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de Haan P, Santbergen MJC, van der Zande M, Bouwmeester H, Nielen MWF, Verpoorte E. A versatile, compartmentalised gut-on-a-chip system for pharmacological and toxicological analyses. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4920. [PMID: 33649376 PMCID: PMC7921645 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84187-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel, integrated, in vitro gastrointestinal (GI) system is presented to study oral bioavailability parameters of small molecules. Three compartments were combined into one hyphenated, flow-through set-up. In the first compartment, a compound was exposed dynamically to enzymatic digestion in three consecutive microreactors, mimicking the processes of the mouth, stomach, and intestine. The resulting solution (chyme) continued to the second compartment, a flow-through barrier model of the intestinal epithelium allowing absorption of the compound and metabolites thereof. The composition of the effluents from the barrier model were analysed either offline by electrospray-ionisation-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), or online in the final compartment using chip-based ESI-MS. Two model drugs, omeprazole and verapamil, were used to test the integrated model. Omeprazole was shown to be broken down upon treatment with gastric acid, but reached the cell barrier unharmed when introduced to the system in a manner emulating an enteric-coated formulation. In contrast, verapamil was unaffected by digestion. Finally, a reduced uptake of verapamil was observed when verapamil was introduced to the system dissolved in apple juice, a simple food matrix. It is envisaged that this integrated, compartmentalised GI system has potential for enabling future research in the fields of pharmacology, toxicology, and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim de Haan
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 196, XB20, 9700 AD, Groningen, The Netherlands
- TI-COAST, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Milou J C Santbergen
- TI-COAST, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Meike van der Zande
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Bouwmeester
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel W F Nielen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Verpoorte
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 196, XB20, 9700 AD, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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A Mechanistic, Enantioselective, Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Verapamil and Norverapamil, Built and Evaluated for Drug-Drug Interaction Studies. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12060556. [PMID: 32560124 PMCID: PMC7355632 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcium channel blocker and antiarrhythmic agent verapamil is recommended by the FDA for drug–drug interaction (DDI) studies as a moderate clinical CYP3A4 index inhibitor and as a clinical Pgp inhibitor. The purpose of the presented work was to develop a mechanistic whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to investigate and predict DDIs with verapamil. The model was established in PK-Sim®, using 45 clinical studies (dosing range 0.1–250 mg), including literature as well as unpublished Boehringer Ingelheim data. The verapamil R- and S-enantiomers and their main metabolites R- and S-norverapamil are represented in the model. The processes implemented to describe the pharmacokinetics of verapamil and norverapamil include enantioselective plasma protein binding, enantioselective metabolism by CYP3A4, non-stereospecific Pgp transport, and passive glomerular filtration. To describe the auto-inhibitory and DDI potential, mechanism-based inactivation of CYP3A4 and non-competitive inhibition of Pgp by the verapamil and norverapamil enantiomers were incorporated based on in vitro literature. The resulting DDI performance was demonstrated by prediction of DDIs with midazolam, digoxin, rifampicin, and cimetidine, with 21/22 predicted DDI AUC ratios or Ctrough ratios within 1.5-fold of the observed values. The thoroughly built and qualified model will be freely available in the Open Systems Pharmacology model repository to support model-informed drug discovery and development.
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Silva B, Silva R, Fernandes C, Guedes de Pinho P, Remião F. Enantioselectivity on the absorption of methylone and pentedrone using Caco-2 cell line: Development and validation of an UHPLC method for cathinones quantification. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 395:114970. [PMID: 32234388 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.114970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic cathinones, such as methylone and pentedrone, are psychoactive derivatives of cathinone, sold in the internet as "plant food" or "bath salts". However, the level at which these compounds and their enantiomers cross the intestinal barrier has not been yet determined. Thus, the present study aimed to analyze the enantioselectivity on the permeability of these drugs through the intestinal barrier by using the Caco-2 cell line, a widely used in vitro model for drug permeability studies. To achieve this goal, an UHPLC-UV method was developed and validated to quantify both synthetic cathinones. The developed UHPLC-UV method revealed high selectivity and a linearity from 1 to 500 μM with correlation coefficients always higher than 0.999. The method has an accuracy that ranged between 89 and 107%, inter-day and intra-day precisions with coefficients of variation below 10%, limits of detection and quantification of 0.31 μM and 0.93 μM for methylone and 0.17 μM and 0.52 μM for pentedrone, respectively. In Caco-2 cells, a differentiated passage of the enantiomers across monolayer was observed for both cathinones. For pentedrone, the difference was observed after the first hour, being R-(-)-pentedrone the most permeable compound. Regarding methylone, the difference was noted after one hour and 30 min, with S-(-)-methylone being the most absorbed enantiomer. In conclusion, a fully validated method was successfully applied for studying the permeability of methylone and pentedrone enantiomers in an in vitro model of human intestine, which allowed to discover, for the first time, the enantioselectivity in drug permeability of this class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Silva
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira,228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Renata Silva
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Fernandes
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira,228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes de Pinho
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Santbergen MJC, van der Zande M, Gerssen A, Bouwmeester H, Nielen MWF. Dynamic in vitro intestinal barrier model coupled to chip-based liquid chromatography mass spectrometry for oral bioavailability studies. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:1111-1122. [PMID: 31865418 PMCID: PMC7007416 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In oral bioavailability studies, evaluation of the absorption and transport of drugs and food components across the intestinal barrier is crucial. Advances in the field of organ-on-a-chip technology have resulted in a dynamic gut-on-a-chip model that better mimics the in vivo microenvironment of the intestine. Despite a few recent integration attempts, ensuring a biologically relevant microenvironment while coupling with a fully online detection system still represents a major challenge. Herein, we designed an online technique to measure drug permeability and analyse unknown product formation across an intestinal epithelial layer of Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells cultured on a flow-through Transwell system, while ensuring the quality and relevance of the biological model. Chip-based ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) was coupled to the dynamic Transwell system via a series of switching valves, thus allowing alternating measurements of the apical and basolateral sides of the in vitro model. Two trap columns were integrated for online sample pre-treatment and compatibility enhancement. Temporal analysis of the intestinal permeability was successfully demonstrated using verapamil as a model drug and ergotamine epimers as a model for natural toxins present in foods. Evidence was obtained that our newly developed dynamic system provided reliable results versus classical static in vitro models, and moreover, for the first time, epimer-specific transport is shown for ergotamine. Finally, initial experiments with the drug granisetron suggest that metabolic activity can be studied as well, thus highlighting the versatility of the bio-integrated online analysis system developed. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milou J C Santbergen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- TI-COAST, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meike van der Zande
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Gerssen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Bouwmeester
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel W F Nielen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Yin S, Zhang J, Guo F, Zhao L, Poma G, Covaci A, Liu W. Transplacental transfer of organochlorine pesticides: Concentration ratio and chiral properties. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 130:104939. [PMID: 31252166 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is limited information about the mechanism of the human transplacental transfer for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). This study aimed to evaluate the transplacental transfer of OCPs to better understand the influencing factors of exposure and transplacental efficiency. The study involved quantitative determination of OCPs and the enantiomer fraction (EF) of chiral OCPs in pregnant women from Wuhan, China. The results indicate that the exposure levels of OCPs varied in the order: maternal serum > cord serum > placenta. Chiral contaminants, such as α-HCH, o,p'-DDD and o,p'-DDT, were non-racemic in the three biological matrices, wherein EFα-HCH < 0.5, EFo,p'-DDD < 0.5, EFo,p'-DDT > 0.5. For HCHs, the concentration ratio between cord serum and maternal serum (Rcm) <1, while for DDXs, the Rcm ≈ 1, indicating that the transport efficiency of different pollutants is related to the physicochemical properties. These results showed that placenta seems to be a more efficient barrier for β-HCH than for p,p'-DDE. The concentration ratios across placenta significantly lower than 1 and the enantiomeric selective transfer imply that some OCPs may have more complicated maternal-fetus transfer mechanisms, involving both simple diffusion and active transport. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the transfer of OCPs and their enantiomer fractions across placenta. These findings could expand the database of chemical exposure in biological matrices and improve the understanding of the mechanisms of transplacental transfer of OCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institution of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianyun Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institution of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fangjie Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institution of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institution of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Weiping Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institution of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Mauro M, De Grandis RA, Campos ML, Bauermeister A, Peccinini RG, Pavan FR, Lopes NP, De Moraes NV. Acid diterpenes from Copaiba oleoresin (Copaifera langsdorffii): Chemical and plasma stability and intestinal permeability using Caco-2 cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 235:183-189. [PMID: 30763698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Copaiba oleoresin has been used in folk medicine in the treatment of bronchitis, syphilis, skin diseases and ulcers due to its anti-inflammatory and antiseptic activities, but there is no information about major compounds oral absorption to support the traditional use. AIM OF STUDY Considering the potential of copalic (CA) and kaurenoic acid (KA) - major biological activity (in vitro) diterpenes found in the oleoresin, this study aimed to evaluate the intestinal permeability of CA and KA using Caco-2 cells model as predictive test for oral drug absorption. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical stability at pH 1.2 and 7.4 and plasma stability were evaluated to mimic physiological conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. The intestinal permeability of CA and KA was evaluated in Caco-2 cells in the presence and absence of the P-glycoprotein inhibitor verapamil. RESULTS CA and KA were rapidly degraded at pH 1.2 (0.2 M Clark-Lubs buffer). At pH 7.4 (0.1 M phosphate buffer), CA was stable for up to 24 h and KA for up to 6 h. In human plasma, CA and KA can be considered stable for 24 h and 12 h at 37 °C, respectively. Caco-2 cells were considered viable when incubated with CA or KA in the range of 3.9-250 μM for 24 h. CA and KA exhibited moderate apparent permeability (Papp) of 4.67 (±0.08) × 10-6 cm/s and 4.66 (±0.04) × 10-6 cm/s, respectively. Simultaneous incubation with verapamil showed that P-glycoprotein does not play a relevant role on CA and KA oral absorption, with Papp of 4.48 (±0.26) × 10-6 cm/s and 5.37 (±0.72) × 10-6 cm/s observed for CA and KA, respectively. CONCLUSION The oral absorption of both CA and KA is driven by mainly passive permeability, is not limited by p-glycoprotein, but enteric-coated dosage forms should be used to avoid chemical instability in the gastric pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mauro
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP ZIP 14801-902, Brazil.
| | - R A De Grandis
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP ZIP 14801-902, Brazil.
| | - M L Campos
- Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil.
| | - A Bauermeister
- University of Sao Paulo (USP), NPPNS, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirao Preto, SP ZIP 14040-903, Brazil.
| | - R G Peccinini
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP ZIP 14801-902, Brazil.
| | - F R Pavan
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP ZIP 14801-902, Brazil.
| | - N P Lopes
- University of Sao Paulo (USP), NPPNS, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirao Preto, SP ZIP 14040-903, Brazil.
| | - N V De Moraes
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP ZIP 14801-902, Brazil.
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Katneni K, Pham T, Saunders J, Chen G, Patil R, White KL, Abla N, Chiu FCK, Shackleford DM, Charman SA. Using Human Plasma as an Assay Medium in Caco-2 Studies Improves Mass Balance for Lipophilic Compounds. Pharm Res 2018; 35:210. [PMID: 30225649 PMCID: PMC6156755 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2493-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the utility of human plasma as an assay medium in Caco-2 permeability studies to overcome poor mass balance and inadequate sink conditions frequently encountered with lipophilic compounds. METHODS Caco-2 permeability was assessed for reference compounds with known transport mechanisms using either pH 7.4 buffer or human plasma as the assay medium in both the apical and basolateral chambers. When using plasma, Papp values were corrected for the unbound fraction in the donor chamber. The utility of the approach was assessed by measuring the permeability of selected antimalarial compounds using the two assay media. RESULTS Caco-2 cell monolayer integrity and P-gp transporter function were unaffected by the presence of human plasma in the donor and acceptor chambers. For many of the reference compounds having good mass balance with buffer as the medium, higher Papp values were observed with plasma, likely due to improved acceptor sink conditions. The lipophilic antimalarial compounds exhibited low mass balance with buffer, however the use of plasma markedly improved mass balance allowing the determination of more reliable Papp values. CONCLUSIONS The results support the utility of human plasma as an alternate Caco-2 assay medium to improve mass balance and permeability measurements for lipophilic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasiram Katneni
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Thao Pham
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Jessica Saunders
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Gong Chen
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Rahul Patil
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Karen L White
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Nada Abla
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 20, Route de Pré-Bois, 1215, Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Francis C K Chiu
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - David M Shackleford
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
| | - Susan A Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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O’Hagan S, Kell DB. The apparent permeabilities of Caco-2 cells to marketed drugs: magnitude, and independence from both biophysical properties and endogenite similarities. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1405. [PMID: 26618081 PMCID: PMC4655101 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We bring together fifteen, nonredundant, tabulated collections (amounting to 696 separate measurements) of the apparent permeability (P app) of Caco-2 cells to marketed drugs. While in some cases there are some significant interlaboratory disparities, most are quite minor. Most drugs are not especially permeable through Caco-2 cells, with the median P app value being some 16 ⋅ 10(-6) cm s(-1). This value is considerably lower than those (1,310 and 230 ⋅ 10(-6) cm s(-1)) recently used in some simulations that purported to show that P app values were too great to be transporter-mediated only. While these values are outliers, all values, and especially the comparatively low values normally observed, are entirely consistent with transporter-only mediated uptake, with no need to invoke phospholipid bilayer diffusion. The apparent permeability of Caco-2 cells to marketed drugs is poorly correlated with either simple biophysical properties, the extent of molecular similarity to endogenous metabolites (endogenites), or any specific substructural properties. In particular, the octanol:water partition coefficient, logP, shows negligible correlation with Caco-2 permeability. The data are best explained on the basis that most drugs enter (and exit) Caco-2 cells via a multiplicity of transporters of comparatively weak specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve O’Hagan
- School of Chemistry & The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), The University of Manchester, Manchester, Lancs, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- School of Chemistry & The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), The University of Manchester, Manchester, Lancs, United Kingdom
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9
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Mendes P, Oliver SG, Kell DB. Fitting Transporter Activities to Cellular Drug Concentrations and Fluxes: Why the Bumblebee Can Fly. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:710-723. [PMID: 26538313 PMCID: PMC4642801 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A recent paper in this journal argued that reported expression levels, kcat and Km for drug transporters could be used to estimate the likelihood that drug fluxes through Caco-2 cells could be accounted for solely by protein transporters. It was in fact concluded that if five such transporters contributed ‘randomly’ they could account for the flux of the most permeable drug tested (verapamil) 35% of the time. However, the values of permeability cited for verapamil were unusually high; this and other drugs have much lower permeabilities. Even for the claimed permeabilities, we found that a single ‘random’ transporter could account for the flux 42% of the time, and that two transporters can achieve 10 · 10−6 cm·s−1 90% of the time. Parameter optimisation methods show that even a single transporter can account for Caco-2 drug uptake of the most permeable drug. Overall, the proposal that ‘phospholipid bilayer diffusion (of drugs) is negligible’ is not disproved by the calculations of ‘likely’ transporter-based fluxes. There has been recent debate as to the relative extents to which cellular transmembrane drug transports occur through any phospholipid bilayer region or is transporter-mediated only. Much recent evidence suggests (perhaps surprisingly) that phospholipid bilayer diffusion is negligible. A recent article in this journal suggested that the expression profile and kinetics of known transporters might not be adequate to explain the most active drug fluxes (of verapamil and propranolol) in Caco-2 cells via transporters only. We show with our own simulations that this is not in fact the case, especially when evolutionary selection is taken into account, and that the Haldane relation accounts straightforwardly for directional differences, even for equilibrative transporters. Typical protein transporters alone can easily account for measured drug fluxes in Caco-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mendes
- School of Computer Science; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester M1 7DN, UK; Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), The University of Manchester, 131, Princess St, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom; Center for Quantitative Medicine, University of Connecticut, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6033, USA
| | - Stephen G Oliver
- Cambridge Systems Biology Centre; Dept of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Douglas B Kell
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester M1 7DN, UK; Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), The University of Manchester, 131, Princess St, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom; School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
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10
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Pinheiro P, Marinho A, Antunes A, Marques M, Pereira S, Miranda J. Sex differences in hepatic and intestinal contributions to nevirapine biotransformation in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 233:115-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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11
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Matsson P, Fenu LA, Lundquist P, Wiśniewski JR, Kansy M, Artursson P. Quantifying the impact of transporters on cellular drug permeability. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:255-62. [PMID: 25799456 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The conventional model of drug permeability has recently been challenged. An alternative model proposes that transporter-mediated flux is the sole mechanism of cellular drug permeation, instead of existing in parallel with passive transmembrane diffusion. We examined a central assumption of this alternative hypothesis; namely, that transporters can give rise to experimental observations that would typically be explained with passive transmembrane diffusion. Using systems-biology simulations based on available transporter kinetics and proteomic expression data, we found that such observations are possible in the absence of transmembrane diffusion, but only under very specific conditions that rarely or never occur for known human drug transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pär Matsson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Uppsala, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory Drug Discovery and Development Platform, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Luca A Fenu
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Uppsala, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory Drug Discovery and Development Platform, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrik Lundquist
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Uppsala, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory Drug Discovery and Development Platform, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jacek R Wiśniewski
- Biochemical Proteomics Group, Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Manfred Kansy
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Uppsala, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory Drug Discovery and Development Platform, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Neuhoff S, Yeo KR, Barter Z, Jamei M, Turner DB, Rostami-Hodjegan A. Application of permeability-limited physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models: part II - prediction of P-glycoprotein mediated drug-drug interactions with digoxin. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:3161-73. [PMID: 23686764 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Digoxin is the recommended substrate for assessment of P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDIs) in vivo. The overall aim of our study was to investigate the inhibitory potential of both verapamil and norverapamil on the P-gp-mediated efflux of digoxin in both gut and liver. Therefore, a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for verapamil and its primary metabolite was developed and validated through the recovery of observed clinical plasma concentration data for both moieties and the reported interaction with midazolam, albeit a cytochrome P450 3A4-mediated DDI. The validated inhibitor model was then used in conjunction with the model developed previously for digoxin. The range of values obtained for the 10 trials indicated that increases in area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) profiles and maximum plasma concentration observed (Cmax ) values of digoxin following administration of verapamil were more comparable with in vivo observations, when P-gp inhibition by the metabolite, norverapamil, was considered as well. The predicted decrease in AUC and Cmax values of digoxin following administration of rifampicin because of P-gp induction was 1.57- (range: 1.42-1.77) and 1.62-fold (range: 1.53-1.70), which were reasonably consistent with observed values of 1.4- and 2.2-fold, respectively. This study demonstrates the application of permeability-limited models of absorption and distribution within a PBPK framework together with relevant in vitro data on transporters to assess the clinical impact of modulated P-gp-mediated efflux by drugs in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Neuhoff
- Simcyp Limited, Blades Enterprise Centre, Sheffield S2 4SU, UK.
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Thörn HA, Sjögren E, Dickinson PA, Lennernäs H. Binding Processes Determine the Stereoselective Intestinal and Hepatic Extraction of Verapamil in Vivo. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:3034-45. [DOI: 10.1021/mp3000875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Anna Thörn
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Sjögren
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paul Alfred Dickinson
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Hans Lennernäs
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, Uppsala, Sweden
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Thörn HA, Lundahl A, Schrickx JA, Dickinson PA, Lennernäs H. Drug metabolism of CYP3A4, CYP2C9 and CYP2D6 substrates in pigs and humans. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 43:89-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Thörn HA, Hedeland M, Bondesson U, Knutson L, Yasin M, Dickinson P, Lennernäs H. Different Effects of Ketoconazole on the Stereoselective First-Pass Metabolism of R/S-Verapamil in the Intestine and the Liver: Important for the Mechanistic Understanding of First-Pass Drug-Drug Interactions. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:2186-96. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.028027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Vullo D, Steffansen B, Brodin B, Supuran CT, Scozzafava A, Nielsen CU. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Transepithelial transport of thioureido sulfonamide inhibitors of the cancer-associated isozyme IX is dependent on efflux transporters. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:2418-27. [PMID: 16321542 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Revised: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 11/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonamides and their derivatives inhibit the catalytic activity of carbonic anhydrases (CA, EC 4.2.1.1). Isozyme IX (CA IX) is a transmembrane isoform with the active site oriented toward the extracellular space. CA IX was recently shown to be a drug target, and it is highly overexpressed in hypoxic tumors with limited distribution in normal tissues. The present report deals with the drug design, synthesis, and biological investigation of a group of thioureido sulfonamides, which have been obtained by reaction of isothiocyanate-substituted aromatic sulfonamides with amines. These compounds have potent inhibitory properties against CA IX with K(I) values in the range of 10-37 nM and P(app)values > 0.34 x 10(-6) cm/s for the absorptive transepithelial transport in Caco-2 cells. In Caco-2 cells, one of these compounds (A6) was shown to be a substrate for efflux transporters such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp). P-gp activity is not likely to be rate-limiting for intestinal absorption, but might be useful when targeting hypoxic tumors expressing both P-gp and CA IX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Vullo
- Molecular Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-Universitetsparken, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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He Y, Zeng S. Determination of the stereoselectivity of chiral drug transport across Caco-2 cell monolayers. Chirality 2005; 18:64-9. [PMID: 16287047 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the transport characteristics of chiral drug enantiomers across Caco-2 cell monolayers as a model of human intestinal epithelial membrane. Esmolol was chosen as a model drug, and the study focused on the transepithelial transport of esmolol enantiomers in this in vitro model system. Separation and quantitation of (S)- and (R)-esmolol were performed by RP-HPLC with the use of GITC as a precolumn derivatizing agent. Bidirectional transport studies of 5.0-400.0 micromol/l esmolol demonstrated that the two enantiomers were transported mainly by a passive, transcellular mechanism. At concentrations of 5.0-100.0 micromol/l, enantioselective permeability of esmolol was observed. In the absorptive transport, Papp of (S)-esmolol was smaller than (R)-esmolol and vice versa for secretory transport. The enantioselectivity disappeared when the drug concentration was increased to 200.0 micromol/l. In conclusion, the transport characteristics of (S)- and (R)-esmolol were distinctly different. An enantioselective carrier-mediated mechanism in addition to passive diffusion was involved in the transport process of esmolol across Caco-2 cell monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying He
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
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