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Campbell E, Luxton T, Kohl D, Goodchild SA, Walti C, Jeuken LJC. Chimeric Protein Switch Biosensors. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 187:1-35. [PMID: 38273207 DOI: 10.1007/10_2023_241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Rapid detection of protein and small-molecule analytes is a valuable technique across multiple disciplines, but most in vitro testing of biological or environmental samples requires long, laborious processes and trained personnel in laboratory settings, leading to long wait times for results and high expenses. Fusion of recognition with reporter elements has been introduced to detection methods such as enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISA), with enzyme-conjugated secondary antibodies removing one of the many incubation and wash steps. Chimeric protein switch biosensors go further and provide a platform for homogenous mix-and-read assays where long wash and incubation steps are eradicated from the process. Chimeric protein switch biosensors consist of an enzyme switch (the reporter) coupled to a recognition element, where binding of the analyte results in switching the activity of the reporter enzyme on or off. Several chimeric protein switch biosensors have successfully been developed for analytes ranging from small molecule drugs to large protein biomarkers. There are two main formats of chimeric protein switch biosensor developed, one-component and multi-component, and these formats exhibit unique advantages and disadvantages. Genetically fusing a recognition protein to the enzyme switch has many advantages in the production and performance of the biosensor. A range of immune and synthetic binding proteins have been developed as alternatives to antibodies, including antibody mimetics or antibody fragments. These are mainly small, easily manipulated proteins and can be genetically fused to a reporter for recombinant expression or manipulated to allow chemical fusion. Here, aspects of chimeric protein switch biosensors will be reviewed with a comparison of different classes of recognition elements and switching mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Campbell
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Timothy Luxton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Declan Kohl
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Christoph Walti
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Lars J C Jeuken
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Guliy OI, Alsowaidi AKM, Fomin AS, Gabalov KP, Staroverov SA, Karavaeva OA. Phage Antibodies as Bioreceptors for Ampicillin Detection. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683822050088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Muñoz-López P, Ribas-Aparicio RM, Becerra-Báez EI, Fraga-Pérez K, Flores-Martínez LF, Mateos-Chávez AA, Luria-Pérez R. Single-Chain Fragment Variable: Recent Progress in Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174206. [PMID: 36077739 PMCID: PMC9455005 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Recombinant antibody fragments have shown remarkable potential as diagnostic and therapeutic tools in the fight against cancer. The single-chain fragment variable (scFv) that contains the complete antigen-binding domains of a whole antibody, has several advantages such as a high specificity and affinity for antigens, a low immunogenicity, and the proven ability to penetrate tumor tissues and diffuse. This review provides an overview of the current studies on the principle, generation, and applications of scFvs, particularly in the diagnosis and therapy of cancer, and underscores their potential use in clinical trials. Abstract Cancer remains a public health problem worldwide. Although conventional therapies have led to some excellent outcomes, some patients fail to respond to treatment, they have few therapeutic alternatives and a poor survival prognosis. Several strategies have been proposed to overcome this issue. The most recent approach is immunotherapy, particularly the use of recombinant antibodies and their derivatives, such as the single-chain fragment variable (scFv) containing the complete antigen-binding domains of a whole antibody that successfully targets tumor cells. This review describes the recent progress made with scFvs as a cancer diagnostic and therapeutic tool, with an emphasis on preclinical approaches and their potential use in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Muñoz-López
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Doctor Márquez 162, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Ribas-Aparicio
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Elayne Irene Becerra-Báez
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Doctor Márquez 162, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Karla Fraga-Pérez
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Doctor Márquez 162, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Luis Fernando Flores-Martínez
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Doctor Márquez 162, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Armando Alfredo Mateos-Chávez
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Doctor Márquez 162, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Rosendo Luria-Pérez
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Doctor Márquez 162, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-(55)-5228-9917 (ext. 4401)
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Palliyil S, Mawer M, Alawfi SA, Fogg L, Tan TH, De Cesare GB, Walker LA, MacCallum DM, Porter AJ, Munro CA. Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting Surface-Exposed Epitopes of Candida albicans Cell Wall Proteins Confer In Vivo Protection in an Infection Model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0195721. [PMID: 35285676 PMCID: PMC9017365 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01957-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based immunotherapies targeting systemic and deep-seated fungal infections are still in their early stages of development, with no licensed antifungal mAbs currently being available for patients at risk. The cell wall glycoproteins of Candida albicans are of particular interest as potential targets for therapeutic antibody generation due to their extracellular location and key involvement in fungal pathogenesis. Here, we describe the generation of recombinant human antibodies specifically targeting two key cell wall proteins (CWPs) in C. albicans: Utr2 and Pga31. These antibodies were isolated from a phage display antibody library using peptide antigens representing the surface-exposed regions of CWPs expressed at elevated levels during in vivo infection. Reformatted human-mouse chimeric mAbs preferentially recognized C. albicans hyphal forms compared to yeast cells, and increased binding was observed when the cells were grown in the presence of the antifungal agent caspofungin. In J774.1 macrophage interaction assays, mAb pretreatment resulted in the faster engulfment of C. albicans cells, suggesting a role of the CWP antibodies as opsonizing agents during phagocyte recruitment. Finally, in a series of clinically predictive mouse models of systemic candidiasis, our lead mAb achieved improved survival (83%) and a several-log reduction of the fungal burden in the kidneys, similar to the levels achieved for the fungicidal drug caspofungin and superior to the therapeutic efficacy of any anti-Candida mAb reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Palliyil
- Scottish Biologics Facility, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeengrid.7107.1, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Mawer
- Scottish Biologics Facility, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeengrid.7107.1, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeengrid.7107.1, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Sami A. Alawfi
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeengrid.7107.1, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Lily Fogg
- Scottish Biologics Facility, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeengrid.7107.1, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Tyng H. Tan
- Scottish Biologics Facility, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeengrid.7107.1, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeengrid.7107.1, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Buda De Cesare
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeengrid.7107.1, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Louise A. Walker
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeengrid.7107.1, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Donna M. MacCallum
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeengrid.7107.1, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Porter
- Scottish Biologics Facility, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeengrid.7107.1, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Carol A. Munro
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeengrid.7107.1, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Tan TH, Patton E, Munro CA, Corzo-Leon DE, Porter AJ, Palliyil S. Monoclonal Human Antibodies That Recognise the Exposed N and C Terminal Regions of the Often-Overlooked SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a Transmembrane Protein. Viruses 2021; 13:2201. [PMID: 34835009 PMCID: PMC8624585 DOI: 10.3390/v13112201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
ORF3a has been identified as a viroporin of SARS-CoV-2 and is known to be involved in various pathophysiological activities including disturbance of cellular calcium homeostasis, inflammasome activation, apoptosis induction and disruption of autophagy. ORF3a-targeting antibodies may specifically and favorably modulate these viroporin-dependent pathological activities. However, suitable viroporin-targeting antibodies are difficult to generate because of the well-recognized technical challenge associated with isolating antibodies to complex transmembrane proteins. Here we exploited a naïve human single chain antibody phage display library, to isolate binders against carefully chosen ORF3a recombinant epitopes located towards the extracellular N terminal and cytosolic C terminal domains of the protein using peptide antigens. These binders were subjected to further characterization using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and surface plasmon resonance analysis to assess their binding affinities to the target epitopes. Binding to full-length ORF3a protein was evaluated by western blot and fluorescent microscopy using ORF3a transfected cells and SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. Co-localization analysis was also performed to evaluate the "pairing potential" of the selected binders as possible alternative diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for COVID-19 infections. Both ORF3a N and C termini, epitope-specific monoclonal antibodies were identified in our study. Whilst the linear nature of peptides might not always represent their native conformations in the context of full protein, with carefully designed selection protocols, we have been successful in isolating anti-ORF3a binders capable of recognising regions of the transmembrane protein that are exposed either on the "inside" or "outside" of the infected cell. Their therapeutic potential will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyng Hwey Tan
- Scottish Biologics Facility, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZP, UK; (T.H.T.); (E.P.)
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (C.A.M.); (D.E.C.-L.)
| | - Elizabeth Patton
- Scottish Biologics Facility, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZP, UK; (T.H.T.); (E.P.)
| | - Carol A. Munro
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (C.A.M.); (D.E.C.-L.)
| | - Dora E. Corzo-Leon
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (C.A.M.); (D.E.C.-L.)
| | - Andrew J. Porter
- Scottish Biologics Facility, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZP, UK; (T.H.T.); (E.P.)
| | - Soumya Palliyil
- Scottish Biologics Facility, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZP, UK; (T.H.T.); (E.P.)
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Velichko NS, Fedonenko YP. Phage antibodies for the immunochemical characterization of Herbaspirillum seropedicae Z78 glycopolymers. ANN MICROBIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-019-01490-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Kumar R, Parray HA, Shrivastava T, Sinha S, Luthra K. Phage display antibody libraries: A robust approach for generation of recombinant human monoclonal antibodies. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 135:907-918. [PMID: 31170490 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and their derivatives have achieved remarkable success as medicine, targeting both diagnostic and therapeutic applications associated with communicable and non-communicable diseases. In the last 3 to 4 decades, tremendous success has been manifested in the field of cancer therapy, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular and infectious diseases. MAbs are the fastest growing class of biopharmaceuticals, with more than 25 derivatives are in clinical use and 7 of these have been isolated through phage display technology. Phage display technology has gained impetus in the field of medical and health sciences, as a large repertoire of diverse recombinant antibodies, targeting various antigens have been generated in a short span of time. A prominent number of phage display derived antibodies are already approved for therapy and significant numbers are currently in clinical trials. In this review we have discussed the various strategies employed for generation of monoclonal antibodies; their advantages, limitations and potential therapeutic applications. We also discuss the potential of phage display antibody libraries in isolation of monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India.
| | - Hilal Ahmed Parray
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tripti Shrivastava
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Subrata Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kalpana Luthra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Cormann KU, Baumgart M, Bott M. Structure-Based Design of Versatile Biosensors for Small Molecules Based on the PAS Domain of a Thermophilic Histidine Kinase. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:2888-2897. [PMID: 30525476 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of biosensors for in vitro quantification of small molecules such as metabolites or man-made chemicals is still a major challenge. Here we show that engineered variants of the sensory PAS domain of the histidine kinase CitA of the thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus thermoleovorans represent promising alternatives to established biorecognition elements. By combining binding site grafting and rational design we constructed protein variants binding l-malate, ethylmalonate, or the aromatic compound phthalate instead of the native ligand citrate. Due to more favorable entropy contributions, the wild-type protein and its engineered variants exhibited increased (nano- to micromolar) affinities and improved enantioselectivity compared to CitA homologues of mesophilic organisms. Ligand binding was directly converted into an optical signal that was preserved after immobilization of the protein. A fluorescently labeled variant was used to quantify ethylmalonate, an urinary biomarker for ethylmalonic encephalopathy, in synthetic urine, thereby demonstrating the applicability of the sensor in complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai U. Cormann
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Meike Baumgart
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Bott
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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Lee W, Syed A. A, Leow CY, Tan SC, Leow CH. Isolation and characterization of a novel anti-salbutamol chicken scFv for human doping urinalysis. Anal Biochem 2018; 555:81-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Cui X, Vasylieva N, Wu P, Barnych B, Yang J, Shen D, He Q, Gee SJ, Zhao S, Hammock BD. Development of an Indirect Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Glycocholic Acid Based on Chicken Single-Chain Variable Fragment Antibodies. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11091-11097. [PMID: 28942640 PMCID: PMC6459402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycocholic acid (GCA) is an important metabolite of bile acids, whose urine levels are expected to be a specific diagnostic biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A high-throughput immunoassay for determination of GCA would be of significant advantage and useful for primary diagnosis, surveillance, and early detection of HCC. Single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies have several desirable characteristics and are an attractive alternative to traditional antibodies for the immunoassay. Because chicken antibodies possess single heavy and light variable functional domains, they are an ideal framework for simplified generation of recombinant antibodies for GCA detection. However, chicken scFvs have rarely been used to detect GCA. In this study, a scFv library was generated from chickens immunized with a GCA hapten coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA), and anti-GCA scFvs were isolated by a phage-displayed method. Compared to the homologous coating antigen, use of a heterologous coating antigen resulted in about an 85-fold improvement in sensitivity of the immunoassay. This assay, under optimized conditions, had a linear range of 0.02-0.18 μg/mL, with an IC50 of 0.06 μg/mL. The assay showed negligible cross-reactivity with various related bile acids, except for taurocholic acid. The detection of GCA from spiked human urine samples ranged from 86.7% to 123.3%. These results, combined with the advantages of scFv antibodies, indicated that a chicken scFv-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is a suitable method for high-throughput screening of GCA in human urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiping Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Natalia Vasylieva
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Panpan Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Bogdan Barnych
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ding Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Qiyi He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Shirley J. Gee
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Suqing Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Tullila A, Nevanen TK. Utilization of Multi-Immunization and Multiple Selection Strategies for Isolation of Hapten-Specific Antibodies from Recombinant Antibody Phage Display Libraries. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061169. [PMID: 28561803 PMCID: PMC5485993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage display technology provides a powerful tool for the development of novel recombinant antibodies. In this work, we optimized and streamlined the recombinant antibody discovery process for haptens as an example. A multi-immunization approach was used in order to avoid the need for construction of multiple antibody libraries. Selection methods were developed to utilize the full potential of the recombinant antibody library by applying four different elution conditions simultaneously. High-throughput immunoassays were used to analyse the binding properties of the individual antibody clones. Different carrier proteins were used in the immunization, selection, and screening phases to avoid enrichment of the antibodies for the carrier protein epitopes. Novel recombinant antibodies against mycophenolic acid and ochratoxin A, with affinities up to 39 nM and 34 nM, respectively, were isolated from a multi-immunized fragment antigen-binding (Fab) library.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Tullila
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland.
| | - Tarja K Nevanen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland.
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Ubah O, Palliyil S. Monoclonal Antibodies and Antibody Like Fragments Derived from Immunised Phage Display Libraries. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1053:99-117. [PMID: 29549637 PMCID: PMC7120432 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72077-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases are always on the rise, especially in poorer countries and in the aging population. The inevitable, but unpredictable emergence of new infectious diseases has become a global threat. HIV/AIDS, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and the more recent H1N1 influenza are only a few of the numerous examples of emerging infectious diseases in the modern era. However despite advances in diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines, there is need for more specific, efficacious, cost-effective and less toxic treatment and preventive drugs. In this chapter, we discuss a powerful combinatorial technology in association with animal immunisation that is capable of generating biologic drugs with high affinity, efficacy and limited off-site toxicity, and diagnostic tools with great precision. Although time consuming, immunisation still remains the preferred route for the isolation of high-affinity antibodies and antibody-like fragments. Phage display is a molecular diversity technology that allows the presentation of large peptide and protein libraries on the surface of filamentous phage. The selection of binding fragments from phage display libraries has proven significant for routine isolation of invaluable peptides, antibodies, and antibody-like domains for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Here we highlight the many benefits of combining immunisation with phage display in combating infectious diseases, and how our knowledge of antibody engineering has played a crucial role in fully exploiting these platforms in generating therapeutic and diagnostic biologics towards antigenic targets of infectious organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obinna Ubah
- Scottish Biologics Facility, Elasmogen Ltd, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Soumya Palliyil
- Scottish Biologics Facility, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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Development of a biotinylated broad-specificity single-chain variable fragment antibody and a sensitive immunoassay for detection of organophosphorus pesticides. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:6423-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9760-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Al Qaraghuli MM, Palliyil S, Broadbent G, Cullen DC, Charlton KA, Porter AJ. Defining the complementarities between antibodies and haptens to refine our understanding and aid the prediction of a successful binding interaction. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:99. [PMID: 26498921 PMCID: PMC4619568 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low molecular weight haptens (<1000 Da) cannot be recognized by the immune system unless conjugated to larger carrier molecules. Antibodies to these exceptionally small antigens can still be generated with exquisite sensitivity. A detailed understanding at the molecular level of this incredible ability of antibodies to recognize haptens, is still limited compared to other antigen classes. METHODS Different hapten targets with a broad range of structural flexibility and polarity were conjugated to carrier proteins, and utilized in sheep immunization. Three antibody libraries were constructed and used as potential pools to isolate specific antibodies to each target. The isolated antibodies were analysed in term of CDR length, canonical structure, and binding site shape and electrostatic potential. RESULTS The simple, chemically naïve structure of squalane (SQA) was recognized with micromolar sensitivity. An increase in structural rigidity of the hydrophobic and cyclic coprostane (COP) did not improve this binding sensitivity beyond the micromolar range, whilst the polar etioporphyrin (POR) was detected with nanomolar sensitivity. Homoserine lactone (HSL) molecules, which combine molecular flexibility and polarity, generated super-sensitive (picomolar) interactions. To better understand this range of antibody-hapten interactions, analyses were extended to examine the binding loop canonical structures and CDR lengths of a series of anti-hapten clones. Analyses of the pre and post- selection (panning of the phage displayed libraries) sequences revealed more conserved sites (123) within the post-selection sequences, when compared to their pre-selection counterparts (28). The strong selection pressure, generated by panning against these haptens resulted in the isolation of antibodies with significant sequence conservation in the FW regions, and suitable binding site cavities, representing only a relatively small subset of the available full repertoire sequence and structural diversity. As part of this process, the important influence of CDR H2 on antigen binding was observed through its direct interaction with individual antigens and indirect impact on the orientation and the pocket shape, when combined with CDRs H3 and L3. The binding pockets also displayed electrostatic surfaces that were complementary to the hydrophobic nature of COP, SQA, and POR, and the negatively charged HSL. CONCLUSIONS The best binding antibodies have shown improved capacity to recognize these haptens by establishing complementary binding pockets in terms of size, shape, and electrostatic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soumya Palliyil
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - David C Cullen
- School of Aerospace, Transport, and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK
| | | | - Andrew J Porter
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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15
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Characterization of Anti-Citrinin Specific ScFvs Selected from Non-Immunized Mouse Splenocytes by Eukaryotic Ribosome Display. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131482. [PMID: 26131718 PMCID: PMC4488840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Single chain variable fragments (scFvs) against citrinin (CIT) were selected from a scFv library constructed from the splenocytes of non-immunized mice by an improved eukaryotic ribosome display technology in this study. Bovine serum albumin (BSA)/ CIT-BSA and ovalbumin (OVA)/ CIT-OVA were used as the antigens to select specific anti-CIT scFvs. Eukaryotic in situ RT-PCR method was used to recover the selected mRNA after every affinity selection. After six rounds of ribosome display, expression vector pTIG-TRX carrying specific scFv DNAs were constructed and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) for protein expression. Thirteen positive clones were selected out of which three (designated 23, 68 and 109) showed high binding activity and specificity to CIT by indirect ELISA, while no clone showed binding activity with carrier proteins. The three scFvs showed high specificity to CIT and the cross reactivity with other mycotoxins was below 0.01% as determined by indirect competitive ELISA. These specific scFvs offer a potential novel immunoassay method for CIT residues. This study confirmed the effectiveness of the improved eukaryotic ribosome display system and could be used as a reference for the selection of scFvs specific to other small molecules using ribosome display.
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16
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Gopinath SC, Tang TH, Citartan M, Chen Y, Lakshmipriya T. Current aspects in immunosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 57:292-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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17
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Shukra AM, Sridevi NV, Dev Chandran, Kapil Maithal. Production of recombinant antibodies using bacteriophages. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2014; 4:91-8. [PMID: 24883194 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi.4.2014.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant antibody fragments such as Fab, scFv, diabodies, triabodies, single domain antibodies and minibodies have recently emerged as potential alternatives to monoclonal antibodies, which can be engineered using phage display technology. These antibodies match the strengths of conventionally produced monoclonal antibodies and offer advantages for the development of immunodiagnostic kits and assays. These fragments not only retain the specificity of the whole monoclonal antibodies but also easy to express and produce in prokaryotic expression system. Further, these antibody fragments are genetically stable, less expensive, easy to modify in response to viral mutations and safer than monoclonal antibodies for use in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This review describes the potential of antibody fragments generated using phage display and their use as diagnostic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Shukra
- Indian Immunologicals Limited Rakshapuram, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh India
| | - N V Sridevi
- Indian Immunologicals Limited Rakshapuram, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Dev Chandran
- Indian Immunologicals Limited Rakshapuram, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Kapil Maithal
- Indian Immunologicals Limited Rakshapuram, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh India
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18
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High-sensitivity monoclonal antibodies specific for homoserine lactones protect mice from lethal Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 80:462-9. [PMID: 24185854 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02912-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of bacteria, including pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, utilize homoserine lactones (HSLs) as quorum sensing (QS) signaling compounds and engage in cell-to-cell communication to coordinate their behavior. Blocking this bacterial communication may be an attractive strategy for infection control as QS takes a central role in P. aeruginosa biology. In this study, immunomodulation of HSL molecules by monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) was used as a novel approach to prevent P. aeruginosa infections and as tools to detect HSLs in bodily fluids as a possible first clue to an undiagnosed Gram-negative infection. Using sheep immunization and recombinant antibody technology, a panel of sheep-mouse chimeric MAbs were generated which recognized HSL compounds with high sensitivity (nanomolar range) and cross-reactivity. These MAbs retained their nanomolar sensitivity in complex matrices and were able to recognize HSLs in P. aeruginosa cultures grown in the presence of urine. In a nematode slow-killing assay, HSL MAbs significantly increased the survival of worms fed on the antibiotic-resistant strain PA058. The therapeutic benefit of these MAbs was further studied using a mouse model of Pseudomonas infection in which groups of mice treated with HSL-2 and HSL-4 MAbs survived, 7 days after pathogen challenge, in significantly greater numbers (83 and 67%, respectively) compared with the control groups. This body of work has provided early proof-of-concept data to demonstrate the potential of HSL-specific, monoclonal antibodies as theranostic clinical leads suitable for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of life-threatening bacterial infections.
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Edupuganti S, Edupuganti O, O'Kennedy R. Biological and synthetic binders for immunoassay and sensor-based detection: generation and characterisation of an anti-AFB2 single-chain variable fragment (scFv). WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2013. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2012.1523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are highly carcinogenic in nature and occur in a variety of food and feed samples. To ensure food is free from aflatoxins and safe for human consumption, methods to detect these toxins are necessary. Both aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin B2 (AFB2) co-occur in a variety of foods. The present study focuses on the generation of single-chain variable antibody fragments (scFvs) that are highly specific to AFB2. A panel of murine scFvs was isolated from a recombinant AFB2 library that was subjected to biopanning against AFB2-bovine serum albumin. The scFvs (E9 and H12) were found to be highly specific to AFB2, with no cross reactivity for other aflatoxins. The analytical potential of these two scFvs was tested by competitive inhibition ELISA and half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 85 and 138 ng/ml, respectively, were shown. The affinity and sensitivity of scFv-E9 was determined by kinetic analysis and surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based competitive inhibition assay using an AFB2-immobilised sensor chip. An SPR-based inhibition assay with IC50 of 8 ng/ml and LOD of 0.9 ng/ml was developed and subsequently successfully applied for AFB2 detection in spiked almond extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.R. Edupuganti
- Applied Biochemistry Group (ABG), School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - O.P. Edupuganti
- Applied Biochemistry Group (ABG), School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - R. O'Kennedy
- Applied Biochemistry Group (ABG), School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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20
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Comparative Study of Monoclonal and Recombinant Antibody-Based Immunoassays for Fungicide Analysis in Fruit Juices. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-013-9655-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Tran HV, Reisberg S, Piro B, Nguyen TD, Pham MC. Label-Free Electrochemical Immunoaffinity Sensor Based on Impedimetric Method for Pesticide Detection. ELECTROANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Piro B, Reisberg S, Anquetin G, Duc HT, Pham MC. Quinone-based polymers for label-free and reagentless electrochemical immunosensors: application to proteins, antibodies and pesticides detection. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2013; 3:58-76. [PMID: 25587398 PMCID: PMC4263589 DOI: 10.3390/bios3010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyquinone derivatives are widely recognized in the literature for their remarkable properties, their biocompatibility, simple synthesis, and easy bio-functionalization. We have shown that polyquinones present very stable electroactivity in neutral aqueous medium within the cathodic potential domain avoiding side oxidation of interfering species. Besides, they can act as immobilized redox transducers for probing biomolecular interactions in sensors. Our group has been working on devices based on such modified electrodes with a view to applications for proteins, antibodies and organic pollutants using a reagentless label-free electrochemical immunosensor format. Herein, these developments are briefly reviewed and put into perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Piro
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France; E-Mails: (S.R.); (G.A.); (M.-C.P.)
| | - Steeve Reisberg
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France; E-Mails: (S.R.); (G.A.); (M.-C.P.)
| | - Guillaume Anquetin
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France; E-Mails: (S.R.); (G.A.); (M.-C.P.)
| | - Huynh-Thien Duc
- Université Paris XI, INSERM U-1014, Groupe Hospitalier Paul Brousse-94800 Villejuif, France; E-Mail:
| | - Minh-Chau Pham
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France; E-Mails: (S.R.); (G.A.); (M.-C.P.)
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Bazan J, Całkosiński I, Gamian A. Phage display--a powerful technique for immunotherapy: 1. Introduction and potential of therapeutic applications. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:1817-28. [PMID: 22906939 DOI: 10.4161/hv.21703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most effective molecular diversity techniques is phage display. This technology is based on a direct linkage between phage phenotype and its encapsulated genotype, which leads to presentation of molecule libraries on the phage surface. Phage display is utilized in studying protein-ligand interactions, receptor binding sites and in improving or modifying the affinity of proteins for their binding partners. Generating monoclonal antibodies and improving their affinity, cloning antibodies from unstable hybridoma cells and identifying epitopes, mimotopes and functional or accessible sites from antigens are also important advantages of this technology. Techniques originating from phage display have been applied to transfusion medicine, neurological disorders, mapping vascular addresses and tissue homing of peptides. Phages have been applicable to immunization therapies, which may lead to development of new tools used for treating autoimmune and cancer diseases. This review describes the phage display technology and presents the recent advancements in therapeutic applications of phage display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Bazan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry; Wroclaw Medical University; Wroclaw, Poland.
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24
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Holford TR, Davis F, Higson SP. Recent trends in antibody based sensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 34:12-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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25
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Ahmad ZA, Yeap SK, Ali AM, Ho WY, Alitheen NBM, Hamid M. scFv antibody: principles and clinical application. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:980250. [PMID: 22474489 PMCID: PMC3312285 DOI: 10.1155/2012/980250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
To date, generation of single-chain fragment variable (scFv) has become an established technique used to produce a completely functional antigen-binding fragment in bacterial systems. The advances in antibody engineering have now facilitated a more efficient and generally applicable method to produce Fv fragments. Basically, scFv antibodies produced from phage display can be genetically fused to the marker proteins, such as fluorescent proteins or alkaline phosphatase. These bifunctional proteins having both antigen-binding capacity and marker activity can be obtained from transformed bacteria and used for one-step immunodetection of biological agents. Alternatively, antibody fragments could also be applied in the construction of immunotoxins, therapeutic gene delivery, and anticancer intrabodies for therapeutic purposes. This paper provides an overview of the current studies on the principle, generation, and application of scFv. The potential of scFv in breast cancer research is also discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhaida Asra Ahmad
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Manaf Ali
- Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kampus Kota, Jalan Sultan Mahmud, 20400 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Wan Yong Ho
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Noorjahan Banu Mohamed Alitheen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Muhajir Hamid
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
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26
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Sun Y, Ning B, Liu M, Gao X, Fan X, Liu J, Gao Z. Selection of diethylstilbestrol-specific single-chain antibodies from a non-immunized mouse ribosome display library. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33186. [PMID: 22427984 PMCID: PMC3302827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Single chain variable fragments (scFvs) against diethylstilbestrol (DES) were selected from the splenocytes of non-immunized mice by ribosome display technology. A naive library was constructed and engineered to allow in vitro transcription and translation using an E. coli lysate system. Alternating selection in solution and immobilization in microtiter wells was used to pan mRNA-ribosome-antibody (ARM) complexes. After seven rounds of ribosome display, the expression vector pTIG-TRX containing the selected specific scFv DNAs were transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) for expression. Twenty-six positive clones were screened and five clones had high antibody affinity and specificity to DES as evidenced by indirect competitive ELISA. Sequence analysis showed that these five DES-specific scFvs had different amino acid sequences, but the CDRs were highly similar. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis was used to determine binding kinetics of one clone (30-1). The measured KD was 3.79 µM. These results indicate that ribosome display technology can be used to efficiently isolate hapten-specific antibody (Ab) fragments from a naive library; this study provides a methodological framework for the development of novel immunoassays for multiple environmental pollutants with low molecular weight detection using recombinant antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Baoan Ning
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment & Food Safety, Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment & Food Safety, Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianjun Gao
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianjun Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment & Food Safety, Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianqing Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tian Jin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhixian Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment & Food Safety, Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail:
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27
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A label-free electrochemical immunosensor for direct, signal-on and sensitive pesticide detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 31:62-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kobayashi N, Oyama H. Antibody engineering toward high-sensitivity high-throughput immunosensing of small molecules. Analyst 2011; 136:642-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00603c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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29
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Strachan G, Molloy P, Lamont J, Claissie R, Todd L, Vincent J, Holt D, Dinsmore A, Porter A. Anti-mesotrione single chain antibody fragments derived using either phage display or via hybridoma technology: selection, characterization and stabilization. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09540100400003212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Strachan
- a Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences , University of Aberdeen , Foresterhill, Aberdeen , AB25 2ZD , Scotland , UK
| | - Peter Molloy
- b Syngenta Ag , Jealott's Hill International Research Centre , Bracknell , RG42 6EY , Berkshire , UK
| | - Jenny Lamont
- a Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences , University of Aberdeen , Foresterhill, Aberdeen , AB25 2ZD , Scotland , UK
| | - Robert Claissie
- a Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences , University of Aberdeen , Foresterhill, Aberdeen , AB25 2ZD , Scotland , UK
| | - Louise Todd
- a Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences , University of Aberdeen , Foresterhill, Aberdeen , AB25 2ZD , Scotland , UK
| | - Jason Vincent
- b Syngenta Ag , Jealott's Hill International Research Centre , Bracknell , RG42 6EY , Berkshire , UK
| | - David Holt
- b Syngenta Ag , Jealott's Hill International Research Centre , Bracknell , RG42 6EY , Berkshire , UK
| | - Andrew Dinsmore
- b Syngenta Ag , Jealott's Hill International Research Centre , Bracknell , RG42 6EY , Berkshire , UK
| | - Andrew Porter
- a Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences , University of Aberdeen , Foresterhill, Aberdeen , AB25 2ZD , Scotland , UK
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Ohshima M, Inoue K, Hayashi H, Tsuji D, Mizugaki M, Itoh K. Generation of AcGFP fusion with single-chain Fv selected from a phage display library constructed from mice hyperimmunized against 5-methyl 2'-deoxycytidine. Protein Eng Des Sel 2010; 23:881-8. [PMID: 20876190 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzq066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is involved in many diseases such as cancer and autoimmunity. We generated recombinant single-chain Fv (scFv) antibodies against 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine (m(5)dCyd) using phage display technology and a hyperimmunized mouse, and the scFv of most interest were constructed as fusion proteins with green fluorescent protein obtained from Aequorea coerulescens GFP (AcGFP). Using RNA isolated from mouse spleens, we constructed a scFv library consisting of λ light chains. The scFv library was selected against m(5)Cyd-BSA and enriched through four rounds of panning. The scFv library was concentrated about 390-fold and an individual clone was reacted with m(5)Cyd-BSA. Two scFvs with high reactivity for m(5)Cyd-BSA termed 1-2 and 1-12 were produced. Furthermore, methylated DNA-binding activities of the scFvs were confirmed using an indirect immunofluorescence assay. Additionally, N- and C-terminal scFv 1-2 fusion with AcGFP were constructed, and we observed the N-terminal AcGFP exhibited much higher fluorescence intensity than the C-terminal fusions. The AcGFP-scFv 1-2 modified N-terminus of scFv with AcGFP had high fluorescence intensity, but the scFv 1-2-AcGFP modified C-terminus of scFv with AcGFP had low fluorescence intensity. The cross-reactivity of AcGFP-scFv 1-2 was similar to scFv 1-2, and thus, AcGFP-scFv 1-2 could be used in a direct immunofluorescence assay. The scFv fusion proteins may be useful for the detection and quantification of cellular methylated DNA in various specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Ohshima
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Genetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
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31
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Choi MJ, Lee JR, Eremin SA. Development of Single Reagent for Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay of Atrazine. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09540100220145133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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Walls D, Loughran ST, Cunningham O. Phage display: a powerful technology for the generation of high specificity affinity reagents from alternative immune sources. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 681:87-101. [PMID: 20978962 PMCID: PMC7120213 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-913-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are critical reagents in many fundamental biochemical methods such as affinity chromatography. As our understanding of the proteome becomes more complex, demand is rising for rapidly generated antibodies of higher specificity than ever before. It is therefore surprising that few investigators have moved beyond the classical methods of antibody production in their search for new reagents. Despite their long-standing efficacy, recombinant antibody generation technologies such as phage display are still largely the tools of biotechnology companies or research groups with a direct interest in protein engineering. In this chapter, we discuss the inherent limitations of classical polyclonal and monoclonal antibody generation and highlight an attractive alternative: generating high specificity, high affinity recombinant antibodies from alternative immune sources such as chickens, via phage display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dermot Walls
- National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, 9 Ireland
| | - Sinéad T. Loughran
- National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, 9 Ireland
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Zhang X, Zhang C, Liu Y, Yu X, Liu X. Construction of scFv phage display library with hapten-specific repertories and characterization of anti-ivermectin fragment isolated from the library. Eur Food Res Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-010-1293-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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34
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Kobayashi N, Oyama H, Kato Y, Goto J, Söderlind E, Borrebaeck CAK. Two-step in vitro antibody affinity maturation enables estradiol-17beta assays with more than 10-fold higher sensitivity. Anal Chem 2010; 82:1027-38. [PMID: 20047279 DOI: 10.1021/ac902283n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Immunoassays for haptens depend on competitive hapten-anti-hapten reactions, and consequently their sensitivities are significantly influenced by the affinities of anti-hapten antibodies. Thus, genetically engineered antibodies, which have much higher affinities than native antibodies, should increase assay sensitivities. Here, we created a mutated single-chain Fv fragment (scFv) against estradiol-17beta (E(2)) that allowed immunoassays with a much improved sensitivity. Two steps of affinity maturation were performed on a "wild-type" scFv (scFv#E4-4) composed of V(H) and V(L) domains from a mouse anti-E(2) antibody (Ab#E4-4). First, we conducted complementarity-determining region (CDR)-targeted mutagenesis by "CDR-shuffling". Gene fragments encoding CDRs H2, H3, L1, and L3, each of which contained random point mutations, were combined by "shuffling" into the gene encoding the scFv#E4-4 scaffold. After phage display and repeated panning, we isolated a mutated scFv clone [scFv#m1-e7; Ile(L29)Val] that had 5-fold higher affinity (K(a) = 2.6 x 10(8) M(-1)) compared to the Ab#E4-4 Fab fragment (Fab#E4-4). Next, the entire V(H) and V(L) of this clone were randomly mutated by error-prone polymerase chain reaction (PCR). From this library, we found an improved clone, scFv#m2-c4 (K(a) = 6.3 x 10(8) M(-1); Lys(H19)Arg, Tyr(H56)Phe, Ser(H84)Pro, Glu(H85)Gly, Gln(L27)Arg, Leu(L36)Met, Ser(L63)Gly, and Ser(L77)Gly). ScFv#m2-c4 had more than 10-fold higher sensitivity (the midpoint of its dose-response curve was 0.56 ng) than Fab#E4-4 (midpoint 9.0 ng/assay) in a competitive E(2) radioimmunoassay, and even higher sensitivity [midpoint 21 pg/assay, and a limit of detection of 0.47 pg (1.7 fmol)/assay] in a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cross-reactivity with selected E(2)-related endogenous steroids strongly suggested that scFv#m2-c4 has improved specificity compared to conventional antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Kobayashi
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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Wen S, Zhang X, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Liu X, Liang J. Selection of a single chain variable fragment antibody against ivermectin from a phage displayed library. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:5387-5391. [PMID: 20345138 DOI: 10.1021/jf904562x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Single chain variable fragment antibodies (scFvs) have considerable potential in immunological detection of pesticides, veterinary and other residues. In this study, a large human synthetic phage displayed library was used to select scFvs against ivermectin (IVM) by subtractive panning. After four rounds of panning, seven monoclonal phage particles capable of binding with the IVM were obtained. One of the identified novel anti-IVM scFv, hsIVM8, was expressed in Escherichia coli HB2151 and purified with Ni metal ion affinity chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamine gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) indicated that the relative molecular mass of hsIVM8 was estimated at 28 kDa. The purified hsIVM8 was used to develop a competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ci-ELISA) for IVM. The linear range of detection for standards in this ci-ELISA was approximately 0.1-5 microg/mL and 50% inhibition of control (IC(50)) was 4.11 microg/mL for IVM. These results showed promising applications of hsIVM8 for detecting IVM in agricultural and environmental matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Garet E, Cabado AG, Vieites JM, González-Fernández A. Rapid isolation of single-chain antibodies by phage display technology directed against one of the most potent marine toxins: Palytoxin. Toxicon 2010; 55:1519-26. [PMID: 20223256 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Several recombinant antibodies against one of the most potent marine toxins, Palytoxin (PlTX), were obtained using two naive human semi-synthetic phage display libraries (Tomlinson I and J) as an effective method for generating specific anti-toxin single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies. After four rounds of panning and selection on free palytoxin adsorbed immunotubes, individual clones were isolated, sequenced and characterized by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Four phage-antibody clones specifically recognized the toxin. A competitive ELISA assay was optimized with one of these phage antibodies giving a very reproducible standard curve with a linear regression (R(2)=0.9945), showing a working range of 0.0005-500ngmL(-1). Several spiked shellfish samples were analysed by competitive ELISA to determine the accuracy of the assay, with a mean recovery rate of 90%. This study demonstrates that phage display libraries provide a valuable system for the easy and rapid generation of specific antibody fragments directed against difficult antigenic targets, such as free small molecules. Large-scale, low-cost production of anti-palytoxin scFv antibodies in Escherichia coli (E. coli) is an exciting prospect for the development of rapid and simple detection methods. Our results suggest that anti-palytoxin phage antibodies could be a valuable tool with competitive ELISA to detect palytoxin in natural shellfish samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Garet
- Area de Inmunología, Universidad de Vigo, Edificio de Ciencias Experimentales, As Lagoas Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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Conroy PJ, Hearty S, Leonard P, O’Kennedy RJ. Antibody production, design and use for biosensor-based applications. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009; 20:10-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Abstract
Viruses have recently proven useful for the detection of target analytes such as explosives, proteins, bacteria, viruses, spores, and toxins with high selectivity and sensitivity. Bacteriophages (often shortened to phages), viruses that specifically infect bacteria, are currently the most studied viruses, mainly because target-specific nonlytic phages (and the peptides and proteins carried by them) can be identified by using the well-established phage display technique, and lytic phages can specifically break bacteria to release cell-specific marker molecules such as enzymes that can be assayed. In addition, phages have good chemical and thermal stability, and can be conjugated with nanomaterials and immobilized on a transducer surface in an analytical device. This Review focuses on progress made in the use of phages in chemical and biological sensors in combination with traditional analytical techniques. Recent progress in the use of virus-nanomaterial composites and other viruses in sensing applications is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanbin Mao
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
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Abstract
Phage display has the capacity to rapidly isolate recombinant antibodies against protein targets and other molecules of significant size. However, there is no obvious lower limit to the power of the selection methods: this chapter describes how the techniques of phage display can be adapted to allow the isolation of antibodies against very small compounds. Antibodies generated in this way have many uses including the detection and quantitative analysis of the target chemical moiety in samples such as foods, water, and body fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Shaw
- National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland - Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Kobayashi N, Kato Y, Oyama H, Taga S, Niwa T, Sun P, Ohtoyo M, Goto J. Anti-estradiol-17beta single-chain Fv fragments: Generation, characterization, gene randomization, and optimized phage display. Steroids 2008; 73:1485-99. [PMID: 18824188 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A single-chain Fv fragment (scFv) against estradiol-17beta (E(2)) was generated to begin the construction of a library of various mutated anti-steroid antibodies with an improved affinity and/or specificity. A hybridoma clone secreting a specific anti-E(2) antibody (Ab#E4-4) was established by the cell fusion using splenocytes from a mouse immunized with an immunogenic E(2)-carrier conjugate. DNA fragments encoding the variable heavy and light domains (V(H) and V(L)) of the Ab#E4-4 were cloned and combined to give the scFv gene fragment encoding the sequence 5'-V(H)-(GGGGS)(3)-V(L)-3'. Compared to the Ab#E4-4 Fab fragment, soluble scFv (scFv#E4-4) protein showed a similar affinity to E(2) (K(a)=8.6x10(7)M(-1)) and a similar cross-reaction profile. To further study the fundamentals for creating a comprehensive library of mutated scFvs, the scFvV(H) and V(L) genes were amplified using error-prone PCR conditions and the frequency and pattern of incorporated mutations were investigated. For this, regular Taq polymerase was used in the presence of unequal concentrations of dNTPs. At 1.0mM MnCl(2), the error frequency reached to 8.5% and 11% for the V(H) and V(L) respectively, although a significant transition/transversion bias was observed. ScFv#E4-4 and the mutated polyclonal scFvs were then displayed on filamentous phage under various packaging conditions. Cultivation of the transformed bacteria was more suitable at 25 degrees C than at higher temperatures for the packaging of scFv-bearing phagemid particles. Based on these experimental conditions, an scFv-displaying phage library, each scFv member in which has mutated complementarity-determining region (CDR) H2, H3, L1, and L3, was constructed. A soluble scFv clone (scFv#m1-e7) with a mutated amino acid (I-->V) in CDR L1, isolated from this library, showed threefold higher affinity (K(a)=2.6 x 10(8)M(-1)) than that of scFv#4-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Kobayashi
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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Persson H, Wallmark H, Ljungars A, Hallborn J, Ohlin M. In vitro evolution of an antibody fragment population to find high-affinity hapten binders. Protein Eng Des Sel 2008; 21:485-93. [PMID: 18480091 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzn024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we constructed a focused antibody library tailored to interact with haptens. High functionality of this library was demonstrated, as specific binders could be retrieved to a range of different haptens. In the current study we have developed a mutagenesis and selection strategy in order to further fine-tune the hapten binding properties of these antibody fragments. Testosterone was chosen as model antigen for the investigation. A population, rather than a single clone, originating from this focused library and enriched for testosterone binders, was subjected to random mutagenesis and different phage display selection strategies of various stringencies. These included consecutively lowering the antigen concentration and having, or not having, soluble hapten present during the phage capture and elution steps. The different selection procedures resulted in a considerable increase in apparent affinities for several of the selected populations, from which the highest affinity antibody isolated had a K(D) of 2 nM, corresponding to an approximately 200-fold affinity improvement compared with the best clone of the starting population. Importantly, the polyclonal nature of the starting material allowed for the identification of novel unrelated variants that differed in fine-specificity, demonstrating that this approach is valuable for exploring different parts of structure space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Persson
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, BMC D13 SE-221 84, Lund
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Shaw I, O'Reilly A, Charleton M, Kane M. Development of a High-Affinity Anti-Domoic Acid Sheep scFv and its Use in Detection of the Toxin in Shellfish. Anal Chem 2008; 80:3205-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ac7024199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iain Shaw
- National Diagnostics Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Aoife O'Reilly
- National Diagnostics Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Margaret Charleton
- National Diagnostics Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Marian Kane
- National Diagnostics Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Sheedy C, MacKenzie CR, Hall JC. Isolation and affinity maturation of hapten-specific antibodies. Biotechnol Adv 2007; 25:333-52. [PMID: 17383141 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Revised: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
More and more recombinant antibodies specific for haptens such as drugs of abuse, dyes and pesticides are being isolated from antibody libraries. Thereby isolated antibodies tend to possess lower affinity than their parental, full-size counterparts, and therefore the isolation techniques must be optimized or the antibody genes must be affinity-matured in order to reach high affinities and specificities required for practical applications. Several strategies have been explored to obtain high-affinity recombinant antibodies from antibody libraries: At the selection level, biopanning optimization can be performed through elution with free hapten, analogue pre-incubation and subtractive panning. At the mutagenesis level, techniques such as random mutagenesis, bacterial mutator strains passaging, site-directed mutagenesis, mutational hotspots targeting, parsimonious mutagenesis, antibody shuffling (chain, DNA and staggered extension process) have been used with various degrees of success to affinity mature or modify hapten-specific antibodies. These techniques are reviewed, illustrated and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sheedy
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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45
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Persson H, Ohlin M. Exploring central and peripheral diversity in antibody evolution. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:2729-36. [PMID: 17204327 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 11/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The antigen-binding site, the paratope, of an antibody can be seen as being composed of a central core and a more peripheral area situated at its rim. Naturally these regions acquire their diversity using different mechanisms and they also have dissimilar roles, as they contribute differently to the binding interaction. Also, antigens of different size utilize these regions differently; while haptens mainly interact with the central core, larger antigens have additional interactions in more peripheral regions. Since haptens do not occupy the entire available paratope we hypothesized that hapten-specific antibodies, as they develop naturally or in the laboratory, have an imprint of the carrier protein they were once selected on. By using combinatorial library and phage display technologies on a hapten-specific antibody we were able to demonstrate that a peripheral carrier imprint indeed exists. We further show that such an imprint can act as a seed in the evolution of binders that recognize the carrier protein even in the absence of the hapten modification. The observed results provide a plausible mechanism for how haptenization of self-antigens can lead to the development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Persson
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, BMC D13, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
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46
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Alvarez-Rueda N, Behar G, Ferré V, Pugnière M, Roquet F, Gastinel L, Jacquot C, Aubry J, Baty D, Barbet J, Birklé S. Generation of llama single-domain antibodies against methotrexate, a prototypical hapten. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:1680-90. [PMID: 17011035 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Single-domain antibodies specific to methotrexate (MTX) were obtained after immunization of one llama (Llama glama). Specific VHH domains (V-D-J-REGION) were selected by panning from an immune-llama library using phage display technology. The antibody fragments specific to MTX were purified from Escherichia coli (C41 strain) periplasm by immobilized metal affinity chromatography with an expression level of around 10mg/L. A single band around 16,000Da corresponding to VHH fragments was found after analysis by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting, while competition ELISA demonstrated selective binding to soluble MTX. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis showed that anti-MTX VHH domains had affinities in the nanomolar range (29-515nM) to MTX-serum albumin conjugates. The genes encoding anti-MTX VHH were found by IMGT/V-QUEST to be similar to the previously reported llama and human IGHV germline genes. The V-D and D-J junction rearrangements in the seven anti-MTX CDR3 sequences indicate that they were originated from three distinct progenitor B cells. Our results demonstrate that camelid single-domain antibodies are capable of high affinity binding to low molecular weight hydrosoluble haptens. Furthermore, these anti-MTX VHH give new insights on how the antigen binding repertoire of llama single-domain antibody can provide combining sites to haptens in the absence of a VL. This type of single-domain antibodies offers advantages compared to murine recombinant antibodies in terms of production rate and sequence similarity to the human IGHV3 subgroup genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidia Alvarez-Rueda
- Inserm, Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, U601, Département de Recherche en Cancérologie, 9 quai Moncousu, F-44000 Nantes, France
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Li T, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Chen D, Hu B, Blake DA, Liu F. Production of recombinant ScFv antibodies against methamidophos from a phage-display library of a hyperimmunized mouse. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:9085-91. [PMID: 17117794 DOI: 10.1021/jf0621267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A recombinant phage display library was generated using splenocyte mRNA isolated from a Balb/c mouse hyperimmunized with a hapten conjugate that mimicked the structure of methamidophos, one of the most acutely toxic organophosphate pesticides. Three recombinant single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies with the highest specificity for methamidophos, termed 28D4, 29D0, and 36B2, were produced via a stringent selection protocol. In a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the IC50 values for 28D4, 29D0, and 36B2 were 46.25, 35.39, and 17.99 ng/mL, respectively. The cross-reactivity of the three scFv antibodies with other organophosphate pesticides was below 0.1% except for acephate (O,S-dimethyl acetylphosphoramidothioate). Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences indicated that the respective heavy chains and light chains of the three scFvs were involved in the distinctive VDJ segment rearrangements associated with somatic hypermutations during the process of several immunizations with higher dosages of immunogen. Taken together, these data constitute the first detailed description of an immunoassay that utilizes scFvs against the methamidophos, an analyte with a simple structure and low molecular mass (141 Da).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiejun Li
- Key Lab of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Nagumo Y, Oguri H, Tsumoto K, Shindo Y, Hirama M, Tsumuraya T, Fujii I, Tomioka Y, Mizugaki M, Kumagai I. Phage-display selection of antibodies to the left end of CTX3C using synthetic fragments. J Immunol Methods 2006; 289:137-46. [PMID: 15251419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2004.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2003] [Revised: 04/09/2004] [Accepted: 04/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are a family of toxins that contaminate a variety of fish and cause ciguatera seafood poisoning. The limited availability of CTXs from natural sources has hampered preparation of antibodies and, thus, the development of immunoassays for these toxins. In the current studies, we utilized synthetic fragments as haptens to prepare antibodies against CTX3C, a congener of CTXs, thereby avoiding the problem of its scarcity. Synthetic ABC-ring fragment (ABC) of CTX3C was conjugated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and immunized on mice. Phage-displayed antibodies were first screened based on affinity to a soluble biotin-linked ABC-ring fragment that was captured on streptavidin-linked magnetic beads. The beads were then eluted with the ABCD-ring fragment (ABCD), and recovered phages were amplified. This elution with a synthetic fragment allowed the preparation of antibodies to ABCD as well as to ABC. Three antibodies with affinities of K(d) approximately 10(-5) M for ABCD were selected and prepared as soluble recombinant Fabs (rFabs). One rFab, 1C49, bound to CTX3C itself, although the binding affinity for CTX3C was weaker than for ABCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Nagumo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Torrance L, Ziegler A, Pittman H, Paterson M, Toth R, Eggleston I. Oriented immobilisation of engineered single-chain antibodies to develop biosensors for virus detection. J Virol Methods 2006; 134:164-70. [PMID: 16427706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Revised: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Single chain variable fragment (scFv) molecules were selected from a synthetic phage display library then cloned into a generic vector for expression of the scFv fused to the light chain constant domain of human immunoglobulin with a C-terminal cysteine residue (scFvC(L)cys). A heterobifunctional maleimide linker was synthesised and a strategy for functionalization of gold with the scFvC(L)cys fusion proteins elaborated. Successful covalent attachment of functional scFvC(L)cys was demonstrated using a surface plasmon resonance-based sensor. The results showed that the immobilised scFvC(L)cys molecules were functional and specific binding curves (with response relative to the concentration of virus antigen) were obtained over more than 25 cycles of binding and dissociation. ScFv molecules lacking the C-terminal cysteine performed poorly in similar experiments. The work demonstrates the feasibility of using simple scFv selection and cloning procedures combined with oriented immobilisation of scFvC(L)cys fusion proteins for robust antigen sensing surfaces in immunosensor or other biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Torrance
- Plant-pathogen interactions programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK.
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50
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Persson H, Lantto J, Ohlin M. A focused antibody library for improved hapten recognition. J Mol Biol 2006; 357:607-20. [PMID: 16445941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Revised: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The topography of the antigen-binding site as well as the number and the positioning of the antigen contact residues are strongly correlated with the size of the antigen with which the antibody interacts. On the basis of these considerations, we have designed a focused scFv repertoire biased for haptens, designated the cavity library. The hapten-specific scFv, FITC8, was used as a scaffold for library construction. FITC8, like other hapten binders, displays a characteristic cavity in its paratope into which the hapten binds. In five of the six complementarity-determining regions, diversity-carrying residues were selected rationally on the basis of a model structure of FITC8 and on known antibody structure-function relationships, resulting in variation of 11 centrally located, cavity-lining residues. L3 was allowed to carry a more complex type of diversity. In addition, length variation was introduced into H2, as longer versions of this loop have been shown to correlate with increased hapten binding. The library was screened, using phage display, against a panel of five different haptens, yielding diverse and highly specific binders to four of the antigens. Parallel selections were performed with a library having diversity spread onto a greater area, including more peripherally located residues. This resulted in the isolation of binders, which, in contrast to the clones selected from the cavity library, were not able to bind to the soluble hapten in the absence of the carrier protein. Thus, we have shown that by focusing diversity to the hotspots of interaction a library with improved hapten-binding ability can be created. The study supports the notion that it is possible to create antibody libraries that are biased for the recognition of antigens of pre-defined size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Persson
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, P.O. Box 7031, SE-220 07 Lund, Sweden
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