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Abstract
Particle coating is one of the oldest pharmaceutical processes that is still in existence. It is the process of applying a thin polymer-based film to a particle or granule containing the active pharmaceutical ingredient. The widely used methods for particle coating are sugar coating, film coating, and enteric coating and the techniques are pan coating, fluidized bed coating, and compression coating. Sugar coating was the earlier coating method, and it was gradually replaced by film coating because it required skilled manipulation. With the technology developing, enteric coating draws more attention. Pan coating is the most classic coating technique, which is applied to sugar coating, film coating and enteric coating. Fluid bed coating is used for a mixture of multiple materials and medicines and keeps the bioavailability high. Compression coating can avoid the harmful effects of moisture and high temperature, while it requires highly accurate machinery.
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Lam M, Nokhodchi A. Factors affecting performance and manufacturability of naproxen Liqui-Pellet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 28:567-579. [PMID: 32757155 PMCID: PMC7704869 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-020-00362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aim Liqui-Pellet is potentially an emerging next-generation oral pill, which has shown promising results with unique advantages as well as displaying potential for commercial feasibility. Since Liqui-Pellet technology is still in its infancy, it is important to explore the parameters that can affect its performance, particularly the drug release rate. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate thoroughly the effect of Avicel PH101 (carrier) and Aerosil 300 (coating material) ratio (R-value) in Liqui-Pellet. Methods Key parameter for Liqui-Pellet formulation in this study was the ratio of carrier and coating material. Tests were carried out to assess the physicochemical properties of different formulations. This involved looking into particle size, robustness, flowability, solid-state and drug release profile. The morphology of Liqui-Pellet was investigated by SEM. Results It is found that R-value does not have a major effect on the success of Liqui-Pellet production. However, R-value does seem to have an effect on Liqui-Pellet size at a certain water content level and a slight effect on the drug release rate. A decrease in Avicel PH101 concentration and an increase in Aerosil 300 concentration in Liqui-Pellet formulations can reduce Liqui-Pellet size and slightly increase drug release rate by 9% after 2 h. The data shows Liqui-Pellet is resistant to friability, able to achieve exceptional flow property and have smooth surfaces, which is critical for applying coatings technology. Such properties are ideal in terms of commercial manufacturing. The XRPD and DSC both show the reduction in formulation crystallinity, which is expected in Liqui-Pellet formulation as a result of solubility of the drug in the co-solvent used in the preparation of Liqui-Pellets. Conclusion Overall it seems that R-value can affect Liqui-Pellet drug release rate and size but not on the production success rate. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Lam
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Arundel Building, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
| | - Ali Nokhodchi
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Arundel Building, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
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3
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Wang Q, Newby BMZ. Octadecyltrichlorosilane Incorporated Alginate Micro-granules as Sustained-Release Carriers for Small Hydrophilic Molecules. Curr Drug Deliv 2020; 17:333-342. [DOI: 10.2174/1567201817666200210123328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Hydrogels are excellent drug carriers, but their inability to retain hydrophilic
drugs for a prolonged period of time has greatly limited their usage. Research has mostly focused on
intricate designs and manipulations of hydrogels to expand their applications in drug delivery.
Objective:
In this study, a simple approach by incorporating a hydrophobic agent, octadecyltrichlorosilane
(OTS), to alginate hydrogel micro-granules (Alg-Ms), was investigated as an effective
technique to prolong the release of small hydrophilic drugs.
Methods:
Sodium Benzoate (SB), a highly water-soluble antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compound,
was used as a model drug. The presence of hydrophobic OTS impeded swelling of these OTS
incorporated Alg-Ms (OTS-Alg-Ms), hence sustaining the release of SB.
Results:
The release data was fitted with Ritger-Peppas and Peppas-Sahlin models and the results showed
that SB released from OTS-Alg-Ms with higher OTS content was mainly controlled by Fickian diffusion;
with a lower OTS content, OTS-Alg-Ms swelled more easily, the combined diffusion and swelling
led to a faster SB release.
Conclusion:
Thus, by simply tuning the OTS concentration in the solution where Alg-Ms were briefly
submerged in a predefined release period, from hours to a few days, small hydrophilic drugs from these
OTS-Alg-Ms could be successfully achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3906, United States
| | - Bi-min Zhang Newby
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3906, United States
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Bannow J, Koren L, Salar-Behzadi S, Löbmann K, Zimmer A, Rades T. Hot Melt Coating of Amorphous Carvedilol. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12060519. [PMID: 32517255 PMCID: PMC7356097 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of amorphous drug delivery systems is an attractive approach to improve the bioavailability of low molecular weight drug candidates that suffer from poor aqueous solubility. However, the pharmaceutical performance of many neat amorphous drugs is compromised by their tendency for recrystallization during storage and lumping upon dissolution, which may be improved by the application of coatings on amorphous surfaces. In this study, hot melt coating (HMC) as a solvent-free coating method was utilized to coat amorphous carvedilol (CRV) particles with tripalmitin containing 10% (w/w) and 20% (w/w) of polysorbate 65 (PS65) in a fluid bed coater. Lipid coated amorphous particles were assessed in terms of their physical stability during storage and their drug release during dynamic in vitro lipolysis. The release of CRV during in vitro lipolysis was shown to be mainly dependent on the PS65 concentration in the coating layer, with a PS65 concentration of 20% (w/w) resulting in an immediate release profile. The physical stability of the amorphous CRV core, however, was negatively affected by the lipid coating, resulting in the recrystallization of CRV at the interface between the crystalline lipid layer and the amorphous drug core. Our study demonstrated the feasibility of lipid spray coating of amorphous CRV as a strategy to modify the drug release from amorphous systems but at the same time highlights the importance of surface-mediated processes for the physical stability of the amorphous form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Bannow
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (J.B.); (K.L.)
| | - Lina Koren
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences/Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (L.K.); (S.S.-B.); (A.Z.)
| | - Sharareh Salar-Behzadi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences/Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (L.K.); (S.S.-B.); (A.Z.)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Korbinian Löbmann
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (J.B.); (K.L.)
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences/Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (L.K.); (S.S.-B.); (A.Z.)
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (J.B.); (K.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Lam M, Commandeur D, Maniruzzaman M, Tan DK, Nokhodchi A. The crucial effect of water and co-solvent on Liqui-Pellet pharmaceutical performance. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2020.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Maines E, Urru SAM, Burri E, Piccoli G, Pedrolli A, Pasqualini A, Burlina AL, Temporin G. Formulation and Clinical Evaluation of Sodium Benzoate Oral Solution for the Treatment of Urea Cycle Disorders in Pediatric Patients. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:100. [PMID: 32152836 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01642-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium benzoate, a common food preservative, is used in the treatment of patients with urea cycle disorders (UCDs) as it stimulates ammonia removal by a non-urea cycle-based pathway. Despite its use in the clinical routine, no commercially available oral formulations currently exist. Liquid formulation is normally well accepted in pediatric age and allows precise dosage according to the children's needs. AIMS (1) To prepare an oral sodium benzoate solution in different tastes and determine its stability, palatability, and tolerability and (2) to describe the long-term follow-up of two pediatric patients with UCDs treated with our formulation. METHODS We prepared five oral solutions of sodium benzoate (200 mg/ml) by adding different flavoring agents. We measured drug concentration in the samples by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We evaluated palatability and tolerability with adult volunteers. Long-term drug compliance and metabolic control were appraised in two pediatric patients. RESULTS All the oral solutions remained stable at room temperature along the 96-day test period, and they were well tolerated. The mint-flavored solution resulted the most palatable and preferred by adult volunteers. We report good drug compliance and good metabolic outcomes for both pediatric patients during the entire follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlighted the stability and tolerability of flavored sodium benzoate oral solutions. These solutions were well accepted during a long-term follow-up and guaranteed a good metabolic control. Since taste attributes are critical to ensure acceptable medication adherence in the pediatric age, flavored liquid formulations of sodium benzoate may be an efficient strategy to achieve therapeutic outcomes in UCD pediatric patients.
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Vithani K, Douroumis D. Hot-melt extruded lipidic pellets for pediatric applications: An investigation of the effects and stability on drug dissolution. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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9
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Petrovick GF, Breitkreutz J. Spheronization of solid lipid extrudates: Elucidation of spheroid formation mechanism. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 125:148-158. [PMID: 29407224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To explain the rounding mechanism of extrudates by spheronization method, two main concepts are found in literature: one proposed by Rowe (1985) and one proposed by Baert et al. (1993). These concepts are based on wet extrusion-spheronization method using microcrystalline cellulose as mains excipient. However, there are no concepts for the spheronization mechanism of extrudates based on solid lipids as spheronization aid. Therefore, the aim of this study is to systematically investigate the mechanism of pellet formation of lipid based extrudates by lipid spheronization method. Different lipid based extrudate formulations were spheronized and particle size distribution and shape of the pellets, at each minute of the process, were characterized. Additionally, visual investigations of the morphological alterations were performed by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Two main material temperature phases were identified as presenting important influence on the pellet formation during the process: (1) a "brittle phase", where the extrudates are broken into smaller particles and (2) a "plastic phase", where the material starts to partially melt, allowing the particles to deform. By the same token, different morphological stages, from cylindrical rods to sphere-shaped passing through a dumbbell-shaped particle, were observed and showed to be highly dependent on temperature and process time. Moreover, a new particle shape, defined as "two-spheres", was recognized and a sequential material overlapping (covering) phenomenon was identified. This particular dislocation of material, from the edges to the central region of the particles (increasing their mean diameter), was recognized at longer process times and led to the formation of a smooth surface and the final spherical shape. At the end, a new concept of pellet formation from lipid extrudates is presented considering the observed changes in the morphology and particle size of the pellets during the spheronization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Freire Petrovick
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörg Breitkreutz
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
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Münster M, Schoch C, Schmidt C, Breitkreutz J. Multiparticulate system combining taste masking and immediate release properties for the aversive compound praziquantel. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 109:446-454. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Dickinson PA, Kesisoglou F, Flanagan T, Martinez MN, Mistry HB, Crison JR, Polli JE, Cruañes MT, Serajuddin AT, Müllertz A, Cook JA, Selen A. Optimizing Clinical Drug Product Performance: Applying Biopharmaceutics Risk Assessment Roadmap (BioRAM) and the BioRAM Scoring Grid. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:3243-3255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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12
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Pediatric Dispersible Tablets: a Modular Approach for Rapid Prototyping. Pharm Res 2016; 33:2043-55. [PMID: 27251416 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1946-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The design of pediatric formulations is challenging. Solid dosage forms for children have to meet the needs of different ages, e.g. high number of dosing increments and strengths. A modular formulation strategy offering the possibility of rapid prototyping was applied. Different tablet compositions and the resulting tablet characteristics were investigated for dispersible tablets using customized analytical methods. METHODS Fluid bed granules were blended with extragranular components, and compressed to tablets. Disintegration behavior was studied with a Texture Analyzer and a Tensiometer. RESULTS Methods for determination of disintegration time and water uptake of tablets were developed with a Texture Analyzer, and a Tensiometer, respectively. Twenty-two different tablet formulations were prepared and analyzed with respect to disintegration time, hardness, friability, and viscosity. Multivariate data analysis revealed a high impact of type and amount of viscosity enhancer on the disintegration behavior of tablets. An optimized formulation was selected with a disintegration time of 24 s. CONCLUSION Methods providing additional information on the disintegration behavior of dispersible tablets compared to standard pharmacopoeia methods were established. Selecting the right type and level of viscosity enhancer and superdisintegrant was critical for developing pediatric tablets with a disintegration time of less than 30 s but still pleasant mouth feel.
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13
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Petrovick GF, Breitkreutz J, Pein-Hackelbusch M. Taste-masking properties of solid lipid based micropellets obtained by cold extrusion-spheronization. Int J Pharm 2016; 506:361-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Patil H, Tiwari RV, Repka MA. Hot-Melt Extrusion: from Theory to Application in Pharmaceutical Formulation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2016; 17:20-42. [PMID: 26159653 PMCID: PMC4766118 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hot-melt extrusion (HME) is a promising technology for the production of new chemical entities in the developmental pipeline and for improving products already on the market. In drug discovery and development, industry estimates that more than 50% of active pharmaceutical ingredients currently used belong to the biopharmaceutical classification system II (BCS class II), which are characterized as poorly water-soluble compounds and result in formulations with low bioavailability. Therefore, there is a critical need for the pharmaceutical industry to develop formulations that will enhance the solubility and ultimately the bioavailability of these compounds. HME technology also offers an opportunity to earn intellectual property, which is evident from an increasing number of patents and publications that have included it as a novel pharmaceutical formulation technology over the past decades. This review had a threefold objective. First, it sought to provide an overview of HME principles and present detailed engineered extrusion equipment designs. Second, it included a number of published reports on the application of HME techniques that covered the fields of solid dispersions, microencapsulation, taste masking, targeted drug delivery systems, sustained release, films, nanotechnology, floating drug delivery systems, implants, and continuous manufacturing using the wet granulation process. Lastly, this review discussed the importance of using the quality by design approach in drug development, evaluated the process analytical technology used in pharmaceutical HME monitoring and control, discussed techniques used in HME, and emphasized the potential for monitoring and controlling hot-melt technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemlata Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Roshan V Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Michael A Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, 38677, USA.
- Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, 38677, USA.
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Spheronization of solid lipid extrudates: A novel approach on controlling critical process parameters. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 92:15-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Becker K, Salar-Behzadi S, Zimmer A. Solvent-free melting techniques for the preparation of lipid-based solid oral formulations. Pharm Res 2015; 32:1519-45. [PMID: 25788447 PMCID: PMC4381087 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1661-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipid excipients are applied for numerous purposes such as taste masking, controlled release, improvement of swallowability and moisture protection. Several melting techniques have evolved in the last decades. Common examples are melt coating, melt granulation and melt extrusion. The required equipment ranges from ordinary glass beakers for lab scale up to large machines such as fluid bed coaters, spray dryers or extruders. This allows for upscaling to pilot or production scale. Solvent free melt processing provides a cost-effective, time-saving and eco-friendly method for the food and pharmaceutical industries. This review intends to give a critical overview of the published literature on experiences, formulations and challenges and to show possibilities for future developments in this promising field. Moreover, it should serve as a guide for selecting the best excipients and manufacturing techniques for the development of a product with specific properties using solvent free melt processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Becker
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Member of BioTechMed, Universitätplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Member of BioTechMed, Universitätplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Combescot E, Morat G, de Lonlay P, Boudy V. Pediatric drug formulation of sodium benzoate extended-release granules. Pharm Dev Technol 2015; 21:261-7. [PMID: 25582668 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2014.996898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Urea cycle disorders are a group of inherited orphan diseases leading to hyperammonemia. Current therapeutic strategy includes high doses of sodium benzoate leading to three or four oral intakes per day. As this drug is currently available in capsules or in solution, children are either unable to swallow the capsule or reluctant to take the drug due to its strong bitter taste. The objective of the present study was to develop solid, multiparticulate formulations of sodium benzoate, which are suitable for pediatric patients (i.e. flavor-masked, easy to swallow and with a dosing system). Drug layering and coating in a fluidized bed were applied for preparing sustained-release granules. Two types of inert cores (GalenIQ® and Suglets®) and three different polymers (Kollicoat®, Aquacoat® and Eudragit®) were tested in order to select the most appropriate polymer and starter core for our purpose. Physical characteristics and drug release profiles of the pellets were evaluated. A Suglets® core associated with a Kollicoat® coating seems to be the best combination for an extended release of sodium benzoate. A curing period of 8 h was necessary to complete film formation and the resulting drug release pattern was found to be dependent of the acidity of the release medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Combescot
- a Unité de Recherche et Développement Galénique, Agence Générale des Equipements et Produits de Santé (AGEPS) , Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP) , Paris , France and
| | - G Morat
- a Unité de Recherche et Développement Galénique, Agence Générale des Equipements et Produits de Santé (AGEPS) , Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP) , Paris , France and
| | - P de Lonlay
- b Service de Neuro-Métabolisme, Hôpital Necker, APHP , Paris , France
| | - V Boudy
- a Unité de Recherche et Développement Galénique, Agence Générale des Equipements et Produits de Santé (AGEPS) , Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP) , Paris , France and
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Kharb V, Saharan VA, Kharb V, Jadhav H, Purohit S. Formulation and evaluation of lipid based taste masked granules of ondansetron HCl. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 62:180-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lean production of taste improved lipidic sodium benzoate formulations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 88:455-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Aleksovski A, Dreu R, Gašperlin M, Planinšek O. Mini-tablets: a contemporary system for oral drug delivery in targeted patient groups. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 12:65-84. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.951633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Critical parameters involved in producing microspheres by prilling of molten lipids: From theoretical prediction of particle size to practice. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 87:530-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Effect of binders on the release rates of direct molded verapamil tablets using twin-screw extruder in melt granulation. Int J Pharm 2014; 463:89-97. [PMID: 24406670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Conventional manufacturing of pharmaceutical tablets often involves single processes such as blending, granulation, milling and direct compression. A process that minimizes and incorporates all these in a single continuous step is desirable. The concept of omitting milling step followed by direct-molding of tablets utilizing a twin-screw extruder in a melt granulation process using thermoplastic binders was explored. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of combining hydrophilic binder (HPMC K4M, PEO 1M), and hydrophobic binder (Compritol® ATO 888, Precirol® ATO 5) on the release profiles of direct-molded tablets and direct-compressed tablets from milled extrudates using a quality-by-design approach. It was identified that hydrophilic binder type and process significantly affects (p=0.005) the release profiles of verapamil. Moreover, two-way interaction analysis demonstrated that the combination of process with type of hydrophilic polymer (p=0.028) and the type of hydrophilic polymer with polymer ratio (p=0.033) significantly affected the release profiles. The formulation release kinetics correlated to Higuchi release model and the mechanism correlated to a non-Fickian release mechanism. The results of the present study indicated that direct-molded tablets with different release profiles can be manufactured without milling process and through a continuous melt granulation using twin-screw extruder with appropriate thermoplastic binder ratio.
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Sustained release solid lipid matrices processed by hot-melt extrusion (HME). Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 110:403-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Vithani K, Cuppok Y, Mostafa S, Slipper IJ, Snowden MJ, Douroumis D. Diclofenac sodium sustained release hot melt extruded lipid matrices. Pharm Dev Technol 2013; 19:531-8. [PMID: 23763447 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2013.805775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Sustained release diclofenac sodium (Df-Na) solid lipid matrices with Compritol® 888 ATO were developed in this study. The drug/lipid powders were processed via cold and hot melt extrusion at various drug loadings. The influence of the processing temperatures, drug loading and the addition of excipients on the obtained dissolution rates was investigated. The physicochemical characterization of the extruded batches showed the existence of crystalline drug in the extrudates with a small amount being solubilized in the lipid matrix. The drug content and uniformity on the tablet surface were also investigated by using energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. The dissolution rates were found to depend on the actual Df-Na loading and the nature of the added excipients, while the effect of the processing temperatures was negligible. The dissolution mechanism of all extruded formulations followed Peppas-Korsemeyer law, based on the estimated determination coefficients and the dissolution constant rates, indicating drug diffusion from the lipid matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vithani
- University of Greenwich, School of Science , Chatham Maritime, Kent , UK
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Maniruzzaman M, Boateng JS, Chowdhry BZ, Snowden MJ, Douroumis D. A review on the taste masking of bitter APIs: hot-melt extrusion (HME) evaluation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 40:145-56. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2013.804833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Maniruzzaman M, Boateng JS, Snowden MJ, Douroumis D. A review of hot-melt extrusion: process technology to pharmaceutical products. ISRN PHARMACEUTICS 2012; 2012:436763. [PMID: 23326686 PMCID: PMC3543799 DOI: 10.5402/2012/436763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the last three decades industrial adaptability has allowed hot-melt extrusion (HME) to gain wide acceptance and has already established its place in the broad spectrum of manufacturing operations and pharmaceutical research developments. HME has already been demonstrated as a robust, novel technique to make solid dispersions in order to provide time controlled, modified, extended, and targeted drug delivery resulting in improved bioavailability as well as taste masking of bitter active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). This paper reviews the innumerable benefits of HME, based on a holistic perspective of the equipment, processing technologies to the materials, novel formulation design and developments, and its varied applications in oral drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Maniruzzaman
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK ; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medway School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
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Buttini F, Colombo P, Rossi A, Sonvico F, Colombo G. Particles and powders: Tools of innovation for non-invasive drug administration. J Control Release 2012; 161:693-702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Vaassen J, Bartscher K, Breitkreutz J. Taste masked lipid pellets with enhanced release of hydrophobic active ingredient. Int J Pharm 2012; 429:99-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hennermann JB, Berger JM, Grieben U, Scharer G, Van Hove JLK. Prediction of long-term outcome in glycine encephalopathy: a clinical survey. J Inherit Metab Dis 2012; 35:253-61. [PMID: 22002442 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-011-9398-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glycine encephalopathy (GE) is a rare autosomal recessive inborn error of glycine degradation resulting in severe encephalopathy with ensuing poor outcome. Attenuated variants with a significantly better outcome have been reported. Early prediction of long-term outcome is not yet possible. METHODS We compared the clinical and biochemical features of 45 children, each with a different course of the disease, to help determine predictors of long-term outcome. RESULTS The most common presenting symptoms were hypotonia, seizures, and coma. In this study, 85% of the patients presented within the first week of life, and 15% presented after the neonatal period up to the age of 12 months. Developmental progress was made by 19% of those children presenting during the neonatal period and by 50% of those presenting in infancy. Initial CSF and plasma glycine concentrations were not useful in differentiating severe and attenuated outcome. A severe outcome was significantly associated with early onset of spasticity, frequent hiccupping, EEG burst-suppression or hypsarrhythmia patterns, microcephaly, and congenital or cerebral malformations, e.g. corpus callosum hypoplasia. An attenuated outcome was significantly associated with hyperactivity and choreiform movement disorders. We describe a severity score which facilitates the prediction of the outcome in patients with GE. CONCLUSION Prediction of the outcome of GE may be facilitated by recognizing selected clinical parameters and early neuroimaging findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia B Hennermann
- Department of Pediatrics, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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Maniruzzaman M, Boateng JS, Bonnefille M, Aranyos A, Mitchell JC, Douroumis D. Taste masking of paracetamol by hot-melt extrusion: An in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 80:433-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Sosnik A, Seremeta KP, Imperiale JC, Chiappetta DA. Novel formulation and drug delivery strategies for the treatment of pediatric poverty-related diseases. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:303-23. [PMID: 22257003 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.655268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Due to a lack of approved drugs and formulations, children represent the most vulnerable patients. Magistral, unlicensed formulations obtained by the manipulation of solid forms should undergo clinical evaluation to ensure bioequivalence. The development of new pediatric medicines is complex and faces technological, economic and ethical challenges. This phenomenon has contributed to the emergence of an adult-children gap. To improve the situation, the World Health Organization launched the global campaign 'Make medicines child size' and a number of international initiatives have been established. The situation is more critical in the case of poverty-related diseases (PRDs) that mainly affect poor countries. AREAS COVERED This review critically discusses different strategies to develop pediatric formulations and drug delivery systems (DDS) in PRDs and their potential implementation in the current market. Readers will gain an updated perspective on the development of pediatric medicines for the treatment of PRDs and the proximate challenges and opportunities faced to ensure an effective pharmacotherapy. EXPERT OPINION There is an urgent need for the development of innovative, scalable and cost-viable formulations to ensure pediatric patients have access to appropriate medications for PRDs. The guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonisation constitute a very good orientation tool, as they emphasize physiological and developmental aspects that need to be considered in pediatric research. It is important to consider cultural, economic and ethical aspects that make developing nations facing PRDs different from the developed world. Thus, the best strategy would probably be to conceive and engage similar initiatives in the developing world, to address unattended therapeutic niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Sosnik
- University of Buenos Aires, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, The Group of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology for Improved Medicines, 956 Junín St., Buenos Aires CP1113, Argentina.
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Güres S, Kleinebudde P. Dissolution from solid lipid extrudates containing release modifiers. Int J Pharm 2011; 412:77-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Windbergs M, Haaser M, McGoverin CM, Gordon KC, Kleinebudde P, Strachan CJ. Investigating the relationship between drug distribution in solid lipid matrices and dissolution behaviour using raman spectroscopy and mapping**Maike Windbergs and Miriam Haaser contributed equally to this work. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:1464-75. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Windbergs M, Gueres S, Strachan CJ, Kleinebudde P. Two-step solid lipid extrusion as a process to modify dissolution behavior. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010; 11:2-8. [PMID: 20309654 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9395-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extrudates based on varying ratios of the triglyceride tripalmitin and the hydrophilic polymer polyethylene glycol as matrix formers were produced as oral dosage forms with controlled release characteristics. The extrudates were processed below the melting points of the excipients and contained the hydrophobic model drug chloramphenicol. The influence of the ratio of the matrix formers on drug dissolution was investigated, with an increase in the water-soluble polymer content increasing the drug release rate. In addition, the effect of varying the extrusion process on the extrudate structure and drug dissolution was investigated. Two-step extrusion was performed, which comprised an initial extrusion step of drug and one matrix component followed by milling these extrudates and a second extrusion step for the milled extrudates mixed with the second matrix component. Initial extrusion with polyethylene glycol led to increased dissolution rates, while initial extrusion with tripalmitin led to decreased dissolution rates compared to the dissolution characteristics of extrudates containing the same composition produced by one-step extrusion. Thus, two-step solid lipid extrusion can successfully be used as a process to modify the dissolution behavior of extrudates.
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Pauli-Bruns A, Knop K, Lippold BC. Preparation of sustained release matrix pellets by melt agglomeration in the fluidized bed: influence of formulation variables and modelling of agglomerate growth. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009; 74:503-12. [PMID: 20026401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The one-step preparation of sustained release matrix pellets, using a melting procedure in a fluidized bed apparatus, was tested in a 2(3) full factorial design of experiments, using microcrystalline wax as lipophilic binder, theophylline as model drug and talc as additional matrix forming agent. The three influence parameters were (A) size of binder particles, (B) fraction of theophylline in solid particles and (C) fraction of microcrystalline wax in formulation. The response variables were agglomerate size and size distribution, dissolution time, agglomerate crush resistance, sphericity, yield and porosity. Nearly spherical pellets comprising a smooth, closed surface could be obtained with the used method, exhibiting the hollow core typical for the immersion and layering mechanism. The reproducibility was very good concerning all responses. The size of agglomerates is proportional to the size of the binder particles, which serve as cores for pellet formation in the molten state in the fluidized bed. Additionally, the agglomerate size is influenced by the volume of the solid particles in relation to the binder particles, with more solid particles leading to larger agglomerates and vice versa. Dissolution times vary in a very wide range, resulting from the interplay between amount of drug in relation to the meltable matrix substance microcrystalline wax and the non-meltable matrix substance talc. The change of binder particle size does not lead to a structural change of the matrix; both dissolution times and porosity are not significantly altered. Agglomerate crush resistance is low due to the hollow core of the pellets. However, it is significantly increased if the volume fraction of microcrystalline wax in the matrix is high, which means that the matrix is mechanically better stabilized. A theoretical model has been established to quantitatively explain agglomerate growth and very good accordance of the full particle size distributions between predicted and actual values could be shown. A low volumetric binder to solids ratio is compensated by a more porous layer. On the basis of this model, in-depth understanding on the mechanism and influence of product properties could be gained; and an a priori estimation of particle size distributions for new formulas can be performed, with densities, formula, and binder particle size distribution as input parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Pauli-Bruns
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Influence of the composition of glycerides on the solid-state behaviour and the dissolution profiles of solid lipid extrudates. Int J Pharm 2009; 381:184-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Windbergs M, Strachan CJ, Kleinebudde P. Investigating the principles of recrystallization from glyceride melts. AAPS PharmSciTech 2009; 10:1224-33. [PMID: 19862628 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-009-9311-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Different lipids were melted and resolidified as model systems to gain deeper insight into the principles of recrystallization processes in lipid-based dosage forms. Solid-state characterization was performed on the samples with differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray powder diffraction. Several recrystallization processes could be identified during storage of the lipid layers. Pure triglycerides that generally crystallize to the metastable alpha-form from the melt followed by a recrystallization process to the stable beta-form with time showed a chain-length-dependent behavior during storage. With increasing chain length, the recrystallization to the stable beta-form was decelerated. Partial glycerides exhibited a more complex recrystallization behavior due to the fact that these substances are less homogenous. Mixtures of a long-chain triglyceride and a partial glyceride showed evidence of some interaction between the two components as the partial glyceride hindered the recrystallization of the triglyceride to the stable beta-form. In addition, the extent of this phenomenon depended on the amount of partial glyceride in the mixture. Based on these results, changes in solid dosage forms based on glycerides during processing and storage can be better understood.
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Tailor-made dissolution profiles by extruded matrices based on lipid polyethylene glycol mixtures. J Control Release 2009; 137:211-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Windbergs M, Strachan CJ, Kleinebudde P. Influence of structural variations on drug release from lipid/polyethylene glycol matrices. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 37:555-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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JIN H, XIA F, JIANG C, ZHAO Y, HE L. Nanoencapsulation of Lutein with Hydroxypropylmethyl Cellulose Phthalate by Supercritical Antisolvent. Chin J Chem Eng 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1004-9541(08)60262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Controlled release of active as a consequence of the die diameter in solid lipid extrusion. J Control Release 2008; 132:35-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Reitz C, Kleinebudde P. Solid lipid extrusion of sustained release dosage forms. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2007; 67:440-8. [PMID: 17481868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2006] [Revised: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The applicability of the solid lipid extrusion process as preparations method for sustained release dosage forms was investigated in this study. Two lipids with similar melting ranges but of different composition, glyceryl palmitostearate (Precirol ATO 5) and glyceryl trimyristate (Dynasan 114), and mixtures of each lipid with 50% or 75% theophylline were extruded at temperatures below their melting ranges. Extrudates were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, porosity measurements and in vitro drug dissolution studies. The possibility of processing lipids by softening instead of complete melting and without subsequent formation of low-melting, metastable polymorphs could be demonstrated. Extrudates based on formulations of glyceryl palmitostearate/theophylline (50:50) and glyceryl trimyristate/theophylline (50:50) showed sustained release properties. An influence of extrusion conditions on the matrix structure was shown for extrudates based on a mixture of glyceryl trimyristate and theophylline (50:50). Glyceryl trimyristate tended to solidify in porous structures after melting. Exceeding a material temperature of 50.5 degrees C led to porous extrudate matrices with a faster drug release. The production of novel, non porous sustained release matrices was possible at a material temperature of 49.5 degrees C. Extrudates based on glyceryl trimyristate/theophylline (50:50) only slight changes in melting enthalpy and stable drug release profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Reitz
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Abstract
Age-adapted drug formulations are a challenge in drug development. This paper describes the special requirements of paediatric and geriatric patients, and new ideas to solve the most prominent problems in the application of drugs to these patients. Most requirements are very similar in each subpopulation, but there are also some particularities. In neonates and infants, the immaturity of enzymes may determine the pharmacokinetics of the excipients, which must be carefully selected. Pharmacokinetics in the elderly are strongly influenced by co-morbidity, multiple-drug use or reduced organ functions. The drug handling and the readability of the product information are key issues in both subpopulations. Children and the elderly show difficulties in swallowing solid dosage forms for oral use. In both patient groups, small sized particulates or liquid dosage forms are superior to classic tablets or capsules. The main problem with using liquids is the palatability of the solution, especially when considering that taste sensation differs age-dependently and interindividually. Recent technological developments such as the dose sipping technology, promise improvements. The new EU legislation for the development of new paediatric drugs may also stimulate the research into drug delivery for the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Breitkreutz
- Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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