1
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Koizumi H, Fujii W, Sanjoba C, Goto Y. BAFF induces CXCR5 expression during B cell differentiation in bone marrow. Biochem Biophys Rep 2023; 34:101451. [PMID: 36926279 PMCID: PMC10011739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell activating factor (BAFF) plays an important role in antibody production through differentiation and maturation of B cells mainly in secondary lymphoid organs. On the other hand, the role of BAFF in the bone marrow, the primary lymphoid organ of B cell development, has not been well elucidated. Here, effects of BAFF in bone marrow B cell development were examined by using BAFF-deficient mice. When mRNA expression levels of B cell differentiation markers including Cd19, Bcl2, Igμ, Il7r and Cxcr5 were compared between bone marrow of wild-type and BAFF-KO mice, a lower level of Cxcr5 expression was found in the KO mice. Additionally, protein expression of CXCR5 on IgM+ cells in the bone marrow was decreased by BAFF deficiency. In vitro studies also confirmed the effect of BAFF on CXCR5 by IgM+ cells; culturing bone marrow cells from BAFF-KO mice with BAFF in vitro increased the proportion of CXCR5+ cells in IgM+ cells compared with non-treated bone marrow cells. In addition, BAFF synergized with TNF-α and IL-6 to increase the expression of CXCR5+ on IgM+ cells. The BAFF-mediated up-regulation of CXCR5 expression was reproduced by using CD19+ cells purified from BAFF-KO bone marrow cells, suggesting that BAFF directly affects B-lineage cells in bone marrow to promote CXCR5 expression. Together, this study suggests that BAFF has an important role in B cell differentiation in bone marrow by directly inducing CXCR5 expression which affect their migration to secondary lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Koizumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Fujii
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chizu Sanjoba
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Le Rochais M, Hémon P, Ben-guigui D, Garaud S, Le Dantec C, Pers JO, Cornec D, Uguen A. Deciphering the maturation of tertiary lymphoid structures in cancer and inflammatory diseases of the digestive tract using imaging mass cytometry. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1147480. [PMID: 37143660 PMCID: PMC10151544 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1147480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent inflammation can promote the development of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) within tissues resembling secondary lymphoid organs (SLO) such as lymph nodes (LN). The composition of TLS across different organs and diseases could be of pathophysiological and medical interest. In this work, we compared TLS to SLO in cancers of the digestive tract and in inflammatory bowel diseases. Colorectal and gastric tissues with different inflammatory diseases and cancers from the department of pathology of CHU Brest were analyzed based on 39 markers using imaging mass cytometry (IMC). Unsupervised and supervised clustering analyses of IMC images were used to compare SLO and TLS. Unsupervised analyses tended to group TLS per patient but not per disease. Supervised analyses of IMC images revealed that LN had a more organized structure than TLS and non-encapsulated SLO Peyer's patches. TLS followed a maturation spectrum with close correlations between germinal center (GC) markers' evolution. The correlations between organizational and functional markers made relevant the previously proposed TLS division into three stages: lymphoid-aggregates (LA) (CD20+CD21-CD23-) had neither organization nor GC functionality, non-GC TLS (CD20+CD21+CD23-) were organized but lacked GC's functionality and GC-like TLS (CD20+CD21+CD23+) had GC's organization and functionality. This architectural and functional maturation grading of TLS pointed to differences across diseases. TLS architectural and functional maturation grading is accessible with few markers allowing future diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive studies on the value of TLS grading, quantification and location within pathological tissues in cancers and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Le Rochais
- Lymphocytes B, Autoimmunité et Immunothérapies (LBAI), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)51227, Univ Brest, Inserm, Brest, France
- *Correspondence: Marion Le Rochais,
| | - Patrice Hémon
- Lymphocytes B, Autoimmunité et Immunothérapies (LBAI), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)51227, Univ Brest, Inserm, Brest, France
| | - Danivanh Ben-guigui
- Lymphocytes B, Autoimmunité et Immunothérapies (LBAI), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)51227, Univ Brest, Inserm, Brest, France
| | - Soizic Garaud
- Lymphocytes B, Autoimmunité et Immunothérapies (LBAI), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)51227, Univ Brest, Inserm, Brest, France
| | - Christelle Le Dantec
- Lymphocytes B, Autoimmunité et Immunothérapies (LBAI), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)51227, Univ Brest, Inserm, Brest, France
| | - Jacques-Olivier Pers
- Lymphocytes B, Autoimmunité et Immunothérapies (LBAI), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)51227, Univ Brest, Inserm, Brest, France
- Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Divi Cornec
- Lymphocytes B, Autoimmunité et Immunothérapies (LBAI), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)51227, Univ Brest, Inserm, Brest, France
- Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Arnaud Uguen
- Lymphocytes B, Autoimmunité et Immunothérapies (LBAI), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)51227, Univ Brest, Inserm, Brest, France
- Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) de Brest, Brest, France
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3
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Kee R, Naughton M, McDonnell GV, Howell OW, Fitzgerald DC. A Review of Compartmentalised Inflammation and Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in the Pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102604. [PMID: 36289863 PMCID: PMC9599335 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The most common form of MS is a relapsing–remitting disease characterised by acute episodes of demyelination associated with the breakdown of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). In the relapsing–remitting phase there is often relative recovery (remission) from relapses characterised clinically by complete or partial resolution of neurological symptoms. In the later and progressive stages of the disease process, accrual of neurological disability occurs in a pathological process independent of acute episodes of demyelination and is accompanied by a trapped or compartmentalised inflammatory response, most notable in the connective tissue spaces of the vasculature and leptomeninges occurring behind an intact BBB. This review focuses on compartmentalised inflammation in MS and in particular, what we know about meningeal tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS; also called B cell follicles) which are organised clusters of immune cells, associated with more severe and progressive forms of MS. Meningeal inflammation and TLS could represent an important fluid or imaging marker of disease activity, whose therapeutic abrogation might be necessary to stop the most severe outcomes of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Kee
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
- Department of Neurology, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Michelle Naughton
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | | | - Owain W. Howell
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University, Wales SA2 8QA, UK
| | - Denise C. Fitzgerald
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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4
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Rossi A, Belmonte B, Carnevale S, Liotti A, De Rosa V, Jaillon S, Piconese S, Tripodo C. Stromal and Immune Cell Dynamics in Tumor Associated Tertiary Lymphoid Structures and Anti-Tumor Immune Responses. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:933113. [PMID: 35874810 PMCID: PMC9304551 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.933113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are ectopic lymphoid organs that have been observed in chronic inflammatory conditions including cancer, where they are thought to exert a positive effect on prognosis. Both immune and non-immune cells participate in the genesis of TLS by establishing complex cross-talks requiring both soluble factors and cell-to-cell contact. Several immune cell types, including T follicular helper cells (Tfh), regulatory T cells (Tregs), and myeloid cells, may accumulate in TLS, possibly promoting or inhibiting their development. In this manuscript, we propose to review the available evidence regarding specific aspects of the TLS formation in solid cancers, including 1) the role of stromal cell composition and architecture in the recruitment of specific immune subpopulations and the formation of immune cell aggregates; 2) the contribution of the myeloid compartment (macrophages and neutrophils) to the development of antibody responses and the TLS formation; 3) the immunological and metabolic mechanisms dictating recruitment, expansion and plasticity of Tregs into T follicular regulatory cells, which are potentially sensitive to immunotherapeutic strategies directed to costimulatory receptors or checkpoint molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Rossi
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Belmonte
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Antonietta Liotti
- Istituto per l’Endocrinologia e l’Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Veronica De Rosa
- Istituto per l’Endocrinologia e l’Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Sebastien Jaillon
- RCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Piconese
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Unità di Neuroimmunologia, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Silvia Piconese,
| | - Claudio Tripodo
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Histopathology Unit, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Milan, Italy
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5
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Bose S, Saha P, Chatterjee B, Srivastava AK. Chemokines driven ovarian cancer progression, metastasis and chemoresistance: potential pharmacological targets for cancer therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:568-579. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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6
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Wang Z, Song J, Wang H, Li J, Xiao Q, Yu Z, Wang Z, Liu J, Pan L, Yao Y, Chen C, Lu X, Liu C, Gao P, Liu Z. Stromal cells and B cells orchestrate ectopic lymphoid tissue formation in nasal polyps. Allergy 2021; 76:1416-1431. [PMID: 33022771 DOI: 10.1111/all.14612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the importance of ectopic lymphoid tissues (eLTs) in the pathophysiology of nasal polyps (NPs) is increasingly appreciated, the mechanisms underlying their formation remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To study the role of interleukin (IL)-17A, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) and lymphotoxin (LT) in eLT formation in NPs. METHODS The expression levels of CXCL13 and LT and their receptors, in addition to the phenotypes of stromal cells in NPs, were studied by flow cytometry, immunostaining, and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Purified nasal stromal cells and B cells were cultured, and a murine model of nasal type 17 inflammation was established by intranasal curdlan challenge for the mechanistic study. RESULTS The excessive CXCL13 production in NPs correlated with enhanced IL-17A expression. Stromal cells, with CD31- Pdpn+ fibroblastic reticular cell (FRC) expansion, were the major source of CXCL13 in NPs without eLTs. IL-17A induced FRC expansion and CXCL13 production in nasal stromal cells. In contrast, B cells were the main source of CXCL13 and LTα1 β2 in NPs with eLTs. CXCL13 upregulated LTα1 β2 expression on B cells, which in turn promoted CXCL13 production in nasal B cells and stromal cells. LTα1 β2 induced expansion of FRCs and CD31+ Pdpn+ lymphoid endothelial cells, which were the predominant stromal cell types in NPs with eLTs. IL-17A knockout and CXCL13 and LTβR blockage diminished nasal eLT formation in the murine model. CONCLUSION We identified an important role of IL-17A-induced stromal cell remodeling in the initiation and crosstalk between B and stromal cells via CXCL13 and LTα1 β2 in the enlargement of eLTs in NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe‐Zheng Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Jia Song
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Jing‐Xian Li
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Qiao Xiao
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Ze Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Zhi‐Chao Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Jin‐Xin Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Li Pan
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Yin Yao
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Cai‐Ling Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Xiang Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology School of Basic Medicine Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Peisong Gao
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore USA
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
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7
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Eberlein J, Davenport B, Nguyen TT, Victorino F, Jhun K, van der Heide V, Kuleshov M, Ma'ayan A, Kedl R, Homann D. Chemokine Signatures of Pathogen-Specific T Cells I: Effector T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2169-2187. [PMID: 32948687 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The choreography of complex immune responses, including the priming, differentiation, and modulation of specific effector T cell populations generated in the immediate wake of an acute pathogen challenge, is in part controlled by chemokines, a large family of mostly secreted molecules involved in chemotaxis and other patho/physiological processes. T cells are both responsive to various chemokine cues and a relevant source for certain chemokines themselves; yet, the actual range, regulation, and role of effector T cell-derived chemokines remains incompletely understood. In this study, using different in vivo mouse models of viral and bacterial infection as well as protective vaccination, we have defined the entire spectrum of chemokines produced by pathogen-specific CD8+ and CD4+T effector cells and delineated several unique properties pertaining to the temporospatial organization of chemokine expression patterns, synthesis and secretion kinetics, and cooperative regulation. Collectively, our results position the "T cell chemokine response" as a notably prominent, largely invariant, yet distinctive force at the forefront of pathogen-specific effector T cell activities and establish novel practical and conceptual approaches that may serve as a foundation for future investigations into the role of T cell-produced chemokines in infectious and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Eberlein
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Bennett Davenport
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Tom T Nguyen
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Francisco Victorino
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Kevin Jhun
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Verena van der Heide
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Maxim Kuleshov
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; and.,Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Avi Ma'ayan
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; and.,Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Ross Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Dirk Homann
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045; .,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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8
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Masouris I, Klein M, Ködel U. The potential for CXCL13 in CSF as a differential diagnostic tool in central nervous system infection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:875-885. [PMID: 32479125 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1770596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Central nervous system (CNS) infections can be life-threatening and are often associated with disabling sequelae. One important factor in most CNS infections is a timely pathogen-specific treatment. The diagnostic methods available, however, do not always reach a satisfying sensitivity and specificity. In these cases, there is need for additional diagnostic biomarkers. Chemokines represent potential candidates as biomarkers, since they are an important pillar of the host immune response. The aim of this review is to discuss the diagnostic potential of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) CXCL13 in patients with CNS infections. Areas covered: Data were obtained from a literature search in PubMed up to October 2019. This review focusses on articles on the potential of CXCL13 as a diagnostic tool. The majority of identified studies aimed to characterize its role in two diseases, namely Lyme neuroborreliosis and neurosyphilis. Expert opinion: CSF CXCL13 has a significant potential as a diagnostic and monitoring add-on marker in Lyme neuroborreliosis. Differences in study design, control groups and clinical parameters between studies, however, affect sensitivity, specificity and cutoff values, underlining the need of further studies to address these issues and pave the way for a generalized clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Masouris
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University , Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Klein
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University , Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe Ködel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University , Munich, Germany
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9
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Gil-Varea E, Spataro N, Villar LM, Tejeda-Velarde A, Midaglia L, Matesanz F, Malhotra S, Eixarch H, Patsopoulos N, Fernández Ó, Oliver-Martos B, Saiz A, Llufriu S, Ramió-Torrentà L, Quintana E, Izquierdo G, Alcina A, Bosch E, Navarro A, Montalban X, Comabella M. Targeted resequencing reveals rare variants enrichment in multiple sclerosis susceptibility genes. Hum Mutat 2020; 41:1308-1320. [PMID: 32196808 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although genome-wide association studies have identified a number of common variants associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility, little is known about the relevance of rare variants. Here, we aimed to explore the role of rare variants in 14 MS risk genes (FCRL1, RGS1, TIMMDC1, HHEX, CXCR5, LTBR, TSFM, GALC, TRAF3, STAT3, TNFSF14, IFI30, CD40, and CYP24A1) by targeted resequencing in an Iberian population of 524 MS cases and 546 healthy controls. Four rare variants-enriched regions within CYP24A1, FCRL1, RGS1, and TRAF3 were identified as significantly associated with MS. Functional studies revealed significantly decreased regulator of G protein signaling 1 (RGS1) gene expression levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from MS patients with RGS1 rare variants compared to noncarriers, whereas no significant differences in gene expression were observed for CYP24A1, FCRL1, and TRAF3 between rare variants carriers and noncarriers. Immunophenotyping showed significant decrease in RGS1 expression in peripheral blood B lymphocytes from MS patients with RGS1 rare variants relative to noncarriers. Lastly, peripheral blood mononuclear cell from MS patients carrying RGS1 rare variants showed significantly lower induction of RGS1 gene expression by interferon-β compared to MS patients lacking RGS1 variants. The presence of rare variants in RGS1 reinforce the ideas of high genetic heterogeneity and a role of rare variants in MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Gil-Varea
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Center d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nino Spataro
- Genetics Laboratory, UDIAT-Centre Diagnòstic, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Luisa María Villar
- Departments of Immunology and Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Amalia Tejeda-Velarde
- Departments of Immunology and Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luciana Midaglia
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Center d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fuencisla Matesanz
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN-CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Sunny Malhotra
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Center d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Herena Eixarch
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Center d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nikolaos Patsopoulos
- Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Óscar Fernández
- Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA. UGC Neurociencias, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Begoña Oliver-Martos
- Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA. UGC Neurociencias, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Albert Saiz
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Llufriu
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Ramió-Torrentà
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGi), University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Ester Quintana
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGi), University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Izquierdo
- Departamento de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Alcina
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN-CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Elena Bosch
- Genetics Laboratory, UDIAT-Centre Diagnòstic, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Reus, Spain
| | - Arcadi Navarro
- Genetics Laboratory, UDIAT-Centre Diagnòstic, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain.,Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Barcelona, España.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Cataluña, Spain
| | - Xavier Montalban
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Center d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Comabella
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Center d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Do HTT, Lee CH, Cho J. Chemokines and their Receptors: Multifaceted Roles in Cancer Progression and Potential Value as Cancer Prognostic Markers. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E287. [PMID: 31991604 PMCID: PMC7072521 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines that mediate immune cell chemotaxis and lymphoid tissue development. Recent advances have indicated that chemokines and their cognate receptors play critical roles in cancer-related inflammation and cancer progression. On the basis of these findings, the chemokine system has become a new potential drug target for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the essential roles of the complex network of chemokines and their receptors in cancer progression. Furthermore, we discuss the potential value of the chemokine system as a cancer prognostic marker. The chemokine system regulates the infiltration of immune cells into the tumor microenvironment, which induces both pro- and anti-immunity and promotes or suppresses tumor growth and proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Increasing evidence indicates the promising prognostic value of the chemokine system in cancer patients. While CCL2, CXCL10, and CX3CL1/CX3CR1 can serve as favorable or unfavorable prognostic factors depending on the cancer types, CCL14 and XCL1 possess good prognostic value. Other chemokines such as CXCL1, CXCL8, and CXCL12 are poor prognostic markers. Despite vast advances in our understanding of the complex nature of the chemokine system in tumor biology, knowledge about the multifaceted roles of the chemokine system in different types of cancers is still limited. Further studies are necessary to decipher distinct roles within the chemokine system in terms of cancer progression and to validate their potential value in cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jungsook Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Gyeonggi 10326, Korea; (H.T.T.D.); (C.H.L.)
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11
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Yang Y, Zhou X, Li Y, Chen A, Liang W, Liang G, Huang B, Li Q, Jin D. CXCL2 attenuates osteoblast differentiation by inhibiting the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.230490. [PMID: 31292171 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.230490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CXCL2), a member of the CXC receptor ligand family, is involved in various immune and inflammatory processes, but its effect(s) on bone formation have not yet been reported. We report here that CXCL2 is enriched in bone marrow and show abundant expression of CXCL2 in osteoblasts of osteoporotic mice. CXCL2 neutralization within the bone marrow by using antibody alleviated bone loss in mice, indicating a negative role of CXCL2 in bone formation. In line with this, CXCL2 overexpression attenuated proliferation, as well as differentiation, of osteoblasts in vitro By contrast, CXCL2 downregulation promoted osteoblast expansion and differentiation. Mechanistically, CXCL2 inhibits the ERK1/2 (MAPK3/1) signaling pathway in osteoblasts. Activation of ERK1/2 abolishes the inhibitory effect of CXCL2 in osteoblasts, whereas inactivation of ERK1/2 reverses the osteogenic role of CXCL2 inhibition. These results show that CXCL2 attenuates osteoblast differentiation through inhibition of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. We demonstrate here that CXCL2 is a negative regulator of bone formation and clarify the responsible mechanisms. Therefore, pharmaceutical coordination of CXCL2 and of the pathways through which it is regulated in osteoblasts might be beneficial regarding bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Academy of Orthopedics Guangdong Province, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, 510000 Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinying Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Academy of Orthopedics Guangdong Province, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, 510000 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuejun Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Academy of Orthopedics Guangdong Province, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, 510000 Guangzhou, China
| | - Ajuan Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Academy of Orthopedics Guangdong Province, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, 510000 Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenquan Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Academy of Orthopedics Guangdong Province, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, 510000 Guangzhou, China
| | - Guojun Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Academy of Orthopedics Guangdong Province, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, 510000 Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Academy of Orthopedics Guangdong Province, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, 510000 Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingchu Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Academy of Orthopedics Guangdong Province, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, 510000 Guangzhou, China
| | - Dadi Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, Academy of Orthopedics Guangdong Province, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, 510000 Guangzhou, China
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12
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Fasting-Refeeding Impacts Immune Cell Dynamics and Mucosal Immune Responses. Cell 2019; 178:1072-1087.e14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Wang X, Hao GL, Wang BY, Gao CC, Wang YX, Li LS, Xu JD. Function and dysfunction of plasma cells in intestine. Cell Biosci 2019; 9:26. [PMID: 30911371 PMCID: PMC6417281 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-019-0288-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As the main player in humoral immunity, antibodies play indispensable roles in the body's immune system. Plasma cells (PCs), as antibody factories, are important contributors to humoral immunity. PCs, recognized by their unique marker CD138, are always discovered in the medullary cords of spleen and lymph nodes and in bone marrow and mucosal lymphoid tissue. This article will review the origin and differentiation of PCs, characteristics of short- and long-lived PCs, and the secretion of antibodies, such as IgA, IgM, and IgG. PCs play a crucial role in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis using immunomodulation though complex mechanisms. Clearly, PCs play functional roles in maintaining intestinal health, but more details are needed to fully understand all the other effects of intestinal PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xuanwu Hospital, Beijing Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Gui-liang Hao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xuanwu Hospital, Beijing Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Bo-ya Wang
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Chen-chen Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, No. 10, Xitoutiao, Youanmenwai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Yue-xiu Wang
- Department of Teaching Office, International School, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Li-sheng Li
- Function Platform Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Jing-dong Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, No. 10, Xitoutiao, Youanmenwai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069 China
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14
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Rot A, Massberg S, Khandoga AG, von Andrian UH. Chemokines and Hematopoietic Cell Trafficking. Hematology 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35762-3.00013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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15
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Yu L, Yu L, Pham Q, Wang TTY. Transcriptional and translational-uncoupling in regulation of the CXCL12 and its receptors CXCR4, 7 in THP-1 monocytes and macrophages. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2017; 6:106-116. [PMID: 29105376 PMCID: PMC5818454 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The chemokine CXCL12 and its receptors CXCR4 and 7 play crucial roles in the immune system. In the present study, regulation of this pathway was further examined using the in-vitro model of undifferentiated human THP-1 monocytes (u-THP-1) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-differentiated THP-1 macrophages (d-THP-1), to assess the effects of differentiation and the TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the pathway. METHODS/RESULTS Differentiation did not affect the CXCR4, 7 mRNA levels. Interestingly, the CXCL12 and CXCR7 proteins but not CXCR4 were found to be up-regulated during differentiation. LPS, through CD14-dependent pathway, induced CXCL12 and CXCR4, 7 mRNA levels to a greater magnitude in d- than u-THP-1. The induction effect on CXCL12 stimulated by LPS was confirmed using ELISA. Increased migration of u-THP-1 was observed using conditioned medium from LPS-treated d-THP-1. Additionally, d-THP-1, although expressed higher CXCR7 protein levels, failed to migrate toward CXCL12. In contrast, LPS did not affect CXCR4, 7 protein levels. CONCLUSION Hence, this study indicated that CXCL12, CXCR4, and CXCR7 were differentially expressed and regulated in u-THP-1 and d-THP-1 cells in response to external stimuli. Importantly, we reported here a novel observation that uncoupling exists between transcriptional and translational regulation of CXCR4, 7 expressions by differentiation and TLR stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
| | - Liangli Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
| | - Quynhchi Pham
- USDA, Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, 20705, USA
| | - Thomas T Y Wang
- USDA, Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, 20705, USA
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16
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Tang H, Zhu M, Qiao J, Fu YX. Lymphotoxin signalling in tertiary lymphoid structures and immunotherapy. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:809-818. [PMID: 28413217 PMCID: PMC5649108 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) often develop at sites of persistent inflammation, including cancers and autoimmune diseases. In most cases, the presence of TLS correlates with active immune responses. Because of their proximity to pathological loci, TLS are an intriguing target for the manipulation of immune responses. For several years, it has become clear that lymphotoxin (LT) signalling plays critical roles in lymphoid tissue organogenesis and maintenance. In the current review, we will discuss the role of LT signalling in the development of TLS. With a focus on cancers and autoimmune diseases, we will highlight the correlations between TLS and disease progression. We will also discuss the current efforts and potential directions for manipulating TLS for immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Tang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Mingzhao Zhu
- IBP-UTSW Joint Immunotherapy Group, Chinese Academy of Science, Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jian Qiao
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
- IBP-UTSW Joint Immunotherapy Group, Chinese Academy of Science, Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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17
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Vissiennon C, Goos KH, Arnhold J, Nieber K. Mechanisms on spasmolytic and anti-inflammatory effects of a herbal medicinal product consisting of myrrh, chamomile flower, and coffee charcoal. Wien Med Wochenschr 2017; 167:169-176. [PMID: 28091973 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-016-0538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome are chronic gastrointestinal disorders which are associated with a lifelong therapeutic need. The disease results in physical, psychological, and social problems with an impact on partnership, sexuality, education, and career. Thus, the number of patients and health care professionals relying on traditional and complementary medicines and especially phytotherapy for the treatment of these chronic conditions is increasing over recent years. One traditional herbal medicinal product consisting of chamomile flower, myrrh, and coffee charcoal has been widely used in clinical practice within this indication area. Long-term experience and an increasing understanding of the pharmacological mechanisms substantiate its application and clinical effectiveness. Mainly the spasmolytic and anti-inflammatory effects provide a rationale for its therapeutic application. In addition, synergistic effects between the herbal components contribute to the overall effect of this medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cica Vissiennon
- REPHA GmbH Biologische Arzneimittel, Langenhagen, Germany. .,Medical Faculty, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | | | - Jürgen Arnhold
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karen Nieber
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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18
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Guo J, Qian J, Zhang R. The pathological features of ectopic lymphoid neogenesis in idiopathic dacryoadenitis. BMC Ophthalmol 2016; 16:66. [PMID: 27230507 PMCID: PMC4882794 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-016-0250-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphoid neogenesis has been reported in various diseases but not in idiopathic dacryoadenitis. The aim of this paper is to discuss the pathological features of lymphoid neogenesis in idiopathic dacryoadenitis. METHODS 20 cases of idiopathic dacryoadenitis were collected retrospectively. Lymphoid neogenesis was graded by lymphocytic aggregates and germinal center-like structure formation. T and B cell compartmentalization, follicular dendritic cells and the expression of CXCL13 and CCL21 were analyzed. RESULTS Grade 1 lymphoid neogenesis was observed in 10 of 20 cases (50 %), grade 2 in 18 of 20 cases (90 %) and grade 3 in 14 of 20 (70 %). The existence of T and B cell compartmentalization and follicular dendritic cells increased in parallel to the grade of lymphoid neogenesis. The expression of CXCL13 significantly increased in the higher grade of lymphoid neogenesis, but no correlation was found between CCL21 and grades of lymphoid neogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Ectopic lymphoid neogenesis participates in the pathogenesis of idiopathic dacryoadenitis and appears as a dynamic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Fenyang Road No. 83, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jiang Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Fenyang Road No. 83, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Fenyang Road No. 83, Shanghai, 200031, China
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19
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Nguyen TM, Arthur A, Panagopoulos R, Paton S, Hayball JD, Zannettino ACW, Purton LE, Matsuo K, Gronthos S. EphB4 Expressing Stromal Cells Exhibit an Enhanced Capacity for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Maintenance. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2838-49. [PMID: 26033476 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase receptor, EphB4, mediates cross-talk between stromal and hematopoietic populations during bone remodeling, fracture repair and arthritis, through its interactions with the ligand, ephrin-B2. This study demonstrated that transgenic EphB4 mice (EphB4 Tg), over-expressing EphB4 under the control of collagen type-1 promoter, exhibited higher frequencies of osteogenic cells and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSC), correlating with a higher frequency of long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-IC), compared with wild type (WT) mice. EphB4 Tg stromal feeder layers displayed a greater capacity to support LTC-IC in vitro, where blocking EphB4/ephrin-B2 interactions decreased LTC-IC output. Similarly, short hairpin RNA-mediated EphB4 knockdown in human bone marrow stromal cells reduced their ability to support high ephrin-B2 expressing CD34(+) HSC in LTC-IC cultures. Notably, irradiated EphB4 Tg mouse recipients displayed enhanced bone marrow reconstitution capacity and enhanced homing efficiency of transplanted donor hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells relative to WT controls. Studies examining the expression of hematopoietic supportive factors produced by stromal cells indicated that CXCL12, Angiopoietin-1, IL-6, FLT-3 ligand, and osteopontin expression were more highly expressed in EphB4 Tg stromal cells compared with WT controls. These findings indicate that EphB4 facilitates stromal-mediated support of hematopoiesis, and constitute a novel component of the HSC niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao M Nguyen
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Agnieszka Arthur
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Division of Haematology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Romana Panagopoulos
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sharon Paton
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - John D Hayball
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew C W Zannettino
- Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Louise E Purton
- Stem Cell Regulation Unit, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Koichi Matsuo
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Stan Gronthos
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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20
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Zhao L, Xia J, Wang X, Xu F. Transcriptional regulation of CCL20 expression. Microbes Infect 2014; 16:864-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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21
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Cédile O, Løbner M, Toft-Hansen H, Frank I, Wlodarczyk A, Irla M, Owens T. Thymic CCL2 influences induction of T-cell tolerance. J Autoimmun 2014; 55:73-85. [PMID: 25129504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thymic epithelial cells (TEC) and dendritic cells (DC) play a role in T cell development by controlling the selection of the T cell receptor repertoire. DC have been described to take up antigens in the periphery and migrate into the thymus where they mediate tolerance via deletion of autoreactive T cells, or by induction of natural regulatory T cells. Migration of DC to thymus is driven by chemokine receptors. CCL2, a major ligand for the chemokine receptor CCR2, is an inflammation-associated chemokine that induces the recruitment of immune cells in tissues. CCL2 and CCR2 are implicated in promoting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model for multiple sclerosis. We here show that CCL2 is constitutively expressed by endothelial cells and TEC in the thymus. Transgenic mice overexpressing CCL2 in the thymus showed an increased number of thymic plasmacytoid DC and pronounced impairment of T cell development. Consequently, CCL2 transgenic mice were resistant to EAE. These findings demonstrate that expression of CCL2 in thymus regulates DC homeostasis and controls development of autoreactive T cells, thus preventing development of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Cédile
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Neurobiology Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløwsvej 25, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - M Løbner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Neurobiology Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløwsvej 25, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - H Toft-Hansen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Neurobiology Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløwsvej 25, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - I Frank
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Neurobiology Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløwsvej 25, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - A Wlodarczyk
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Neurobiology Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløwsvej 25, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - M Irla
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy - CIML, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7280 and Aix Marseille Université, UM2, F-13009 Marseille, France
| | - T Owens
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Neurobiology Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløwsvej 25, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
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22
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Paradis M, Mindt BC, Duerr CU, Rojas OL, Ng D, Boulianne B, McCarthy DD, Yu MD, Summers deLuca LE, Ward LA, Waldron JB, Philpott DJ, Gommerman JL, Fritz JH. A TNF-α–CCL20–CCR6 Axis Regulates Nod1-Induced B Cell Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2787-99. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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23
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Reitsema V, Bouma H, Willem Kok J. Sphingosine-1-phosphate transport and its role in immunology. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2014.4.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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24
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Hsu YJ, Hou CY, Lin SJ, Kuo WC, Lin HT, Lin JHY. The biofunction of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) CC chemokine ligand 4 (CCL4) in innate and adaptive immunity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1891-1898. [PMID: 24120504 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CC chemokine (motif) ligand 4 (CCL4) is indispensable to the chemoattraction of macrophages, natural killer cells, and lymphocytes in mammals; however, it has only been cloned in a limited number of fish species and information related to its biofunction remains ambiguous with regard to teleosts. To explore the role of teleost CCL4, we first evaluated the mRNA expression of the Epinephelus coioides CCL4 (gCCL4) gene in various organs under LPS and poly (I:C) stimulated; secondary, we evaluated the immune-related genes expression of fish under the recombinant gCCL4 protein stimulated. Our results revealed an increase in the mRNA of gCCL4 in immune organs immediately following stimulation by poly (I:C); however, in LPS stimulated fish, the expression did not increase until nearly 24 h after induction. In biofunction assays, recombinant gCCL4 was found to induce chemotactic activity in the peripheral blood leukocytes of groupers and up-regulate the gene expressions of grouper TNFA1 (TNF-α1), TNFA2 (TNF-α2), IFNG (IFN-γ), MX, TBX21 (T-bet), CD8 (α and β chain). These findings indicate that grouper CCL4 attracts leukocytes, induces an inflammatory response, and drives lymphocyte differentiation into the Th1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jiou Hsu
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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25
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Crispo M, Van Maele L, Tabareau J, Cayet D, Errea A, Ferreira AM, Rumbo M, Sirard JC. Transgenic mouse model harboring the transcriptional fusion ccl20-luciferase as a novel reporter of pro-inflammatory response. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78447. [PMID: 24265691 PMCID: PMC3827052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine CCL20, the unique ligand of CCR6 functions as an attractant of immune cells. Expression of CCL20 is induced by Toll-like Receptor (TLR) signaling or proinflammatory cytokine stimulation. However CCL20 is also constitutively produced at specific epithelial sites of mucosa. This expression profile is achieved by transcriptional regulation. In the present work we characterized regulatory features of mouse Ccl20 gene. Transcriptional fusions between the mouse Ccl20 promoter and the firefly luciferase (luc) encoding gene were constructed and assessed in in vitro and in vivo assays. We found that liver CCL20 expression and luciferase activity were upregulated by systemic administration of the TLR5 agonist flagellin. Using shRNA and dominant negative form specific for mouse TLR5, we showed that this expression was controlled by TLR5. To address in situ the regulation of gene activity, a transgenic mouse line harboring a functional Ccl20-luc fusion was generated. The luciferase expression was highly concordant with Ccl20 expression in different tissues. Our data indicate that the transgenic mouse model can be used to monitor activation of innate response in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Crispo
- Unidad de Animales Transgénicos y de Experimentación – Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Laurye Van Maele
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, Region Nord-Pas de Calais, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, F-59000 Lille, Region Nord-Pas de Calais France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, F-59000 Lille, Region Nord-Pas de Calais France
- Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, Region Nord-Pas de Calais, France
| | - Julien Tabareau
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, Region Nord-Pas de Calais, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, F-59000 Lille, Region Nord-Pas de Calais France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, F-59000 Lille, Region Nord-Pas de Calais France
- Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, Region Nord-Pas de Calais, France
| | - Delphine Cayet
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, Region Nord-Pas de Calais, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, F-59000 Lille, Region Nord-Pas de Calais France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, F-59000 Lille, Region Nord-Pas de Calais France
- Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, Region Nord-Pas de Calais, France
| | - Agustina Errea
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones del Sistema Inmune (LISIN) – National University of La Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana María Ferreira
- Catedra de Inmunologia, Facultad de Ciencias/Facultad de Quimica, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Martin Rumbo
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones del Sistema Inmune (LISIN) – National University of La Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jean Claude Sirard
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, Region Nord-Pas de Calais, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, F-59000 Lille, Region Nord-Pas de Calais France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, F-59000 Lille, Region Nord-Pas de Calais France
- Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, Region Nord-Pas de Calais, France
- * E-mail:
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Lee AYS, Eri R, Lyons AB, Grimm MC, Korner H. CC Chemokine Ligand 20 and Its Cognate Receptor CCR6 in Mucosal T Cell Immunology and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Odd Couple or Axis of Evil? Front Immunol 2013; 4:194. [PMID: 23874340 PMCID: PMC3711275 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and their cognate receptors have been identified as major factors initiating and governing cell movement and interaction. These ligands and their receptors are expressed on a wide variety of cells and act during steady-state migration as well as inflammatory recruitment. CCR6 is a non-promiscuous chemokine receptor that has only one known chemokine ligand, CCL20, and is present on B and T cells as well as dendritic cells (DCs). Two CD4+ T cell populations with opposing functions present in the intestines and the mesenteric lymph nodes express CCR6: the pro-inflammatory TH17 and regulatory Treg cells. CCL20 is also present in the intestine and is strongly up-regulated after an inflammatory stimulus. Interestingly, this ligand is also expressed by TH17 cells, which opens up the possibility of autocrine/paracrine signaling and, consequently, a self-perpetuating cycle of recruitment, thereby promoting inflammation. Recently, CCR6 has been implicated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by genome wide association studies which showed an association between SNPs in the genomic region of the CCR6 gene and the inflammation. Furthermore, recent research targeting the biological function of CCR6 indicates a significant role for this chemokine receptor in the development of chronic IBD. It is therefore possible that IBD is facilitated by a disordered regulation of TH17 and Treg cells due to a disruption in the CCL20-CCR6 axis and consequently disturbed mucosal homeostasis. This review will summarize the literature on CCL20-CCR6 in mucosal immunology and will analyze the role this receptor-ligand axis has in chronic IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Y S Lee
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania , Hobart, TAS , Australia ; School of Medicine, University of Tasmania , Hobart, TAS , Australia
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Expression of CXCL12 receptors in B cells from Mexican Mestizos patients with systemic Lupus erythematosus. J Transl Med 2012; 10:251. [PMID: 23244336 PMCID: PMC3571925 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by B-cell hyper-reactivity and the production of pathogenic anti-nuclear-directed auto-antibodies (Abs). B-cell ontogeny is partly dependent on the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis for which the contribution to SLE pathogenesis remains unclear. CXCR7, the novel receptor for CXCL12, is differentially expressed among memory B-cell subsets. However, its biological role in SLE remains to be explored. METHODS Relative CXCR4 and CXCR7 expression levels were compared by quantitative PCR in leukocytes from blood samples of 41 Mexican Mestizos patients with SLE and 45 ethnicity-matched healthy subjects. Intracellular and membrane expression of both receptors was analyzed by flow cytometry in naive and Ab-secreting B cells. B-cell responsiveness to CXCL12 was investigated using Transwell-based chemotaxis assays. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test for comparisons of values amongst healthy controls and patients with inactive or active SLE, and non-parametrically using the Mann-Whitney U-test for multiple comparisons and unpaired samples. Correlations were determined by Spearman's ranking. RESULT SLE leukocytes displayed reduced levels of CXCR4 and CXCR7 transcripts. In SLE patients, a significant defect in CXCR4 expression was detected at the surface of naive and Ab-secreting B cells, associated with an abnormal intracellular localization of the receptor. CXCR7 predominantly localized in cytosolic compartments of B cells from healthy and SLE individuals. Disease activity did not impact on these expression patterns. Altered receptor compartmentalization correlated with an impaired CXCL12-promoted migration of SLE B cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data highlight a down-regulation of CXCL12 receptors on circulating B cells from SLE patients that likely influences their migratory behavior and distribution.
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CXC chemokine receptor 7 (CXCR7) regulates CXCR4 protein expression and capillary tuft development in mouse kidney. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42814. [PMID: 22880115 PMCID: PMC3412803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The CXCL12/CXCR4 axis is involved in kidney development by regulating formation of the glomerular tuft. Recently, a second CXCL12 receptor was identified and designated CXCR7. Although it is established that CXCR7 regulates heart and brain development in conjunction with CXCL12 and CXCR4, little is known about the influence of CXCR7 on CXCL12 dependent kidney development. Methodology/Principal Findings We provided analysis of CXCR7 expression and function in the developing mouse kidney. Using in situ hybridization, we identified CXCR7 mRNA in epithelial cells including podocytes at all nephron stages up to the mature glomerulus. CXCL12 mRNA showed a striking overlap with CXCR7 mRNA in epithelial structures. In addition, CXCL12 was detected in stromal cells and the glomerular tuft. Expression of CXCR4 was complementary to that of CXCR7 as it occurred in mesenchymal cells, outgrowing ureteric buds and glomerular endothelial cells but not in podocytes. Kidney examination in CXCR7 null mice revealed ballooning of glomerular capillaries as described earlier for CXCR4 null mice. Moreover, we detected a severe reduction of CXCR4 protein but not CXCR4 mRNA within the glomerular tuft and in the condensed mesenchyme. Malformation of the glomerular tuft in CXCR7 null mice was associated with mesangial cell clumping. Conclusions/Significance We established that there is a similar glomerular pathology in CXCR7 and CXCR4 null embryos. Based on the phenotype and the anatomical organization of the CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 system in the forming glomerulus, we propose that CXCR7 fine-tunes CXCL12/CXCR4 mediated signalling between podocytes and glomerular capillaries.
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Zhu M, Fu YX. The role of core TNF/LIGHT family members in lymph node homeostasis and remodeling. Immunol Rev 2012; 244:75-84. [PMID: 22017432 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) maintain active homeostasis at steady state. However, in response to changes in the local environment, such as local infection, cancer, vaccination, and autoimmune disease, dramatic remodeling of LN occurs. This remodeling includes changes in size, lymph and blood flow, immune cell trafficking and cellularity, lymphatic and blood vessel growth and activation, as well as microarchitecture. Therefore, inflammatory conditions often lead to enlarged nodes; after local inflammation resolves, LNs actively regress in size and return to steady state. Remodeling of lymphatic vessels (LVs) and blood vessels (BVs) during both the expansion and regression phases are key steps in controlling LN size as well as function. The cells, membrane-associated molecules, and soluble cytokines that are essential for LV and BV homeostasis as well as dynamic changes in the expansion and regression phases have not been well defined. Understanding the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms behind LN remodeling would help us to better control undesired immune responses (e.g. inflammation and autoimmune diseases) or promote desired responses (e.g. antitumor immunity and vaccination). In this review, we focus on how the closely related tumor necrosis factor (TNF) members: LIGHT (TNFSF14), lymphotoxin-αβ, and TNF-α contribute to the remodeling of LNs at various stages of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable cancer of terminally differentiated plasma cells (PC) and represents the second most frequent hematologic malignancy in the western world. MM cells localize preferentially to the bone marrow where they interact closely with bone marrow stroma cells (BMSC) and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in a reciprocal pro-survival loop. Such a bone marrow niche guarantees a survival advantage for MM cells and has a crucial role in mediating drug resistance to chemotherapy agents. As the name suggests, hallmark characteristic of MM is the ability to localize in multiple, distant bone sites causing disruption of the normal bone architecture and impairment of normal hematopoiesis. The pathogenic mechanisms of MM rely then not only on proliferation of cancerous cells, but also on the ability of myeloma cells to traffic between sites and home to appropriate survival niches. Identifying the mechanisms that regulate the homing of MM cells to the bone marrow, the MM-BMSC interaction and the trafficking of MM cells from the bloodstream to distant bone locations is therefore crucial to design new, more effective therapies capable of overcoming the maladaptive interaction between BMSCs and MM and help in finding a cure for MM.
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Dzhagalov I, Phee H. How to find your way through the thymus: a practical guide for aspiring T cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 69:663-82. [PMID: 21842411 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0791-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Thymocytes must complete an elaborate developmental program in the thymus to ultimately generate T cells that express functional but neither harmful nor useless TCRs. Each developmental step coincides with dynamic relocation of the thymocytes between anatomically discrete thymic microenvironments, suggesting that thymocytes' migration is tightly regulated by their developmental status. Chemokines produced by thymic stromal cells and chemokine receptors on the thymocytes play an indispensable role in guiding developing thymocytes into the different microenvironments. In addition to long-range migration, chemokines increase the thymocytes' motility, enhancing their interaction with stromal cells. During the past several years, much progress has been made to determine the various signals that guide thymocytes on their journey within the thymus. In this review, we summarize the progress in identifying chemokines and other chemoattractant signals that direct intrathymic migration. Furthermore, we discuss the recent advances of two-photon microscopy in determining dynamic motility and interaction behavior of thymocytes within distinct compartments to provide a better understanding of the relationship between thymocyte motility and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Dzhagalov
- LSA, Room 479, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA.
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Mrass P, Petravic J, Davenport MP, Weninger W. Cell-autonomous and environmental contributions to the interstitial migration of T cells. Semin Immunopathol 2010; 32:257-74. [PMID: 20623124 PMCID: PMC2937148 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-010-0212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A key to understanding the functioning of the immune system is to define the mechanisms that facilitate directed lymphocyte migration to and within tissues. The recent development of improved imaging technologies, most prominently multi-photon microscopy, has enabled the dynamic visualization of immune cells in real-time directly within intact tissues. Intravital imaging approaches have revealed high spontaneous migratory activity of T cells in secondary lymphoid organs and inflamed tissues. Experimental evidence points towards both environmental and cell-intrinsic cues involved in the regulation of lymphocyte motility in the interstitial space. Based on these data, several conceptually distinct models have been proposed in order to explain the coordination of lymphocyte migration both at the single cell and population level. These range from “stochastic” models, where chance is the major driving force, to “deterministic” models, where the architecture of the microenvironment dictates the migratory trajectory of cells. In this review, we focus on recent advances in understanding naïve and effector T cell migration in vivo. In addition, we discuss some of the contradictory experimental findings in the context of theoretical models of migrating leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulus Mrass
- The Centenary Institute, Locked Bag No. 6, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia.
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T-cell-independent immune responses do not require CXC ligand 13-mediated B1 cell migration. Infect Immun 2010; 78:3950-6. [PMID: 20584971 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00371-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamic movement of B cells increases the probability of encountering specific antigen and facilitates cell-cell interactions required for mounting a rapid antibody response. B1a and B1b cells are enriched in the coelomic cavity, contribute to T-cell-independent (TI) antibody responses, and increase in number upon antigen exposure. B1 cell movement is largely governed by Cxc ligand 13 (Cxcl13), and mice deficient in this chemokine have a severe reduction in peritoneal B1 cells. In this study, we examined the role of Cxcl13-dependent B cell migration using Borrelia hermsii infection or intraperitoneal immunization with pneumococcal polysaccharide or 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl-acetyl (NP)-Ficoll, all of which induce robust antibody responses from B1b cells. Surprisingly, we found that antibody responses to B. hermsii or to FhbA, an antigenic target of B1b cells, and the resolution of bacteremia were indistinguishable between wild-type and Cxcl13-/- mice. Importantly, we did not observe an expansion of peritoneal B1b cell numbers in Cxcl13-/- mice. Nonetheless, mice that had resolved infection were resistant to reinfection, indicating that the peritoneal B1b cell reservoir is not required for controlling B. hermsii. Furthermore, despite a reduced peritoneal B1b compartment, immunization with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine yielded comparable antigen-specific antibody responses in wild-type and Cxcl13-/- mice and conferred protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Likewise, immunization with NP-Ficoll elicited similar antibody responses in wild-type and Cxcl13-/- mice. These data demonstrate that homing of B1 cells into the coelomic cavity is not a requirement for generating protective TI antibody responses, even when antigen is initially localized to this anatomical compartment.
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Sekine Y, Ikeda O, Tsuji S, Yamamoto C, Muromoto R, Nanbo A, Oritani K, Yoshimura A, Matsuda T. Signal-transducing adaptor protein-2 regulates stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha-induced chemotaxis in T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 183:7966-74. [PMID: 19933863 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Signal-transducing adaptor protein-2 (STAP-2) is a recently identified adaptor protein that contains pleckstrin and Src homology 2-like domains, as well as a YXXQ motif in its C-terminal region. Our previous studies revealed that STAP-2 regulates integrin-mediated T cell adhesion. In the present study, we find that STAP-2 expression affects Jurkat T cell migration after stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha)-treatment. Furthermore, STAP-2-deficient T cells exhibit reduced cell migration after SDF-1alpha-treatment. Importantly, overexpression of STAP-2 in Jurkat T cells induces activation of small guanine triphosphatases, such as Rac1 and Cdc42. Regarding the mechanism for this effect, we found that STAP-2 associates with Vav1, the guanine-nucleotide exchanging factor for Rac1, and enhances downstream Vav1/Rac1 signaling. These results reveal a novel STAP-2-mediated mechanism for the regulation of SDF-1alpha-induced chemotaxis of T cells via activation of Vav1/Rac1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Sekine
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Eberlein J, Nguyen TT, Victorino F, Golden-Mason L, Rosen HR, Homann D. Comprehensive assessment of chemokine expression profiles by flow cytometry. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:907-23. [PMID: 20197626 DOI: 10.1172/jci40645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokines are a large family of mainly secreted molecules involved in the regulation of numerous physiological and pathophysiological processes. Despite many years of investigation, the precise cellular sources of most chemokines have remained incompletely defined as a consequence of the limited availability of suitable reagents to visualize the expression of chemokine proteins at the single-cell level. Here, we developed a simple flow cytometry-based assay using commercially available chemokine-specific antibodies for efficient cell-associated detection of 37 of 39 murine chemokines. To demonstrate the utility of this methodology, we used it to reevaluate the nature of homeostatic chemokines in the hematopoietic compartment, to delineate the complete chemokine profiles of NK cells and B cells in response to major polyclonal stimuli, and to assess the chemokine response of DCs to bacterial infection. The versatility of this analytical methodology was further demonstrated by its application to selected human chemokines and should greatly facilitate any future investigation into chemokine biology at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Eberlein
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, 80045-0511, USA
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Bruce Lyons A, Watkins M, Simpson CC, Konrad Muller H. Modulation of Lymphocyte Migration to the Murine Spleen after Marginal Zone Macrophage Phagocytosis of Blood-Borne Particulate Material. Immunol Invest 2009; 35:75-92. [PMID: 16531331 DOI: 10.1080/08820130500496845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies identified a role for MZM in the movement of lymphocytes into the splenic white pulp. Here we show that phagocytosis of colloidal carbon by marginal zone macrophages results in a splenic influx of B lymphocytes, and T lymphocytes of memory/activated phenotype, with concomitant upregulation of B Lymphocyte Chemoattractant (BLC, CXCL13) mRNA, a chemokine acting on B and memory/activated T lymphocytes. The recruitment of B cells and activated T cells to the spleen after phagocytic uptake would allow an immune response against blood-borne pathogens to be quickly and effectively mounted by bringing together the two key cell types responsible for generating humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bruce Lyons
- Division of Haematology and Hanson Institute, The Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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Abstract
The kinase TAK1 is essential for T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation and T-cell development. However, the role of TAK1 in B-cell receptor (BCR)-mediated NF-kappaB activation and B-cell development is not clear. Here we show that B-cell-specific deletion of TAK1 impaired the transition from transitional type 2 to mature follicular (FO) B cells and caused a marked decrease of marginal zone (MZ) B cells. TAK1-deficient B cells exhibited an increase of BCR-induced apoptosis and impaired proliferation in response to BCR ligation. Importantly, TAK1-deficient B cells failed to activate NF-kappaB after BCR stimulation. Thus, TAK1 is critical for B-cell maturation and BCR-induced NF-kappaB activation.
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Choi YI, Duke-Cohan JS, Ahmed WB, Handley MA, Mann F, Epstein JA, Clayton LK, Reinherz EL. PlexinD1 glycoprotein controls migration of positively selected thymocytes into the medulla. Immunity 2008; 29:888-98. [PMID: 19027330 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Precise intrathymic cell migration is important for thymocyte maturation and organ architecture. The orchestration of thymocyte trafficking, however, is not well understood at a molecular level. Here, we described highly regulated plexinD1 expression on CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP) thymocytes. PlexinD1 expression was further affected by the engagement of T cell receptor complex. Activation of plexinD1 via the ligand, semaphorin 3E, repressed CCL25 chemokine signaling via its receptor CCR9 in CD69+ thymocytes. In the absence of plexinD1, CD69+ thymocytes remained in the cortex, maturing to form ectopic single positive (SP) thymocyte clusters in Plxnd1-deficient fetal liver cell-transplanted mice. As a consequence, the boundary between DP and SP thymocytes at corticomedullary junctions was disrupted and medullary structures formed under the thymic capsule. These results demonstrate the importance of plexinD1 in directing migration of maturing thymocytes via modulation of biological responses to chemokine gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young I Choi
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Survival niches: B cells get MIFed as well as BAFFled by dendritic cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2008; 86:487-8. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2008.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
B-cell development is orchestrated by complex signaling networks. Rap1 is a member of the Ras superfamily of small GTP-binding proteins and has 2 isoforms, Rap1a and Rap1b. Although Rap1 has been suggested to have an important role in a variety of cellular processes, no direct evidence demonstrates a role for Rap1 in B-cell biology. In this study, we found that Rap1b was the dominant isoform of Rap1 in B cells. We discovered that Rap1b deficiency in mice barely affected early development of B cells but markedly reduced marginal zone (MZ) B cells in the spleen and mature B cells in peripheral and mucosal lymph nodes. Rap1b-deficient B cells displayed normal survival and proliferation in vivo and in vitro. However, Rap1b-deficient B cells had impaired adhesion and reduced chemotaxis in vitro, and lessened homing to lymph nodes in vivo. Furthermore, we found that Rap1b deficiency had no marked effect on LPS-, BCR-, or SDF-1-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and AKT but clearly impaired SDF-1-mediated activation of Pyk-2, a key regulator of SDF-1-mediated B-cell migration. Thus, we have discovered a critical and distinct role of Rap1b in mature B-cell trafficking and development of MZ B cells.
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The small GTPase Ral mediates SDF-1-induced migration of B cells and multiple myeloma cells. Blood 2008; 111:3364-72. [PMID: 18227351 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-08-106583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine-controlled migration plays a critical role in B-cell development, differentiation, and function, as well as in the pathogenesis of B-cell malignancies, including the plasma cell neoplasm multiple myeloma (MM). Here, we demonstrate that stimulation of B cells and MM cells with the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) induces strong migration and activation of the Ras-like GTPase Ral. Inhibition of Ral, by expression of the dominant negative RalN28 mutant or of RalBPDeltaGAP, a Ral effector mutant that sequesters active Ral, results in impaired SDF-1-induced migration of B cells and MM cells. Of the 2 Ral isoforms, RalA and RalB, RalB was found to mediate SDF-1-induced migration. We have recently shown that Btk, PLCgamma2, and Lyn/Syk mediate SDF-1-controlled B-cell migration; however, SDF-1-induced Ral activation is not affected in B cells deficient in these proteins. In addition, treatment with pharmacological inhibitors against PI3K and PLC or expression of dominant-negative Ras did not impair SDF-1-induced Ral activation. Taken together, these results reveal a novel function for Ral, that is, regulation of SDF-1-induced migration of B cells and MM cells, thereby providing new insights into the control of B-cell homeostasis, trafficking, and function, as well as into the pathogenesis of MM.
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Timmer TCG, Baltus B, Vondenhoff M, Huizinga TWJ, Tak PP, Verweij CL, Mebius RE, van der Pouw Kraan TCTM. Inflammation and ectopic lymphoid structures in rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissues dissected by genomics technology: identification of the interleukin-7 signaling pathway in tissues with lymphoid neogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:2492-502. [PMID: 17665400 DOI: 10.1002/art.22748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In approximately 25% of synovial tissues from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, infiltrates of T cells, B cells, and follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are spatially organized into structures resembling lymph nodes with germinal centers. The remainder of the tissues lack FDCs and show either a diffuse or an aggregated T cell and B cell infiltrate. To gain more insight into this specific disease process, we sought to identify the genes expressed in RA tissues with ectopic lymphoid structures. METHODS Gene expression profiling of RA synovial tissues was determined by complementary DNA microarray analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The presence of lymphoid follicles and localization of interleukin-7 (IL-7) in synovial tissue sections was determined by immunofluorescence staining using specific antibodies. RESULTS Findings of gene expression analysis confirmed previous reports that tissues with lymphoid structures showed elevated expression of CXCL13, CCL21, CCR7, and lymphotoxin alpha and beta messenger RNA. In addition, the tissues also showed enhanced expression of the chemokines CXCL12 and CCL19 and the associated receptors CXCR4 and CXCR5, which are important for the attraction of T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells. Pathway analysis revealed increased expression of genes involved in JAK/STAT signaling, T cell- and B cell-specific pathways, Fcepsilon receptor type I signaling in mast cells, and IL-7 signal transduction in the tissues with ectopic lymphoid follicles, accompanied by increased expression of IL-7 receptor alpha (IL-7Ralpha)/IL-2Rgamma chains and IL-7. Protein expression of IL-7 in RA tissues was localized within fibroblast-like synoviocytes, macrophages, and blood vessels and was colocalized with extracellular matrix structures around the B cell follicles. CONCLUSION Activation of the IL-7 pathway may play an important role in lymphoid neogenesis, analogous to its role in the development of normal lymphoid tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trieneke C G Timmer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Al-Alwan M, Du Q, Hou S, Nashed B, Fan Y, Yang X, Marshall AJ. Follicular Dendritic Cell Secreted Protein (FDC-SP) Regulates Germinal Center and Antibody Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:7859-67. [PMID: 17548624 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.12.7859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously identified follicular dendritic cell secreted protein (FDC-SP), a small secreted protein of unknown function expressed in human tonsillar germinal centers (GC). To assess potential in vivo activities of FDC-SP, transgenic mice were generated to constitutively express FDC-SP in lymphoid tissues. FDC-SP transgenic mice show relatively normal development of immune cell populations, with the exception of a small increase in mature follicular B cells, and normal lymphoid tissue architecture. Upon immunization with a T-dependent Ag, FDC-SP transgenic mice were capable of producing an Ag-specific Ab; however, the titers of Ag-specific IgG2a and IgE were significantly reduced. GC responses after immunization were markedly diminished, with transgenic mice showing decreased numbers and sizes of GCs but normal development of follicular dendritic cell networks and normal positioning of GCs. FDC-SP transgenic mice also showed reduced production of Ag-specific IgG3 Ab after immunization with a type II T-independent Ag, suggesting that the FDC-SP can also regulate the induction of B cell responses outside the GC. Purified FDC-SP transgenic B cells function normally in vitro, with the exception of blunted chemotaxis responses to CXCL12 and CXCL13. FDC-SP can induce the chemotaxis of CD40-stimulated nontransgenic B cells and can significantly enhance B cell migration in combination with chemokines, indicating that FDC-SP may function in part by regulating B cell chemotaxis. These results provide the first evidence for immunomodulatory activities of FDC-SP and implicate this molecule as a regulator of B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monther Al-Alwan
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, 703 William Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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García-Zepeda EA, Licona-Limón I, Jiménez-Sólomon MF, Soldevila G. Janus kinase 3-deficient T lymphocytes have an intrinsic defect in CCR7-mediated homing to peripheral lymphoid organs. Immunology 2007; 122:247-60. [PMID: 17521370 PMCID: PMC2266000 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02634.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine-mediated signalling involves the activation of a Janus kinase (Jak) pathway. We have previously shown that Jak3 mediates CCR9 and CXCR4 signalling in response to CCL25 and CXCL12 in BM progenitors and thymocytes. The lack of peripheral lymph nodes and Peyer's patches observed in Jak3(-/-) mice suggested a possible role of Jak3 in CCR7-mediated homing to these organs. Here, we demonstrate phosphorylation of Jak3 in peripheral lymphocytes in response CCL19 and CCL21. In addition, Jak3(-/-) naïve T cells and pharmacologically inhibited Jak3(+/+) T lymphocytes have impaired chemotactic responses towards these ligands. Interestingly, CCR7 expression was higher in Jak3(-/-) thymocytes compared to their Jak3(+)(/-) littermates, indicating that the impaired migration must be caused by impaired CCR7-mediated signalling, in the absence of Jak3. In addition, adoptive transfer experiments showed that Jak3(+/+) mice reconstituted with Jak3(-/-) green fluorescent protein (GFP)(+) bone marrow progenitors had reduced T-lymphocyte homing to peripheral and mesenteric lymph nodes, compared to reconstitution with Jak3(+/+) GFP(+) progenitors. Furthermore, reciprocal transfer experiments indicated that Jak3(-/-) stromal cells were not responsible for the deficient T-cell homing. Finally, we performed direct competitive homing assays and demonstrated that Jak3(-/-) T lymphocytes have a clear defect in homing to peripheral and mesenteric lymph nodes, while migration to spleen was moderately impaired. Our data demonstrates that Jak3(-/-) T lymphocytes have an intrinsic defect in CCR7-mediated homing to peripheral lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A García-Zepeda
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas., Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
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Abstract
New molecular markers are constantly increasing our knowledge of developmental processes. In this review article we have attempted to summarize the keystones of lymphoid tissue development in embryonic and pathological conditions. During embryonic lymph node development in the mouse, cells from the anterior cardinal vein start to bud and sprout, forming a lymph sac at defined sites. The protrusion of mesenchymal tissue into the lymph sacs forms the environment, where so-called 'lymphoid tissue inducer cells' and 'mesenchymal organizer cells' meet and interact. Defects of molecules involved in the recruitment and signalling cascades of these cells lead to primary immunodeficiency diseases. A comparison of molecules involved in the development of secondary lymphoid organs and tertiary lymphoid organs, e.g. in autoimmune diseases, shows that the same molecules are involved in both processes. This has led to the hypothesis that the development of tertiary lymphoid organs is a recapitulation of embryonic lymphoid tissue development at ectopic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin S Blum
- Department of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Germany.
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Kremer KN, Kumar A, Hedin KE. Haplotype-independent costimulation of IL-10 secretion by SDF-1/CXCL12 proceeds via AP-1 binding to the human IL-10 promoter. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:1581-8. [PMID: 17237407 PMCID: PMC2905171 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.3.1581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Costimulation by the chemokine, stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)/CXCL12, has been shown to increase the amount of IL-10 secreted by TCR-stimulated human T cells; however, the molecular mechanisms of this response are unknown. Knowledge of this signaling pathway may be useful because extensive evidence indicates that deficient IL-10 secretion promotes autoimmunity. The human IL-10 locus is highly polymorphic. We report in this study that SDF-1 costimulates IL-10 secretion from T cells containing all three of the most common human IL-10 promoter haplotypes that are identified by single-nucleotide polymorphisms at -1082, -819, and -592 bp (numbering is relative to the transcription start site). We further show that SDF-1 primarily costimulates IL-10 secretion by a diverse population of CD45RA(-) ("memory") phenotype T cells that includes cells expressing the presumed regulatory T cell marker, Foxp3. To address the molecular mechanisms of this response, we showed that SDF-1 costimulates the transcriptional activities in normal human T cells of reporter plasmids containing 1.1 kb of all three of the common IL-10 promoter haplotypes. IL-10 promoter activity was ablated by mutating two nonpolymorphic binding sites for the AP-1 transcription factor, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays of primary human T cells revealed that SDF-1 costimulation enhances AP-1 binding to both of these sites. Together, these results delineate the molecular mechanisms responsible for SDF-1 costimulation of T cell IL-10 secretion. Because it is preserved among several human haplotypes and in diverse T cell populations including Foxp3(+) T cells, this pathway of IL-10 regulation may represent a key mechanism for modulating expression of this important immunoregulatory cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karen E. Hedin
- Direct correspondence to: Dr. Karen E. Hedin, Mayo Clinic, Department of Immunology, Guggenheim Building 3rd Floor, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, PH: 507-284-6441, FAX: 507-284-1637,
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Lepelletier Y, Smaniotto S, Hadj-Slimane R, Villa-Verde DMS, Nogueira AC, Dardenne M, Hermine O, Savino W. Control of human thymocyte migration by Neuropilin-1/Semaphorin-3A-mediated interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:5545-50. [PMID: 17369353 PMCID: PMC1838472 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0700705104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It is largely established that molecules first discovered in the nervous system are also found in the immune system. Neuropilin-1 (NP-1) was initially identified to mediate semaphorin-induced chemorepulsion during brain development and is also involved in peripheral T cell/dendritic cell interactions. Herein, we studied NP-1 during T cell development in the human thymus. NP-1 is expressed in both cortex and medulla of thymic lobules, being found in distinct CD4/CD8-defined thymocyte subsets. NP-1 is also found in thymic epithelial cells (TEC) in situ and in vitro, and is recruited at the site of TEC-thymocyte contact. Moreover, NP-1 was rapidly up-regulated during thymocyte stimulation by T cell receptor (TCR) and IL-7 or after adhesion to TEC. Semaphorin-3A (Sema-3A), a natural ligand of NP-1, is also present in human thymus, both in TEC and thymocytes, being up-regulated in thymocytes after TCR engagement. Functionally, Sema-3A decreases the adhesion capacity of NP-1(+) thymocytes and induces their migration by a repulsive effect. In conclusion, we show here that NP-1/Sema-3A-mediated interactions participate in the control of human thymocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Lepelletier
- *Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147, Université René Descartes Paris V, Hôpital Necker, 75743 Paris, France
| | - Salete Smaniotto
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Department of Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, 57072-970, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Réda Hadj-Slimane
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 648, Université Paris V René Descartes, 45 Rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France; and
- TRAGEX Pharma, Tour Reflets, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Déa Maria Serra Villa-Verde
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Department of Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Nogueira
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Department of Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mireille Dardenne
- *Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147, Université René Descartes Paris V, Hôpital Necker, 75743 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Hermine
- *Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147, Université René Descartes Paris V, Hôpital Necker, 75743 Paris, France
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Department of Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Laboratory on Thymus Research, Department of Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenue Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. E-mail:
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Gasser O, Schmid TA, Zenhaeusern G, Hess C. Cyclooxygenase Regulates Cell Surface Expression of CXCR3/1-Storing Granules in Human CD4+T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:8806-12. [PMID: 17142783 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.12.8806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Efficient migration of CD4+ T cells into sites of infection/inflammation is a prerequisite to protective immunity. Inappropriate recruitment, on the other hand, contributes to inflammatory pathologies. The chemokine/chemokine receptor system is thought to orchestrate T cell homing. In this study, we show that most circulating human CD4+ T cells store the inflammatory chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CXCR1 within a distinct intracellular compartment. Equipped with such storage granules, CD4+ T cells coexpressing both receptors increased from only 1% ex vivo to approximately 30% within minutes of activation with PHA or exposure to the cyclooxygenase (COX) substrate arachidonic acid. Up-regulation was TCR independent and reduced by COX inhibitors at concentrations readily reached in vivo. The inducible inflammatory CXCR3(high)CXCR1+ phenotype identified nonpolarized cells, was preferentially triggered on CCR7+CD4+ T cells, and conferred increased chemotactic responsiveness. Thus, inducible CXCR3/1 expression occurs in a large fraction of CD4+ T cells. Its dependency on COX may explain a number of established, and point toward novel, effects of COX inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Gasser
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Research, University Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Neeson P, Paterson Y. Effects of the tumor microenvironment on the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy. Immunol Invest 2006; 35:359-94. [PMID: 16916758 DOI: 10.1080/08820130600755009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy utilizes vaccines targeting tumor antigens or tumor endothelium to prevent or regress tumors. Many cancer vaccines are designed to induce antigen-specific effector T cells that migrate to the tumor site. In an optimal situation, the effector T cells penetrate the tumor, release their effector molecules, induce tumor cell death and tumor regression. However, the tumor microenvironment is frequently immunosuppressive and contributes to a state of immune ignorance, impacting on the vaccine's ability to break tolerance to tumor antigen/s. This review discusses the factors in the tumor microenvironment that can affect the efficacy of cancer vaccines. In particular, the review focuses on pathways leading to effector T cell penetration of tumors or the inhibition of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Neeson
- Microbiology Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6076, USA
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