1
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Tooze JA, Hamzic E, Willis F, Pettengell R. Differences between chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma cells by proteomic profiling and SNP microarray analysis. Cancer Genet 2017; 218-219:20-38. [PMID: 29153094 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The majority of malignant cells in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) circulate in the peripheral blood whereas small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) cells reside in tissues. The aim of this study was to detect differences in chemokine receptor expression, DNA single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray analysis and proteomic profiling to help elucidate why the cells remain in their respective environments. We identified by flow cytometric studies of chemokine receptors and DNA SNP microarray analysis significant differences between cells from CLL and SLL patients. Proteomic analysis revealed two potential markers (m/z 3091 and 8707) to distinguish the two disorders. There was a significantly greater expression of leucocyte trafficking receptor CXCR3 (CD183) and migration and homing receptor CXCR4 (CD184), and significantly lower expression of cell adhesion molecule integrin α4 chain (CD49d), on CLL cells, compared with SLL cells. Conversely, SNP microarrays revealed greater numbers of copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity chromosomal aberrations, as well as gross chromosomal aberrations, in the SLL group, compared with the CLL group. These findings revealed that there was a significantly greater expression of trafficking, migration and homing receptors and significantly lower expression of adhesion molecules on CLL cells than on SLL cells, and that SLL may be a more progressive disease than CLL, with a more complex genotype.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Humans
- Integrin alpha4/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/classification
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Proteomics/methods
- Receptors, CXCR3/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Tooze
- Department of Haematology, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Edita Hamzic
- Department of Haematology, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Fenella Willis
- Department of Haematology, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Ruth Pettengell
- Department of Haematology, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK.
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2
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Alterations of mitochondrial biogenesis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells with loss of p53. Mitochondrion 2016; 31:33-39. [PMID: 27650502 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Deletion of chromosome 17p with a loss of p53 is an unfavorable cytogenetic change in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with poor clinical outcome. Since p53 affects mitochondrial function and integrity, we examined possible mitochondrial changes in CLL mice with TCL1-Tg/p53-/- and TCL1-Tg/p53+/+ genotypes and in primary leukemia cells from CLL patients with or without 17p-deletion. Although the expression of mitochondrial COX1, ND2, and ND6 decreased in p53-/-CLL cells, there was an increase in mitochondrial biogenesis as evidenced by higher mitochondrial mass and mtDNA copy number associated with an elevated expression of TFAM and PGC-1α. Surprisingly, the overall mitochondrial respiratory activity and maximum reserved capacity increased in p53-/- CLL cells. Our study suggests that leukemia cells lacking p53 seem able to maintain respiratory function by compensatory increase in mitochondrial biogenesis.
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3
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Rozman C, Montserrat E. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: An Update on Current Treatment Approaches. Hematology 2016; 2:1-9. [DOI: 10.1080/10245332.1997.11746314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ciril Rozman
- Postgraduate School of Hematology “Farreras Valentí”, Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio Montserrat
- Postgraduate School of Hematology “Farreras Valentí”, Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Davids MS, Vartanov A, Werner L, Neuberg D, Dal Cin P, Brown JR. Controversial fluorescencein situhybridization cytogenetic abnormalities in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: new insights from a large cohort. Br J Haematol 2015; 170:694-703. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Davids
- Department of Medical Oncology; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
| | - Alexander Vartanov
- Department of Medical Oncology; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
| | - Lillian Werner
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston MA USA
| | - Donna Neuberg
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston MA USA
| | - Paola Dal Cin
- Department of Pathology; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Boston MA USA
| | - Jennifer R. Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
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5
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Dalsass A, Mestichelli F, Ruggieri M, Gaspari P, Pezzoni V, Vagnoni D, Angelini M, Angelini S, Bigazzi C, Falcioni S, Troiani E, Alesiani F, Catarini M, Attolico I, Scortechini I, Discepoli G, Galieni P. 6q deletion detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization using bacterial artificial chromosome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Eur J Haematol 2013; 91:10-9. [PMID: 23560441 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Deletions of the long arm of chromosome 6 are known to occur at relatively low frequency (3-6%) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and they are more frequently observed in 6q21. Few data have been reported regarding other bands on 6q involved by cytogenetic alterations in CLL. The cytogenetic study was performed in nuclei and metaphases obtained after stimulation with a combination of CpG-oligonucleotide DSP30 and interleukin-2. Four bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones mapping regions in bands 6q16, 6q23, 6q25, 6q27 were used as probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization in 107 CLL cases in order to analyze the occurrence and localization of 6q aberrations. We identified 11 cases (10.2%) with 6q deletion of 107 patients studied with CLL. The trends of survival curves and the treatment-free intervals (TFI) of patients with deletion suggest a better outcome than the other cytogenetic risk groups. We observed two subgroups with 6q deletion as the sole anomaly: two cases with 6q16 deletion, and three cases with 6q25.2-27 deletion. There were differences of age, stage, and TFI between both subgroups. By using BAC probes, we observed that 6q deletion has a higher frequency in CLL and is linked with a good prognosis. In addition, it was observed that the deletion in 6q16 appears to be the most frequent and, if present as the only abnormality, it could be associated with a most widespread disease.
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6
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Fegan CD, Davies FE. Karyotypic and molecular abnormalities in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Mol Pathol 2010; 49:M185-91. [PMID: 16696072 PMCID: PMC408056 DOI: 10.1136/mp.49.4.m185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C D Fegan
- Department of Haematology, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital and Solihull Trust, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham B9 5SS
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7
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Cavazzini F, Hernandez JA, Gozzetti A, Russo Rossi A, De Angeli C, Tiseo R, Bardi A, Tammiso E, Crupi R, Lenoci MP, Forconi F, Lauria F, Marasca R, Maffei R, Torelli G, Gonzalez M, Martin-Jimenez P, Maria Hernandez J, Rigolin GM, Cuneo A. Chromosome 14q32 translocations involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia identify a disease subset with poor prognosis. Br J Haematol 2008; 142:529-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Boyiadzis M, Foon KA, Pavletic S. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: potential cure for an incurable disease. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 7:1789-97. [PMID: 18034645 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.7.12.1789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been used as a treatment modality in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Allogeneic HSCT is the only therapy at present that has curative potential in patients with CLL. Allogeneic HSCT using standard myeloablative regimens has been generally associated with high treatment mortality rates and autologous HSCT with high relapse rates. Over the last decade the use of reduced intensity conditioning (non-myeloablative) regimens have reduced the treatment-related mortality after allogeneic-HSCT without affecting the graft-versus-leukemia effectiveness. In addition, the development of molecular and biologic markers has identified high-risk CLL patients that may benefit from earlier treatment with HSCT. This review summarizes the use of existing prognostic markers in CLL and their use in HSCT, and the advances, indications and clinical outcomes of both autologous HSCT and allogeneic HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Boyiadzis
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, UPMC Cancer Pavilion, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
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9
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Crisostomo RH, Fernandez JA, Caceres W. Complex karyotype including chromosomal translocation (8;14) (q24;q32) in one case with B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Res 2007; 31:699-701. [PMID: 16997373 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2006.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2006] [Revised: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of a 64-year-old white female patient, who presented with symptomatic anemia (Hgb: 6.8g/dl), thrombocytopenia (platelets: 94,000/mcl) and leukocytosis (WBC: 156,000/mcl). Peripheral blood smear revealed markedly increased white blood cell count with predominance of atypical lymphoid cells of intermediate size, moderately dense chromatin, and prominent large single nucleoli. Bone marrow aspirate smear showed predominance (78%) of atypical lymphoid cells morphologically identical to those seen in the peripheral blood. The bone marrow core biopsy was hypercellular and packed with prominent infiltrate of prolymphocytes. Immunophenotypic analysis revealed a population of monoclonal cells (75% of all -erythroid cells) characterized by CD45+, CD19+, CD20+, CD5+, HLA-DR+, CD10-, CD23+/-, CD38+ and FMC7-. The abnormal cells were restricted to kappa light chain immunoglobulin with low intensity. Cytogenetic study showed an abnormal clone of eight cells with the following karyotype: 45,X,-X,add(8)(p11.2),t(8;14)(q24;q32),add(20)ql3[8]/46,XX[12]. The relative rarity of B-PLL and the heterogeneity of clinical and laboratory parameters make it difficult to define the natural history and prognosis in all cases. The optimal treatment for B-PLL is still unknown and to date there are no reports of chromosomal abnormalities as a prognostic factor. The patient was treated with six cycles of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (CHOP). Complete remission was achieved according to the criteria defined by National Cancer Institute Working Group for CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
- Cyclophosphamide
- Doxorubicin
- Female
- Humans
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, B-Cell/therapy
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic/genetics
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic/therapy
- Middle Aged
- Prednisone
- Translocation, Genetic
- Vincristine
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo H Crisostomo
- San Juan City Hospital, Hematology-Oncology Section, Department of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-8344
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10
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Pfeifer D, Pantic M, Skatulla I, Rawluk J, Kreutz C, Martens UM, Fisch P, Timmer J, Veelken H. Genome-wide analysis of DNA copy number changes and LOH in CLL using high-density SNP arrays. Blood 2006; 109:1202-10. [PMID: 17053054 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-07-034256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent genomic aberrations are important prognostic parameters in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). High-resolution 10k and 50k Affymetrix SNP arrays were evaluated as a diagnostic tool for CLL and revealed chromosomal imbalances in 65.6% and 81.5% of 70 consecutive cases, respectively. Among the prognostically important aberrations, the del13q14 was present in 36 (51.4%), trisomy 12 in 9 (12.8%), del11q22 in 9 (12.8%), and del17p13 in 4 cases (5.7%). A prominent clustering of breakpoints on both sides of the MIRN15A/MIRN16-1 genes indicated the presence of recombination hot spots in the 13q14 region. Patients with a monoallelic del13q14 had slower lymphocyte growth kinetics (P=.002) than patients with biallelic deletions. In 4 CLL cases with unmutated VH genes, a common minimal 3.5-Mb gain of 2p16 spanning the REL and BCL11A oncogenes was identified, implicating these genes in the pathogenesis of CLL. Twenty-four large (>10 Mb) copy-neutral regions with loss of heterozygosity were identified in 14 cases. These regions with loss of heterozygosity are not detectable by alternative methods and may harbor novel imprinted genes or loss-of-function alleles that may be important for the pathogenesis of CLL. Genomic profiling with SNP arrays is a convenient and efficient screening method for simultaneous genome-wide detection of chromosomal aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Pfeifer
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Germany
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11
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Fink SR, Smoley SA, Stockero KJ, Paternoster SF, Thorland EC, Van Dyke DL, Shanafelt TD, Zent CS, Call TG, Kay NE, Dewald GW. Loss of TP53 is due to rearrangements involving chromosome region 17p10 approximately p12 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 167:177-81. [PMID: 16737921 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2006.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2005] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Loss of tumor protein 53 (TP53) has been associated with aggressive disease and poor response to therapy in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). TP53 is located at chromosome band 17p13 and its absence can be detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in the interphase nuclei of 8-10% patients with B-CLL. To study the cytogenetic mechanism for loss of TP53, metaphase and interphase FISH studies were conducted on 16 B-CLL patients to investigate 17p10 to 17p12, a chromosome region known to be rich in low-copy DNA repeats. Loss of TP53 was caused by an isochromosome with breakpoints between 17p10 and 17p11.2 in four patients, an unbalanced translocation involving 17p10 to 17p11.2 in nine patients, and an unbalanced translocation involving 17p11.2 to 17p12 in three patients. These findings indicate that loss of TP53 results from the absence of nearly the entire chromosome 17 p-arm rather than to monosomy 17 or deletions of TP53. Translocations or isochromosome formations at sites of low-copy DNA repeats in 17p10 to 17p12 appear to be the mechanism for the loss of TP53 in B-CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Fink
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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12
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Nowakowski GS, Dewald GW, Hoyer JD, Paternoster SF, Stockero KJ, Fink SR, Smoley SA, Remstein ED, Phyliky RL, Call TG, Shanafelt TD, Kay NE, Zent CS. Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization with an IGH probe is important in the evaluation of patients with a clinical diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2005; 130:36-42. [PMID: 15982342 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Translocations involving IGH are common in some lymphoid malignancies but are believed to be rare in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). To study the clinical utility of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for IGH translocations, we reviewed 1032 patients with a presumptive diagnosis of CLL. Seventy-six (7%) patients had IGH translocations. Pathology and clinical data were available for the 24 patients evaluated at the Mayo Clinic. Ten (42%) patients had IGH/cyclin D1 fusion and were diagnosed with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). The immunophenotype was typical of MCL in three of these patients and atypical for MCL in seven patients. One patient had biclonal disease with typical MCL and CLL with IGH/BCL-2. Eleven (46%) patients had IGH/BCL-2 fusion including the patient with biclonal disease. Two of these patients had leukaemic phase follicular lymphoma and nine patients had CLL. The median progression-free survival of patients with CLL and IGH/BCL-2 translocation was 20.6 months. The two patients with IGH/BCL-3 fusion (one of these also had IGH/BCL-11a) had rapid disease progression. The IGH partner gene was not identified in two patients. We conclude that use of an IGH probe in FISH analysis of monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis improves diagnostic precision and could have prognostic value in patients with CLL.
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MESH Headings
- B-Cell Lymphoma 3 Protein
- Cyclin D1/genetics
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Flow Cytometry
- Genes, Immunoglobulin
- Genes, bcl-2
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunophenotyping
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Interphase
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/genetics
- Oligonucleotide Probes
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Transcription Factors
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Nowakowski
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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13
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Abstract
B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a clinically heterogeneous disease characterized by accumulation of malignant CD5+ B cells. Multiple molecular events likely contribute to malignant transformation; no single genetic abnormality or event has been shown to be responsible for development of the disease. Significant advances have recently been made towards understanding the genetic and molecular basis for the etiology and clinical course of CLL. Our current understanding is only now bringing us to the point where we can use this information in management and in developing new therapies for patients with CLL. Familial clustering of CLL cases is not uncommon and implicates a genetic basis for the development of the disease in some individuals. Potential interventions in this instance could employ strategies of gene transfer or gene therapy to correct genetic defects or strategies of chemoprevention, none of which is currently under investigation. Greater potential for therapeutic intervention rests with targeting molecular aberrations and altered gene expression in leukemia cells, for example, over expression of the anti-apoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family. CLL follows a variable clinical course, with some patients not needing treatment for many years and responding to therapy completely and repeatedly. Other patients have rapidly progressive disease that is refractory to currently available agents and they quickly succumb to their disease. One major recent advance has been the identification of molecular and genetic prognostic factors that can be used in early-stage patients to identify those likely to rapidly progress. This affords the opportunity to tailor management for patients based on the predictable aggressiveness of their disease. Molecular and genetic findings are increasingly influencing management decisions in CLL. Bone marrow transplantation may be considered for a patient with unfavorable prognostic features earlier than for a patient with favorable features and same clinical stage of disease. It is likely that these genetic and molecular-based factors will be targets of new treatment modalities that fundamentally change the management of this disease. In this review we detail the current understanding of the genetics and molecular biology of CLL and introduce potentials for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis A Carney
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 428, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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14
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Eclache V, Caulet-Maugendre S, Poirel HA, Djemai M, Robert J, Lejeune F, Raphaël M. Cryptic deletion involving the ATM locus at 11q22.3∼q23.1 in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and related disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 152:72-6. [PMID: 15193446 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2003.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2003] [Revised: 09/29/2003] [Accepted: 10/13/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) follows a heterogeneous clinical course, and several biological parameters have been investigated to try to predict its clinical outcome. New staging systems including cytogenetics and CD38 expression as predictive values have been developed. Deletions of 11q22.3 approximately q23.1 detected at diagnosis in cases of CLL patients have been associated with a relatively aggressive disease. This region, which contains the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) locus, may be implicated in the pathogenesis of lymphoid malignancies. We developed a set of dual-color specific probes to evaluate the ATM deletion by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). We also used flow cytometry to investigate CD38 expression. Forty-one patients with CLL or low-grade B-cell lymphomas were studied at diagnosis or before treatment. FISH showed that only three CLL patients had deletions in the 11q23 locus; all three had progressive disease and were resistant to treatment. These data show that our FISH set of probes efficiently detects ATM deletions in CLL. No correlation was found between ATM deletions and CD38 expression level. These results confirm the prognostic significance of ATM deletions in CLL.
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MESH Headings
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase/metabolism
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Ataxia Telangiectasia/genetics
- Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins
- Cell Cycle Proteins
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Interphase
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic/genetics
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic/therapy
- Lymphoma/diagnosis
- Lymphoma/genetics
- Lymphoma/therapy
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Staging
- Prognosis
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Eclache
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Unité Fonctionelle d'Hématologie, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Avenue du 14 Juillet, 93145 Bondy Cedex, France.
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15
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Cuneo A, Rigolin GM, Bigoni R, De Angeli C, Veronese A, Cavazzini F, Bardi A, Roberti MG, Tammiso E, Agostini P, Ciccone M, Della Porta M, Tieghi A, Cavazzini L, Negrini M, Castoldi G. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia with 6q− shows distinct hematological features and intermediate prognosis. Leukemia 2003; 18:476-83. [PMID: 14712287 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization studies were successfully performed in 217 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In all, 13 patients with 6q21 deletion were identified and characterized in comparison with 92 patients with 'favourable' karyotype (normal or 13q-), 69 cases with 'intermediate risk' (1-2 anomalies) and 43 cases with 'unfavourable' karyotype (complex, 11q- or 17p-). Six out of 13 cases with 6q- showed an excess of atypical lymphocytes, a finding confirmed at the histologic level; >20% CD38+ cells were seen in 5/6 cases. IGVH mutational status revealed >98% homology to the germline sequence in 4/10 cases. When compared with the 'favourable' group, patients with 6q- showed a higher white blood cell (WBC) count, frequent splenomegaly, atypical morphology, CD38+ and short time from diagnosis to first treatment and short survival. A higher median WBC count was found in the 6q- group vs the intermediate-risk group; survival was shorter in the unfavourable group. To ascertain if the 6q- anomaly was an independent factor predicting for an inferior outcome among those patients with 'favourable' cytogenetics, we performed an analysis of prognostic factors in 105 patients (92 'favourable' plus 13 with 6q-), showing that the 6q- chromosome maintained its prognostic significance at multivariate analysis (P=0.02) along with stage (P=0.01). We conclude that CLL with 6q- is characterized by a high incidence of atypical morphology, classical immunophenotype with CD38 positivity and intermediate incidence of IGVH somatic hypermutation. Clinicobiological features and outcome show that this cytogenetic subset of CLL should be allocated in an intermediate-risk category.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cuneo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Terapie Avanzate, Sezione di Ematologia, Ferrara, Italy.
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16
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Wong KF, Chan JCW, Liu HSY, Man C, Kwong YL. Chromosomal abnormalities in T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukaemia: report of two cases and review of the literature. Br J Haematol 2002; 116:598-600. [PMID: 11849217 DOI: 10.1046/j.0007-1048.2001.03315.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytogenetic information on T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukaemia (T-LGL; large granular lymphocytosis) is limited. We report two cases of T-LGL with unusual karyotypic aberrations. The first case showed a novel inv(7)(p15q22) as the sole chromosomal abnormality, while the second case showed an inv(14)(q11q32) with evidence of clonal evolution. The breakpoints 7p14-p15 and 14q11 coincide with the T-cell receptor (TCR)-gamma and TCR-alpha/TCR-delta gene loci respectively. This is the first report describing the possible involvement of T-cell receptor genes in karyotypic aberrations in T-LGL.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, T-Cell/genetics
- Middle Aged
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Wong
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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17
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Fegan C. Molecular abnormalities in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. CLINICAL AND LABORATORY HAEMATOLOGY 2001; 23:139-48. [PMID: 11553053 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2257.2001.00395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is the commonest adult leukaemia, however the pathogenesis is largely unknown. Since the 1980s specific chromosomal abnormalities have been identified, of which the commonest are deletions of chromosomes 6q, 11q23, 13q14 and 17q13 and trisomy 12. The search for the responsible oncogenes at these sites has proved to be extremely frustrating. There are many oncogenes at 11q23 but the exact gene(s) responsible have yet to be identified. Germline abnormalities of the ATM gene occur in about 18% of patients compared to a normal population carriage of 0.5% but not all studies agree that ATM is the gene responsible. Unfortunately, despite the identification of various minimally deleted regions and the full sequencing of 13q14 no oncogenes have been identified. All original studies suggested the presence of a autosomally recessive tumour suppressor gene at this site but more recent studies suggest this may not be the case and the pathogenesis is more complex than first thought. Similarly, no genes have been identified at 6q or on chromosome 12. We know that the p53 tumour suppressor gene at 17p13 is an important prognostic indicator but it occurs in a minority of patients (about 15%), usually in patients with advanced disease, and therefore probably is not of aetiological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fegan
- Department of Haematology, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, UK.
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18
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Abstract
Structural aberrations involving 11q are among the most common aberrations in a number of hematological malignancies. Most of the aberrations, such as translocations and deletions, often harbor a breakpoint at 11q23, which suggests that this region might contain a tumor suppressor gene important for the genesis of lymphoproliferative disorders. Interestingly, deletions are concentrated only in some subtypes of hematological malignancies, where they are detected at a relatively high frequency. In B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), deletions have been detected in 20-30% of the cases, whereas almost half of the mantle cell lymphomas (MCL) show deletion at 11q23 in fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. In T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL), deletions involving the region 11q23.3-23.1 have also been detected to be frequent. In B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 11q deletion is associated with more rapid disease progression and poor survival in a younger subgroup of patients. The putative tumor suppressor genes have remained unrevealed until recently, when the ATM gene was found to carry mutations in cases with deletion in B-CLL, MCL and T-PLL. These data suggest that 11q deletions and dysfunction of the ATM gene might have significance in the tumorigenesis of certain subsets of hematological malignancies. Importance of 11q deletion as a diagnostic marker needs to be further studied in a larger series of patients. Another issue that remains to be investigated is the involvement of other target genes in the deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Monni
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, MD, USA
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19
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Kapanadze B, Makeeva N, Corcoran M, Jareborg N, Hammarsund M, Baranova A, Zabarovsky E, Vorontsova O, Merup M, Gahrton G, Jansson M, Yankovsky N, Einhorn S, Oscier D, Grandér D, Sangfelt O. Comparative sequence analysis of a region on human chromosome 13q14, frequently deleted in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and its homologous region on mouse chromosome 14. Genomics 2000; 70:327-34. [PMID: 11161783 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2000.6386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated the presence of a putative tumor suppressor gene on human chromosome 13q14, commonly deleted in patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). We have recently identified a minimally deleted region encompassing parts of two adjacent genes, termed LEU1 and LEU2 (leukemia-associated genes 1 and 2), and several additional transcripts. In addition, 50 kb centromeric to this region we have identified another gene, LEU5/RFP2. To elucidate further the complex genomic organization of this region, we have identified, mapped, and sequenced the homologous region in the mouse. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis demonstrated that the region maps to mouse chromosome 14. The overall organization and gene order in this region were found to be highly conserved in the mouse. Sequence comparison between the human deletion hotspot region and its homologous mouse region revealed a high degree of sequence conservation with an overall score of 74%. However, our data also show that in terms of transcribed sequences, only two of those, human LEU2 and LEU5/RFP2, are clearly conserved, strengthening the case for these genes as putative candidate B-CLL tumor suppressor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kapanadze
- Radiumhemmets Research Laboratory, CCK, R8:03, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, S-171 76, Sweden
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20
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Chaganti RS, Nanjangud G, Schmidt H, Teruya-Feldstein J. Recurring chromosomal abnormalities in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: biologic and clinical significance. Semin Hematol 2000; 37:396-411. [PMID: 11071361 DOI: 10.1016/s0037-1963(00)90019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs) are a group of clinically important neoplasms with a complex biology that makes their classification and treatment difficult. Their incidence is increasing and they cause significant morbidity and mortality. NHLs result from transformation of B and T/natural killer (NK) cells. Their genetic hallmark is chromosomal translocations resulting from aberrant rearrangements of IG and TCR genes, which lead to inappropriate expression of genes at reciprocal breakpoints that regulate a variety of cellular functions, including gene transcription, cell cycle, apoptosis, and tumor progression. Cytogenetics followed by molecular genetic analysis of some of the recurring translocations continues to provide new insights into lymphomagenesis and cell biology. More recently, chromosomal and gene amplification and gene deletion have been recognized as frequent genetic changes that may play a role in lymphoma progression and clinical behavior. In this review, cytogenetic data pertaining to recurring chromosomal changes on lymphomas are reviewed and examined in relation to their relevance to lymphoma development, classification, and clinical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Chaganti
- Department of Human Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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21
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Palanduz S, Cefle K, Aktan M, Tutkan G, Oztürk S, Pekçelen Y. A case of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with a constitutional pericentric inversion of chromosome 1. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2000; 118:62-4. [PMID: 10731593 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(99)00109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has been reported to be associated with various chromosomal aberrations, the most common being trisomy 12 and structural rearrangements involving 13q, 11q, and 17p. We present a case of CLL with a constitutional pericentric inversion of chromosome 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Palanduz
- Division of Medical Genetics, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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22
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Cuneo A, Roberti MG, Bigoni R, Minotto C, Bardi A, Milani R, Tieghi A, Campioni D, Cavazzini F, De Angeli C, Negrini M, Castoldi G. Four novel non-random chromosome rearrangements in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: 6p24-25 and 12p12-13 translocations, 4q21 anomalies and monosomy 21. Br J Haematol 2000; 108:559-64. [PMID: 10759714 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.01898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nine patients with previously unreported chromosome changes were identified among 209 B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) cases: three patients had a translocation involving 6p24-25; three had a 12p12-13 translocation; two had 4q21 involvement (one with coexisting 6p anomaly); and two had monosomy 21. Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) detected some cryptic aberrations (+12, 6q-, 17p-, 11q-) in those patients with 6p translocations, whereas only a cytogenetically undetected 13q14 deletion was found in the remaining cases. Atypical morphology was noted in six cases, including both cases with monosomy 21, two cases with 6p and 4q21 anomaly and one case with 12p involvement. Four of these cases also had more than one phenotype deviation with respect to the classical CLL phenotype. Disease progression after 21-51 months (median 41) was noted in two cases with 6p and 4q21 involvement and in one case with 12p anomaly and monosomy 21. We arrived at the following conclusions: (i) 6p24-25 and, possibly, 4q21 lesions represent non-random events in CLL, occurring in association with other well-known unbalanced rearrangements; (ii) 12p rearrangements and monosomy 21 may possibly represent early chromosome defects that are not associated with the classical DNA gains and losses known to be present in the majority of CLL; and (iii) atypical morphology and immunophenotype as well as disease progression were frequently observed in these cases
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Chromosome Aberrations/diagnosis
- Chromosome Disorders
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6
- Female
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Leukemia, B-Cell/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Monosomy
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cuneo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Terapie Avanzate, Sezione di Ematologia, University of Ferrara, Italy.
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23
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Wong KF, Chan JK. Cytogenetic abnormalities in chronic B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders in Chinese patients. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1999; 111:55-60. [PMID: 10326592 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(98)00216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the cytogenetic findings of 59 Chinese patients with chronic B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. More than half of the patients (n = 36, 61%) had chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cytogenetic abnormalities were demonstrated in 44.1% (26/59) of the patients. Trisomy 12 was the most frequent abnormality in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and was found in 27.8% (10/36) of the patients, indicating that the incidence of trisomy 12 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia in Chinese patients might not be low compared with the West as previously suggested. Structural abnormalities involving chromosomes 13 at band q14 were the next most common abnormalities in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Among the 11 patients with mantle cell lymphoma in leukemic phase, t(11;14) was seen in only 2 patients (18.2%). Several unusual cytogenetic abnormalities also were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Wong
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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24
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Mulligan SP, Dao LP, Francis SE, Thomas ME, Gibson J, Cole-Sinclair MF, Wolf M. B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with CD8 expression: report of 10 cases and immunochemical analysis of the CD8 antigen. Br J Haematol 1998; 103:157-62. [PMID: 9792303 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1998.00928.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report 10 cases of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) with expression of the T-cell antigen CD8. The majority of patients had typical B-cell CLL with stable and non-progressive stage A(O) disease except for more common expression of lambda light chain and CD25. Two patients had progressive disease and required therapy, one with atypical morphological and phenotypic features. The incidence of CD8 expression was approximately 0.5% of B-CLL patients from our institutions. Immunoprecipitation of the CD8 antigen from four of these B-CLLs showed identity to the CD8 antigen expressed on T cells with precipitation of CD8alpha bands of molecular weight approximately 34 kD. In view of the known intracellular signalling mechanism of CD8 using the tyrosine kinase p56-lck, we studied p56-lck expression by Western blot and found lack of consistent expression of the CD8 surface antigen, with most lacking p56-lck. Our report indicates that CD8 expression in B-CLL is probably underrecognized but is not a marker of disease progression. The CD8 on the B-CLL surface is immunochemically identical to the antigen on T cells, but is not accompanied by its usual signalling mechanism of p56-lck tyrosine kinase and therefore is unlikely to be a functionally active receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Mulligan
- Department of Haematology, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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25
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Schmidt HH, Pirc-Danoewinata H, Panzer-Grümayer ER, Sill H, Sedlmayr P, Neumeister P, Linkesch W, Haas OA. Translocation (3;5)(p26;q13) in a patient with chronic T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1998; 104:82-5. [PMID: 9666798 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(97)00453-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A 67-year-old patient with large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukemia is described. At fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis of the peripheral blood, the lymphocytes were positive for CD3, CD4, CD5, CD29, CD45RA, CD57, and TCR alpha/beta and negative for CD7, CD8, CD16, CD56, CD19, CD22, and TCR gamma/delta. Bone marrow histology and immunohistochemistry did not reveal any lymphocyte infiltration. Cytogenetic examination of peripheral blood cultures showed a clone with the karyotype 46,XY,t(3;5)(p26;q13). Molecular analysis revealed rearrangement of the gamma-T-cell-receptor chain. The region 3p25-3p26 which harbors the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene and the RAF1 oncogene has been rearranged in a few cases of T-cell leukemia. The translocation in this case has not yet been described and may reflect an alternative mechanism in the pathogenesis of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Schmidt
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Graz, Austria
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26
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Su'ut L, O'Connor SJ, Richards SJ, Jones RA, Roberts BE, Davies FE, Fegan CD, Jack AS, Morgan GJ. Trisomy 12 is seen within a specific subtype of B-cell chronic lymphoproliferative disease affecting the peripheral blood/bone marrow and co-segregates with elevated expression of CD11a. Br J Haematol 1998; 101:165-70. [PMID: 9576197 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1998.00661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to delineate the specific morphological and immunophenotypic features of B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders associated with trisomy 12, 172 sequential unselected cases of CD19+CD5+ B-cell disorders, primarily affecting the peripheral blood and bone marrow, were studied. Trisomy 12 was found in 24 cases (13.9%), with all cases morphologically classified as either CLL-PL or CLL-mixed by FAB criteria. Trisomy 12 was not found in any cases of typical CLL. Trisomy 12 cases demonstrated a significant higher expression of CD11a (P<0.0001) and CD20 (P<0.0006) when compared to cases with the equivalent morphology and immunophenotype, but without the chromosomal abnormality. Trisomy 12 cases also demonstrated a higher frequency of FMC7, CD38 expression and moderate to strong surface immunoglobulin staining. However, no correlation was detected between the percentages of trisomy 12 cells and cells expressing CD11a, CD38, FMC7 or sIg mean fluorescent intensity. Cells from trisomy 12 positive cases were sorted according to their CD11a expression using fluorescent activated cell sorting. There was a significant increase in the percentage of trisomy 12 cells within the CD11a+ sorted fraction compared to the unsorted population (P < 0.05), implying that trisomy 12 is associated with increased expression of CD11a. With the highly specific morphological and immunophenotypic features demonstrated by trisomy 12 cases in this study, it is highly likely that these cases constitute a specific group of B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Su'ut
- Department of Haematology, University of Leeds, The General Infirmary of Leeds, West Yorkshire
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27
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Frank DA, Mahajan S, Ritz J. B lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia contain signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 and STAT3 constitutively phosphorylated on serine residues. J Clin Invest 1997; 100:3140-8. [PMID: 9399961 PMCID: PMC508527 DOI: 10.1172/jci119869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), we examined whether phosphorylation of one or more signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) factors was abnormal in cells from CLL patients. No constitutive tyrosine phosphorylation was detected on any STAT in CLL cells. To assess the phosphorylation of serine residues of STAT1 and STAT3 in CLL cells, we raised antibodies that specifically recognize the form of STAT1 phosphorylated on ser-727 and the form of STAT3 phosphorylated on ser-727. We found that in 100% of patients with CLL (n = 32), STAT1 and STAT3 were constitutively phosphorylated on serine. This was in contrast to normal peripheral blood B lymphocytes or CD5+) B cells isolated from tonsils, in which this phosphorylation was absent. Serine phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3 was seen occasionally in other leukemias, but it was a universal finding only in CLL. The serine phosphorylation of these STATs was a continuous process, as incubation of CLL cells with the kinase inhibitor H7 led to the dephosphorylation of these serine residues. The STAT serine kinase in CLL cells has not been identified, and appears to be neither mitogen-activated protein kinase nor pp70(s6k). In summary, the constitutive serine phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3 is present in all CLL samples tested to date, although the physiologic significance of this modification remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Frank
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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28
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Kalachikov S, Migliazza A, Cayanis E, Fracchiolla NS, Bonaldo MF, Lawton L, Jelenc P, Ye X, Qu X, Chien M, Hauptschein R, Gaidano G, Vitolo U, Saglio G, Resegotti L, Brodjansky V, Yankovsky N, Zhang P, Soares MB, Russo J, Edelman IS, Efstratiadis A, Dalla-Favera R, Fischer SG. Cloning and gene mapping of the chromosome 13q14 region deleted in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Genomics 1997; 42:369-77. [PMID: 9205107 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.4747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Frequent deletions and loss of heterozygosity in a segment of chromosome 13 (13q14) in cases of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have suggested that this malignancy is caused by inactivation of an unknown tumor suppressor gene located in this region. Toward the identification of the putative CLL tumor suppressor, we have constructed a high-resolution physical map of YAC, PAC, and cosmid contigs covering 600 kb of the 13q14 genomic region. In addition to densely positioned genetic markers and STSs, this map was further annotated by localization of 32 transcribed sequences (ESTs) using a combination of exon trapping, direct cDNA selection, sample sequencing of cosmids and PACs, and homology searches. On the basis of these mapping data, allelic loss analyses at 13q14 using CLL tumor samples allowed narrowing of the genomic segment encompassing the putative CLL gene to <300 kb. Twenty-three ESTs located within this minimally deleted region are candidate exons for the CLL-associated tumor suppressor gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kalachikov
- Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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29
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Wong KF, So CC. Biclonal B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia with inv(14)(q11q32). CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1997; 94:135-7. [PMID: 9109943 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(96)00222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetic biclonality is a rare occurrence in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. A 59-year-old man was diagnosed to have B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia with typical morphology and immunophenotype (CD5+, CD19+, and CD23+). However, karyotypic analysis of the small lymphocytes showed the presence of two distinct unrelated clones, including one with inv(14).
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Wong
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong
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30
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Montserrat E, Bosch F, Rozman C. B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Recent progress in biology, diagnosis, and therapy. Ann Oncol 1997. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/8.suppl_1.s93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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31
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Bosch F, Campo E, Jares P, Pittaluga S, Muñoz J, Nayach I, Piris MA, Dewolf-Peeters C, Jaffe ES, Rozman C. Increased expression of the PRAD-1/CCND1 gene in hairy cell leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1995; 91:1025-30. [PMID: 8547115 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1995.tb05429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The PRAD-1/CCND1 gene encodes Cyclin D1, a cyclin involved in cell cycle regulation at the G1-S transition. Over-expression of this gene is a highly specific molecular marker of mantle cell lymphomas (MCLs), but it may also be up-regulated in some chronic lymphoproliferative disorders, mainly chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. We have examined PRAD-1/CCND1 gene expression by Northern blot and Western blot analysis in a series of 18 hairy cell leukaemias (HCLs), nine other splenic malignant lymphoproliferative disorders, and three normal/reactive spleens. Over-expression of the mRNA PRAD-1/CCND1 gene was observed in 16/18 HCLs, including one case of hairy cell leukaemia variant, whereas this molecular alteration was not found in other cases examined. mRNA levels varied from case to case, but they were lower than those observed in MCLs. At the protein level, Western blotting analysis showed Cyclin D1 protein expression in the 11 HCLs analysed. No bcl-1 rearrangements were seen with the MTC, p94PS and PRAD-1 (lambda-P1-4) probes used, and no PRAD-1/CCND1 gene amplification was detected in any case. These findings indicate that PRAD-1/CCND1 is over-expressed at mRNA and protein levels in a high number of HCLs. However, the levels of expression are much lower than in MCLs, and this expression is not associated with bcl-1 rearrangements or PRAD-1/CCND1 gene amplification.
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MESH Headings
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Blotting, Western
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14
- Cyclin D1
- Cyclins/genetics
- Humans
- Leukemia, Hairy Cell/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Oncogenes
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bosch
- Postgraduate School of Haematology Farreras Valenti, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain
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32
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Chlorambucil/therapeutic use
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/complications
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/etiology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Middle Aged
- Prognosis
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rozman
- Postgraduate School of Hematology Farreras Valentí, Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain
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33
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Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the form of leukemia which occurs most frequently in Western countries. Its etiology is unknown, and no relationship with viruses or genes has been demonstrated. Epidemiological data suggest that genetic and ambiental factors might be of some significance. Clinical features of CLL are due to the accumulation of leukemic cells in bone marrow and lymphoid organs as well as the immune disturbances that accompany the disease. The prognosis of patients with CLL varies. Treatment is usually indicated by the risk of the individual patient, which is clearly reflected by the stage of the disease. In the early stage (Binet A, Rai O) it is reasonable to defer therapy until disease progression is observed. By contrast, because their median survival is less than five years, patients with more advanced stages require therapy. For almost 50 years, no major advances in the management of CLL, which has revolved around the use of alkylating agents, have been made. In recent years, the therapeutic approach in patients with CLL has changed as a result of the introduction of combination chemotherapy regimens and, in particular, purine analogues. The latter are already the treatment of choice for patients not responding to standard therapies, and their role as front-line therapy is being investigated. Bone marrow transplants are also being increasingly used. It is to be hoped that in years to come the outcome of patients with CLL will be improved by these advances.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/complications
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/etiology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Prognosis
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Affiliation(s)
- E Montserrat
- Postgraduate School of Hematology Farreras Valentí, Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Hospital Clinic, Spain
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