatment of thermally and high pressure processed milk: Effects on the properties and storage stability of set yoghurt. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Crosslinking of interfacial layers in multilayered oil-in-water emulsions using laccase: Characterization and pH-stability. Food Hydrocoll 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Teoh PL, Mirhosseini H, Mustafa S, Hussin ASM, Abdul Manap MY. Recent Approaches in the Development of Encapsulated Delivery Systems for Probiotics. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2011.547332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Stanic D, Monogioudi E, Ercili D, Radosavljevic J, Atanaskovic-Markovic M, Vuckovic O, Raija L, Mattinen M, Buchert J, Cirkovic Velickovic T. Digestibility and allergenicity assessment of enzymatically crosslinked β-casein. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54:1273-84. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Monogioudi E, Creusot N, Kruus K, Gruppen H, Buchert J, Mattinen ML. Cross-linking of β-casein by Trichoderma reesei tyrosinase and Streptoverticillium mobaraense transglutaminase followed by SEC–MALLS. Food Hydrocoll 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Gaudin JC, Le Parc A, Castrec B, Ropers MH, Choiset Y, Shchutskaya J, Yousefi R, Muronetz VI, Zuev Y, Chobert JM, Haertlé T. Engineering of caseins and modulation of their structures and interactions. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:1124-1131. [PMID: 19463935 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Beta-casein (beta-CN) is a milk protein widely used in food industries because of its mild emulsifying properties due to its amphiphilicity. However, the elements determining its micellization behavior in solution and interfacial behavior at the air-water interface are not well known. In order to study how the forced dimerisation influences functional properties of beta-CN, recombinant wild-type beta-CN was produced and distal cysteinylated forms of recombinant beta-CN were engineered. We show that 1) cysteinylated beta-CN formed mainly dimers bridged by disulfide bonds; 2) the process of dimerization adds to the micellization process with temperature and is poorly reversible; 3) covalent disulfide linkage forms at the air-water interface at a lower temperature than in bulk. In conclusion, the location of the cysteinylation in the C-terminus or N-terminus or both is of importance for the properties of beta-CN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annabelle Le Parc
- UR 1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, 44300 Nantes, France
| | - Benoit Castrec
- UR 1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, 44300 Nantes, France
| | | | - Yvan Choiset
- UR 1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, 44300 Nantes, France
| | - Juliya Shchutskaya
- UR 1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, 44300 Nantes, France; Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Lenin's Hills, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Reza Yousefi
- UR 1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, 44300 Nantes, France; Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran
| | - Vladimir I Muronetz
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Lenin's Hills, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Yuri Zuev
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan, P.O. Box 30, 420111, Russia
| | - Jean-Marc Chobert
- UR 1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, 44300 Nantes, France
| | - Thomas Haertlé
- UR 1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, 44300 Nantes, France.
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Kamiya N, Shiotari Y, Tokunaga M, Matsunaga H, Yamanouchi H, Nakano K, Goto M. Stimuli-responsive nanoparticles composed of naturally occurring amphiphilic proteins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:5287-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b909897f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Le Feunteun S, Mariette F. Effects of Acidification with and without Rennet on a Concentrated Casein System: A Kinetic NMR Probe Diffusion Study. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma702248z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Le Feunteun
- Cemagref, Food Process Engineering Research Unit, CS 64426, 17 avenue de Cucillé, 35044 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - François Mariette
- Cemagref, Food Process Engineering Research Unit, CS 64426, 17 avenue de Cucillé, 35044 Rennes Cedex, France
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Oner Z, Karahan A, Aydemir S, Aloglu HS. Effect of Transglutaminase on Physicochemical Properties of Set-style Yogurt. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10942910701286346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Le Feunteun S, Mariette F. Impact of casein gel microstructure on self-diffusion coefficient of molecular probes measured by 1H PFG-NMR. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:10764-10772. [PMID: 18047279 DOI: 10.1021/jf071982v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The translational dynamics of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) polymers with molecular weights (Mw) varying from 6x10(2) to 5x10(5) were investigated by pulsed field gradient NMR in casein suspensions and in gels induced by acidification, enzyme action, and a combination of both. For molecules with Mw<or=1020, the diffusion was only dependent on the casein concentration whatever the molecular weight of the probe or the sample studied. However, for PEG with Mw>or=8000, there was strong dependence of diffusion on PEG size and on the casein network structure as revealed by scanning electron microscopy images. The diffusion coefficients of the two largest PEGs were increased after coagulation by amounts that depended on the internal structure of the gel. In addition, the 527,000 g/mol PEG was found to deviate from Gaussian diffusion behavior to greater or lesser extents according to the casein concentration and the sample microstructure. The results are discussed in terms of network rearrangements.
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Myllärinen P, Buchert J, Autio K. Effect of transglutaminase on rheological properties and microstructure of chemically acidified sodium caseinate gels. Int Dairy J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2005.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Modifications of the charges at the N-terminus of bovine β-casein: Consequences on its structure and its micellisation. Food Hydrocoll 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2006.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tanaka Y, Tsuruda Y, Nishi M, Kamiya N, Goto M. Exploring enzymatic catalysis at a solid surface: a case study with transglutaminase-mediated protein immobilization. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:1764-70. [PMID: 17520145 DOI: 10.1039/b701595j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The factors affecting enzymatic protein immobilization with microbial transglutaminase (MTG) were explored. As model proteins, enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were chosen and tagged with a neutral Gln-donor substrate peptide for MTG (Leu-Leu-Gln-Gly, LLQG-tag) at their C-terminus. To create a specific surface, displaying reactive Lys residues, to be cross-linked with the Gln residue in the LLQG-tag of target proteins by MTG catalysis, a polystyrene surface was physically coated with beta-casein. Both recombinant proteins were immobilized onto the beta-casein-coated surface only in the presence of active MTG, indicating that those proteins were enzymatically immobilized to the surface. MTG-mediated protein immobilization markedly depends on the pH and ionic strength of the reaction media. The optimal pH range of MTG-mediated immobilization of both recombinant proteins was around 5, at which point the MTG-catalyzed reaction in aqueous solution is not normally preferred. By utilizing a pH-dependent change in EGFP fluorescence, we found that the apparent pH at the surface is likely to be lower than bulk pH, this difference is not attributed to an optimal pH shift in MTG-mediated immobilization. On the other hand, lower yields of protein immobilization at higher ionic strength suggest that electrostatic interaction is a key factor governing MTG catalysis at a solid surface. The results of this study indicate that, in enzymatic catalysis at a solid surface, the concentration of substrates at the surface can enhance the catalytic efficiency, and this could alter the pH dependence of enzymatic catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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Impact of process conditions on the rheological detectable structure of UHT treated milk protein–carrageenan systems. J FOOD ENG 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Colsenet R, Soderman O, Mariette F. Effect of Casein Concentration in Suspensions and Gels on Poly(ethylene glycol)s NMR Self-Diffusion Measurements. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma051294h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Colsenet
- Process Engineering Technology Research Unit, Cemagref, CS 64426, 17 avenue de Cucillé, 35044 Rennes, Cedex, France, and Physical Chemistry 1, Chemical Center, University of Lund, P.O. Box 124, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Olle Soderman
- Process Engineering Technology Research Unit, Cemagref, CS 64426, 17 avenue de Cucillé, 35044 Rennes, Cedex, France, and Physical Chemistry 1, Chemical Center, University of Lund, P.O. Box 124, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - François Mariette
- Process Engineering Technology Research Unit, Cemagref, CS 64426, 17 avenue de Cucillé, 35044 Rennes, Cedex, France, and Physical Chemistry 1, Chemical Center, University of Lund, P.O. Box 124, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
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Tominaga J, Kamiya N, Doi S, Ichinose H, Maruyama T, Goto M. Design of a Specific Peptide Tag that Affords Covalent and Site-Specific Enzyme Immobilization Catalyzed by Microbial Transglutaminase. Biomacromolecules 2005; 6:2299-304. [PMID: 16004475 DOI: 10.1021/bm050193o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase-mediated site-specific and covalent immobilization of an enzyme to chemically modified agarose was explored. Using Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase (AP) as a model, two designed specific peptide tags containing a reactive lysine (Lys) residue with different length Gly-Ser linkers for microbial transglutaminase (MTG) were genetically attached to N- or C-termini. For solid support, agarose gel beads were chemically modified with beta-casein to display reactive glutamine (Gln) residues on the support surface. Recombinant APs were enzymatically and covalently immobilized to casein-grafted agarose beads. Immobilization by MTG markedly depended on either the position or the length of the peptide tags incorporated to AP, suggesting steric constraint upon enzymatic immobilization. Enzymatically immobilized AP showed comparable catalytic turnover (k(cat)) to the soluble counterpart and comparable operational stability with chemically immobilized AP. These results indicate that attachment of a suitable specific peptide tag to the right position of a target protein is crucial for MTG-mediated formulation of highly active immobilized proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Tominaga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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