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Ferreira E, Gatrell LB, Childress L, Wu H, Porter RM. A Transgenic Rat for Noninvasive Assessment of Chondrogenesis in Vivo. Cartilage 2021; 13:1720S-1733S. [PMID: 34809478 PMCID: PMC8804729 DOI: 10.1177/19476035211057243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To support the preclinical evaluation of therapeutics that target chondrogenesis, our goal was to generate a rat strain that can noninvasively report endogenous chondrogenic activity. DESIGN A transgene was constructed in which the dual expression of bioluminescent (firefly luciferase) and fluorescent (mCherry) reporters is controlled by regulatory sequences from rat Col2a1. Candidate lines were established on a Lewis background and characterized by serial bioluminescence imaging as well as ex vivo measurement of molecular reporter levels in several tissues. The sensitivity and specificity of the reporter strain were assessed in models of orthotopic and ectopic chondrogenesis. RESULTS Substantial bioluminescence signal was detected from cartilaginous regions, including the appendicular synovial joints, spine, sternum, nose, and pinnae. Bioluminescent radiance was intense at 1 month of age, rapidly declined with continued development, yet remained detectable in 2-year-old animals. Explant imaging and immunohistochemistry confirmed that both molecular reporters were localized to cartilage. Implantation of wild-type bone marrow stromal cells into osteochondral defects made in both young adult and aged reporter rats led to a time-dependent elevation of intra-articular reporter activity concurrent with cartilaginous tissue repair. To stimulate ectopic, endochondral bone formation, bone morphogenetic protein 2 was overexpressed in the gastrocnemius muscle, which led to bioluminescent signal that closely preceded heterotopic ossification. CONCLUSIONS This strain can help develop strategies to stimulate cartilage repair and endochondral bone formation or to inhibit chondrogenesis associated with heterotopic ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Ferreira
- Center for Musculoskeletal Disease
Research, Departments of Internal Medicine and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of
Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Landon B. Gatrell
- Center for Musculoskeletal Disease
Research, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine,
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Luke Childress
- Center for Musculoskeletal Disease
Research, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine,
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Hong Wu
- Center for Musculoskeletal Disease
Research, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine,
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Ryan M. Porter
- Center for Musculoskeletal Disease
Research, Departments of Internal Medicine and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of
Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA,Ryan M. Porter, Center for Musculoskeletal
Disease Research, Departments of Internal Medicine and Orthopaedic Surgery,
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham Street, Mail Slot
#587, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
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Haghwerdi F, Khozaei Ravari M, Taghiyar L, Shamekhi MA, Jahangir S, Haririan I, Baghaban Eslaminejad M. Application of bone and cartilage extracellular matrices in articular cartilage regeneration. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [PMID: 34102624 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac094b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage has an avascular structure with a poor ability for self-repair; therefore, many challenges arise in cases of trauma or disease. It is of utmost importance to identify the proper biomaterial for tissue repair that has the capability to direct cell recruitment, proliferation, differentiation, and tissue integration by imitating the natural microenvironment of cells and transmitting an orchestra of intracellular signals. Cartilage extracellular matrix (cECM) is a complex nanostructure composed of divergent proteins and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which regulate many functions of resident cells. Numerous studies have shown the remarkable capacity of ECM-derived biomaterials for tissue repair and regeneration. Moreover, given the importance of biodegradability, biocompatibility, 3D structure, porosity, and mechanical stability in the design of suitable scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering, demineralized bone matrix (DBM) appears to be a promising biomaterial for this purpose, as it possesses the aforementioned characteristics inherently. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no comprehensive review study on the use of DBM in cartilage tissue engineering has previously been published. Since so much work is needed to address DBM limitations such as pore size, cell retention, and so on, we decided to draw the attention of researchers in this field by compiling a list of recent publications. This review discusses the implementation of composite scaffolds of natural or synthetic origin functionalized with cECM or DBM in cartilage tissue engineering. Cutting-edge advances and limitations are also discussed in an attempt to provide guidance to researchers and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Haghwerdi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Khozaei Ravari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran Iran
| | - Leila Taghiyar
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Shamekhi
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Sarvestan Branch, Sarvestan, Iran
| | - Shahrbano Jahangir
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran Iran
| | - Ismaeil Haririan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center (MBRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran Iran
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Sun Y, Yan L, Chen S, Pei M. Functionality of decellularized matrix in cartilage regeneration: A comparison of tissue versus cell sources. Acta Biomater 2018; 74:56-73. [PMID: 29702288 PMCID: PMC7307012 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that decellularized extracellular matrices (dECMs) derived from cartilage tissues (T-dECMs) or chondrocytes/stem cells (C-dECMs) can support proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of cartilage-forming cells. However, few review papers compare the differences between these dECMs when they serve as substrates for cartilage regeneration. In this review, after an introduction of cartilage immunogenicity and decellularization methods to prepare T-dECMs and C-dECMs, a comprehensive comparison focuses on the effects of T-dECMs and C-dECMs on proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of chondrocytes/stem cells in vitro and in vivo. Key factors within dECMs, consisting of microarchitecture characteristics and micromechanical properties as well as retained insoluble and soluble matrix components, are discussed in-depth for potential mechanisms underlying the functionality of these dECMs in regulating chondrogenesis. With this information, we hope to benefit dECM based cartilage engineering and tissue regeneration for future clinical application. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The use of decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) is becoming a promising approach for tissue engineering and regeneration. Compared to dECM derived from cartilage tissue, recently reported dECM from cell sources exhibits a distinct role in cell based cartilage regeneration. In this review paper, for the first time, tissue and cell based dECMs are comprehensively compared for their functionality in cartilage regeneration. This information is expected to provide an update for dECM based cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopaedics Institute, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
| | - Lianqi Yan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopaedics Institute, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
| | - Song Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, China
| | - Ming Pei
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; WVU Cancer Institute, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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4
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Wu SC, Chen CH, Wang JY, Lin YS, Chang JK, Ho ML. Hyaluronan size alters chondrogenesis of adipose-derived stem cells via the CD44/ERK/SOX-9 pathway. Acta Biomater 2018; 66:224-237. [PMID: 29128538 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a natural linear polymer that is one of the main types of extracellular matrix during the early stage of chondrogenesis. We found that the chondrogenesis of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) can be initiated and promoted by the application of HA to mimic the chondrogenic niche. The aim of this study is to investigate the optimal HA molecular weight (Mw) for chondrogenesis of ADSCs and the detailed mechanism. In this study, we investigated the relationships among HA Mw, CD44 clustering, and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/SOX-9 pathway during chondrogenesis of ADSCs. Human ADSCs (hADSCs) and rabbit ADSCs (rADSCs) were isolated and expanded. Chondrogenesis was induced in rADSCs by culturing cells in HA-coated wells (HA Mw: 80 kDa, 600 kDa and 2000 kDa) and evaluated by examining cell aggregation, chondrogenic gene expression (collagen type II and aggrecan) and sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) deposition in vitro. Cartilaginous tissue formation in vivo was confirmed by implanting HA/rADSCs into joint cavities. CD44 clustering, ERK phosphorylation, SOX-9 expression and SOX-9 phosphorylation in cultured hADSCs were further evaluated. Isolated and expanded rADSCs showed multilineage potential and anchorage-independent growth properties. Cell aggregation, chondrogenic gene expression, and sGAG deposition increased with increasing HA Mw in rADSCs. The 2000 kDa HA had the most pronounced chondrogenic effect on rADSCs in vitro, and implanted 2000 kDa HA/rADSCs exhibited marked cartilaginous tissue formation in vivo. CD44 clustering and cell aggregation of hADSCs were enhanced by an increase in HA Mw. In addition, higher HA Mws further enhanced CD44 clustering, ERK phosphorylation, and SOX-9 expression and phosphorylation in hADSCs. Inhibiting CD44 clustering in hADSCs reduced HA-induced chondrogenic gene expression. Inhibiting ERK phosphorylation also simultaneously attenuated HA-induced SOX-9 expression and phosphorylation and chondrogenic gene expression in hADSCs. Our results indicate that HA initiates ADSC chondrogenesis and that higher Mw HAs exhibit stronger effects, with 2000 kDa HA having the strongest effect. These effects may be mediated through increased CD44 clustering and the ERK/SOX-9 signaling pathway. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE HA-based biomaterials have been studied in stem cell-based articular cartilage tissue engineering. However, little is known about the optimal HA size for stem cell chondrogenesis and the mechanism of how HA size modulates stem cell chondrogenesis. Accordingly, we used HAs with various Mws (80-2000 kDa) as culture substrates and tested their chondrogenic effect on ADSCs. Our results demonstrated that HAs with a Mw of 2000 kDa showed the optimal effect for chondrogenesis of ADSCs. Moreover, we found that HA size can regulate ADSC chondrogenesis via the CD44/ERK/SOX-9 pathway. This finding provides new information regarding the biochemical control of chondrogenesis by HA substrates that may add value to the development of HA-based biomaterials for articular cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Cheng Wu
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hwan Chen
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Orthopaedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Adult Reconstruction Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jyun-Ya Wang
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shan Lin
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Je-Ken Chang
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Orthopaedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Adult Reconstruction Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Ling Ho
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Sun Y, Wang T, Toh W, Pei M. The role of laminins in cartilaginous tissues: from development to regeneration. Eur Cell Mater 2017; 34:40-54. [PMID: 28731483 PMCID: PMC7315463 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v034a03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
As a key molecule of the extracellular matrix, laminin provides a delicate microenvironment for cell functions. Recent findings suggest that laminins expressed by cartilage-forming cells (chondrocytes, progenitor cells and stem cells) could promote chondrogenesis. However, few papers outline the effect of laminins on providing a favorable matrix microenvironment for cartilage regeneration. In this review, we delineated the expression of laminins in hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage and cartilage-like tissue (nucleus pulposus) throughout several developmental stages. We also examined the effect of laminins on the biological activities of chondrocytes, including adhesion, migration and survival. Furthermore, we scrutinized the potential influence of various laminin isoforms on cartilage-forming cells' proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation. With this information, we hope to facilitate the understanding of the spatial and temporal interactions between cartilage-forming cells and laminin microenvironment to eventually advance cell-based cartilage engineering and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Sun
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA,Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopaedics Institute, Subei People’s Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225001, China
| | - T.L. Wang
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - W.S. Toh
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - M. Pei
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA,Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA,Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA,Corresponding author: Ming Pei MD, PhD, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, PO Box 9196, One Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506-9196, USA, Telephone: 304-293-1072; Fax: 304-293-7070;
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6
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Grässel S, Stöckl S, Jenei-Lanzl Z. Isolation, culture, and osteogenic/chondrogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 879:203-67. [PMID: 22610563 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-815-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal disorders, as non-healing fractures and large bone defects, articular cartilage and subchondral bone injuries, often result in lifelong chronic pain and compromised quality of life. Although generally a natural process, failure of large bone defects to heal such as after complex fractures, resection of tumours, infections, or revisions of joint replacements remains a critical challenge that requires more appropriate solutions as those currently available. In addition, regeneration of chondral and osteochondral defects continues to be a challenge until to date. A profound understanding of the underlying mechanisms of endogenous regeneration is a prerequisite for successful bone and cartilage regeneration. Presently, one of the most promising therapeutic approaches is cell-based tissue engineering which provides a healthy population of cells to the injured site. Use of differentiated cells has severe limitations; an excellent alternative would be the application of adult marrow stromal cells/mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) which possess extensive proliferation potential and proven capability to differentiate along the osteochondral pathway. The process of osteo-/chondrogenesis can be mimicked in vitro by inducing osteo-chondroprogenitor stem cells to undergo osteogenesis and chondrogenesis through exposure of osteo-/chondrogenic favourable microenvironmental, mechanical, and nutritional conditions. This chapter provides comprehensive protocols for the isolation, expansion, and osteo-/chondrogenic differentiation of adult bone marrow-derived MSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Grässel
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Regensburg and Centre for Biomedical Technology, BioPark, Regensburg, Germany.
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7
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Lei X, Liu B, Wu J, Lu Y, Yang Y. Matrigel-Induced Tubular Morphogenesis of Human Eccrine Sweat Gland Epithelial Cells. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 294:1525-31. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.21459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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8
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Lozito TP, Taboas JM, Kuo CK, Tuan RS. Mesenchymal stem cell modification of endothelial matrix regulates their vascular differentiation. J Cell Biochem 2009; 107:706-13. [PMID: 19415686 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) respond to a variety of differentiation signal provided by their local environments. A large portion of these signals originate from the extracellular matrix (ECM). At the same time, MSCs secrete various matrix-altering agents, including proteases, that alter ECM-encoded differentiation signals. Here we investigated the interactions between MSC and ECM produced by endothelial cells (EC-matrix), focusing not only on the differentiation signals provided by EC-matrix, but also on MSC-alteration of these signals and the resultant affects on MSC differentiation. MSCs were cultured on EC-matrix modified in one of three distinct ways. First, MSCs cultured on native EC-matrix underwent endothelial cell (EC) differentiation early during the culture period and smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation at later time points. Second, MSCs cultured on crosslinked EC-matrix, which is resistant to MSC modification, differentiated towards an EC lineage only. Third, MSCs cultured on EC-matrix pre-modified by MSCs underwent SMC-differentiation only. These MSC-induced matrix alterations were found to deplete the factors responsible for EC-differentiation, yet activate the SMC-differentiation factors. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the EC-matrix contains factors that support MSC differentiation into both ECs and SMCs, and that these factors are modified by MSC-secreted agents. By analyzing the framework by which EC-matrix regulates differentiation in MSCs, we have uncovered evidence of a feedback system in which MSCs are able to alter the very matrix signals acting upon them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Lozito
- Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Vinatier C, Bouffi C, Merceron C, Gordeladze J, Brondello JM, Jorgensen C, Weiss P, Guicheux J, Noël D. Cartilage tissue engineering: towards a biomaterial-assisted mesenchymal stem cell therapy. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2009; 4:318-29. [PMID: 19804369 DOI: 10.2174/157488809789649205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Injuries to articular cartilage are one of the most challenging issues of musculoskeletal medicine due to the poor intrinsic ability of this tissue for repair. Despite progress in orthopaedic surgery, the lack of efficient modalities of treatment for large chondral defects has prompted research on tissue engineering combining chondrogenic cells, scaffold materials and environmental factors. The aim of this review is to focus on the recent advances made in exploiting the potentials of cell therapy for cartilage engineering. These include: 1) defining the best cell candidates between chondrocytes or multipotent progenitor cells, such as multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC), in terms of readily available sources for isolation, expansion and repair potential; 2) engineering biocompatible and biodegradable natural or artificial matrix scaffolds as cell carriers, chondrogenic factors releasing factories and supports for defect filling, 3) identifying more specific growth factors and the appropriate scheme of application that will promote both chondrogenic differentiation and then maintain the differentiated phenotype overtime and 4) evaluating the optimal combinations that will answer to the functional demand placed upon cartilage tissue replacement in animal models and in clinics. Finally, some of the major obstacles generally encountered in cartilage engineering are discussed as well as future trends to overcome these limiting issues for clinical applications.
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Benton G, George J, Kleinman H, Arnaoutova I. Advancing science and technology via 3D culture on basement membrane matrix. J Cell Physiol 2009; 221:18-25. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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11
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Lozito TP, Kuo CK, Taboas JM, Tuan RS. Human mesenchymal stem cells express vascular cell phenotypes upon interaction with endothelial cell matrix. J Cell Biochem 2009; 107:714-22. [PMID: 19415687 PMCID: PMC5543930 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are thought to occupy a perivascular niche where they are exposed to signals originating from vascular cells. This study focused on the effects of endothelial cell (EC)-derived signals on MSC differentiation toward vascular cell lineages. Upon co-culture with two types of ECs, macrovascular (macro) ECs and microvascular (micro) ECs, the former caused MSCs to increase expression of both EC and smooth muscle cell (SMC) markers, while the latter induced expression of EC markers only. These marker changes in MSCs were linked to the extracellular matrixes secreted by the ECs (EC-matrix) rather than soluble EC-secreted factors. Beyond enhanced marker expression, EC-matrix also induced functional changes in MSCs indicative of development of a genuine vascular cell phenotype. These included enhanced incorporation into vessels and cytoskeletal localization of vascular SMC-specific contractile elements. The bioactivity of EC-matrix was sensitive to EDTA washes and required sulfated glycosaminoglycans. However, neither soluble VEGF nor substrate surfaces coated with fibronectin, collagen type IV, or laminin recreated the effects of EC-matrix on MSC vascular differentiation. In conclusion, these results identified EC-matrix as a critical regulator of vascular cell differentiation of MSCs. Elucidating these MSC-EC-matrix interactions and identifying the specific EC-matrix components involved will shed light on the perivascular signals seen by MSCs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Lozito
- Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Catherine K. Kuo
- Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Juan M. Taboas
- Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Rocky S. Tuan
- Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Kvist AJ, Nyström A, Hultenby K, Sasaki T, Talts JF, Aspberg A. The major basement membrane components localize to the chondrocyte pericellular matrix — A cartilage basement membrane equivalent? Matrix Biol 2008; 27:22-33. [PMID: 17825545 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate that articular cartilage chondrocytes are surrounded by the defining basement membrane proteins laminin, collagen type IV, nidogen and perlecan, and suggest that these form the functional equivalent of a basement membrane. We found by real-time PCR that mouse chondrocytes express these four cardinal components of basement membranes and demonstrated by immunohistochemistry that the proteins are present in bovine and mouse cartilage tissues and are deposited in a thin pericellular structure. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed high laminin concentration in the pericellular matrix. In cartilage from newborn mice, basement membrane components are widespread in the territorial and interterritorial matrix, while in mature cartilage of adult mice the basement membrane components are localized mainly to a narrow pericellular zone. With progression into old age, this layer becomes less distinct, especially in areas of obvious mechanical attrition. Interestingly, individual laminin subunits were located in different zones of the cartilage, with laminin alpha1 showing preferential localization around a select population of superficial layer chondrocytes. We propose that the chondrocyte, like several other cell types of mesenchymal origin, is surrounded by the functional equivalent of a basement membrane. This structure is presumably involved in maintaining chondrocyte phenotype and viability and may well allow a new understanding of cartilage development and provide clues to the progression of degenerative joint disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Kvist
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
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Jukes JM, Moroni L, van Blitterswijk CA, de Boer J. Critical Steps toward a Tissue-Engineered Cartilage Implant Using Embryonic Stem Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.0397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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14
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Jukes JM, Moroni L, van Blitterswijk CA, de Boer J. Critical Steps toward a Tissue-Engineered Cartilage Implant Using Embryonic Stem Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2008; 14:135-47. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.a.2006.0397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jojanneke M. Jukes
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Biomedical Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Biomedical Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens A. van Blitterswijk
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Biomedical Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jan de Boer
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Biomedical Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The basement membrane extracellular matrix contacts epithelial, endothelial, fat and smooth muscle cells. Because this extracellular matrix is so thin, it had been hard to study its composition, structure, and function. An extract of a tumor was found to contain all of the components present in basement and to be very biologically active. This extract, termed Matrigel, Cultrex, or EHS matrix, promotes cell differentiation, and is used to measure the invasive activity of tumor cells. In vivo, it is used for measuring angiogenic inhibitors and stimulators, to improve graft survival, repair damaged tissues, and increase tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hynda K Kleinman
- NIH, NIDCR, 30/433, 30 Convent Dr. MSC 4370, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370, USA.
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Chen J, Wang C, Lü S, Wu J, Guo X, Duan C, Dong L, Song Y, Zhang J, Jing D, Wu L, Ding J, Li D. In vivo chondrogenesis of adult bone-marrow-derived autologous mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Tissue Res 2005; 319:429-38. [PMID: 15672263 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-004-1025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2004] [Accepted: 10/20/2004] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study has been to investigate the possible effects of the normal joint cavity environment on chondrocytic differentiation of bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Autologous bone marrow was aspirated from the iliac crest of male sheep. MSCs were purified, expanded, and labeled with the fluorescent dye PKH26. Labeled MSCs were then grown on a three-dimensional porous scaffold of poly (L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) in vitro and implanted into the joint cavity by a surgical procedure. At 4 or 8 weeks after implantation, the implants were removed for histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis. The cells labeled with red fluorescent PKH26 in the implants expressed type II collagen and synthesized sulfated proteoglycans. However, the osteoblast-specific marker, osteocalcin, was not detected by immunohistochemistry indicating that the implanted MSCs had not differentiated into osteoblasts by being directly exposed to the normal joint cavity. To investigate the possible factors involved in chondrocytic differentiation of MSCs further, we co-cultured sheep MSCs with the main components of the normal joint cavity, viz., synovial fluid or synovial cells, in vitro. After 1 or 2 weeks of co-culture, the MSCs in both co-culture systems expressed markers of chondrogenesis. These results suggest that synovial fluid and synovium from normal joint cavity are important for the chondrocytic differentiation of adult bone-marrow-derived MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwu Chen
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
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Hunziker EB. Articular cartilage repair: basic science and clinical progress. A review of the current status and prospects. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2002; 10:432-63. [PMID: 12056848 DOI: 10.1053/joca.2002.0801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1348] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the basic scientific status of repair in articular cartilage tissue and to assess the efficiency of current clinical therapies instigated for the treatment of structural lesions generated therein as a result of trauma or during the course of various diseases, notably osteoarthritis (OA). Current scientific trends and possible directions for the future will also be discussed. DESIGN A systematic and critical analysis is undertaken, beginning with a description of the spontaneous repair responses in different types of lesion. Surgical interventions aimed at inducing repair without the use of active biologics will then be considered, followed by those involving active biologics and those drawing on autogenic and allogeneic tissue transplantation principles. Cell transplantation approaches, in particular novel tissue engineering concepts, will be critically presented. These will include growth-factor-based biological treatments and gene transfection protocols. A number of technical problems associated with repair interventions, such as tissue integration, tissue retention and the role of mechanical factors, will also be analysed. RESULTS A critical analysis of the literature reveals the existence of many novel and very promising biologically-based approaches for the induction of articular cartilage repair, the vast majority of which are still at an experimental phase of development. But prospective, double-blinded clinical trials comparing currently practiced surgical treatments have, unfortunately, not been undertaken. CONCLUSION The existence of many new and encouraging biological approaches to cartilage repair justifies the future investment of time and money in this research area, particularly given the extremely high socio-economic importance of such therapeutic strategies in the prevention and treatment of these common joint diseases and traumas. Clinical epidemiological and prospective trials are, moreover, urgently needed for an objective, scientific appraisal of current therapies and future novel approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Hunziker
- M.E. Müller-Institute for Biomechanics, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, Switzerland.
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Worster AA, Brower-Toland BD, Fortier LA, Bent SJ, Williams J, Nixon AJ. Chondrocytic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells sequentially exposed to transforming growth factor-beta1 in monolayer and insulin-like growth factor-I in a three-dimensional matrix. J Orthop Res 2001; 19:738-49. [PMID: 11518286 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-0266(00)00054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated chondrogenesis of mesenchymal progenitor stem cells (MSCs) cultured initially under pre-confluent monolayer conditions exposed to transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), and subsequently in three-dimensional cultures containing insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Bone marrow aspirates and chondrocytes were obtained from horses and cultured in monolayer with 0 or 5 ng of TGF-beta 1 per ml of medium for 6 days. TGF-beta 1 treated and untreated cultures were distributed to three-dimensional fibrin disks containing 0 or 100 ng of IGF-I per ml of medium to establish four treatment groups. After 13 days, cultures were assessed by toluidine blue staining, collagen types I and II in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, proteoglycan production by [35S]-sulfate incorporation, and disk DNA content by fluorometry. Mesenchymal cells in monolayer cultures treated with TGF-beta1 actively proliferated for the first 4 days, developed cellular rounding, and formed cell clusters. Treated MSC cultures had a two-fold increase in medium proteoglycan content. Pretreatment of MSCs with TGF-beta1 followed by exposure of cells to IGF-I in three-dimensional culture significantly increased the formation of markers of chondrocytic function including disk proteoglycan content and procollagen type II mRNA production. However, proteoglycan and procollagen type II production by MSC's remained lower than parallel chondrocyte cultures. MSC pretreatment with TGF-beta1 without sequential IGF-I was less effective in initiating expression of markers of chondrogenesis. This study indicates that although MSC differentiation was less than complete when compared to mature chondrocytes, chondrogenesis was observed in IGF-I supplemented cultures, particularly when used in concert with TGF-beta1 pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Worster
- Comparative Orthopaedics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Worster AA, Nixon AJ, Brower-Toland BD, Williams J. Effect of transforming growth factor beta1 on chondrogenic differentiation of cultured equine mesenchymal stem cells. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61:1003-10. [PMID: 10976727 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the morphologic and phenotypic effects of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) on cultured equine mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and articular chondrocytes. SAMPLE POPULATION Bone marrow aspirates and articular cartilage samples from a 2-year-old and two 8-month-old horses. PROCEDURE After initial isolation and culture, MSC and chondrocytes were cultured in Ham's F-12 medium supplemented with TGF-beta1 at a concentration of 0, 1, 5, or 10 ng/ml. Medium was exchanged on day 2, and cells were harvested on day 4. Medium was assayed for proteoglycan (PG) content. Total RNA was isolated from cell cultures, and expression of aggrecan, decrin, collagen type-I, and collagen type-II mRNA was assessed by means of Northern blot analyses. Cell cultures were stained with H&E or toluidine blue and examined histologically. Additional cultures were examined after immunohistochemical staining for type-I and -II collagen. RESULTS MSC cultures exposed to TGF-beta1 had an increased cellular density with cell layering and nodule formation that was most pronounced in cultures treated with 5 ng of TGF-beta1/ml. Expression of collagen type-II mRNA in MSC cultures exposed to 5 ng of TGF-beta1/ml was 1.7 times expression in control cultures, and expression of collagen type-I mRNA was 2.8 times expression in control cultures. Treatment of MSC with TGF-beta1 led to dose-related increases in area and intensity of type-II collagen immunoreaction. CONCLUSION Results suggest that TGF-beta1 enhances chondrogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived MSC in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Worster
- Comparative Orthopaedics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Potter K, Butler JJ, Adams C, Fishbein KW, McFarland EW, Horton WE, Spencer RG. Cartilage formation in a hollow fiber bioreactor studied by proton magnetic resonance microscopy. Matrix Biol 1998; 17:513-23. [PMID: 9881603 DOI: 10.1016/s0945-053x(98)90099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The ideal in vitro system for investigating the regulation of cartilage formation and maintenance would allow for three-dimensional tissue growth, a wide range of biochemical interventions, and non-destructive evaluation. We have developed a hollow fiber bioreactor (HFBR) system which meets these criteria. After injection with embryonic chick sternal chondrocytes, neocartilage is elaborated around the hollow fibers, reaching a thickness of up to a millimeter after four weeks of growth. This process was monitored over time with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) microimaging and correlative biochemical and histologic analyses. Tissue volume and cellularity increased greatly during development. This was accompanied by changes in magnetic resonance properties consistent with increased macromolecular content. Further, tissue heterogeneity, observed as regional variations in cell size in histologic sections, was also observed in quantitative NMR images.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Potter
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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Lee SK, Malpeli M, Cancedda R, Utani A, Yamada Y, Kleinman HK. Laminin chain expression by chick chondrocytes and mouse cartilaginous tissues in vivo and in vitro. Exp Cell Res 1997; 236:212-22. [PMID: 9344601 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1997.3710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have observed that laminins are expressed in the chondrocytes of chick embryo sternum, mouse limb bud, and adult mouse knee joint by the methods of in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and immunoprecipitation. From in situ hybridization using similar sized RNA probes for different mouse laminin chains, mRNAs for the alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2, and gamma 1 chains were expressed in the chondrocytes of chick embryo sternum, mouse limb bud, and the articular cartilage cap and epiphyseal growth plate of adult mouse knee joint. Through the use of chain-specific antibodies, staining for laminins was observed in the cytoplasm of chondrocytes from chick embryo sternum, mouse limb bud, and adult mouse knee joint. Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of laminin chains in the cells and sternal tissues. Cultured chick embryonic sternal chondrocytes expressed laminin mRNAs in the proliferating stage (2-3 days of culture) but the level increased in the aggregated cells during the maturation stage (5-7 days of culture). Comparable data were also obtained after immunostaining the cells. Thus, laminins are expressed in significant amounts by chondrocytes and may have an important role in cartilage development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Lee
- Craniofacial Developmental Biology and Regeneration Branch, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4370, USA
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