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Mohamed MA, Ahmed MA, El Sayed RA. Molecular effects of Moringa leaf extract on insulin resistance and reproductive function in hyperinsulinemic male rats. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2019; 18:487-494. [PMID: 31890674 PMCID: PMC6915189 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-019-00454-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have reported that insulin resistance impairs the antioxidant defense system and causes male infertility. Moringa oleifera is a medicinal plant that has been employed for the medicament of many disorders. It controls the levels of glucose and manages male sexual disorders. However, its extracts can reverse insulin resistance-linked metabolic alterations remains unknown. Therefore, the current study investigated the potential of the aqueous leaves extract from Moringa oleifera to reverse insulin resistance and testicular disorders in rats. METHODS Rats were fed either a chow (as a control group) or a high fructose diet (HFD, to persuade a state of insulin resistance), in addition to a group of rats fed HFD and treated with Moringa (300 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. RESULTS Moringa reversed hepatic insulin insensitivity and this was linked to up-regulation of genes involved in insulin receptors and glucose uptake in the liver. These results were associated with amended the insulin level in serum and standardization of insulin sensitivity. In addition, it improved the serum testosterone level and the gene expression of the testicular steridogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD). CONCLUSION Taken together, our findings demonstrate that Moringa reversed HFD diet-induced insulin resistance and improved the testicular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona A. Mohamed
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Girls Branch), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mervat A. Ahmed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Girls Branch), Cairo, Egypt
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Bisha University, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasha A. El Sayed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Girls Branch), Cairo, Egypt
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Baumgartner NE, Grissom EM, Pollard KJ, McQuillen SM, Daniel JM. Neuroestrogen-Dependent Transcriptional Activity in the Brains of ERE-Luciferase Reporter Mice following Short- and Long-Term Ovariectomy. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0275-19.2019. [PMID: 31575604 PMCID: PMC6795557 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0275-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work has demonstrated that estrogen receptors are transcriptionally active in the absence of ovarian estrogens. The current work aims to determine whether brain-derived estrogens influence estrogen receptor-dependent transcription after short- or long-term loss of ovarian function. Experiments were conducted using estrogen response element (ERE)-Luciferase reporter mice, which express the gene for luciferase driven by consensus ERE, allowing for the quantification of ERE-dependent transcription. Brain regions examined were hippocampus, cortex, and hypothalamus. In Experiment 1, short-term (10 d) ovariectomy had no impact on ERE-dependent transcription across brain regions compared with sham surgery. In Experiment 2, chronic intracerebroventricular administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole significantly decreased transcriptional activity in 10-d-old ovariectomized mice across brain regions, indicating that the sustained transcription in short-term ovariectomized mice is mediated at least in part via actions of neuroestrogens. Additionally, intracerebroventricular administration of estrogen receptor antagonist ICI-182,780 blocked transcription in 10-d-old ovariectomized mice across brain regions, providing evidence that sustained transcription in ovariectomized mice is estrogen receptor dependent. In Experiment 3, long-term (70 d) ovariectomy significantly decreased ERE-dependent transcription across brain regions, though some residual activity remained. In Experiment 4, chronic intracerebroventricular letrozole administration had no impact on transcription in 70 d ovariectomized mice across brain regions, indicating that the residual ERE-dependent transcription in long-term ovariectomized mice is not mediated by neuroestrogens. Overall, the results indicate that ERE-dependent transcription in the brain continues after ovariectomy and that the actions of neuroestrogens contribute to the maintenance of ERE-dependent transcription in the brain following short-term, but not long-term, loss of ovarian function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elin M Grissom
- Neuroscience Program
- Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118
| | | | | | - Jill M Daniel
- Neuroscience Program
- Tulane Brain Institute
- Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118
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Estevez MB, Monteagudo PT, Oliveira KC, Verreschi ITDN. Does having Turner syndrome affect quality of life in Brazilian women compared to common population? ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2019; 63:208-214. [PMID: 31066761 PMCID: PMC10522194 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to measure the quality of life (QoL) of patients with Turner syndrome (PTS) and determine the extent to which their clinical or laboratory alterations influence QoL compared to reference women (RW) of the same age range. SUBJECTS AND METHODS From Dec-2013 to Dec-2014, 90 participants were recruited. They were 18 years and older: 48 with Turner syndrome (TS) (PTS) and 42 without (RW). Recruited subjects completed the Portuguese version of Short Form 36 (SF-36) questionnaire, and blood was drawn to measure LH, FSH, oestradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), SHBG, and SDHEA (by ECLIA) and testosterone (by LC MS/MS). RESULTS Age and schooling were similar between groups. The most common occupations for PTS were health worker, administration and education, and health worker or cashier for RW. Most participants were Catholic or Evangelical. Eighty-one percent (39/48) of cases used Hormonal Replacement Therapy (HRT), mostly transdermal (23/39). RW and PTS scored similarly on the SF-36 questionnaire. RW had higher oestradiol (p = 0,01), lower FSH (p = 0,01) and higher testosterone (p = 0,01) than PTS. Concentrations of P4, LH, SHBG or SDHEA were similar. Significant associations were found among QoL and hormones (E2 with Vitality and LH with Physical Role) only in the PTS group. CONCLUSIONS PTS do not consider that TS affects their QoL as measured by domains on the SF-36. Oestradiol was related with QoL, emphasising the importance of HRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bernarda Estevez
- Ambulatório de Endocrinologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM/Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Patricia Teofilo Monteagudo
- Departamento de Endocrinologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM/Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Kelly Christina Oliveira
- Laboratório de Esteroides, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM/Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Circulating Estradiol Regulates Brain-Derived Estradiol via Actions at GnRH Receptors to Impact Memory in Ovariectomized Rats. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-NWR-0321-16. [PMID: 28032117 PMCID: PMC5172373 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0321-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic estradiol treatment enhances hippocampus-dependent memory in ovariectomized rats. Although these enhancements are traditionally thought to be due to circulating estradiol, recent data suggest these changes are brought on by hippocampus-derived estradiol, the synthesis of which depends on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) activity. The goal of the current work is to test the hypothesis that peripheral estradiol affects hippocampus-dependent memory through brain-derived estradiol regulated via hippocampal GnRH receptor activity. In the first experiment, intracerebroventricular infusion of letrozole, which prevents the synthesis of estradiol, blocked the ability of peripheral estradiol administration in ovariectomized rats to enhance hippocampus-dependent memory in a radial-maze task. In the second experiment, hippocampal infusion of antide, a long-lasting GnRH receptor antagonist, blocked the ability of peripheral estradiol administration in ovariectomized rats to enhance hippocampus-dependent memory. In the third experiment, hippocampal infusion of GnRH enhanced hippocampus-dependent memory, the effects of which were blocked by letrozole infusion. Results indicate that peripheral estradiol-induced enhancement of cognition is mediated by brain-derived estradiol via hippocampal GnRH receptor activity.
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Veldhuis JD, Johnson ML. Analysis of nonequilibrium facets of pulsatile sex-steroid secretion in presence of plasma-binding proteins. Methods Enzymol 2001; 321:239-63. [PMID: 10909061 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(00)21197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J D Veldhuis
- General Clinical Research Center, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908-0202, USA
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Wide L, Naessén T, Phillips DJ. Effect of chronic daily oral administration of 17 beta-oestradiol and norethisterone on the isoforms of serum gonadotrophins in post-menopausal women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1995; 42:59-64. [PMID: 7889633 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1995.tb02599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic treatment with 17 beta-oestradiol (E2) implants has been found to counteract the formation of more acidic isoforms of the gonadotrophins in post-menopausal women. Oral medication with an oestrogen in combination with a progestagen is a common hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in post-menopausal women. The present study investigated the effect of such a therapy on the concentration and charge of the gonadotrophin isoforms in serum. DESIGN Serum samples were obtained from 20 post-menopausal women, mean age 60 years (range 50-72 years), treated with continuous daily oral medication of 2 mg E2 combined with 1 mg norethisterone acetate (NETA). FSH, LH and E2 in the serum was measured with fluoroimmunoassays. The median charge and charge heterogeneity of the FSH and LH isoforms were determined for each serum by electrophoresis in 0.1% agarose suspension. Sera from 20 post-menopausal women without a history of HRT served as controls. The results were compared with those from previous studies on post-menopausal women treated with E2 implants and on women with normal menstrual cycles. RESULTS The E2 level in the oral-E2 + NETA treated women was 198-610 pmol/l, within the range expected during the mid-luteal phase of the normal menstrual cycle and similar to that of the group of women with an E2 implant. The mean LH level was similar to that of the luteal phase of the cycle and significantly lower than that of the controls (P < 0.001), the E2 implant group (P < 0.001) and at the follicular phase of the cycle (P < 0.01). The mean FSH level was similar to that of the follicular phase and the E2 implant group but lower than that of the controls (P < 0.001) and higher than at the luteal phase of the cycle (P < 0.01). The mean values for median charge of both FSH and LH were less acidic than those of the controls (P < 0.001) but more acidic than those for the E2 implant group (P < 0.01; P < 0.001) and for different phases of the menstrual cycle (P < 0.05; P < 0.001). The mean degree of charge heterogeneity of FSH was larger (P < 0.01), while that of LH was smaller (P < 0.01), than for the controls. The mean concentrations of SHBG in the oral E2 + NETA group, the E2 implant group and the controls were similar. CONCLUSION Chronic oral therapy with 2 mg 17 beta-oestradiol combined with 1 mg norethisterone in post-menopausal women efficiently decreased the serum gonadotrophin levels but only partly counteracted the formation of the more acidic isoforms of FSH and LH after menopause. The differences in the charge for both FSH and LH between the E2 implant and the oral E2 + NETA treated groups may be due to the differences in route of administration of E2 or to the effect of norethisterone or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wide
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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Benker G, Jaspers C, Häusler G, Reinwein D. Control of prolactin secretion. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1990; 68:1157-67. [PMID: 2126309 DOI: 10.1007/bf01815271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
1. Prolactin is a 21,500 Dalton single-chain polypeptide hormone but may occur in 50 kDa and 150 kDa molecular variants. 2. These large PRL variants may be secreted predominantly; this condition is termed "macroprolactinemia". It is characterized by high immunological and normal biological serum levels of prolactin, and lack of clinical symptoms of hyperprolactinemia. 3. The information on PRL is encoded on chromosome 6. Transcription can be enhanced and suppressed by a variety of hormonal factors. 4. PRL is secreted in a pulsatile fashion; it displays a circadian rhythm (with a maximum during sleep) and is stimulated by some amino acids. PRL also responds to mechanical stimulation of the breast. 5. PRL rises during pregnancy, and maintainance of hyperprolactinemia (and, thereby, physiological infertility) is dependent on the frequency and duration of breast feedings. 6. Hypothalamic regulation of prolactin mainly involves tonic inhibition via portal dopamine. The physiological importance of various stimulating factors present in the hypothalamus is still incompletely understood. In particular, there is still no place for TRH in PRL physiology. 7. PRL is released in response to stress; this response may be mediated by opioids. The low-estrogen, low-gonadotropin amenorrhea of endurance-training women is not mediated by prolactin, however. 8. Estrogens stimulate PRL gene transcription via at least two independent mechanisms. There are many clinical examples of this estrogen effect on prolactin serum levels, and also on the growth of prolactinomas. 9. Mild hyperprolactinemia remains an enigma which cannot satisfactorily be resolved by biochemical or radiological testing. The border between "normal" and "elevated" prolactin is ill-defined. The possibility of macroprolactinemia complicates this matter even further. 10. The number of drugs which suppress prolactin by acting on pituitary D2 receptors, and which are useful in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia, continues to increase. In the field of ergot alkaloids, parenteral application appears to be a logical solution to the problem of the high first-pass effect; in addition, this form of treatment is frequently better tolerated than the oral route. 11. Prolactinoma development is presently being studied employing molecular biological techniques; the question of whether tumorigenesis can be attributed to specific defects of gene regulation remains to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Benker
- Abteilung für Endokrinologie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universität Essen
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Wheatley T, Clark PM, Clark JD, Holder R, Raggatt PR, Evans DB. Abnormalities of thyrotrophin (TSH) evening rise and pulsatile release in haemodialysis patients: evidence for hypothalamic-pituitary changes in chronic renal failure. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1989; 31:39-50. [PMID: 2598480 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1989.tb00452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Using a sensitive enzyme amplified immunoassay for TSH, the evening rise and pulsatile release of TSH were studied in 10 men with chronic renal failure treated by haemodialysis. Compared to euthyroid male controls the evening rise of TSH was attenuated (median 0.066 vs 0.195 mU/l/h, P less than 0.01) and the rate of rise correlated with the TSH response to TRH (r = 0.93, P less than 0.001). All subjects showed TSH pulsatility in at least one method of data analysis but the less sensitive incremental method showed no significant difference in pulse frequency and amplitude between the two groups. However, with time series analysis, periodicity was shorter (median 45 vs 95 min, P = 0.013) and pulse amplitude smaller (median 0.06 vs 0.175 mU/l, P = 0.017) in renal patients. Pulse amplitude, but not periodicity, correlated with the TSH response to TRH (r = 0.68, P less than 0.05). In addition, serum total thyroxine, free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine concentrations were reduced, while serum prolactin and 17 beta-oestradiol concentrations were raised. These changes in TSH evening surge and pulsatile release may contribute to the reduction in thyroidal hormone concentrations seen in renal failure and emphasize the value of sensitive methods of hormone and pulse data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wheatley
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Eden JA, Place J, Carter GD, Alaghband-Zadeh J, Pawson ME. The role of chronic anovulation in the polycystic ovary syndrome: normalization of sex-hormone-binding globulin levels after clomiphene-induced ovulation. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1989; 30:323-32. [PMID: 2512039 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1989.tb02241.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A group of anovulatory patients with polycystic ovaries (PCO) was given clomiphene citrate and compared with three control groups: normal women having spontaneous, ovulatory cycles, patients with PCO having spontaneous, regular, ovulatory cycles, and anovulatory patients without PCO. Comparisons were made at precise points of the menstrual cycle (taking the day of ovulation as day 0), using ultrasound estimates of mean follicular diameter, uterine volume, and endometrial thickness, and biochemical measurements of LH, FSH, oestradiol (E2), testosterone (T), progesterone (P) and sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). Before clomiphene treatment, the anovulatory patients with PCO had significantly lower levels of SHBG and higher follicular phase concentrations of LH than all three control groups. After two cycles of clomiphene-induced ovulation, the serum LH concentration fell significantly and levels of SHBG increased significantly to levels similar to those found in spontaneously ovulating women with normal ovaries. It is likely that the loss of the usual considerable rise in E2 in both the follicular and luteal phases of ovulatory cycles is the main reason for the low SHBG found in the PCO syndrome. The loss of the normal P-induced gonadotrophin suppression may be a factor in allowing LH levels to rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Eden
- Department of Gynaecology, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
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