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Maierean SM, Mikhailidis DP, Toth PP, Grzesiak M, Mazidi M, Maciejewski M, Banach M. The potential role of statins in preeclampsia and dyslipidemia during gestation: a narrative review. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 27:427-435. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2018.1465927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitri P. Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Peter P. Toth
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, CGH Medical Center, Sterling, IL, USA
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mariusz Grzesiak
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Moshen Mazidi
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marek Maciejewski
- Department of Cardiology, Chair of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona-Gora, Zielona-Gora, Poland
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2
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Tomkiel AM, Siergiejczyk L, Naróg D, Płoszyńska J, Sobkowiak A, Morzycki JW. Electrochemical cholesterylation of sugars with cholesteryl diphenylphosphate. Steroids 2017; 117:44-51. [PMID: 27263439 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical cholesterylation of various sugars with cholesteryl diphenylphosphate was studied. The reaction afforded mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-cholesterylated products using equivalent amounts of the reagent. The reactions turned out to be completely stereoselective with respect to both sugar and steroid but only partially regioselective - primary and anomeric hydroxyl groups in sugars were the most reactive ones while no substantial differences in reactivity was found for different secondary hydroxyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta M Tomkiel
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Leszek Siergiejczyk
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Dorota Naróg
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, P. O. Box 85, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Jolanta Płoszyńska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, P. O. Box 85, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Andrzej Sobkowiak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, P. O. Box 85, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Jacek W Morzycki
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland.
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3
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Domizio S, Pallotta R, Romanelli A, Puglielli C, Pollice R, Casacchia M, Conte E, Domizio R, Sabatino G. A Case of Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome, Defect of Cholesterol Biosynthesis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 19:439-42. [PMID: 16831310 DOI: 10.1177/039463200601900220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the case of a child with Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome. The pregnancy was complicated by prenatal growth retardation. The baby was admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Chieti when she was five months old. She showed postnatal growth retardation, trouble sucking and swallowing, microcefaly and multiple major and minor malformations, including characteristic facial features and 2–3 syndactyly of the toes. We found correlations between multiple congenital malformations, failure to thrive and low plasmatic cholesterol measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Domizio
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University G. D'Annunzio, Ospedale Policlinico, Via dei Vestini 5, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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Pennings JLA, Theunissen PT, Piersma AH. An optimized gene set for transcriptomics based neurodevelopmental toxicity prediction in the neural embryonic stem cell test. Toxicology 2012; 300:158-67. [PMID: 22760166 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The murine neural embryonic stem cell test (ESTn) is an in vitro model for neurodevelopmental toxicity testing. Recent studies have shown that application of transcriptomics analyses in the ESTn is useful for obtaining more accurate predictions as well as mechanistic insights. Gene expression responses due to stem cell neural differentiation versus toxicant exposure could be distinguished using the Principal Component Analysis based differentiation track algorithm. In this study, we performed a de novo analysis on combined raw data (10 compounds, 19 exposures) from three previous transcriptomics studies to identify an optimized gene set for neurodevelopmental toxicity prediction in the ESTn. By evaluating predictions of 200,000 randomly selected gene sets, we identified genes which significantly contributed to the prediction reliability. A set of 100 genes was obtained, predominantly involved in (neural) development. Further stringency restrictions resulted in a set of 29 genes that allowed for 84% prediction accuracy (area under the curve 94%). We anticipate these gene sets will contribute to further improve ESTn transcriptomics studies aimed at compound risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen L A Pennings
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research (GBO), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Miller EA, Rasmussen SA, Siega-Riz AM, Frías JL, Honein MA. Risk factors for non-syndromic holoprosencephaly in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 154C:62-72. [PMID: 20104597 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a complex structural brain anomaly that results from incomplete cleavage of the forebrain. The prevalence of HPE at birth is low, and risk factors have been difficult to identify. Using data from a large multi-state population-based case-control study, we examined risk factors for non-syndromic HPE. Data from maternal telephone interviews were available for 74 infants with HPE and 5871 controls born between 1997 and 2004. Several characteristics and exposures were examined, including pregnancy history, medical history, maternal diet and use of nutritional supplements, medications, tobacco, alcohol, and illegal substances. We used chi(2)-tests and logistic regression (excluding women with pre-existing diabetes) to examine associations with HPE. Except for diet (year before pregnancy) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (throughout pregnancy), most exposures were examined for the time period from the month before to the third month of pregnancy. HPE was found to be associated with pre-existing diabetes (chi(2) = 6.0; P = 0.01), aspirin use [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.4; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6-6.9], lower education level (aOR = 2.5; 95%CI 1.1-5.6), and use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) (crude OR = 4.2; 95%CI 1.3-13.7). Consistent maternal folic acid use appeared to be protective (aOR = 0.4; 95%CI 0.2-1.0), but the association was of borderline statistical significance. While some of these findings support previous observations, other potential risk factors identified warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Miller
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, 78714-9347, USA.
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6
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Abstract
The inaccessibility of the human fetal brain to studies of perfusion and metabolism has impeded progress in the understanding of the normal and abnormal systems of oxygen substrate supply and demand. Consequently, current understanding is based on studies in fetal animals or in the premature infant (ex utero fetus), neither of which is ideal. Despite promising developments in fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Doppler ultrasound, major advances in fetal neurodiagnostics will be required before rational and truly informed brainoriented care of the fetus becomes feasible.
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7
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Fast and easy in vitro screening assay for cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors in the post-squalene pathway. Steroids 2007; 72:633-42. [PMID: 17583759 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2007.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Revised: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A whole-cell assay for screening cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors in the post-squalene pathway has been developed. HL 60 cells were incubated for 24h with test substances. The nonsaponifiable lipids were extracted by means of liquid-liquid extraction using tert-butylmethylether. The raw extracts were purified by dispersive solid phase extraction using a primary-secondary amine material (PSA) and dried using sodium sulphate. The sterols were derivatized using N-trimethylsilylimidazole. GLC/MS analysis was carried out in less than 12.5 min using fast GLC mode. The obtained sterol patterns indicated which enzyme had been inhibited. Specific sterol patterns which reflect the different enzyme inhibitions were obtained using established inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis like AY 9944, NB 598, clotrimazole, aminotriazole and DR 258, a Delta24-reductase inhibitor prepared in our working group. For characterizing IC(50) values we used sodium 2-(13)C-acetate and quantified the incorporation of it into cholesterol relative to control levels after the samples had been normalized to their protein content.
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diIorio P, Alexa K, Choe SK, Etheridge L, Sagerström CG. TALE-family homeodomain proteins regulate endodermal sonic hedgehog expression and pattern the anterior endoderm. Dev Biol 2006; 304:221-31. [PMID: 17289013 PMCID: PMC1868511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Revised: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
sonic hedgehog (shh) is expressed in anterior endoderm, where it is required to repress pancreas gene expression and to pattern the endoderm, but the pathway controlling endodermal shh expression is unclear. We find that expression of meis3, a TALE class homeodomain gene, coincides with shh expression in the endoderm of zebrafish embryos. Using a dominant negative construct or anti-sense morpholino oligos (MOs) to disrupt meis3 function, we observe ectopic insulin expression in anterior endoderm. This phenotype is also observed when meis3 MOs are targeted to the endoderm, suggesting that meis3 acts within the endoderm to restrict insulin expression. We also find that meis3 is required for endodermal shh expression, indicating that meis3 acts upstream of shh to restrict insulin expression. Loss of pbx4, a TALE gene encoding a Meis cofactor, produces the same phenotype as loss of meis3, consistent with Meis3 acting in a complex with Pbx4 as reported in other systems. Lastly, we observe a progressive anterior displacement of endoderm-derived organs upon disruption of meis3 or pbx4, apparently as a result of underdevelopment of the pharyngeal region. Our data indicate that meis3 and pbx4 regulate shh expression in anterior endoderm, thereby influencing patterning and growth of the foregut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip diIorio
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Kristen Alexa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Seong-Kyu Choe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Letitiah Etheridge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Charles G. Sagerström
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, 364 Plantation Street/LRB 822, Worcester, MA 01605, Phone: (506) 856-8006, Fax: (508) 856-8007,
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Valenza M, Cattaneo E. Cholesterol dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases: Is Huntington's disease in the list? Prog Neurobiol 2006; 80:165-76. [PMID: 17067733 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2006.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Revised: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Brain cholesterol is an essential component of cell membranes, and involved in a number of biological functions such as membrane trafficking, signal transduction, myelin formation and synaptogenesis. Given these widespread activities and the knowledge that all brain cholesterol derives from local synthesis, it is not surprising that dysfunctions in cholesterol synthesis, storage, transport and removal may lead to human brain diseases. Some of these diseases emerge as a consequence of genetic defects in the enzymes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis; in other cases, such as Alzheimer's disease, there is a link between cholesterol metabolism and the formation and deposition of amyloid-beta peptide. Emerging evidence indicates that changes in cholesterol synthesis may also occur in Huntington's disease, an inherited, autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects striatal neurons of the brain. We here provide an overview of the involvement of cholesterol in normal brain function and its impact on neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, we consider the available clinical, biological and molecular evidence indicating a potential dysregulation of cholesterol homeostasis in Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Valenza
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Centre for Stem Cell Research, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Tadjuidje E, Hollemann T. Cholesterol homeostasis in development: the role of Xenopus 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (Xdhcr7) in neural development. Dev Dyn 2006; 235:2095-110. [PMID: 16752377 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (7-Dhcr) catalyses the final step in the pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis. Human patients with inborn errors of 7-Dhcr (Smith-Lemli-Opitz-Syndrome) have elevated serum levels of 7-dehydrocholesterol but low levels of cholesterol, which in phenotypical terms can result in growth retardation, craniofacial abnormalities including cleft palate, and reduced metal abilities. This study reports the isolation and molecular characterisation of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (Xdhcr7) from Xenopus laevis. During early embryonic development, the expression of Xdhcr7 is first of all spatially restricted to the Spemann's organizer and later to the notochord. In both tissues, Xdhcr7 is coexpressed with Sonic hedgehog (Shh), which itself is cholesterol-modified during autoproteolytic cleavage. Data from Xdhcr7 overexpression and knockdown experiments reveals that a tight control of cholesterol synthesis is particularly important for proper development of the central and peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Tadjuidje
- University of Halle-Wittenberg, Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Halle/Saale, Germany
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11
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Marzolo MP, Bu G. Morphogens, new passengers on lipoprotein particles. Curr Opin Lipidol 2006; 17:202-4. [PMID: 16531760 DOI: 10.1097/01.mol.0000217905.28433.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Berger A, Fleith M, Crozier G. Nutritional implications of replacing bovine milk fat with vegetable oil in infant formulas. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000; 30:115-30. [PMID: 10697128 DOI: 10.1097/00005176-200002000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Berger
- Department of Nutrition, Nestle Research Center, Nestec SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
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