1
|
Shi J, Yin W, Chen W. Mathematical models of TCR initial triggering. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1411614. [PMID: 39091495 PMCID: PMC11291225 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1411614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
T cell receptors (TCRs) play crucial roles in regulating T cell response by rapidly and accurately recognizing foreign and non-self antigens. The process involves multiple molecules and regulatory mechanisms, forming a complex network to achieve effective antigen recognition. Mathematical modeling techniques can help unravel the intricate network of TCR signaling and identify key regulators that govern it. In this review, we introduce and briefly discuss relevant mathematical models of TCR initial triggering, with a focus on kinetic proofreading (KPR) models with different modified structures. We compare the topology structures, biological hypotheses, parameter choices, and simulation performance of each model, and summarize the advantages and limitations of them. Further studies on TCR modeling design, aiming for an optimized balance of specificity and sensitivity, are expected to contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Shi
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Yin
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Woessner NM, Brandl SM, Hartmann S, Schamel WW, Hartl FA, Minguet S. Phospho-mimetic CD3ε variants prevent TCR and CAR signaling. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1392933. [PMID: 38779683 PMCID: PMC11109380 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1392933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antigen binding to the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) leads to the phosphorylation of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) of the CD3 complex, and thereby to T cell activation. The CD3ε subunit plays a unique role in TCR activation by recruiting the kinase LCK and the adaptor protein NCK prior to ITAM phosphorylation. Here, we aimed to investigate how phosphorylation of the individual CD3ε ITAM tyrosines impacts the CD3ε signalosome. Methods We mimicked irreversible tyrosine phosphorylation by substituting glutamic acid for the tyrosine residues in the CD3ε ITAM. Results Integrating CD3ε phospho-mimetic variants into the complete TCR-CD3 complex resulted in reduced TCR signal transduction, which was partially compensated by the involvement of the other TCR-CD3 ITAMs. By using novel CD3ε phospho-mimetic Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) variants, we avoided any compensatory effects of other ITAMs in the TCR-CD3 complex. We demonstrated that irreversible CD3ε phosphorylation prevented signal transduction upon CAR engagement. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that glutamic acid substitution at the N-terminal tyrosine residue of the CD3ε ITAM (Y39E) significantly reduces NCK binding to the TCR. In contrast, mutation at the C-terminal tyrosine of the CD3ε ITAM (Y50E) abolished LCK recruitment to the TCR, while increasing NCK binding. Double mutation at the C- and N-terminal tyrosines (Y39/50E) allowed ZAP70 to bind, but reduced the interaction with LCK and NCK. Conclusions The data demonstrate that the dynamic phosphorylation of the CD3ε ITAM tyrosines is essential for CD3ε to orchestrate optimal TCR and CAR signaling and highlights the key role of CD3ε signalosome to tune signal transduction.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Humans
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- HEK293 Cells
- Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-Based Activation Motif
- Jurkat Cells
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/genetics
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Binding
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/metabolism
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine M. Woessner
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon M. Brandl
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sara Hartmann
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W. Schamel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Clinics and Medical Faculty, University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frederike A. Hartl
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susana Minguet
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Clinics and Medical Faculty, University, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Joseph J, Mathew J, Alexander J. Scaffold Proteins in Autoimmune Disorders. Curr Rheumatol Rev 2024; 20:14-26. [PMID: 37670692 DOI: 10.2174/1573397119666230904151024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Cells transmit information to the external environment and within themselves through signaling molecules that modulate cellular activities. Aberrant cell signaling disturbs cellular homeostasis causing a number of different diseases, including autoimmunity. Scaffold proteins, as the name suggests, serve as the anchor for binding and stabilizing signaling proteins at a particular locale, allowing both intra and intercellular signal amplification and effective signal transmission. Scaffold proteins play a critical role in the functioning of tight junctions present at the intersection of two cells. In addition, they also participate in cleavage formation during cytokinesis, and in the organization of neural synapses, and modulate receptor management outcomes. In autoimmune settings such as lupus, scaffold proteins can lower the cell activation threshold resulting in uncontrolled signaling and hyperactivity. Scaffold proteins, through their binding domains, mediate protein- protein interaction and play numerous roles in cellular communication and homeostasis. This review presents an overview of scaffold proteins, their influence on the different signaling pathways, and their role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and auto inflammatory diseases. Since these proteins participate in many roles and interact with several other signaling pathways, it is necessary to gain a thorough understanding of these proteins and their nuances to facilitate effective target identification and therapeutic design for the treatment of autoimmune disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josna Joseph
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, CMC Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - John Mathew
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, CMC Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jessy Alexander
- Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Y, Yang YS, Chen WC, Wang CM, He HF. Constructing and Validating a Network of Potential Olfactory Sheathing Cell Transplants Regulating Spinal Cord Injury Progression. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6883-6895. [PMID: 37515671 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03510-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
The pathology of spinal cord injury (SCI), including primary and secondary injuries, primarily involves hemorrhage, ischemia, edema, and inflammatory responses. Cell transplantation has been the most promising treatment for SCI in recent years; however, its specific molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, bioinformatics analysis verified by experiment was used to elucidate the hub genes associated with SCI and to discover the underlying molecular mechanisms of cell intervention. GSE46988 data were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus dataset. In our study, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were reanalyzed using the "R" software (R v4.2.1). Functional enrichment and protein-protein interaction network analyses were performed, and key modules and hub genes were identified. Network construction was performed for the hub genes and their associated miRNAs. Finally, a semi-quantitative analysis of hub genes and pathways was performed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. In total, 718 DEGs were identified, mainly enriched in immune and inflammation-related functions. We found that Cd4, Tp53, Rac2, and Akt3 differed between vehicle and transplanted groups, suggesting that these genes may play an essential role in the transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells, while a toll-like receptor signaling pathway was significantly enriched in Gene set enrichment analysis, and then, the differences were statistically significant by experimentally verifying the expression of their associated molecules (Tlr4, Nf-κb, Ikkβ, Cxcl2, and Tnf-α). In addition, we searched for upstream regulatory molecules of these four central genes and constructed a regulatory network. This study is the first to construct a regulatory network for olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation in treating SCI, providing a new idea for SCI cell therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yu-Shen Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Wei-Can Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Cong-Mei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - He-Fan He
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Faust MA, Rasé VJ, Lamb TJ, Evavold BD. What's the Catch? The Significance of Catch Bonds in T Cell Activation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:333-342. [PMID: 37459191 PMCID: PMC10732538 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
One of the main goals in T cell biology has been to investigate how TCR recognition of peptide:MHC (pMHC) determines T cell phenotype and fate. Ag recognition is required to facilitate survival, expansion, and effector function of T cells. Historically, TCR affinity for pMHC has been used as a predictor for T cell fate and responsiveness, but there have now been several examples of nonfunctional high-affinity clones and low-affinity highly functional clones. Recently, more attention has been paid to the TCR being a mechanoreceptor where the key biophysical determinant is TCR bond lifetime under force. As outlined in this review, the fundamental parameters between the TCR and pMHC that control Ag recognition and T cell triggering are affinity, bond lifetime, and the amount of force at which the peak lifetime occurs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Faust
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Viva J Rasé
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Tracey J Lamb
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Park JS, Perl A. Endosome Traffic Modulates Pro-Inflammatory Signal Transduction in CD4 + T Cells-Implications for the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10749. [PMID: 37445926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytic recycling regulates the cell surface receptor composition of the plasma membrane. The surface expression levels of the T cell receptor (TCR), in concert with signal transducing co-receptors, regulate T cell responses, such as proliferation, differentiation, and cytokine production. Altered TCR expression contributes to pro-inflammatory skewing, which is a hallmark of autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), defined by a reduced function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and the expansion of CD4+ helper T (Th) cells. The ensuing secretion of inflammatory cytokines, such as interferon-γ and interleukin (IL)-4, IL-17, IL-21, and IL-23, trigger autoantibody production and tissue infiltration by cells of the adaptive and innate immune system that induce organ damage. Endocytic recycling influences immunological synapse formation by CD4+ T lymphocytes, signal transduction from crosslinked surface receptors through recruitment of adaptor molecules, intracellular traffic of organelles, and the generation of metabolites to support growth, cytokine production, and epigenetic control of DNA replication and gene expression in the cell nucleus. This review will delineate checkpoints of endosome traffic that can be targeted for therapeutic interventions in autoimmune and other disease conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joy S Park
- Department of Medicine, Norton College of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norton College of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Andras Perl
- Department of Medicine, Norton College of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norton College of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norton College of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Anto NP, Muraleedharan A, Nath PR, Sun Z, Keasar C, Livneh E, Braiman A, Altman A, Kong KF, Isakov N. The Peptidyl-Prolyl cis-trans isomerase, Pin1, associates with Protein Kinase C θ via a critical Phospho-Thr-Pro motif in the V3 regulatory domain. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1126464. [PMID: 36969236 PMCID: PMC10031136 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1126464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C-θ (PKCθ) is a member of the novel PKC subfamily known for its selective and predominant expression in T lymphocytes where it regulates essential functions required for T cell activation and proliferation. Our previous studies provided a mechanistic explanation for the recruitment of PKCθ to the center of the immunological synapse (IS) by demonstrating that a proline-rich (PR) motif within the V3 region in the regulatory domain of PKCθ is necessary and sufficient for PKCθ IS localization and function. Herein, we highlight the importance of Thr335-Pro residue in the PR motif, the phosphorylation of which is key in the activation of PKCθ and its subsequent IS localization. We demonstrate that the phospho-Thr335-Pro motif serves as a putative binding site for the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase), Pin1, an enzyme that specifically recognizes peptide bonds at phospho-Ser/Thr-Pro motifs. Binding assays revealed that mutagenesis of PKCθ-Thr335-to-Ala abolished the ability of PKCθ to interact with Pin1, while Thr335 replacement by a Glu phosphomimetic, restored PKCθ binding to Pin1, suggesting that Pin1-PKCθ association is contingent upon the phosphorylation of the PKCθ-Thr335-Pro motif. Similarly, the Pin1 mutant, R17A, failed to associate with PKCθ, suggesting that the integrity of the Pin1 N-terminal WW domain is a requisite for Pin1-PKCθ interaction. In silico docking studies underpinned the role of critical residues in the Pin1-WW domain and the PKCθ phospho-Thr335-Pro motif, to form a stable interaction between Pin1 and PKCθ. Furthermore, TCR crosslinking in human Jurkat T cells and C57BL/6J mouse-derived splenic T cells promoted a rapid and transient formation of Pin1-PKCθ complexes, which followed a T cell activation-dependent temporal kinetic, suggesting a role for Pin1 in PKCθ-dependent early activation events in TCR-triggered T cells. PPIases that belong to other subfamilies, i.e., cyclophilin A or FK506-binding protein, failed to associate with PKCθ, indicating the specificity of the Pin1-PKCθ association. Fluorescent cell staining and imaging analyses demonstrated that TCR/CD3 triggering promotes the colocalization of PKCθ and Pin1 at the cell membrane. Furthermore, interaction of influenza hemagglutinin peptide (HA307-319)-specific T cells with antigen-fed antigen presenting cells (APCs) led to colocalization of PKCθ and Pin1 at the center of the IS. Together, we point to an uncovered function for the Thr335-Pro motif within the PKCθ-V3 regulatory domain to serve as a priming site for its activation upon phosphorylation and highlight its tenability to serve as a regulatory site for the Pin1 cis-trans isomerase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Ponnoor Anto
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Amitha Muraleedharan
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Pulak Ranjan Nath
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Zuoming Sun
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Chen Keasar
- The Department of Computer Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Etta Livneh
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Alex Braiman
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Amnon Altman
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Kok-Fai Kong
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Noah Isakov
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- *Correspondence: Noah Isakov,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Interferon Family Cytokines in Obesity and Insulin Sensitivity. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244041. [PMID: 36552805 PMCID: PMC9776768 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its associated complications are global public health concerns. Metabolic disturbances and immune dysregulation cause adipose tissue stress and dysfunction in obese individuals. Immune cell accumulation in the adipose microenvironment is the main cause of insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction. Infiltrated immune cells, adipocytes, and stromal cells are all involved in the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in adipose tissues and affect systemic homeostasis. Interferons (IFNs) are a large family of pleiotropic cytokines that play a pivotal role in host antiviral defenses. IFNs are critical immune modulators in response to pathogens, dead cells, and several inflammation-mediated diseases. Several studies have indicated that IFNs are involved in the pathogenesis of obesity. In this review, we discuss the roles of IFN family cytokines in the development of obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance.
Collapse
|
9
|
Li Y, Lv C, Yu Y, Wu B, Zhang Y, Lang Q, Liang Z, Zhong C, Shi Y, Han S, Xu F, Tian Y. KIR3DL3-HHLA2 and TMIGD2-HHLA2 pathways: The dual role of HHLA2 in immune responses and its potential therapeutic approach for cancer immunotherapy. J Adv Res 2022; 47:137-150. [PMID: 35933091 PMCID: PMC10173190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cells and natural killer (NK) cells are essential components of the immune system and are regulated by coinhibitory and costimulatory molecules in which the B7 family and CD28 family play significant roles. Previous immune checkpoint studies on B7/CD28 family members, such as PD-1, have led to remarkable success in cancer immunotherapy. However, there is still a need to find new immune checkpoint molecules. Recent studies have demonstrated that HHLA2 exerts inhibitory and stimulatory functions on the immune system by binding to different receptors on different sites. However, the pathways between HHLA2 and its two receptors on T cells and NK cells remain controversial. AIM OF REVIEW Here, we reviewed recent studies about HHLA2 ligand interactions with KIR3DL3 and TMIGD2. We focused on elucidating the pathways between KIR3DL3/TMIGD2 and HHLA2 as well as their function in tumour progression. We also addressed the relationship between HHLA2 expression and the clinical prognosis of cancer patients. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW KIR3DL3/TMIGD2-HHLA2 may represent novel pathways within the tumour microenvironment and serve as crucial immune checkpoints for developing novel therapeutic drugs against human cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Chao Lv
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Baokang Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yizhou Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Qi Lang
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhiyun Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Chongli Zhong
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yu Shi
- The First Clinical College of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shukun Han
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Avery TY, Köhler N, Zeiser R, Brummer T, Ruess DA. Onco-immunomodulatory properties of pharmacological interference with RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway hyperactivation. Front Oncol 2022; 12:931774. [PMID: 35965494 PMCID: PMC9363660 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.931774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperactivation of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK cascade - a mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway – has a well-known association with oncogenesis of leading tumor entities, including non-small cell lung cancer, colorectal carcinoma, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and malignant melanoma. Increasing evidence shows that genetic alterations leading to RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway hyperactivation mediate contact- and soluble-dependent crosstalk between tumor, tumor microenvironment (TME) and the immune system resulting in immune escape mechanisms and establishment of a tumor-sustaining environment. Consequently, pharmacological interruption of this pathway not only leads to tumor-cell intrinsic disruptive effects but also modification of the TME and anti-tumor immunomodulation. At the same time, the importance of ERK signaling in immune cell physiology and potentiation of anti-tumor immune responses through ERK signaling inhibition within immune cell subsets has received growing appreciation. Specifically, a strong case was made for targeted MEK inhibition due to promising associated immune cell intrinsic modulatory effects. However, the successful transition of therapeutic agents interrupting RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK hyperactivation is still being hampered by significant limitations regarding durable efficacy, therapy resistance and toxicity. We here collate and summarize the multifaceted role of RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling in physiology and oncoimmunology and outline the rationale and concepts for exploitation of immunomodulatory properties of RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK inhibition while accentuating the role of MEK inhibition in combinatorial and intermittent anticancer therapy. Furthermore, we point out the extensive scientific efforts dedicated to overcoming the challenges encountered during the clinical transition of various therapeutic agents in the search for the most effective and safe patient- and tumor-tailored treatment approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Yul Avery
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Center of Surgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Thomas Yul Avery, ; Dietrich Alexander Ruess,
| | - Natalie Köhler
- Department of Medicine I - Medical Center, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Medicine I - Medical Center, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium Deutsches Konsortium Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tilman Brummer
- German Cancer Consortium Deutsches Konsortium Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg (CCCF), Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dietrich Alexander Ruess
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Center of Surgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium Deutsches Konsortium Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Thomas Yul Avery, ; Dietrich Alexander Ruess,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Singh K, Kumari S, Singh B, Choubey RB, Mitra DK, Rai AK. Jurkat T cells are immunophenotypically distinct from T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells due to high-level surface expression of CD5. Cancer Invest 2022; 40:675-679. [PMID: 35758332 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2022.2095397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Human leukemic T cells show decreased surface CD5 (sCD5) and increased cytoplasmic CD5 (cCD5). When we examined their expressions in the Jurkat T cells, it showed increased sCD5 and decreased cCD5, which is in sharp contrast with the pattern of CD5 expression observed for human leukemic T cells. Furthermore, this opposite pattern was due to the absence of an exonal switch between E1A and E1B. This study suggests that Jurkat cell does not retain all characteristics of T-ALL cells; thus, we should carefully interpret the data obtained using Jurkat T cell as a model cell line of T-ALL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kulwant Singh
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute Medical Sciences, Lucknow-226014, India
| | - Smita Kumari
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Allahabad-211004, India
| | - Bharat Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Allahabad-211004, India
| | - Ranjeet Bahadur Choubey
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Allahabad-211004, India
| | - Dipendra Kumar Mitra
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India
| | - Ambak Kumar Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Allahabad-211004, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jassim BA, Lin J, Zhang ZY. PTPN22: Structure, Function, and Developments in Inhibitor Discovery with Applications for Immunotherapy. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:825-837. [PMID: 35637605 PMCID: PMC9378720 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2084607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While immunotherapy strategies such as immune checkpoint inhibition and adoptive T cell therapy have become commonplace in cancer therapy, they suffer from limitations, including lack of patient response and toxicity. To wield the maximum potential of the immune system, cancer immunotherapy must integrate novel targets and therapeutic strategies with potential to augment clinical efficacy of currently utilized immunotherapies. PTPN22, a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) superfamily that downregulates T cell signaling and proliferation, has recently emerged as a systemically druggable and novel immunotherapy target. AREAS COVERED This review describes the basics of PTPN22 structure and function and provides comprehensive insight into recent advances in small molecule PTPN22 inhibitor development and the immense potential of PTPN22 inhibition to synergize with current immunotherapies. EXPERT OPINION It is apparent that small molecule PTPN22 inhibitors have enormous potential to augment efficacy of current immunotherapy strategies such as checkpoint inhibition and adoptive cell transfer. Nevertheless, several constraints must be overcome before these inhibitors can be applied as useful therapeutics, namely selectivity, potency, and in vivo efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenson A Jassim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette
| | - Jianping Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zheng R, Kong M, Wang S, He B, Xie X. Spermine alleviates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via regulating T cell activation and differentiation. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 107:108702. [PMID: 35305382 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroinflammatory disease which causes demyelination, axonal damage and even disability. Th1 and Th17 cells, more precisely, the IFNγ/IL17a double producing CD4+ T cells, have been known to play critical roles in the pathogenesis of MS and EAE, a mouse model of MS. Polyamines not only regulate the immune system, but also are essential for the normal function of the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, we demonstrate that the supplementation of spermine (SPM), a biogenic polyamine, significantly suppresses EAE progression in both preventative and therapeutic ways. Further study suggests that spermine significantly reduces IFNγ+/IL17a-, IFNγ-/IL17a+ and IFNγ+/IL17a+ cells in periphery, and thus reducing the infiltration of these pathogenic cells into the CNS. In vitro, spermine has been shown to suppress the activation and proliferation of CD4+ T cells and also significantly impede the polarization of T effector cells in a dose-dependent manner, accompanied by the inhibition of ERK phosphorylation. Consistently, a number of MEK/ERK inhibitors (including PD0325901, FR180204 and selumetinib) have been found to mimic the effects of spermine in inhibiting CD4+ T cell activation and T effector cell differentiation. Collectively, spermine alleviates EAE progression by inhibiting CD4+ T cells activation and T effector cell differentiation in a MAPK/ERK-dependent manner, suggesting this pathway might be a target to develop effective therapies for MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruting Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Miaomiao Kong
- Academic Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Siwei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bingqing He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xin Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Academic Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
The Full Model of the pMHC-TCR-CD3 Complex: A Structural and Dynamical Characterization of Bound and Unbound States. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040668. [PMID: 35203317 PMCID: PMC8869815 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The machinery involved in cytotoxic T-cell activation requires three main characters: the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) bound to the peptide (p), the T-cell receptor (TCR), and the CD3 complex, a multidimer interfaced with the intracellular side. The pMHC:TCR interaction has been largely studied by means of both experimental and computational models, giving a contribution in understanding the complexity of the TCR triggering. Nevertheless, a detailed study of the structural and dynamical characterization of the full complex (pMHC:TCR:CD3 complex) is still missing due to a lack of structural information of the CD3-chains arrangement around the TCR. Very recently, the determination of the TCR:CD3 complex structure by means of Cryo-EM technique has given a chance to build the entire system essential in the activation of T-cells, a fundamental mechanism in the adaptive immune response. Here, we present the first complete model of the pMHC interacting with the TCR:CD3 complex, built in a lipid environment. To describe the conformational behavior associated with the unbound and the bound states, all-atom Molecular Dynamics simulations were performed for the TCR:CD3 complex and for two pMHC:TCR:CD3 complex systems, bound to two different peptides. Our data point out that a conformational change affecting the TCR Constant β (Cβ) region occurs after the binding to the pMHC, revealing a key role of this region in the propagation of the signal. Moreover, we found that TCR reduces the flexibility of the MHC I binding groove, confirming our previous results.
Collapse
|
15
|
Chokshi R, Bennett O, Zhelay T, Kozak JA. NSAIDs Naproxen, Ibuprofen, Salicylate, and Aspirin Inhibit TRPM7 Channels by Cytosolic Acidification. Front Physiol 2021; 12:727549. [PMID: 34733174 PMCID: PMC8558630 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.727549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used for relieving pain and inflammation accompanying numerous disease states. The primary therapeutic mechanism of these widely used drugs is the inhibition of cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX1, 2) enzymes that catalyze the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins. At higher doses, NSAIDs are used for prevention of certain types of cancer and as experimental treatments for Alzheimer’s disease. In the immune system, various NSAIDs have been reported to influence neutrophil function and lymphocyte proliferation, and affect ion channels and cellular calcium homeostasis. Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) cation channels are highly expressed in T lymphocytes and are inhibited by Mg2+, acidic pH, and polyamines. Here, we report a novel effect of naproxen, ibuprofen, salicylate, and acetylsalicylate on TRPM7. At concentrations of 3–30mM, they reversibly inhibited TRPM7 channel currents. By measuring intracellular pH with the ratiometric indicator BCECF, we found that at 300μM to 30mM, these NSAIDs reversibly acidified the cytoplasm in a concentration-dependent manner, and propose that TRPM7 channel inhibition is a consequence of cytosolic acidification, rather than direct. NSAID inhibition of TRPM7 channels was slow, voltage-independent, and displayed use-dependence, increasing in potency upon repeated drug applications. The extent of channel inhibition by salicylate strongly depended on cellular PI(4,5)P2 levels, as revealed when this phospholipid was depleted with voltage-sensitive lipid phosphatase (VSP). Salicylate inhibited heterologously expressed wildtype TRPM7 channels but not the S1107R variant, which is insensitive to cytosolic pH, Mg2+, and PI(4,5)P2 depletion. NSAID-induced acidification was also observed in Schneider 2 cells from Drosophila, an organism that lacks orthologous COX genes, suggesting that this effect is unrelated to COX enzyme activity. A 24-h exposure to 300μM–10mM naproxen resulted in a concentration-dependent reduction in cell viability. In addition to TRPM7, the described NSAID effect would be expected to apply to other ion channels and transporters sensitive to intracellular pH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rikki Chokshi
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, College of Science and Mathematics, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Orville Bennett
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, College of Science and Mathematics, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Tetyana Zhelay
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, College of Science and Mathematics, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - J Ashot Kozak
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, College of Science and Mathematics, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gajanayaka N, Dong SXM, Ali H, Iqbal S, Mookerjee A, Lawton DA, Caballero RE, Cassol E, Cameron DW, Angel JB, Crawley AM, Kumar A. TLR-4 Agonist Induces IFN-γ Production Selectively in Proinflammatory Human M1 Macrophages through the PI3K-mTOR- and JNK-MAPK-Activated p70S6K Pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2310-2324. [PMID: 34551966 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
IFN-γ, a proinflammatory cytokine produced primarily by T cells and NK cells, activates macrophages and engages mechanisms to control pathogens. Although there is evidence of IFN-γ production by murine macrophages, IFN-γ production by normal human macrophages and their subsets remains unknown. Herein, we show that human M1 macrophages generated by IFN-γ and IL-12- and IL-18-stimulated monocyte-derived macrophages (M0) produce significant levels of IFN-γ. Further stimulation of IL-12/IL-18-primed macrophages or M1 macrophages with agonists for TLR-2, TLR-3, or TLR-4 significantly enhanced IFN-γ production in contrast to the similarly stimulated M0, M2a, M2b, and M2c macrophages. Similarly, M1 macrophages generated from COVID-19-infected patients' macrophages produced IFN-γ that was enhanced following LPS stimulation. The inhibition of M1 differentiation by Jak inhibitors reversed LPS-induced IFN-γ production, suggesting that differentiation with IFN-γ plays a key role in IFN-γ induction. We subsequently investigated the signaling pathway(s) responsible for TLR-4-induced IFN-γ production in M1 macrophages. Our results show that TLR-4-induced IFN-γ production is regulated by the ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) through the activation of PI3K, the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1/2 (mTORC1/2), and the JNK MAPK pathways. These results suggest that M1-derived IFN-γ may play a key role in inflammation that may be augmented following bacterial/viral infections. Moreover, blocking the mTORC1/2, PI3K, and JNK MAPKs in macrophages may be of potential translational significance in preventing macrophage-mediated inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niranjala Gajanayaka
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simon Xin Min Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hamza Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Salma Iqbal
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ananda Mookerjee
- Apoptosis Research Center, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David A Lawton
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ramon Edwin Caballero
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Apoptosis Research Center, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edana Cassol
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donald William Cameron
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Angel
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angela M Crawley
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Center for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; .,Apoptosis Research Center, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
T lymphocytes as critical mediators in tissue regeneration, fibrosis, and the foreign body response. Acta Biomater 2021; 133:17-33. [PMID: 33905946 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Research on the foreign body response (FBR) to biomaterial implants has been focused on the roles that the innate immune system has on mediating tolerance or rejection of implants. However, the immune system also involves the adaptive immune response and it must be included in order to form a complete picture of the response to biomaterials and medical implants. In this review, we explore recent understanding about the roles of adaptive immune cells, specifically T cells, in modulating the immune response to biomaterial implants. The immune response to implants elicits a delicate balance between tissue repair and fibrosis that is mainly regulated by three types of T helper cell responses -T helper type 1, T helper type 2, and T helper type 17- and their crosstalk with innate immune cells. Interestingly, many T cell response mechanisms to implants overlap with the process of fibrosis or repair in different tissues. This review explores the fibrotic and regenerative T cell biology and draws parallels to T cell responses to biomaterials. Additionally, we also explore the biomedical engineering advancements in biomaterial applications in designing particle and scaffold systems to modulate T cell activity for therapeutics and devices. Not only do the deliberate engineering design of physical and chemical material properties and the direct genetic modulation of T cells not only offer insights to T cell biology, but they also present different platforms to develop immunomodulatory biomaterials. Thus, an in-depth understanding of T cells' roles can help to navigate the biomaterial-immune interactions and reconsider the long-lasting adaptive immune response to implants, which, in the end, contribute to the design of immunomodulatory medical implants that can advance the next generation of regenerative therapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This review article integrates knowledge of adaptive immune responses in tissue damage, wound healing, and medical device implantation. These three fields, often not discussed in conjunction, are important to consider when evaluating and designing biomaterials. Through incorporation of basic biological research alongside engineering research, we provide an important lens through which to evaluate adaptive immune contributions to regenerative medicine and medical device development.
Collapse
|
18
|
Tang H, Jiang X, Zhang J, Pei C, Zhao X, Li L, Kong X. Teleost CD4 + helper T cells: Molecular characteristics and functions and comparison with mammalian counterparts. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 240:110316. [PMID: 34474261 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ helper T cells play key and diverse roles in inducing adaptive immune responses in vertebrates. The CD4 molecule, which is found on the surfaces of CD4+ helper T cells, can be used to distinguish subsets of helper T cells. Teleosts are the oldest living species with bona-fide CD4 coreceptors. Although some components of immune systems of teleosts and mammals appear to be similar, many physiological differences are represented between them. Previous studies have shown that two CD4 paralogs are present in teleosts, whereas only one is present in mammals. Therefore, in this review, the CD4 molecular structure, expression profiles, subpopulations, and biological functions of teleost CD4+ helper T cells were summarized and compared with those of their mammalian counterparts to understand the differences in CD4 molecules between teleosts and mammals. This review provides suggestions for further studies on the CD4 molecular function and regulatory mechanism of CD4+ helper T cells in teleost fish and will help establish therapeutic strategies to control fish diseases in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Tang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China; Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Xinyu Jiang
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Chao Pei
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Xianliang Zhao
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Li Li
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Xianghui Kong
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China; Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ngoenkam J, Paensuwan P, Wipa P, Schamel WWA, Pongcharoen S. Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein: Roles in Signal Transduction in T Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:674572. [PMID: 34169073 PMCID: PMC8217661 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.674572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction regulates the proper function of T cells in an immune response. Upon binding to its specific ligand associated with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on an antigen presenting cell, the T cell receptor (TCR) initiates intracellular signaling that leads to extensive actin polymerization. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) is one of the actin nucleation factors that is recruited to TCR microclusters, where it is activated and regulates actin network formation. Here we highlight the research that has focused on WASp-deficient T cells from both human and mice in TCR-mediated signal transduction. We discuss the role of WASp in proximal TCR signaling as well as in the Ras/Rac-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), PKC (protein kinase C) and Ca2+-mediated signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jatuporn Ngoenkam
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Pussadee Paensuwan
- Department of Optometry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Piyamaporn Wipa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Wolfgang W A Schamel
- Signalling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Freiburg University Clinics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sutatip Pongcharoen
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Choi H, Deng J, Li S, Silk T, Dong L, Brea EJ, Houghton S, Redmond D, Zhong H, Boiarsky J, Akbay EA, Smith PD, Merghoub T, Wong KK, Wolchok JD. Pulsatile MEK Inhibition Improves Anti-tumor Immunity and T Cell Function in Murine Kras Mutant Lung Cancer. Cell Rep 2020; 27:806-819.e5. [PMID: 30995478 PMCID: PMC6719696 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
KRAS is one of the driver oncogenes in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) but remains refractory to current modalities of targeted pathway inhibition, which include inhibiting downstream kinase MEK to circumvent KRAS activation. Here, we show that pulsatile, rather than continuous, treatment with MEK inhibitors (MEKis) maintains T cell activation and enables their proliferation. Two MEKis, selumetinib and trametinib, induce T cell activation with increased CTLA-4 expression and, to a lesser extent, PD-1 expression on T cells in vivo after cyclical pulsatile MEKi treatment. In addition, the pulsatile dosing schedule alone shows superior anti-tumor effects and delays the emergence of drug resistance. Furthermore, pulsatile MEKi treatment combined with CTLA-4 blockade prolongs survival in mice bearing tumors with mutant Kras. Our results set the foundation and show the importance of a combinatorial therapeutic strategy using pulsatile targeted therapy together with immunotherapy to optimally enhance tumor delay and promote long-term anti-tumor immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Choi
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jiehui Deng
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shuai Li
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Tarik Silk
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lauren Dong
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Elliott J Brea
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sean Houghton
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David Redmond
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hong Zhong
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jonathan Boiarsky
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Esra A Akbay
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Paul D Smith
- Bioscience, iMed Oncology, AstraZeneca, CRUK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Taha Merghoub
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Jedd D Wolchok
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Giladi A, Cohen M, Medaglia C, Baran Y, Li B, Zada M, Bost P, Blecher-Gonen R, Salame TM, Mayer JU, David E, Ronchese F, Tanay A, Amit I. Dissecting cellular crosstalk by sequencing physically interacting cells. Nat Biotechnol 2020; 38:629-637. [PMID: 32152598 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-020-0442-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Crosstalk between neighboring cells underlies many biological processes, including cell signaling, proliferation and differentiation. Current single-cell genomic technologies profile each cell separately after tissue dissociation, losing information on cell-cell interactions. In the present study, we present an approach for sequencing physically interacting cells (PIC-seq), which combines cell sorting of physically interacting cells (PICs) with single-cell RNA-sequencing. Using computational modeling, PIC-seq systematically maps in situ cellular interactions and characterizes their molecular crosstalk. We apply PIC-seq to interrogate diverse interactions including immune-epithelial PICs in neonatal murine lungs. Focusing on interactions between T cells and dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro and in vivo, we map T cell-DC interaction preferences, and discover regulatory T cells as a major T cell subtype interacting with DCs in mouse draining lymph nodes. Analysis of T cell-DC pairs reveals an interaction-specific program between pathogen-presenting migratory DCs and T cells. PIC-seq provides a direct and broadly applicable technology to characterize intercellular interaction-specific pathways at high resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Giladi
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Merav Cohen
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Precision Immunology Institute, Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chiara Medaglia
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yael Baran
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Baoguo Li
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mor Zada
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Pierre Bost
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Systems Biology Group, Center for Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology (C3BI) and USR 3756, Institut Pasteur CNRS, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Complexité du vivant, Paris, France
| | - Ronnie Blecher-Gonen
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tomer-Meir Salame
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Department of Biological Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Eyal David
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Franca Ronchese
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Amos Tanay
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Ido Amit
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Structural basis of assembly of the human T cell receptor-CD3 complex. Nature 2019; 573:546-552. [PMID: 31461748 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1537-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The αβ T cell receptor (TCR), in association with the CD3γε-CD3δε-CD3ζζ signalling hexamer, is the primary determinant of T cell development and activation, and of immune responses to foreign antigens. The mechanism of assembly of the TCR-CD3 complex remains unknown. Here we report a cryo-electron microscopy structure of human TCRαβ in complex with the CD3 hexamer at 3.7 Å resolution. The structure contains the complete extracellular domains and all the transmembrane helices of TCR-CD3. The octameric TCR-CD3 complex is assembled with 1:1:1:1 stoichiometry of TCRαβ:CD3γε:CD3δε:CD3ζζ. Assembly of the extracellular domains of TCR-CD3 is mediated by the constant domains and connecting peptides of TCRαβ that pack against CD3γε-CD3δε, forming a trimer-like structure proximal to the plasma membrane. The transmembrane segment of the CD3 complex adopts a barrel-like structure formed by interaction of the two transmembrane helices of CD3ζζ with those of CD3γε and CD3δε. Insertion of the transmembrane helices of TCRαβ into the barrel-like structure via both hydrophobic and ionic interactions results in transmembrane assembly of the TCR-CD3 complex. Together, our data reveal the structural basis for TCR-CD3 complex assembly, providing clues to TCR triggering and a foundation for rational design of immunotherapies that target the complex.
Collapse
|
23
|
Batcha MM, Ahamed AS, Peng CF. Identification of a new type of haematopoietic progenitor kinase-interacting protein (HIP-55) in Aedes aegypti mosquito haemocytes and its involvement in immunity-like functions in mosquito: a molecular study. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2509-2521. [PMID: 31377908 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we characterize the HIP-55 protein in the mosquito Aedes aegypti for the first time. HIP-55 is a 55-kDa HPK1-interacting protein that is also called SH3P7. HIP-55 constitutively binds HPK1 'via' an HPK1 proline-rich motif 2(PR2) through its C-terminal SH3 domain. HIP-55 critically interacts with ZAP-70, and this interaction was induced by TCR signalling. ZAP-70 phosphorylated HIP-55 at Tyr-334 and Tyr-344 in vitro and in vivo. In our previous findings, AaZAP gene expression strongly proved that AaZAP-70 was involved in immunity-like functions in mosquito. Northern blot analysis of HIP-55 mRNA expression confirmed that it is only expressed in the abdomen and haemocyte tissues; this prediction correlates 100% and a polyclonal antibody also confirmed its localization in haemocytes and the abdomen. We prepared extracts to show the cytoplasmic expression (CE) of this protein. Previous results had proven that this protein is secreted from the cytoplasm; thus, we confirmed here that the protein is a cytoplasmic adaptor protein in mosquitoes and mammalian systems. Furthermore, our polyclonal antibody against HIP-55 also demonstrated that this protein is found in haemocytes and abdomen tissues, which assumes that the protein may be involved in phagocytic-like functions. RNAi (siRNA) silencing studies were used to degrade mosquito HIP-55; however, silencing only slightly affected the HIP-55 sequence and the gene transcriptional level. To characterize this protein, we cloned 609 bp from the 1.6-kb full-length cDNA using a pET28 vector for polyclonal antibody production. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Mohiadeen Batcha
- Department of Zoology, HKRH College, Uthamapalayam, Theni District, Tamil Nadu, India.
- Post Doctoral Scientist, Institute of Tropical Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Shihpai, Taipei-112, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - A Sajith Ahamed
- Department of Microbiology, HKRH College, Uthamapalayam, Theni District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chiung Fang Peng
- Fuga Biotechnology, Chongqing S. Rd, Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei - 100, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shingarev R, Glezerman IG. Kidney Complications of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Review. Am J Kidney Dis 2019; 74:529-537. [PMID: 31303350 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.03.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunologic control of malignancy has long been recognized as an important determinant of disease progression. Recent advances in immunology have led to the focus on several mechanisms that can be targeted to achieve tumor suppression. In particular, checkpoint inhibition has evolved in less than a decade to become one of the most important strategies in cancer therapy, with a meaningful improvement in patient survival. Six agents have been approved for clinical use to date and many more are in the industry pipeline. The spectrum of malignancies responsive to immunotherapy ranges from advanced melanoma, for which the first immune checkpoint inhibitor ipilimumab was approved, to Hodgkin lymphoma, non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and others. Notwithstanding its clinical benefits, checkpoint inhibition carries a risk for significant off-target toxicity stemming from the immune system activation. In this review, we discuss general principles of checkpoint inhibition, mechanisms of toxicity, and kidney complications of the treatment and propose diagnostic and treatment strategies when kidney injury occurs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Shingarev
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Ilya G Glezerman
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
FACS isolation of low percentage human antigen-specific CD8 + T cells based on activation-induced CD3 and CD8 downregulation. J Immunol Methods 2019; 472:35-43. [PMID: 31201792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As T cell activation leads to downregulation of T cell receptor (TCR) and coreceptor CD8, we developed a novel FACS-based sorting method to enrich activated antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Using multiple established or low percentage T cell cultures, with either single antigen specificity or multiple influenza A virus antigen specificities, we have optimized the sorting method for T cell activation time and stimulating antigen dose. We have also sorted various numbers of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells into 96-well plates to demonstrate these T cells are capable of expanding into nearly pure CD8+ T cell lines. Our approach has the advantage of sorting antigen-specific T cells without knowing their specific antigenic epitopes or restricting HLA. We believe this method can be very helpful for successfully establishing CD8+ T cell lines for various purpose, including immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
26
|
Guram K, Kim SS, Wu V, Sanders PD, Patel S, Schoenberger SP, Cohen EEW, Chen SY, Sharabi AB. A Threshold Model for T-Cell Activation in the Era of Checkpoint Blockade Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:491. [PMID: 30936880 PMCID: PMC6431643 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Continued discoveries of negative regulators of inflammatory signaling provide detailed molecular insights into peripheral tolerance and anti-tumor immunity. Accumulating evidence indicates that peripheral tolerance is maintained at multiple levels of immune responses by negative regulators of proinflammatory signaling, soluble anti-inflammatory factors, inhibitory surface receptors & ligands, and regulatory cell subsets. This review provides a global overview of these regulatory machineries that work in concert to maintain peripheral tolerance at cellular and host levels, focusing on the direct and indirect regulation of T cells. The recent success of checkpoint blockade immunotherapy (CBI) has initiated a dramatic shift in the paradigm of cancer treatment. Unprecedented responses to CBI have highlighted the central role of T cells in both anti-tumor immunity and peripheral tolerance and underscored the importance of T cell exhaustion in cancer. We discuss the therapeutic implications of modulating the negative regulators of T cell function for tumor immunotherapy with an emphasis on inhibitory surface receptors & ligands—central players in T cell exhaustion and targets of checkpoint blockade immunotherapies. We then introduce a Threshold Model for Immune Activation—the concept that these regulatory mechanisms contribute to defining a set threshold of immunogenic (proinflammatory) signaling required to elicit an anti-tumor or autoimmune response. We demonstrate the value of the Threshold Model in understanding clinical responses and immune related adverse events in the context of peripheral tolerance, tumor immunity, and the era of Checkpoint Blockade Immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kripa Guram
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, San Diego Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Sangwoo S Kim
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, San Diego Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Victoria Wu
- Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - P Dominick Sanders
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, San Diego Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Sandip Patel
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, San Diego Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Stephen P Schoenberger
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, San Diego Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ezra E W Cohen
- Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Si-Yi Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Andrew B Sharabi
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, San Diego Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Phosphorylation of LIFR promotes prostate cancer progression by activating the AKT pathway. Cancer Lett 2019; 451:110-121. [PMID: 30851421 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common solid organ malignancy among men, outnumbering both lung and colorectal cancer, and it is the second leading cause of male tumor-related death in the United States due to high metastasis. Recently, leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) has been found to play roles in multiple types of cancer. However, the roles of LIFR in the progression of PCa remain to be revealed. In this study, we found that LIFR plays an oncogenic role in PCa. The phosphorylation of LIFR at S1044 contributes to subsequent activation of the AKT pathway, inducing the expression of a series of proliferation and metastatic genes. Additionally, LIFR-S1044 is phosphorylated by ERK2 but not ERK1. The signal intensity of pLIFR-S1044 and pAKT S473 in PCa tissue displays a tight positive correlation. The ERK2/LIFR/AKT axis modulates PCa progression and offers a promising therapeutic and diagnostic target for PCa.
Collapse
|
28
|
Alspach E, Lussier DM, Schreiber RD. Interferon γ and Its Important Roles in Promoting and Inhibiting Spontaneous and Therapeutic Cancer Immunity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2019; 11:a028480. [PMID: 29661791 PMCID: PMC6396335 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Originally identified in studies of cellular resistance to viral infection, interferon (IFN)-γ is now known to represent a distinct member of the IFN family and plays critical roles not only in orchestrating both innate and adaptive immune responses against viruses, bacteria, and tumors, but also in promoting pathologic inflammatory processes. IFN-γ production is largely restricted to T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells and can ultimately lead to the generation of a polarized immune response composed of T helper (Th)1 CD4+ T cells and CD8+ cytolytic T cells. In contrast, the temporally distinct elaboration of IFN-γ in progressively growing tumors also promotes a state of adaptive resistance caused by the up-regulation of inhibitory molecules, such as programmed-death ligand 1 (PD-L1) on tumor cell targets, and additional host cells within the tumor microenvironment. This review focuses on the diverse positive and negative roles of IFN-γ in immune cell activation and differentiation leading to protective immune responses, as well as the paradoxical effects of IFN-γ within the tumor microenvironment that determine the ultimate fate of that tumor in a cancer-bearing individual.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Alspach
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Danielle M Lussier
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Robert D Schreiber
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
NKT Cells in Mice Originate from Cytoplasmic CD3-Positive, CD4 -CD8 - Double-Negative Thymocytes that Express CD44 and IL-7Rα. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1874. [PMID: 30755654 PMCID: PMC6372634 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37811-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although natural killer T cells (NKT cells) are thought to be generated from CD4+CD8+ (DP) thymocytes, the developmental origin of CD4−CD8− (DN) NKT cells has remained unclear. In this study, we found the level of NK1.1 expression was highest in DN cells, followed by CD4 and CD8 (SP) and DP cells. The level of NK1.1 expression was highest in CD44+CD25− (DN1) cells, after that CD44+CD25+ (DN2), finally, CD44−CD25− (DN3) and CD44− CD25+ (DN4) cells. Unexpectedly, cytoplasmic CD3 was not only expressed in SP and DP thymocytes but also in most DN thymocytes at various stages. The mean fluorescence of cytoplasmic and surface CD3 in DN cells was significantly lower than in mature (SP) T and NKT cells in the thymus and spleen. Interestingly, there were more NKT cells in DN-cytoplasmic CD3 expression cells was higher than in DN-surface CD3 expression cells. There were more CD3-NKT cells in DN1 thymocytes than in TCR-β-NKT cells. NKT cells expressed higher levels of IL-7Rα which was correlated with CD44 expression in the thymus. Our data suggest that T cells and NKT cells follow similar patterns of expression with respect to cytoplasmic and surface CD3. Cytoplasmic CD3 could be used as a marker for early stage T cells. Both cytoplasmic CD3 and surface CD3 were expressed in mature T cells and immature T cells, including the immature cytoplasmic CD3+ surface CD3− and surface CD3+TCR-β− cells in DN1-NKT thymocytes. CD44 could be used as an additional marker of NKT cells which may originate from cytoplasmic CD3-positive DN thymocytes that express CD44 and IL-7Rα in mice.
Collapse
|
30
|
Habtamu M, Abebe M, Aseffa A, Dyrhol-Riise AM, Spurkland A, Abrahamsen G. In vitro analysis of antigen induced T cell-monocyte conjugates by imaging flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 2018; 460:93-100. [PMID: 29981305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is a lack of suitable correlates of immune protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. T cells and monocytes play key roles in host immunity against Mtb. Thus, a method that allows assessing their interaction would contribute to the understanding of immune regulation in tuberculosis (TB). We have established imaging flow cytometer (IFC) based in vitro assay for the analysis of early events in T cell-monocyte interaction, upstream of cytokine production and T cell proliferation. This was achieved through short term stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy Norwegian blood donors with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG). In our assay, we examined the kinetics of BCG uptake by monocytes using fluorescently labeled BCG and T cell-monocyte interaction based on synapse formation (CD3/TCR polarization). Our results showed that BCG stimulation induced a gradual increase in the proportion of conjugated T cells displaying NF-κB translocation to the nucleus in a time dependent manner, with the highest frequency observed at 6 h. We subsequently tested PBMC from a small cohort of active TB patients (n = 7) and observed a similar BCG induced NF-κB translocation in T cells conjugated with monocytes. The method allowed for simultaneous evaluation of T cell-monocyte conjugates and T cell activation as measured by NF-κB translocation, following short-term challenge of human PBMC with BCG. Whether this novel approach could serve as a diagnostic or prognostic marker needs to be investigated using a wide array of Mtb specific antigens in a larger cohort of patients with different TB infection status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meseret Habtamu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Markos Abebe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Anne Margarita Dyrhol-Riise
- Department of Infectious Disease, Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Anne Spurkland
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Greger Abrahamsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ngoenkam J, Schamel WW, Pongcharoen S. Selected signalling proteins recruited to the T-cell receptor-CD3 complex. Immunology 2018; 153:42-50. [PMID: 28771705 PMCID: PMC5721247 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The T-cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex, expressed on T cells, determines the outcome of a T-cell response. It consists of the TCR-αβ heterodimer and the non-covalently associated signalling dimers of CD3εγ, CD3εδ and CD3ζζ. TCR-αβ binds specifically to a cognate peptide antigen bound to an MHC molecule, whereas the CD3 subunits transmit the signal into the cytosol to activate signalling events. Recruitment of proteins to specialized localizations is one mechanism to regulate activation and termination of signalling. In the last 25 years a large number of signalling molecules recruited to the TCR-CD3 complex upon antigen binding to TCR-αβ have been described. Here, we review knowledge about five of those interaction partners: Lck, ZAP-70, Nck, WASP and Numb. Some of these proteins have been targeted in the development of immunomodulatory drugs aiming to treat patients with autoimmune diseases and organ transplants.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- CD3 Complex/chemistry
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/chemistry
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mutation
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein/metabolism
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jatuporn Ngoenkam
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyFaculty of Medical ScienceNaresuan UniversityPhitsanulokThailand
| | - Wolfgang W. Schamel
- Department of ImmunologyInstitute for Biology IIIFaculty of BiologyUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling StudiesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI)Medical Centre‐University of FreiburgFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Sutatip Pongcharoen
- Centre of Excellence in Medical BiotechnologyFaculty of Medical ScienceNaresuan UniversityPhitsanulokThailand
- Centre of Excellence in Petroleum, Petrochemicals and Advanced MaterialsFaculty of ScienceNaresuan UniversityPhitsanulokThailand
- Department of MedicineFaculty of MedicineNaresuan UniversityPhitsanulokThailand
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mechanosensing in the immune response. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 71:137-145. [PMID: 28830744 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cells have a remarkable ability to sense and respond to the mechanical properties of their environment. Mechanosensing is essential for many phenomena, ranging from cell movements and tissue rearrangements to cell differentiation and the immune response. Cells of the immune system get activated when membrane receptors bind to cognate antigen on the surface of antigen presenting cells. Both T and B lymphocyte signaling has been shown to be responsive to physical forces and mechanical cues. Cytoskeletal forces exerted by cells likely mediate this mechanical modulation. Here, we discuss recent advances in the field of immune cell mechanobiology at the molecular and cellular scale.
Collapse
|
33
|
Myers DR, Zikherman J, Roose JP. Tonic Signals: Why Do Lymphocytes Bother? Trends Immunol 2017; 38:844-857. [PMID: 28754596 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1990s it has been known that B and T lymphocytes exhibit low-level, constitutive signaling in the basal state (tonic signaling). These lymphocytes display a range of affinity for self, which in turn generates a range of tonic signaling. Surprisingly, what signaling pathways are active in the basal state and the functional relevance of the observed tonic signaling heterogeneity remain open questions today. Here we summarize what is known about the mechanistic and functional details of tonic signaling. We highlight recent advances that have increased our understanding of how the amount of tonic signal impacts immune function, describing novel tools that have moved the field forward and toward a molecular understanding of tonic signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darienne R Myers
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeroen P Roose
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Merkle PS, Irving M, Hongjian S, Ferber M, Jørgensen TJD, Scholten K, Luescher I, Coukos G, Zoete V, Cuendet MA, Michielin O, Rand KD. The T-Cell Receptor Can Bind to the Peptide-Bound Major Histocompatibility Complex and Uncomplexed β2-Microglobulin through Distinct Binding Sites. Biochemistry 2017; 56:3945-3961. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S. Merkle
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Melita Irving
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Bâtiment Génopode, UNIL Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig
Branch for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Song Hongjian
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mathias Ferber
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Bâtiment Génopode, UNIL Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas J. D. Jørgensen
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Scholten
- Ludwig
Branch for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Immanuel Luescher
- Ludwig
Branch for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Ludwig
Branch for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Bâtiment Génopode, UNIL Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel A. Cuendet
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Bâtiment Génopode, UNIL Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department
of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300
York Avenue, New York, New
York 10065, United States
| | - Olivier Michielin
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Bâtiment Génopode, UNIL Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kasper D. Rand
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Attakpa ES, Bertin GA, Chabi NW, Ategbo JM, Seri B, Khan NA. Moringa oleifera-rich diet and T cell calcium signaling in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Physiol Res 2017; 66:753-767. [PMID: 28406707 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Moringa oleifera is a plant whose fruits, roots and leaves have been advocated for traditional medicinal uses. The physicochemical analysis shows that Moringa oleifera contains more dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) than saturated fatty acids (SFA). The consumption of an experimental diet enriched with Moringa oleifera extracts lowered blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), but not in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats as compared to rats fed an unsupplemented control diet. Anti-CD3-stimulated T cell proliferation was diminished in both strains of rats fed the Moringa oleifera. The experimental diet lowered secretion of interleukin-2 in SHR, but not in WKY rats compared with rats fed the control diet. Studies of platelets from patients with primary hypertension and from SHR support the notion that the concentration of intracellular free calcium [Ca(2+)](i) is modified in both clinical and experimental hypertension. We observed that the basal, [Ca(2+)](i) was lower in T cells of SHR than in those of WKY rats fed the control diet. Feeding the diet with Moringa oleifera extracts to WKY rats did not alter basal [Ca(2+)](i) in T cells but increased basal [Ca(2+)](i) in SHR. Our study clearly demonstrated that Moringa oleifera exerts antihypertensive effects by inhibiting the secretion of IL-2 and modulates T cell calcium signaling in hypertensive rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E S Attakpa
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Moléculaire et Toxicologie, Département de Physiologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Republic of Benin.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Woo SJ, Jo HI, Lee HH, Chung JK. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) phospholipase C gamma 1 and gamma 2. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 63:353-366. [PMID: 27894895 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase C gamma 1 and gamma 2 (PLCG1 and PLCG2) are influential in modulating Ca2+ and diacylglycerol, second messengers involved in tyrosine kinase-dependent signaling, including growth factor activation. Here, we used RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) to clone cDNA encoding PLCG1 (PoPLCG1) and PLCG2 (PoPLCG2) in the olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). The respective 1313 and 1249 amino acid sequences share high identity with human PLCG1 and PLCG2, and contain the following domains: pleckstrin homology (PH), EF-hand, catalytic X and Y, Src homology 2 (SH2), Src homology 3 (SH3), and C2. Phylogenic analysis and sequence comparison of PoPLCG1 and PoPLCG2 with other PLC isozymes showed a close relationship between the two PLCGs, supported by structural analysis. In addition, tissue expression analysis showed that PoPLCG1 was expressed predominantly in the brain, eye, and heart, whereas PoPLCG2 was expressed principally in gills, esophagus, spleen, and kidney. Following stimulation with LPS and Poly I:C, PoPLCG expression was compared with the expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α via reverse transcription-PCR and real-time quantitative PCR. Our results suggest that PoPLCG isozymes perform a critical immune function in olive flounder, being active in pathogen resistance and the inflammation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soo Ji Woo
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, South Korea.
| | - Hyae In Jo
- Gyeongbuk Native Fish Business Center, Uiseong 37366, South Korea.
| | - Hyung Ho Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, South Korea.
| | - Joon Ki Chung
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Delcassian D, Sattler S, Dunlop IE. T cell immunoengineering with advanced biomaterials. Integr Biol (Camb) 2017; 9:211-222. [PMID: 28252135 PMCID: PMC6034443 DOI: 10.1039/c6ib00233a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in biomaterials design offer the potential to actively control immune cell activation and behaviour. Many human diseases, such as infections, cancer, and autoimmune disorders, are partly mediated by inappropriate or insufficient activation of the immune system. T cells play a central role in the host immune response to these diseases, and so constitute a promising cell type for manipulation. In vivo, T cells are stimulated by antigen presenting cells (APC), therefore to design immunoengineering biomaterials that control T cell behaviour, artificial interfaces that mimic the natural APC-T cell interaction are required. This review draws together research in the design and fabrication of such biomaterial interfaces, and highlights efforts to elucidate key parameters in T cell activation, such as substrate mechanical properties and spatial organization of receptors, illustrating how they can be manipulated by bioengineering approaches to alter T cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derfogail Delcassian
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK. and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Susanne Sattler
- Imperial College London National Heart and Lung Institute, Du Cane Road, W12 0NN, London, UK
| | - Iain E Dunlop
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Smith SEP, Neier SC, Reed BK, Davis TR, Sinnwell JP, Eckel-Passow JE, Sciallis GF, Wieland CN, Torgerson RR, Gil D, Neuhauser C, Schrum AG. Multiplex matrix network analysis of protein complexes in the human TCR signalosome. Sci Signal 2016; 9:rs7. [PMID: 27485017 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aad7279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiprotein complexes transduce cellular signals through extensive interaction networks, but the ability to analyze these networks in cells from small clinical biopsies is limited. To address this, we applied an adaptable multiplex matrix system to physiologically relevant signaling protein complexes isolated from a cell line or from human patient samples. Focusing on the proximal T cell receptor (TCR) signalosome, we assessed 210 pairs of PiSCES (proteins in shared complexes detected by exposed surface epitopes). Upon stimulation of Jurkat cells with superantigen-loaded antigen-presenting cells, this system produced high-dimensional data that enabled visualization of network activity. A comprehensive analysis platform generated PiSCES biosignatures by applying unsupervised hierarchical clustering, principal component analysis, an adaptive nonparametric with empirical cutoff analysis, and weighted correlation network analysis. We generated PiSCES biosignatures from 4-mm skin punch biopsies from control patients or patients with the autoimmune skin disease alopecia areata. This analysis distinguished disease patients from the controls, detected enhanced basal TCR signaling in the autoimmune patients, and identified a potential signaling network signature that may be indicative of disease. Thus, generation of PiSCES biosignatures represents an approach that can provide information about the activity of protein signaling networks in samples including low-abundance primary cells from clinical biopsies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E P Smith
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Steven C Neier
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Brendan K Reed
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Tessa R Davis
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jason P Sinnwell
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jeanette E Eckel-Passow
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | | | | | - Diana Gil
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Claudia Neuhauser
- University of Minnesota Informatics Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Adam G Schrum
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Betapudi V, Shukla M, Alluri R, Merkulov S, McCrae KR. Novel role for p56/Lck in regulation of endothelial cell survival and angiogenesis. FASEB J 2016; 30:3515-3526. [PMID: 27402674 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that cleaved high-molecular-weight kininogen (HKa) induces endothelial apoptosis and inhibits angiogenesis and have suggested that this occurs through inhibition of Src family kinases. This study assessed the role of tyrosine-protein kinase Lck (p56/Lck) in this pathway. We analyzed early events leading to apoptosis of human endothelial cells exposed to HKa. The role of p56/Lck was investigated using short interfering (si) RNA knockdown and lentivirus expression in assays of endothelial tube formation, sprouting of neovessels from murine aorta, and angiogenesis in Matrigel plugs. HKa stimulated expression and phosphorylation of p56/Lck. siRNA knockdown of p56/Lck promoted endothelial proliferation and blocked HKa-induced apoptosis and activation of p53, Bax, and Bak. Lentivirus expression of p56/Lck in endothelial cells induced apoptosis and blocked tube formation. Expression of p56/Lck in murine aortic rings blocked sprouting angiogenesis. Lentivirus expressing p56/Lck blocked angiogenesis in Matrigel plugs, while p56/Lck short hairpin RNA inhibited the antiangiogenic effect of HKa. Scrambled siRNAs and empty lentiviral vectors were used in all experiments. Apoptosis of proliferating endothelial cells and inhibition of angiogenesis by HKa requires p56/Lck. This suggests a novel role for p56/Lck in regulation of endothelial cell survival and angiogenesis.-Betapudi, V., Shukla, M., Alluri, R., Merkulov, S., McCrae, K. R. Novel role for p56/Lck in regulation of endothelial cell survival and angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkaiah Betapudi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; and
| | - Meenal Shukla
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ravi Alluri
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sergei Merkulov
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Keith R McCrae
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Huang Y, Cai J, Wang B, Tang JF, Jian JC, Wu ZH, Gan Z, Lu YS. Molecular cloning and characterization of lymphocyte cell kinase from humphead snapper (Lutjanus sanguineus). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:809-819. [PMID: 26660470 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocyte cell kinase (LCK) belongs to the Src family of tyrosine kinases, which involves in the proliferation control of lymphocytes. In this study, we cloned the LCK gene of humphead snapper (Lutjanus sanguineus) (designed as LsLCK). Sequence analysis showed that the full-length cDNA of LsLCK was 2279 bp, contained a 1506-bp open reading frame (ORF), encoding a polypeptide of 501 amino acids. The deduced amino acid possessed the typical structural features of known LCK proteins, including four Src homology (SH) domains arranged as the SH1 domain followed by a regulatory C-terminal tail (COOH-domain), SH2 and SH3 adapter domains and SH4 domain which required for membrane attachment and CD4/CD8 binding. Fluorescent quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated that LsLCK transcripts were expressed mainly in thymus, spleen and head kidney in healthy fish. Moreover, the mRNA expressions in these tissues were significantly up-regulated after challenge with Vibrio harveyi. The results of immunohistochemistry showed that LsLCK protein localized distinctly in cytoplasm of cell in thymus, spleen and head kidney. Taken together, these findings indicated that LsLCK may play an important role in the immune response of humphead snapper against bacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Huang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
| | - J Cai
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
| | - B Wang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
| | - J-F Tang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
| | - J-C Jian
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Z-H Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Z Gan
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Y-S Lu
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sun H, Bi R, Liu P, Nolan LK, Lamont SJ. Combined analysis of primary lymphoid tissues' transcriptomic response to extra-intestinal Escherichia coli (ExPEC) infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 57:99-106. [PMID: 26710679 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), an extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), constitutes an animal health and a potential zoonotic risk. Most studies focus on the response of a single tissue to APEC infection. Understanding interactions among lymphoid tissues is of importance in controlling APEC infection. Therefore, we studied bone marrow, bursa, and thymus transcriptomes because of these tissues' crucial roles in development of pre-lymphocytes, B cells, and T cells, respectively. Using lesion scores of liver, pericardium, and air sacs, infected birds were classified as either resistant or susceptible. Little difference in gene expression was detected in resistant birds in bone marrow versus bursa or thymus, while there were large differences between tissues in susceptible birds. Phagosome, lysosome and cytokine interactions were strongly enhanced in thymus versus bone marrow in susceptible birds, and T cell receptor (TCR), cell cycle, and p53 signaling were significantly decreased. B cell receptor (BCR) was also significantly suppressed in bursa versus bone marrow in susceptible birds. This research provides novel insights into the complex developmental changes in gene expression occurring across the primary lymphoid organs and, therefore, serves as a foundation to understanding the cellular and molecular basis of host resistance to APEC infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Sun
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Ran Bi
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Lisa K Nolan
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Susan J Lamont
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Natarajan A, Nadarajah V, Felsovalyi K, Wang W, Jeyachandran VR, Wasson RA, Cardozo T, Bracken C, Krogsgaard M. Structural Model of the Extracellular Assembly of the TCR-CD3 Complex. Cell Rep 2016; 14:2833-45. [PMID: 26997265 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen recognition of peptide-major histocompatibility complexes (pMHCs) by T cells, a key step in initiating adaptive immune responses, is performed by the T cell receptor (TCR) bound to CD3 heterodimers. However, the biophysical basis of the transmission of TCR-CD3 extracellular interaction into a productive intracellular signaling sequence remains incomplete. Here we used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy combined with mutational analysis and computational docking to derive a structural model of the extracellular TCR-CD3 assembly. In the inactivated state, CD3γε interacts with the helix 3 and helix 4-F strand regions of the TCR Cβ subunit, whereas CD3δε interacts with the F and C strand regions of the TCR Cα subunit in this model, placing the CD3 subunits on opposing sides of the TCR. This work identifies the molecular contacts between the TCR and CD3 subunits, identifying a physical basis for transmitting an activating signal through the complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Natarajan
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Vidushan Nadarajah
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Klara Felsovalyi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Vivian R Jeyachandran
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Riley A Wasson
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Timothy Cardozo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Clay Bracken
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michelle Krogsgaard
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Interdiciplinary Cooperative Melanoma Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Porciello N, Tuosto L. CD28 costimulatory signals in T lymphocyte activation: Emerging functions beyond a qualitative and quantitative support to TCR signalling. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 28:11-9. [PMID: 26970725 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CD28 is one of the most important co-stimulatory receptors necessary for full T lymphocyte activation. By binding its cognate ligands, B7.1/CD80 or B7.2/CD86, expressed on the surface of professional antigen presenting cells (APC), CD28 initiates several signalling cascades, which qualitatively and quantitatively support T cell receptor (TCR) signalling. More recent data evidenced that human CD28 can also act as a TCR-independent signalling unit, by delivering specific signals, which regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokines. Despite the enormous progresses made in identifying the mechanisms and molecules involved in CD28 signalling properties, much remains to be elucidated, especially in the light of the functional differences observed between human and mouse CD28. In this review we provide an overview of the current mechanisms and molecules through which CD28 support TCR signalling and highlight recent findings on the specific signalling motifs that regulate the unique pro-inflammatory activity of human CD28.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicla Porciello
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Loretta Tuosto
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wu Y, Zhang JF, Xu T, Xu L, Qiao J, Liu F, Shan H, Jiang X. Identification of therapeutic targets for childhood severe asthmatics with DNA microarray. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2016; 44:76-82. [PMID: 25979195 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we aimed to discover potential gene targets for treating childhood asthmatics. METHODS With the microarray data downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, we explored the common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in children with severe asthma and mild asthma (SA vs. MA) or healthy controls (SA vs. HC). Then we performed hierarchical clustering, function and pathway enrichment analysis for the common DEGs. RESULTS A total of 81 genes were identified to be differentially expressed in SA vs. MA and SA vs. HC group. Hierarchical clustering of the 81 DEGs could crudely separate the SA, MA and healthy individuals. The overrepresented GO terms of the common DEGs were related with lipid biosynthetic process (21.74%), pigment biosynthetic process (13.04%) and nucleoside monophosphate metabolic process (13.04%). Only one pathway was significantly enriched, which was the antigen processing and presentation pathway involved with CD4 and RFX gene. CONCLUSIONS The antigen processing and presentation pathway and lipid biosynthetic process may play roles in the pathogenesis of severe asthma. CD4 and RFX provide a therapeutic possibility for childhood asthma.
Collapse
|
45
|
Nguyen TD, Carrascal M, Vidal-Cortes O, Gallardo O, Casas V, Gay M, Phan VC, Abian J. The phosphoproteome of human Jurkat T cell clones upon costimulation with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies. J Proteomics 2016; 131:190-198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
46
|
Rother N, van der Vlag J. Disturbed T Cell Signaling and Altered Th17 and Regulatory T Cell Subsets in the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2015; 6:610. [PMID: 26648939 PMCID: PMC4663269 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of autoantibodies against nuclear components. Circulating immune complexes of chromatin and autoantibodies deposit in various tissues leading to inflammation and tissue damage. It has been well documented that autoimmunity in SLE depends on autoreactive T cells. In this review, we summarize the literature that addresses the roles of T cell signaling, and Th17 and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the development of SLE. T cell receptor (TCR) signaling appears to be aberrant in T cells of patients with SLE. In particular, defects in the TCRζ chain, Syk kinase, and calcium signaling molecules have been associated with SLE, which leads to hyperresponsive autoreactive T cells. Furthermore, in patients with SLE increased numbers of autoreactive Th17 cells have been documented, and Th17 cells appear to be responsible for tissue inflammation and damage. In addition, reduced numbers of Tregs as well as Tregs with an impaired regulatory function have been associated with SLE. The altered balance between the number of Tregs and Th17 cells in SLE may result from changes in the cytokine milieu that favors the development of Th17 cells over Tregs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Rother
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences , Nijmegen , Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences , Nijmegen , Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lee MS, Glassman CR, Deshpande NR, Badgandi HB, Parrish HL, Uttamapinant C, Stawski PS, Ting AY, Kuhns MS. A Mechanical Switch Couples T Cell Receptor Triggering to the Cytoplasmic Juxtamembrane Regions of CD3ζζ. Immunity 2015; 43:227-39. [PMID: 26231119 PMCID: PMC4545397 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The eight-subunit T cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex is the primary determinant for T cell fate decisions. Yet how it relays ligand-specific information across the cell membrane for conversion to chemical signals remains unresolved. We hypothesized that TCR engagement triggers a change in the spatial relationship between the associated CD3ζζ subunits at the junction where they emerge from the membrane into the cytoplasm. Using three in situ proximity assays based on ID-PRIME, FRET, and EPOR activity, we determined that the cytosolic juxtamembrane regions of the CD3ζζ subunits are spread apart upon assembly into the TCR-CD3 complex. TCR engagement then triggered their apposition. This mechanical switch resides upstream of the CD3ζζ intracellular motifs that initiate chemical signaling, as well as the polybasic stretches that regulate signal potentiation. These findings provide a framework from which to examine triggering events for activating immune receptors and other complex molecular machines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Lee
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Caleb R Glassman
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Neha R Deshpande
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; The Arizona Center on Aging, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Hemant B Badgandi
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Heather L Parrish
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Chayasith Uttamapinant
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Philipp S Stawski
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alice Y Ting
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Michael S Kuhns
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; The Arizona Center on Aging, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; The BIO-5 Institute, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Schumann J, Stanko K, Schliesser U, Appelt C, Sawitzki B. Differences in CD44 Surface Expression Levels and Function Discriminates IL-17 and IFN-γ Producing Helper T Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132479. [PMID: 26172046 PMCID: PMC4501817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44 is a prominent activation marker which distinguishes memory and effector T cells from their naïve counterparts. It also plays a role in early T cell signaling events as it is bound to the lymphocyte-specific protein kinase and thereby enhances T cell receptor signalling. Here, we investigated whether IFN-γ and IL-17 producing T helper cells differ in their CD44 expression and their dependence of CD44 for differentiation. Stimulation of CD4+ T cells with allogeneic dendritic cells resulted in the formation of three distinguishable populations: CD44+, CD44++ and CD44+++. In vitro and in vivo generated allo-reactive IL-17 producing T helper cells were mainly CD44+++ as compared to IFN-γ+ T helper cells, which were CD44++. This effect was enhanced under polarizing conditions. T helper 17 polarization led to a shift towards the CD44+++ population, whereas T helper 1 polarization diminished this population. Furthermore, blocking CD44 decreased IL-17 secretion, while IFN-γ was barely affected. Titration experiments revealed that low T cell receptor and CD28 stimulation supported T helper 17 rather than T helper 1 development. Under these conditions CD44 could act as a co-stimulatory molecule and replace CD28. Indeed, rested CD44+++CD4+ T cells contained already more total and especially phosphorylated zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70 as compared to CD44++ cells. Our results support the notion, that CD44 enhances T cell receptor signaling strength by delivering lymphocyte-specific protein kinase, which is required for induction of IL-17 producing T helper cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schumann
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katarina Stanko
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schliesser
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Appelt
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Sawitzki
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Parrish HL, Glassman CR, Keenen MM, Deshpande NR, Bronnimann MP, Kuhns MS. A Transmembrane Domain GGxxG Motif in CD4 Contributes to Its Lck-Independent Function but Does Not Mediate CD4 Dimerization. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132333. [PMID: 26147390 PMCID: PMC4493003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4 interactions with class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are essential for CD4+ T cell development, activation, and effector functions. While its association with p56lck (Lck), a Src kinase, is important for these functions CD4 also has an Lck-independent role in TCR signaling that is incompletely understood. Here, we identify a conserved GGxxG motif in the CD4 transmembrane domain that is related to the previously described GxxxG motifs of other proteins and predicted to form a flat glycine patch in a transmembrane helix. In other proteins, these patches have been reported to mediate dimerization of transmembrane domains. Here we show that introducing bulky side-chains into this patch (GGxxG to GVxxL) impairs the Lck-independent role of CD4 in T cell activation upon TCR engagement of agonist and weak agonist stimulation. However, using Forster’s Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), we saw no evidence that these mutations decreased CD4 dimerization either in the unliganded state or upon engagement of pMHC concomitantly with the TCR. This suggests that the CD4 transmembrane domain is either mediating interactions with an unidentified partner, or mediating some other function such as membrane domain localization that is important for its role in T cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather L. Parrish
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Caleb R. Glassman
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Madeline M. Keenen
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Neha R. Deshpande
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- The Arizona Center on Aging, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Matthew P. Bronnimann
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Kuhns
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- The Arizona Center on Aging, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- The BIO-5 Institute, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Helou YA, Petrashen AP, Salomon AR. Vav1 Regulates T-Cell Activation through a Feedback Mechanism and Crosstalk between the T-Cell Receptor and CD28. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:2963-75. [PMID: 26043137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vav1, a Rac/Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor and a critical component of the T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling cascade is tyrosine phosphorylated rapidly in response to T-cell activation. Vav1 has established roles in proliferation, cytokine secretion, Ca(2+) responses, and actin cytoskeleton regulation; however, its function in the regulation of phosphorylation of TCR components, including the ζ chain, the CD3 δ, ε, γ chains, and the associated kinases Lck and ZAP-70, is not well established. To obtain a more comprehensive picture of the role of Vav1 in receptor proximal signaling, we performed a wide-scale characterization of Vav1-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation events using quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of Vav1-deficient T cells across a time course of TCR stimulation. Importantly, this study revealed a new function for Vav1 in the negative feedback regulation of the phosphorylation of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs within the ζ chains, CD3 δ, ε, γ chains, as well as activation sites on the critical T cell tyrosine kinases Itk, Lck, and ZAP-70. Our study also uncovered a previously unappreciated role for Vav1 in crosstalk between the CD28 and TCR signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ynes A Helou
- †Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology and ‡Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, United States
| | - Anna P Petrashen
- †Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology and ‡Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, United States
| | - Arthur R Salomon
- †Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology and ‡Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, United States
| |
Collapse
|