Cross-linked fibrin degradation products (XL-FDP) as marker of early rethrombosis in percutaneous transluminal angioplasty

Do Haemostasis Activation Markers that Predict Cardiovascular Disease Exist?

Recognition of the central role of thrombosis in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease has prompted growing interest in the association of haemostatic variables with cardiovascular disease. In investigating the predictive value of haemostasis markers, a promising type of measurement is that of the activation products of coagulation and fibrinolysis: prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2), fibrinopeptide A (FPA), soluble fibrin,thrombin-antithrombin (TAT), plasmin-antiplasmin(PAP) complexes and D-dimer. D-dimer was most extensively studied and there is substantial evidence that D-dimer is a strong, consistent predictor of cardiovascular events in the general population and inpatients with cardiovascular disease. Data on other markers are considerably less abundant and more controversial. The prognostic value of these markers remains to be fully defined in future epidemiological and clinical studies.

Haemostatic and rheological factors as predictors of restenosis following percutaneous transluminal angioplasty

OBJECTIVES

To determine whether pre-angioplasty levels of haemostatic and rheological factors predicted restenosis of the dilated arterial segment following percutaneous transluminal angioplasty.

DESIGN AND SETTING

Prospective study, Two regional hospital centres for angioplasty in Edinburgh and Glasgow, Scotland, UK.

METHOD

Haemostatic and rheological factors were measured in 102 subjects with atherosclerotic disease of the lower limbs, immediately prior to percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Subjects were followed up after 2-3 years for restenosis of the original angioplasty site using duplex scanning.

RESULTS

Baseline clinical characteristics were similar between subjects who restenosed (n = 27) and those with no restenosis (n = 39), except that occluded lesions were more likely to restenose than stenoses (p < or = 0.05). There was no significant difference in age- and sex-adjusted mean levels of whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, haematocrit, von Willebrand factor, fibrin D-dimer or plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity between the stenosed and no restenosis groups (p > 0.1), but mean plasma fibrinogen was lower in the restenosed group (3.31 g/l vs. 3.75 g/l; p < or = 0.05). These results persisted after multivariate adjustment for smoking habit and type of lesion dilated.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides no evidence that raised, pre-angioplasty levels of haemostatic and rheological factors predict restenosis following percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the arteries of the lower limbs.

The relationship of soluble fibrin and cross-linked fibrin degradation products to the clinical course of myocardial infarction

Recently, increases in the plasma concentration of soluble fibrin (SF) have been suggested to be sensitive and specific for myocardial infarction (MI). However, the relationship between elevations in the SF concentration and the onset of symptoms and clinical course of MI is unknown. In addition, there are no data regarding the relationship between SF concentrations and concentrations of other markers of procoagulant (fibrinopeptide A [FPA]) and fibrinolytic (cross-linked fibrin degradation products [XL-FDPs]) activity in patients with MI. In this study, concentrations of SF were measured with a novel antigen-based assay for 93 MI patients and 29 control subjects, and the relationship between SF concentrations and those of XL-FDPs and FPA was determined. Increases in SF, FPA, and XL-FDP concentrations were documented in 55.9%, 45.2%, and 73.9%, respectively, of patients with MI, but there was no relationship between the concentrations of these markers. Increases in the concentration of SF or XL-FDPs did not show a relationship to increases in the concentration of FPA. Concentrations of XL-FDPs but not of SF were elevated to a greater extent in patients with MI complications (defined as death, ventricular arrhythmia, severe congestive heart failure, or mural thrombus). Increases in SF and XL-FDPs were not sensitive enough for the diagnosis of MI, but increased concentrations of XL-FDPs appear to predict those patients who are at higher risk for MI-related complications.

Thrombosis and intrinsic fibrinolysis in percutaneous transluminal angioplasty

Coagulation and fibrinolysis were investigated in 14 claudicants undergoing percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) for femoropopliteal artery lesions. Cross-linked fibrin degradation products (XL-FDP), tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) antigen, fibrinopeptide A (FPA), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) activity were measured in peripheral blood. XL-FDP and t-PA increased, and FPA and PAI-1 decreased significantly after angioplasty. XL-FDP increased from baseline 266 +/- 72 ng/ml to 481 +/- 239 ng/ml (p < 0.0005) 30 min after PTA, indicating mural thrombus formation in spite of the significant fall in FPA influenced by heparin. A groin haematoma developed after PTA in 4/6 patients, who received more than 5600 IU heparin and in 1/8 patients receiving smaller dosages. The alterations in PAI-1 showed no correlation with those of t-PA, whereas heparin had a sparing effect on PAI-1 consumption. These findings may indicate that PAI-1 acts as a thrombin inhibitor following deep vessel wall injury by angioplasty. In two patients, who had signs of rethrombosis on the next day, residual FPA was relatively high, XL-FDP peaked at 3530 +/- 1170 ng/ml, and t-PA increased by 2.6 +/- 1.0 ng/ml. The corresponding values in patients with an uncomplicated course were 406 +/- 89 ng/ml (p < 0.0001) and 0.1 +/- 0.5 ng/ml (p < 0.02). We conclude that thrombin promotes activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis in femoropopliteal PTA. Instability between these counteracting systems resulting in thrombosis is not prevented by conventional heparin administration at dosages causing bleeding complications.