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Dowrick JM, Roy NC, Bayer S, Frampton CMA, Talley NJ, Gearry RB, Angeli-Gordon TR. Unsupervised machine learning highlights the challenges of subtyping disorders of gut-brain interaction. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2024:e14898. [PMID: 39119757 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unsupervised machine learning describes a collection of powerful techniques that seek to identify hidden patterns in unlabeled data. These techniques can be broadly categorized into dimension reduction, which transforms and combines the original set of measurements to simplify data, and cluster analysis, which seeks to group subjects based on some measure of similarity. Unsupervised machine learning can be used to explore alternative subtyping of disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI) compared to the existing gastrointestinal symptom-based definitions of Rome IV. PURPOSE This present review aims to familiarize the reader with fundamental concepts of unsupervised machine learning using accessible definitions and provide a critical summary of their application to the evaluation of DGBI subtyping. By considering the overlap between Rome IV clinical definitions and identified clusters, along with clinical and physiological insights, this paper speculates on the possible implications for DGBI. Also considered are algorithmic developments in the unsupervised machine learning community that may help leverage increasingly available omics data to explore biologically informed definitions. Unsupervised machine learning challenges the modern subtyping of DGBI and, with the necessary clinical validation, has the potential to enhance future iterations of the Rome criteria to identify more homogeneous, diagnosable, and treatable patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrah M Dowrick
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicole C Roy
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Simone Bayer
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Chris M A Frampton
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas J Talley
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard B Gearry
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Timothy R Angeli-Gordon
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Huang KY, Wang FY, Lv M, Ma XX, Tang XD, Lv L. Irritable bowel syndrome: Epidemiology, overlap disorders, pathophysiology and treatment. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:4120-4135. [PMID: 37475846 PMCID: PMC10354571 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i26.4120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common chronic gastrointestinal disease with a significant impact on patients' quality of life and a high socioeconomic burden. And the understanding of IBS has changed since the release of the Rome IV diagnosis in 2016. With the upcoming Rome V revision, it is necessary to review the results of IBS research in recent years. In this review of IBS, we can highlight future concerns by reviewing the results of IBS research on epidemiology, overlap disorders, pathophysiology, and treatment over the past decade and summarizing the latest research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Yue Huang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Beijing Institute of Spleen and Stomach Disease of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Feng-Yun Wang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Beijing Institute of Spleen and Stomach Disease of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Mi Lv
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Beijing Institute of Spleen and Stomach Disease of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xiang-Xue Ma
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Beijing Institute of Spleen and Stomach Disease of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xu-Dong Tang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Beijing Institute of Spleen and Stomach Disease of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Lin Lv
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Beijing Institute of Spleen and Stomach Disease of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100091, China
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Yadav YS, Eslick GD, Talley NJ. Review article: irritable bowel syndrome: natural history, bowel habit stability and overlap with other gastrointestinal disorders. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2021; 54 Suppl 1:S24-S32. [PMID: 34927758 DOI: 10.1111/apt.16624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) characteristically fluctuate over time. We aimed to review the natural history of IBS and IBS subgroups including bowel habit disturbances, and the overlap of IBS with other gastrointestinal disorders. The community incidence of IBS is approximately 67 per 1000 person years. The prevalence of IBS is stable over time because symptoms fluctuate and there is a portion who experience resolution of their GI symptoms similar in number to those developing new-onset IBS. The proportion who report resolution of symptoms varies amongst population-based studies from 17% to 55%. There is evidence of substantial movement between subtypes of IBS. For example in a clinical trial cohort, only one in four patients retained their baseline classification throughout the study periods, two in three moved between IBS-C (constipation) and IBS-M (mixed), while over half switched between IBS-D (diarrhoea) and IBS-M. The least stable group was IBS-M. There are very limited data on drivers of bowel habit change in IBS. There are emerging evidence fluctuations in intestinal immune activity might account for symptom variability over time. It is of clinical importance to recognise the substantial overlap of IBS symptoms with other gastrointestinal syndromes including gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. This is important to ensure the correct clinical diagnosis of IBS is made and patients are not over investigated. Knowledge of the natural history, stability of subgroups and overlap of IBS with other gastrointestinal conditions should be considered in therapeutic decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamini S Yadav
- School of Medicine & Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Guy D Eslick
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.,NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Talley
- School of Medicine & Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.,NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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von Wulffen M, Talley NJ, Hammer J, McMaster J, Rich G, Shah A, Koloski N, Kendall BJ, Jones M, Holtmann G. Overlap of Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Functional Dyspepsia in the Clinical Setting: Prevalence and Risk Factors. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64:480-486. [PMID: 30368683 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-5343-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to Rome IV criteria, functional dyspepsia (FD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are distinct functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID); however, overlap of these conditions is common in population-based studies, but clinical data are lacking. AIMS To determine the overlap of FD and IBS in the clinical setting and define risk factors for the overlap of FD/IBS. METHODS A total of 1127 consecutive gastroenterology outpatients of a tertiary center were recruited and symptoms assessed with a standardized validated questionnaire. Patients without evidence for structural or biochemical abnormalities as a cause of symptoms were then categorized based upon the symptom pattern as having FD, IBS or FD/IBS overlap. Additionally, this categorization was compared with the clinical diagnosis documented in the integrated electronic medical records system. RESULTS A total of 120 patients had a clinical diagnosis of a FGID. Based upon standardized assessment with a questionnaire, 64% of patients had FD/IBS overlap as compared to 23% based upon the routine clinical documentation. In patients with severe IBS or FD symptoms (defined as symptoms affecting quality of life), the likelihood of FD/IBS overlap was substantially increased (OR = 3.1; 95%CI 1.9-5.0) and (OR = 9.0; 95%CI 3.5-22.7), respectively. Thus, symptom severity for IBS- or FD symptoms were significantly higher for patients with FD/IBS overlap as compared to patients with FD or IBS alone (p all < 0.01). Age, gender and IBS-subtype were not associated with overlap. CONCLUSION In the clinical setting, overlap of FD and IBS is the norm rather than the exception. FD/IBS overlap is associated with a more severe manifestation of a FGID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz von Wulffen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, 199 Ipswich Rd, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Talley
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Johann Hammer
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jessica McMaster
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, 199 Ipswich Rd, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Graeme Rich
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, 199 Ipswich Rd, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ayesha Shah
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, 199 Ipswich Rd, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Natasha Koloski
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, 199 Ipswich Rd, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Bradley J Kendall
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, 199 Ipswich Rd, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mike Jones
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gerald Holtmann
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, 199 Ipswich Rd, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Traini C, Evangelista S, Girod V, Faussone-Pellegrini MS, Vannucchi MG. Changes of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the colon of rats underwent to the wrap partial restraint stress. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:1172-85. [PMID: 26972279 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal models proposed to reproduce some of the human irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms are based on the hypothesis that psychosocial stressors play a pivotal role in the IBS etio-pathology. We investigated the wrap restraint stress (WRS) model with the aim to analyze the morphological changes of the entire colonic wall of these animals that showed some of the human IBS symptoms such as visceral hypersensitivity. METHODS Male Wistar rats were used and WRS was maintained for 2 h. Abdominal contractions (AC) were recorded in the colon-rectum by balloon distension. Fecal pellets were quantitated. Colonic specimens were examined by routine histology, immunohistochemistry and western blot. KEY RESULTS WRS animals were characterized by: (i) increase in AC number and fecal pellets mean weight; (ii) clusters of mononucleated cells, increase in eosinophilic granulocytes and mast cells in the mucosa; (iii) increase in CGRP-immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibers in the lamina propria; (iv) decrease in myenteric NK1r-IR and nNOS-IR neurons and in submucous nNOS-IR neurons; (v) decrease in SP-IR nerve fibers in the muscle wall; (vi) reduction in S100β-IR glia in the entire colonic wall; (vii) increase in CRF1r-IR myenteric neurons; (viii) no change in ChAT-IR neurons, smooth muscle cells and interstitial cells of Cajal. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES The present results support the consistency of the WRS as a potential model where part of the human IBS signs and symptoms are reproduced. The changes in glial cells and in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters might represent the substrate for the dysmotility and hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Traini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Research Unit of Histology and Embryology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - S Evangelista
- Menarini Ricerche SpA, Preclinical Development, Florence, Italy
| | - V Girod
- Syncrosome, Marseille, France
| | - M S Faussone-Pellegrini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Research Unit of Histology and Embryology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - M G Vannucchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Research Unit of Histology and Embryology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Crowell MD, Umar SB, Lacy BE, Jones MP, DiBaise JK, Talley NJ. Multi-Dimensional Gastrointestinal Symptom Severity Index: Validation of a Brief GI Symptom Assessment Tool. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:2270-9. [PMID: 25842355 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3647-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Few instruments have been developed and validated for the evaluation of multi-dimensional GI symptoms. The Gastrointestinal Symptoms Severity Index (GISSI), a multi-dimensional, self-report instrument, was designed as a brief measure of the frequency, severity, and bothersomeness of individual GI and pelvic floor/urogynecologic symptoms. AIM To report the psychometric properties of the GISSI subscales, including factorial structure, validity, and internal consistency. METHODS The GISSI included 32 items that assessed upper and lower GI symptoms and seven items related to pelvic floor/urogynecologic symptoms. A total of 934 patients presenting for upper and lower GI complaints completed the questionnaire between January 2013 and December 2013. The sample was randomly split into derivation (n = 466) and validation datasets (n = 468). A non-patient sample of 200 was collected separately. RESULTS Exploratory factor analysis supported a six-factor model for the derivation sample that accounted for 69.3 % of the total variance. The six GI symptom clusters were labeled as constipation/difficult defecation (five items), abdominal pain/discomfort (four items), dyspepsia (four items), diarrhea/anal incontinence (four items), GERD/chest symptoms (four items), and nausea/vomiting (two items). Inclusion of additional items related to female pelvic floor/urogynecologic symptoms resulted in a separate factor. Confirmatory factor analysis of the validation dataset supported the a priori hypothesized six-factor measurement model (Χ (2)(428) = 1462.98; P < 0.001; GFI = .88; RMSEA = .051). CONCLUSION The GISSI demonstrated good to excellent psychometric properties and provided multi-dimensional scaling of prominent GI symptom clusters. Further validation may provide an efficient, valid, and reliable measure of patient-reported clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Crowell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 13400 East Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA,
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Lihua M, Tao Z, SiYong H, Suwen W, Xiaoxuan Y, Yichen G, Caiyun Z, Yan B. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in general hospital outpatients: prevalence, correlates, and comorbidity in Lanzhou, China. Asia Pac Psychiatry 2014; 6:308-18. [PMID: 24323671 DOI: 10.1111/appy.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), risk factors, and comorbidity rates of Chinese outpatients in Lanzhou general hospitals are unknown. METHOD The prevalence rate of OCD was estimated in a representative sample of outpatients in three classes of general hospitals in Lanzhou, China. The rate of OCD within the sample, which was composed of 1,576 individuals aged 16 years or older, was assessed using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview Version 3.0. RESULTS The weighted prevalence of OCD were 4.31% (lifetime), 2.86% (12-month), and 1.97% (30-day). Multivariate logistic regression identified the following independent predictors of having lifetime OCD: having a higher level of education, being unemployed, an internal medicine outpatient, a female, 16-35 years old, divorced/widowed/separated, and having a low family income. OCD had a significant comorbid association with neuroses, based on the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems-10th Revision. DISCUSSION These findings show a lower prevalence rate of OCD in Lanzhou general hospitals than that reported for some specialized outpatient clinics in Western countries. Further investigations are required to explore the relationships between OCD and the risk factors identified in the current study. Resolving methodological problems may lead to more accurate prevalence estimates in future epidemiological studies. Our findings suggest that there is an urgent need to improve the ability of clinicians to detect OCD in outpatients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Lihua
- Nursing Department, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou City, China
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Meng QW, Xu SC. Advances in research of esophageal visceral hypersensitivity. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:568-573. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i7.568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disorder that is often associated with unpleasant symptoms requiring utilization of health care resource. Both animal and clinical studies suggest that a variety of receptors on afferent nerves sensitized upon exposure to acid increase afferent input to the spinal cord dorsal horn neurons and lead to a reduction in threshold of these neurons together with an increase in their receptive field. This increased sensitivity of primary afferent nerves is described as peripheral sensitization, whereas the consequent increase in sensitivity of the spinal dorsal horn neurons is described as central sensitization. Once these mechanisms have been established, they can cause a long-term increase in sensitivity of tissues to previously innocuous stimuli. Furthermore, psychological stress and mechanical stimulation both have been shown to increase DIS and may therefore facilitate peripheral sensitization. Currently peripheral and central sensitizations are considered to be important mechanisms of esophageal pain hypersensitivity and occurrence of symptoms to even physiological amounts of acid. In these patients treatments aimed at reducing neuronal sensitivity may be effective. This article mainly focuses on the recent advances in research of esophageal visceral hypersensitivity.
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Piacentino D, Cantarini R, Alfonsi M, Badiali D, Pallotta N, Biondi M, Corazziari ES. Psychopathological features of irritable bowel syndrome patients with and without functional dyspepsia: a cross sectional study. BMC Gastroenterol 2011; 11:94. [PMID: 21871075 PMCID: PMC3175195 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-11-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional dyspepsia (FD) show considerable overlap and are both associated with psychiatric comorbidity. The present study aimed to investigate whether IBS patients with FD show higher levels of psychopathology than those without FD. As a preliminary analysis, it also evaluated the psychopathological differences, if any, between IBS patients featuring the two Rome III-defined FD subtypes, i.e. postprandial distress syndrome (PDS) and epigastric pain syndrome (EPS). Methods Consecutive outpatients (n = 82, F = 67, mean age 41.6 ± 12.7 years) referred to our third level gastroenterological centre, matching the Rome III criteria for IBS and, if present, for concurrent FD, were recruited. They were asked to complete a 90-item self-rating questionnaire, the Symptom Checklist 90 Revised (SCL-90-R), in order to assess the psychological status. Comparisons between groups were carried out using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. Results Patients with IBS only were 56 (68.3%, F = 43, mean age 41.6 ± 13.3 years) and patients with both IBS and FD were 26 (31.7%, F = 24, mean age 41.8 ± 11.5 years), 17 of whom had PDS and 9 EPS. Patients with both IBS and FD scored significantly higher on the SCL-90-R GSI and on eight out of the nine subscales than patients with IBS only (P ranging from 0.000 to 0.03). No difference was found between IBS patients with PDS and IBS patients with EPS (P ranging from 0.07 to 0.97), but this result has to be considered provisional, given the small sample size of the two subgroups. Conclusions IBS-FD overlap is associated with an increased severity of psychopathological features. This finding suggests that a substantial subset of patients of a third level gastroenterological centre with both IBS and FD may benefit from psychological assessment and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Piacentino
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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10
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Piacentino D, Cantarini R, Alfonsi M, Badiali D, Pallotta N, Biondi M, Corazziari ES. Psychopathological features of irritable bowel syndrome patients with and without functional dyspepsia: a cross sectional study. BMC Gastroenterol 2011; 11:94. [PMID: 21871075 PMCID: PMC3175195 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-11-94;] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional dyspepsia (FD) show considerable overlap and are both associated with psychiatric comorbidity. The present study aimed to investigate whether IBS patients with FD show higher levels of psychopathology than those without FD. As a preliminary analysis, it also evaluated the psychopathological differences, if any, between IBS patients featuring the two Rome III-defined FD subtypes, i.e. postprandial distress syndrome (PDS) and epigastric pain syndrome (EPS). METHODS Consecutive outpatients (n = 82, F = 67, mean age 41.6 ± 12.7 years) referred to our third level gastroenterological centre, matching the Rome III criteria for IBS and, if present, for concurrent FD, were recruited. They were asked to complete a 90-item self-rating questionnaire, the Symptom Checklist 90 Revised (SCL-90-R), in order to assess the psychological status. Comparisons between groups were carried out using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS Patients with IBS only were 56 (68.3%, F = 43, mean age 41.6 ± 13.3 years) and patients with both IBS and FD were 26 (31.7%, F = 24, mean age 41.8 ± 11.5 years), 17 of whom had PDS and 9 EPS. Patients with both IBS and FD scored significantly higher on the SCL-90-R GSI and on eight out of the nine subscales than patients with IBS only (P ranging from 0.000 to 0.03). No difference was found between IBS patients with PDS and IBS patients with EPS (P ranging from 0.07 to 0.97), but this result has to be considered provisional, given the small sample size of the two subgroups. CONCLUSIONS IBS-FD overlap is associated with an increased severity of psychopathological features. This finding suggests that a substantial subset of patients of a third level gastroenterological centre with both IBS and FD may benefit from psychological assessment and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Piacentino
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosanna Cantarini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Alfonsi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Danilo Badiali
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Nadia Pallotta
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Biondi
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico S Corazziari
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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11
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Chua YC, Aziz Q. Perception of gastro-oesophageal reflux. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2010; 24:883-91. [PMID: 21126701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is common and often associated with unpleasant symptoms requiring utilisation of health care resource. While in the majority of patients symptom resolution occurs with acid suppressant therapy, in a proportion this treatment is ineffective in resolving symptoms. This is particularly the case in patients with non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) and functional heartburn (FH). It is increasingly being recognised that the presence of acid in the oesophagus can cause dilated intercellular spaces (DIS) which increases the exposure of the sub-epithelial nerves to the acid. Experimental studies in both animals and humans suggest that a variety of receptors on afferent nerves can be sensitised upon exposure to acid so that there is increased afferent input to the spinal cord dorsal horn neurons which leads to a reduction in threshold of these neurons together with an increase in their receptive field. This increased sensitivity of primary afferent nerves is described as peripheral sensitisation, whereas the consequent increase in sensitivity of the spinal dorsal horn neurons is described as central sensitisation. Once these mechanisms have been established they can cause a long term increase in sensitivity of tissues to previously innocuous stimuli. Furthermore, psychological stress has been shown to increase DIS and may therefore facilitate peripheral sensitisation. Currently peripheral and central sensitisations are considered to be important mechanisms of oesophageal pain hypersensitivity and occurrence of symptoms to even physiological amounts of acid. In these patients treatments aimed at reducing neuronal sensitivity may be effective in the management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Chua
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, University of London, UK
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Validation of symptom-based diagnostic criteria for irritable bowel syndrome: a critical review. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105:814-20; quiz 813, 821. [PMID: 20179688 PMCID: PMC3856202 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2010.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the evidence for validity of symptom-based criteria (Manning, Rome I, Rome II, and Rome III) for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Two kinds of validations are reported: (i) studies testing whether symptom criteria discriminate patients with structural disease at colonoscopy from patients without structural disease; and (ii) studies testing whether symptom criteria discriminate patients presumed to have IBS by positive diagnosis from healthy subjects or patients with other functional and structural disorders. The first study type addresses an important clinical management question but cannot provide meaningful information on the sensitivity or positive predictive value because IBS is defined only by exclusion of structural disease. Specificity is modest (about 0.7) but can be improved to 0.9 by the addition of red flag signs and symptoms. The second type of study judges validity by whether the symptom criteria consistently perform as predicted by theory. Here, factor analysis confirms consistent clusters of symptoms corresponding to IBS; symptom-based criteria agree reasonably well (sensitivity, 0.4-0.9) with clinical diagnoses made by experienced clinicians; and patients with a clinical diagnosis of IBS who fulfill Rome II criteria have greater symptom severity and poorer quality of life than patients with a clinical diagnosis of IBS who do not fulfill Rome criteria. There are no consistent differences in sensitivity or specificity between Manning, Rome I, and Rome II. Both study types support the validity of symptom-based IBS criteria. Tests of Rome III are needed.
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Chan D, Harris S, Roderick P, Brown D, Patel P. A randomised controlled trial of structured nurse-led outpatient clinic follow-up for dyspeptic patients after direct access gastroscopy. BMC Gastroenterol 2009; 9:12. [PMID: 19200356 PMCID: PMC2660345 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-9-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dyspepsia is a common disorder in the community, with many patients referred for diagnostic gastroscopy by their General Practitioner (GP). The National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) recommends follow-up after investigation for cost effective management, including lifestyle advice and drug use. An alternative strategy may be the use of a gastro-intestinal nurse practitioner (GNP) instead of the GP. The objective of this study is to compare the effectiveness and costs of systematic GNP led follow-up to usual care by GPs in dyspeptic patients following gastroscopy. Results Direct access adult dyspeptic patients referred for gastroscopy; without serious pathology, were followed-up in a structured nurse-led outpatient clinic. Outcome measurement used to compare the two study cohorts (GNP versus GP) included Glasgow dyspepsia severity (Gladys) score, Health Status Short Form 12 (SF12), ulcer healing drug (UHD) use and costs. One hundred and seventy five patients were eligible after gastroscopy, 89 were randomised to GNP follow-up and 86 to GP follow-up. Follow-up at 6 months was 81/89 (91%) in the GNP arm and 79/86 (92%) in the GP arm. On an intention to treat analysis, adjusted mean differences (95%CI) at follow-up between Nurse and GP follow-up were: Gladys score 2.30 (1.4–3.2) p < 0.001, SF12 140.6 (96.5–184.8) p =< 0.001 and UHD costs £39.60 (£24.20–£55.10) p =< 0.001, all in favour of nurse follow-up. Conclusion A standardised and structured follow-up by one gastrointestinal nurse practitioner was effective and may save drug costs in patients after gastroscopy. These findings need replication in other centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Chan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southampton University Hospitals Trust, Southampton, UK.
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Alander T, Svärdsudd K, Agréus L. Functional gastrointestinal disorder is associated with increased non-gastrointestinal healthcare consumption in the general population. Int J Clin Pract 2008; 62:234-40. [PMID: 18021207 PMCID: PMC2657998 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2007.01549.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Comparison of comorbidity and healthcare consumption in primary healthcare subjects with persistent functional gastrointestinal disorder (FGID) and a strictly gastrointestinal (GI) symptom-free group (SSF). METHODS A stratified sample (n=1428, 21-86 years) of subjects living in the Osthammar community, Sweden, was limited to half of the community and classified through the Abdominal Symptom Questionnaire (ASQ) into two study groups, one with persistent FGID (n=71), another SSF (n=48). Symptoms were re-evaluated by means of the ASQ at a surgery visit, as was healthcare consumption during 2 years, and the levels of anxiety and depression, as measured with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Diagnoses were set according to The International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 and the 14 diagnostic groups. RESULTS Of the FGID patients, 97% had a non-GI diagnosis, compared with 100% of SSF (ns). The mean number of doctors' consultations (OR=3.5), phone calls to doctors (OR=3.4), number of prescriptions (OR=2.4) and number of set diagnoses (OR=3.9), anxiety level (OR=11.5) and depression (OR=5.2) were all statistically significantly higher (p<0.05) for FGID than for SSF, while the number of referrals and sick leave were not. Besides a GI diagnosis, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the spectrum of morbidity in terms of ICD-9 subgroup classification, except an increased proportion of older SSF subjects with circulatory disorders and hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Functional gastrointestinal disorders are related to an increased demand on primary healthcare because of an increased overall comorbidity, which signifies a need for a holistic healthcare approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Alander
- Center for Family and Community Medicine, Department of Neurobiology, Caring Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden.
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15
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Mudipalli RS, Remes-Troche JM, Andersen L, Rao SSC. Functional chest pain: esophageal or overlapping functional disorder. J Clin Gastroenterol 2007; 41:264-9. [PMID: 17426464 DOI: 10.1097/01.mcg.0000225521.36160.1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether patients with functional chest pain have an esophageal or overlapping functional disorder of the gut is unclear. We investigated the prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in patients with functional chest pain. METHODS One hundred patients with functional chest pain and normal cardiac, endoscopic, and manometric studies were evaluated for esophageal hypersensitivity with a balloon distension test. Subsequently, a modified Rome II functional bowel disorder questionnaire was mailed to these subjects. Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and other functional disorder were determined using the Rome II criteria. In addition, we assessed the prevalence of chest pain in 81 patients with functional constipation. RESULTS There were 69 responders (54 women); 2 were excluded. Fifty-five patients (82%) fulfilled criteria for other functional disorders besides chest pain. Although there was an overlap, IBS (27%) and abdominal bloating (22%) were most common; dyspepsia (7%), dysphagia (7%), nonspecific bowel disorder (7%), constipation (4%), abdominal pain (3%), and diarrhea (1%) were less common. Among responders, 52 (78%) had esophageal hypersensitivity and 15 (22%) had normosensitivity, with similar prevalence of functional disorders. Thirty-two (39%) of the subjects with functional constipation reported chest pain occasionally, and 5 (6%) frequently. CONCLUSIONS Approximately 80% of patients with functional chest pain exhibit features of other functional disorders including IBS suggesting an overlap. This association is independent of esophageal hypersensitivity. Recognition of this overlap may facilitate better management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit S Mudipalli
- Section of Neurogastroenterology and GI Motility, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND; Emerging medications for non-ulcer-dyspepsia, such as the serotonin-receptor modulators, also affect bowel habits by altering colonic transit. If drugs that alter colonic function were to prove useful in non-ulcer dyspepsia, knowledge of baseline bowel habit disturbances would be potentially critical. AIM To estimate the rate of non-ulcer dyspepsia patients with clinically relevant constipation or diarrhoea potentially precluding use of motility agents. METHODS Consecutive patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia (n = 79), gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (n = 135) and organic upper gastrointestinal disease (upper gastrointestinal disease; n = 36) completed a validated symptom questionnaire evaluating predominant bowel habits in the last year. RESULTS Prevalence of constipation was higher in non-ulcer dyspepsia (34%) than in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (P = 0.01) and organic upper gastrointestinal disease (P = 0.01), prevalence of alternating diarrhoea/constipation (24%) and diarrhoea (22%) was similar, while prevalence of normal bowel habits was significantly less in non-ulcer dyspepsia (20%; P = 0.01 vs. gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and P < 0.01 vs. organic upper gastrointestinal disease). Constipation was particularly frequent in ulcer-like and dysmotility-like non-ulcer dyspepsia, while prevalence of diarrhoea was lowest in dysmotility-like non-ulcer dyspepsia. A normal bowel habit was equally uncommon in male (21%) and female non-ulcer dyspepsia patients (20%). CONCLUSIONS Only one of five non-ulcer dyspepsia patients had normal bowel habits based on clinical symptoms; constipation is particularly prevalent. Patients with functional dyspepsia who are prescribed motility altering drugs should be evaluated by taking a thorough bowel habit history.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hammer
- Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin IV, Abteilung für Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Vienna, Austria.
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Minocha A, Chad W, Do W, Johnson WD. Racial differences in epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome alone, un-investigated dyspepsia alone, and "overlap syndrome" among african americans compared to Caucasians: a population-based study. Dig Dis Sci 2006; 51:218-26. [PMID: 16416240 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-3112-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2005] [Accepted: 12/04/2005] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
There is A paucity of data on racial differences in epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) alone and un-investigated dyspepsia (UD) alone compared to "overlap syndrome" (OS). We conducted a random survey (n = 990). Subjects completed a questionnaire which included Rome II criteria for IBS and functional dyspepsia (FD). Among African Americans, the prevalence of IBS alone, UD alone, and OS was 0.6%, 17%, and 7.3%, respectively. It was 0%, 13%, and 13% among Caucasian Americans. All but four patients with IBS had UD. Among patients with UD, OS was seen in 30% of African Americans, compared to 50% among Caucasian Americans. Among African Americans, UD patients were younger compared to OS patients. African Americans with UD were more likely than OS patients to have children. Marital status, education, and household income were not a factor among Caucasians. African Americans patients below poverty level were more likely to have UD than OS (22% vs 10%). Considering patients with UD alone, race, age, sex, marital status, number of children, education, and income level were not different between African Americans and Caucasians. Compared to African Americans, Caucasians with OS were likely to be married and live in an urban area. There was a higher prevalence of OS among Caucasians with lower education. OS is 2.5 times more likely to occur among Caucasians compared to African Americans. We conclude that OS is more common among Caucasians than African Americans. IBS and OS are virtually synonymous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Minocha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216-4505, USA.
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Lei Y, Zhu H, Xing J, Chen JDZ. Rectal distension modulates canine gastric tone and accommodation. Dig Dis Sci 2005; 50:2134-40. [PMID: 16240228 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-005-3020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2004] [Accepted: 02/03/2005] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rectal distension affects upper GI myoelectrical activity and motility. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of rectal distension on gastric tone, accommodation, and the underlying mechanism. Seven healthy dogs were surgically prepared and studied. Gastric tone and accommodation were assessed with a barostat. In Experiment 1, the effect of rectal distension on gastric tone and accommodation was evaluated; in Experiment 2, rectal distensions with various volumes were randomly applied and its effects on gastric tone were evaluated; and in Experiment 3, the role of the cholinergic pathway in distension-induced gastric relaxation was assessed. The results showed the following. (1) Rectal distension exerted an inhibitory effect on gastric tone, and this response was distension volume-dependent. (2) Postprandial gastric volume was similar in the control (468.6 +/- 24.7 ml) and the distension study (463.2 +/- 17.5 ml). However, rectal distension increased the preprandial gastric volume, and subsequently decreased the extent of gastric accommodation (139.3 +/- 34.7 ml), which was significantly lower than that of the control (383.2 +/- 26.3 ml; P < 0.001). (3) An intravenous bolus of atropine increased the astric volume from the baseline of 89.4 +/- 12.6 ml to 161.5 +/- 9.8 ml (P < 0.01), and subsequent rectal distension further increased this volume, but the overall change was comparable between the control (297.6 +/- 18.7 ml) and the atropine study (312.1 +/- 21.9 ml; P > 0.05). In conclusion, rectal distension inhibits gastric tone in a volume-dependent manner and impairs gastric accommodation. Atropine dose not block the effect of rectal distension on proximal gastric tone, suggesting that the observed effect may not be mediated by cholinergic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lei
- Transneuronix Inc. and Veterans Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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Abstract
Functional dyspepsia is far more common than dyspepsia due to organic disease, both in the community and general practice. Proposed aetiopathogenic factors include gastric acid, Helicobacter pylori infection, delayed emptying, hypersensitivity or impaired accommodation of the stomach, dysfunction of the duodenum or brain-gut axis, psychosocial morbidity and post-infective mucosal damage. More effective therapy will depend on the development of drugs targeted at these putative pathophysiological mechanisms. On current evidence tricyclic antidepressants appear to be more effective than either acid suppressants or H. pylori eradication.
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Ålander T, Svärdsudd K, Johansson SE, Agréus L. Psychological illness is commonly associated with functional gastrointestinal disorders and is important to consider during patient consultation: a population-based study. BMC Med 2005; 3:8. [PMID: 15892883 PMCID: PMC1156899 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-3-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Accepted: 05/13/2005] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some individuals with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) suffer long-lasting symptoms without ever consulting their doctors. Our aim was to study co-morbidity and lifestyle differences among consulters and non-consulters with persistent FGID and controls in a defined adult population. METHODS A random sample of the general adult Swedish population was obtained by a postal questionnaire. The Abdominal Symptom Questionnaire (ASQ) was used to measure GI symptomatology and grade of GI symptom severity and the Complaint Score Questionnaire (CSQ) was used to measure general symptoms. Subjects were then grouped for study by their symptomatic profiles. Subjects with long-standing FGID (n = 141) and subjects strictly free from gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms (n = 97) were invited to attend their local health centers for further assessment. RESULTS Subjects with FGID have a higher risk of psychological illness [OR 8.4, CI95(4.0-17.5)] than somatic illness [OR 2.8, CI95(1.3-5.7)] or ache and fatigue symptoms [OR 4.3, CI95(2.1-8.7)]. Subjects with psychological illness have a higher risk of severe GI symptoms than controls; moreover they have a greater chance of being consulters. Patients with FGID have more severe GI symptoms than non-patients. CONCLUSION There is a strong relation between extra-intestinal, mental and somatic complaints and FGID in both patients and non-patients. Psychological illness increases the chance of concomitantly having more severe GI symptoms, which also enhance consultation behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ture Ålander
- Family Medicine, Stockholm, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
- Ålander Family Practice, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Unit of Family Medicine, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kurt Svärdsudd
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Unit of Family Medicine, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Lars Agréus
- Family Medicine, Stockholm, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
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Corsetti M, Caenepeel P, Fischler B, Janssens J, Tack J. Impact of coexisting irritable bowel syndrome on symptoms and pathophysiological mechanisms in functional dyspepsia. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99:1152-9. [PMID: 15180740 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.30040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Epidemiological studies suggest considerable overlap between functional dyspepsia (FD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). AIM The aim of the present study was to investigate whether coexisting IBS is also associated with symptom pattern or pathophysiology in FD. METHODS In 309 consecutive FD patients (207 women, age 42 +/- 0.8 yr), questionnaires were used to assess the dyspepsia symptom pattern and the Rome II criteria for IBS. The overall symptom severity was calculated adding the severity score (0-3, 0 = absent, 3 = severe) of eight dyspepsia symptoms. All patients underwent Helicobacter pylori testing, gastric barostat to determine sensitivity to distention and accommodation to a meal, and gastric emptying breath test. RESULTS Fifty-four percent of the patients had FD alone, whereas 46% had FD + IBS. FD + IBS patients were more likely to be female (75%vs 60%, p < 0.01) and to have a greater weight loss (5.4 +/- 0.6 vs 3.5 +/- 0.4 kg, p < 0.05). Coexisting IBS did not increase the risk of having any of the dyspeptic symptoms but the overall symptom severity was significantly higher in FD + IBS (12.4 +/- 0.4 vs 9.8 +/- 0.3, p < 0.01). FD + IBS patients had a lower threshold for first perception (2.9 +/- 0.3 vs 3.8 +/- 0.3 mmHg, p < 0.05) and for discomfort (7.9 +/- 0.4 vs 9.5 +/- 0.5 mmHg, p < 0.05) and a greater prevalence of hypersensitivity to gastric distention (44%vs 28%, p < 0.05). Gastric emptying, accommodation to a meal, and prevalence of H. pylori infection did not differ in the two groups. CONCLUSION About half of the FD patients fulfill the Rome II criteria for IBS. FD + IBS is more prevalent in female patients and is associated with a higher weight loss, with greater overall symptom severity, and with hypersensitivity to distention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Corsetti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Saito YA, Talley NJ, J Melton L, Fett S, Zinsmeister AR, Locke GR. The effect of new diagnostic criteria for irritable bowel syndrome on community prevalence estimates. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2003; 15:687-94. [PMID: 14651605 DOI: 10.1046/j.1350-1925.2003.00441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The 'Rome' criteria for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) have evolved over 15 years with four published versions. The impact of these changes on community prevalence rates is not known. Study aims were to estimate the prevalence of IBS using the four Rome criteria and agreement between Rome II and previous criteria. Questionnaires were mailed to a random sample of Olmsted County, Minnesota residents in 1992. Age- and gender-adjusted prevalence estimates were calculated for Rome II (1999), Rome I (1992), Rome (1990), and Rome (1989) criteria. Per cent agreement and kappa values were calculated to assess agreement. Of 892 eligible subjects, 643 (72%) responded. The age- and gender-adjusted prevalence of IBS was 5.1% [95% confidence interval (CI): 3.1, 7.0], 6.8% (95% CI: 4.7, 8.9), 5.1% (95% CI: 3.2, 7.1) and 27.6% (95% CI: 23.6, 31.5), respectively. In comparison with Rome II criteria, per cent agreement and kappa values were 97.2% and 0.78 (95% CI: 0.69, 0.88), 96.4% and 0.68 (95% CI: 0.55, 0.80), and 79.0% and 0.29 (95% CI: 0.19, 0.40), respectively. Thus, although differences were seen with the older criteria, compared with the Rome I criteria, good agreement was seen and community prevalence estimates were similar with the Rome II criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y A Saito
- Division of Gastroenterology and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Whitehead WE, Bassotti G, Palsson O, Taub E, Cook EC, Drossman DA. Factor analysis of bowel symptoms in US and Italian populations. Dig Liver Dis 2003; 35:774-83. [PMID: 14674667 DOI: 10.1016/s1590-8658(03)00456-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Functional gastrointestinal disorders are diagnosed by the presence of a characteristic set of symptoms. Aims of this study were to validate the Rome symptom criteria by factor analysis and to determine whether symptoms cluster in the same way in different cultures. METHODS One thousand forty-one gastroenterology clinic patients in the US (response rate 53%) and 228 family members accompanying clinic patients in Italy (84%) completed a previously validated symptom questionnaire. Factor analysis identified clusters of symptoms which are highly correlated with each other, and these were compared to the Rome diagnostic criteria. RESULTS In the US, 13 factors were identified. The irritable bowel factor was composed of three core symptoms corresponding to the Rome II classification system. Two dyspepsia factors were identified which correspond to the ulcer- and motility-like subtypes proposed in the Rome I classification system. All symptoms of constipation formed a single cluster as proposed in the Rome II classification system. Symptom clusters in the US agreed well with symptom clusters identified in Italian subjects. CONCLUSIONS Empirically derived symptom clusters agree in most respects with the Rome II classification system and support their validity. These symptom clusters are independent of cultural differences in diet and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Whitehead
- UNC Center for Functional Gastrointestinal and Motility Disorders, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
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Talley NJ, Dennis EH, Schettler-Duncan VA, Lacy BE, Olden KW, Crowell MD. Overlapping upper and lower gastrointestinal symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome patients with constipation or diarrhea. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98:2454-9. [PMID: 14638348 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Distinguishing between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional dyspepsia can be challenging because of the variations in symptom patterns, which commonly overlap. However, the overlap is poorly quantified, and it is equally uncertain whether symptom patterns differ in subgroups of IBS arbitrarily defined by primary bowel patterns of constipation (IBS-C) and diarrhea (IBS-D). We aimed to determine and to compare the distribution of GI symptoms, both, upper and lower, among IBS-C and IBS-D patients. METHODS A total of 121 consecutive patients presenting with a diagnosis of IBS were grouped according to primary bowel symptoms as IBS-C (58 women and 18 men, mean age 47 +/- 17 yr) or IBS-D (26 women and 19 men, mean age 47 +/- 15 yr). The Hopkins Bowel Symptom Questionnaire, which includes a brief Quality of Life assessment, and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist 90-Revised were completed by all patients at intake. RESULTS IBS-C patients reported significantly more overall GI symptoms when compared to patients with IBS-D (6.67 vs 4.62, respectively, p<0.001). Abdominal pain patterns differed in patients with IBS-C versus IBS-D (lower abdominal pain: 40.8% vs 24.4% p=0.05 and upper abdominal pain: 36.8% vs 24.4%, respectively). Bloating was substantially more common in IBS-C patients (75%) than in IBS-D (40.9%). There were no significant differences in personality subscales by IBS subgroup; however, somatization was positively associated with multiple symptom reports and was negatively correlated with quality of life. CONCLUSIONS Upper GI symptoms consistent with functional dyspepsia were more frequent in IBS-C. Although there was considerable overlap of upper and lower GI symptoms in patients with IBS-C and IBS-D, the former had more frequent lower abdominal pain and bloating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Talley
- Mayo Foundation, Mayo Medical School, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Kwan ACP, Bao TN, Chakkaphak S, Chang FY, Ke MY, Law NM, Leelakusolvong S, Luo JY, Manan C, Park HJ, Piyaniran W, Qureshi A, Long T, Xu GM, Xu L, Yuen H. Validation of Rome II criteria for functional gastrointestinal disorders by factor analysis of symptoms in Asian patient sample. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 18:796-802. [PMID: 12795751 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2003.03081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been unclear as to whether the Rome II criteria could be applied to patients in the Asia region with functional gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. The aim of the present study was to determine if symptoms of Asian patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders formed groups which corresponded to the Rome II diagnostic criteria. METHODS A modified English version of Talley's bowel disease questionnaire was developed in collaboration with various research teams in accordance with the Rome II criteria. This instrument was translated into the local languages of the following nine Asian regions: China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam. From September to December 2001, newly enrolled outpatients attending 14 GI or medical clinics in these regions were invited to complete the questionnaire. From these respondents, patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders fulfilling the '12 weeks out of 12 months' criteria were separated for further analysis. Principal component factor analysis with varimax rotation was used to identify symptom clusters or factors. These factors were compared with the existing classification of functional GI diseases derived from the Rome II criteria. RESULTS Factor analysis of symptoms from 1012 functional GI patients supported the Rome II classification of the following groups of functional GI disorders: diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, functional constipation, functional dyspepsia, functional abdominal pain syndrome, functional heartburn, and functional vomiting. Functional diarrhea was combined with functional anorectal disorders, and globus merged with functional dysphagia into one factor. Some of the functional dyspepsia, abdominal bloating and belching symptoms were loaded into one factor. CONCLUSIONS Factor analysis of symptoms from a sample of Asian patients with functional GI disorders partially supported the use of the Rome II classification.
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Fischler B, Tack J, De Gucht V, Shkedy ZI, Persoons P, Broekaert D, Molenberghs G, Janssens J. Heterogeneity of symptom pattern, psychosocial factors, and pathophysiological mechanisms in severe functional dyspepsia. Gastroenterology 2003; 124:903-10. [PMID: 12671886 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2003.50155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Categorization of functional dyspepsia into subgroups is based on expert opinion according to (dominant) symptoms or on underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. We used an evidence-based approach to the determination of subtypes of functional dyspepsia. METHODS Consecutive functional dyspepsia patients were recruited from a tertiary referral center. The following were performed: (1) exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of symptom patterns in a large group of patients with functional dyspepsia; (2) external validation of these factors by the determination of their association pattern with physio- and psychopathological mechanisms, and with health-related quality of life and sickness behavior; and (3) cluster analysis of their distribution in this population. RESULTS Both EFA and CFA do not support the existence of functional dyspepsia as a homogeneous (unidimensional) condition. A 4-factor model is found to be valid, with differential distribution within the patient population according to cluster analysis. Factor 1 is characterized by nausea, vomiting, early satiety, and weight loss and factor 2 by postprandial fullness and bloating. Both factor 1 and 2 are associated with delayed emptying, but only factor 1 is associated with younger age, female sex, and sickness behavior. Factor 3 is characterized by pain symptoms and associated with gastric hypersensitivity and several psychosocial dimensions including medically unexplained symptoms and health-related quality of life dimensions. Factor 4, characterized by belching, is also associated with hypersensitivity, but is unrelated to psychosocial dimensions. CONCLUSIONS In a tertiary care population, functional dyspepsia is a heterogeneous condition characterized by 4 major dimensions differentially associated with psychopathological and physiopathological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Fischler
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Gashuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
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Whitehead WE, Palsson O, Jones KR. Systematic review of the comorbidity of irritable bowel syndrome with other disorders: what are the causes and implications? Gastroenterology 2002; 122:1140-56. [PMID: 11910364 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2002.32392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 743] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Comorbid or extraintestinal symptoms occur frequently with irritable bowel syndrome and account for up to three fourths of excess health care visits. This challenges the assumption that irritable bowel is a distinct disorder. The aims of this study were to (1) assess comorbidity in 3 areas: gastrointestinal disorders, psychiatric disorders, and nongastrointestinal somatic disorders; and (2) evaluate explanatory hypotheses. METHODS The scientific literature since 1966 in all languages cited in Medline was systematically reviewed. RESULTS Comorbidity with other functional gastrointestinal disorders is high and may be caused by shared pathophysiological mechanisms such as visceral hypersensitivity. Psychiatric disorders, especially major depression, anxiety, and somatoform disorders, occur in up to 94%. The nongastrointestinal nonpsychiatric disorders with the best-documented association are fibromyalgia (median of 49% have IBS), chronic fatigue syndrome (51%), temporomandibular joint disorder (64%), and chronic pelvic pain (50%). CONCLUSIONS Multivariate statistical analyses suggest that these are distinct disorders and not manifestations of a common somatization disorder, but their strong comorbidity suggests a common feature important to their expression, which is most likely psychological. Some models explain the comorbidity of irritable bowel with other disorders by suggesting that each disorder is the manifestation of varying combinations of interacting physiological and psychological factors. An alternative hypothesis is that the irritable bowel diagnosis is applied to a heterogeneous group of patients, some of whom have a predominantly psychological etiology, whereas others have a predominantly biological etiology, and that the presence of multiple comorbid disorders is a marker for psychological influences on etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Whitehead
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Center for Functional Gastrointestinal and Motility Disorders, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
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Abstract
Stimuli that are interpreted by the brain as extreme or threatening, regardless of their modality, elicit an immediate stereotypic response characterized by enhanced cognition, affective immobility, vigilance, autonomic arousal and a global catabolic state. The brain's ability to mobilize this so-called stress response is paralleled by activation of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in several nuclei, including the hypothalamus, amygdala and locus ceruleus, and stimulation of the locus ceruleus norepinephrine (LC/NE) system in the brain stem. These systems perpetuate one another, interact with several other transmitter systems in the brain and directly activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the three components of the autonomic nervous system, namely the sympatho-adrenal, the cranio-sacral parasympathetic and the enteric nervous systems. The widespread body system responses to stress are discussed, and the implications of aberrant stress system activity on physical and mental health are outlined. Moreover, the promise of nonpeptide CRH type-1 receptor antagonists to directly target the stress system in the brain is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Habib
- Clinical Neuroendocrinology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Walker AF, Middleton RW, Petrowicz O. Artichoke leaf extract reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in a post-marketing surveillance study. Phytother Res 2001; 15:58-61. [PMID: 11180525 DOI: 10.1002/1099-1573(200102)15:1<58::aid-ptr805>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a problem reported to affect 22% of the general population. It is characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habit, but has so far defied elucidation of its pathogenesis and proved difficult to treat. There is a growing body of evidence which indicates therapeutic properties for artichoke leaf extract (ALE). Dyspepsia is the condition for which the herb is specifically indicated, but the symptom overlap between dyspeptic syndrome and IBS has given rise to the notion that ALE may have potential for treating IBS as well. A sub-group of patients with IBS symptoms was therefore identified from a sample of individuals with dyspeptic syndrome who were being monitored in a post-marketing surveillance study of ALE for 6 weeks. Analysis of the data from the IBS sub-group revealed significant reductions in the severity of symptoms and favourable evaluations of overall effectiveness by both physicians and patients. Furthermore, 96% of patients rated ALE as better than or at least equal to previous therapies administered for their symptoms, and the tolerability of ALE was very good. These results provide support for the notion that ALE has potential value in relieving IBS symptoms and suggest that a controlled trial is justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Walker
- The Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, School of Food BioSciences, The University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
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Whitehead WE. Patient subgroups in irritable bowel syndrome that can be defined by symptom evaluation and physical examination. Am J Med 1999; 107:33S-40S. [PMID: 10588171 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9343(99)00078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Subgroups of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are likely to respond differently to existing and evolving therapies. The following criteria for subgrouping may be considered: (1) Patients with different predominant bowel habits respond differently to treatment (antidepressants, 5HT3-antagonists, psychotherapy). (2) Postprandial exacerbation of pain or other gastrointestinal symptoms is seen in approximately half of patients with IBS and may identify patients who are more responsive to some classes of drugs (e.g., those targeted at motility). (3) Women appear to respond differently from men to 5HT3-antagonists, and there may be gender differences in gastrointestinal physiology. (4) There is more overlap in the diagnosis of functional dyspepsia and IBS than would be predicted by chance, and both are associated with hyperalgesia to intraluminal distention.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Whitehead
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599-7080, USA
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