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Manzanares-Palenzuela CL, Hermanova S, Sofer Z, Pumera M. Proteinase-sculptured 3D-printed graphene/polylactic acid electrodes as potential biosensing platforms: towards enzymatic modeling of 3D-printed structures. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:12124-12131. [PMID: 31211311 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02754h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
3D printing technologies are currently appealing for the research community due to their demonstrated versatility for different scientific applications. One of the most commonly used materials for 3D printing is polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable polymer that can be fully or partially digested by enzymes such as proteinase K. This work seeks to exploit PLA's biodegradability to selectively and reproducibly sculpt 3D-printed graphene/PLA surfaces to turn them into sensitive electroactive platforms. Proteinase K-catalyzed digestion of 3D-printed graphene/PLA electrodes is proposed as an environmentally friendly, highly controllable, and reproducible activation procedure of 3D-printed electrodes. Proteinase K digests PLA in a controllable fashion, exposing electroactive graphene sheets embedded within the 3D-printed structures to the solution and therefore achieving a tailorable electrode performance. A proof-of-concept biosensing application is proposed, based on the immobilization of enzyme alkaline phosphatase at the sculptured electrodes with the subsequent electrochemical detection of 1-naphthol in aqueous media. This work attempts to continue demonstrating the potential of 3D printing in electroanalytical applications, as well as to explore the exciting possibilities arising from merging biotechnological processes with these manufacturing procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lorena Manzanares-Palenzuela
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Czech Republic.
| | - Sona Hermanova
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Czech Republic. and Department of Polymers, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Sofer
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Czech Republic. and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea and Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, Brno, CZ-616 00, Czech Republic
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Idris AO, Mabuba N, Arotiba OA. A Dendrimer Supported Electrochemical Immunosensor for the Detection of Alpha-feto protein - a Cancer Biomarker. ELECTROANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Azeez O. Idris
- Department of Applied Chemistry; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein 2028 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Nonhlangabezo Mabuba
- Department of Applied Chemistry; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein 2028 Johannesburg South Africa
- Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research; University of Johannesburg; South Africa
| | - Omotayo A. Arotiba
- Department of Applied Chemistry; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein 2028 Johannesburg South Africa
- Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research; University of Johannesburg; South Africa
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Miniaturized analytical instrumentation for electrochemiluminescence assays: a spectrometer and a photodiode-based device. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:7121-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9669-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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4
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Stefan-van Staden RI, Bokretsion RG, van Staden JF, Aboul-Enein HY. Immunosensors in Clinical and Environmental Analysis. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2013.866035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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5
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Amperometric immunosensor of Brucella abortus CE-protein antigen shows post-zone phenomena. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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References. Anal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1201/b11478-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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7
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Aziz M, Jo K, Qaium M, Huh CH, Hong I, Yang H. Platform for Highly Sensitive Alkaline Phosphatase-Based Immunosensors Using 1-Naphthyl Phosphate and an Avidin-Modified Indium Tin Oxide Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200904641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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Mendoza E, Orozco J, Jiménez-Jorquera C, González-Guerrero AB, Calle A, Lechuga LM, Fernández-Sánchez C. Scalable fabrication of immunosensors based on carbon nanotube polymer composites. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:075102. [PMID: 21817627 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/7/075102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this work we present the fabrication and characterization of immunosensors based on polystyrene (PS)-multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composites. The electrochemical properties of the sensors have been investigated and show that the surface area is increased upon addition of the MWCNT-PS layer. Furthermore, a plasma activation process is used to partially remove the PS and expose the MWCNTs. This results in a huge increase in the electrochemical area and opens up the possibility of binding biomolecules to the MWCNT wall. The MWCNTs have been functionalized covalently with a model antibody (rabbit IgG). The biosensors have been tested using amperometric techniques and show detection limits comparable to standard techniques such as ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Mendoza
- Institut Català de Nanotecnologia, Campus Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Carralero V, González‐Cortés A, Yáñez‐Sedeño P, Pingarrón JM. Amperometric IgG Immunosensor using a Tyrosinase‐Colloidal Gold‐Graphite‐Teflon Biosensor as a Transducer. ANAL LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710701792646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Escamilla-Gómez V, Campuzano S, Pedrero M, Pingarrón JM. Immunosensor for the determination of Staphylococcus aureus using a tyrosinase–mercaptopropionic acid modified electrode as an amperometric transducer. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:837-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1810-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Carralero V, González-Cortés A, Yáñez-Sedeño P, Pingarrón JM. Nanostructured progesterone immunosensor using a tyrosinase–colloidal gold–graphite–Teflon biosensor as amperometric transducer. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 596:86-91. [PMID: 17616244 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel progesterone immunosensor using a colloidal gold-graphite-Teflon-tyrosinase composite biosensor as amperometric transducer is reported. A sequential competitive configuration between the analyte and progesterone labelled with alkaline phosphatase (AP) was used. Phenyl phosphate was employed as the AP-substrate and the enzyme reaction product, phenol, was oxidized by tyrosinase to o-quinone, which is subsequently reduced at -0.1 V at the biocomposite electrode. Variables such as the concentration of phenyl phosphate, the amount of antibody attached to the electrode surface, immersion time in a 2% BSA solution, working pH and incubation times in progesterone and AP conjugate were optimized. A linear calibration graph for progesterone was obtained between 0 and 40 ng mL(-1) with a slope value of -82.3 nA ng(-1) mL, and a detection limit of 0.43 ng mL(-1). The time needed to reach the steady-state current from the addition of phenyl phosphate was 30-40 s. These analytical characteristics improve substantially those reported for other progesterone immunosensors. A lifetime of 14 days with no need to apply any regeneration procedure was also achieved. The usefulness of the immunosensor was evaluated by determining progesterone in milk samples spiked with the analyte at 5.0 and 1.5 ng mL(-1) concentration levels. Following a very simple procedure, involving only sample dilution, mean recoveries (n=7) of 98+/-3% and 99+/-3%, respectively, were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Carralero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Rao VK, Sharma MK, Goel AK, Singh L, Sekhar K. Amperometric immunosensor for the detection of Vibrio cholerae O1 using disposable screen-printed electrodes. ANAL SCI 2007; 22:1207-11. [PMID: 16966811 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.22.1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A disposable amperometric immunosensor was studied for the rapid detection of Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae), the causative agent of cholera, employing an indirect sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) principle. Screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) were fabricated (by using commercial and homemade carbon inks), electrochemically characterized and the assay conditions were optimized for capturing antibodies and antigen. Whole cell lysate (WCL) of V. cholerae was used to raise antibodies in rabbits and mice. The antibodies raised against WCL of V. cholerae were found to be specific, and no cross reactivity was observed with other enteric bacteria. 1-Naphthyl phosphate was used as a substrate with the amperometric detection of its enzymatic hydrolysis product 1-naphthol at a potential of +400 mV vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode. A comparison between the amperometric detection technique and the standard ELISA was made in terms of the total assay time, the amount of biological materials used and the sensitivity of detection. The minimum detection limit of the amperometric immunosensor for V. cholerae was found to be 10(5) cells/ml in 55 min, while ELISA detected 10(6) cells/ml in 4 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vepa K Rao
- Defence Research & Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, India.
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Carralero V, González-Cortés A, Yáñez-Sedeño P, Pingarrón J. Development of a Progesterone Immunosensor Based on a Colloidal Gold-Graphite-Teflon Composite Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Campanella L, Martini E, Tomassetti M. Immunochemical Potentiometric Method for HIgG and Anti‐HIgG Determination, Using a NH3Probe and Immunoprecipitation as Preconcentration Procedure. ANAL LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710600952473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Immunological Biosensor for Detection of Vibrio cholerae O1in Environmental Water Samples. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-006-9156-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Rao VK, Sharma MK, Pandey P, Sekhar K. Comparison of different carbon ink based screen-printed electrodes towards amperometric immunosensing. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-006-9154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Singh C, Agarwal G, Rai G, Singh L, Rao V. Specific Detection ofSalmonella typhi Using Renewable Amperometric Immunosensor. ELECTROANAL 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200403334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Wilson MS, Rauh RD. Hydroquinone diphosphate: an alkaline phosphatase substrate that does not produce electrode fouling in electrochemical immunoassays. Biosens Bioelectron 2005; 20:276-83. [PMID: 15308232 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2004.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2003] [Revised: 01/19/2004] [Accepted: 01/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hydroquinone diphosphate (HQDP) was synthesized and compared to phenyl phosphate (PP) and 1-naphthyl phosphate (NP) as a substrate for alkaline phosphatase (AP) under electrochemical immunoassay (EIA) conditions. Voltammetric and amperometric experiments showed that electrochemical oxidation of hydroquinone (HQ), which is the AP hydrolysis product of HQDP, did not produce electrode passivation, even with repeated biosensor use. In contrast, phenol and 1-naphthol, the hydrolysis products of PP and NP, respectively, were shown to be irreversibly oxidized on the electrode surfaces, and produced rapid electrode passivation, resulting in complete loss of electrode signal. When employed as AP substrate in an iridium oxide based EIA, HQDP produced significantly larger amperometric responses (117 microA/cm2) compared to PP (31 microA/cm2) and NP (27 microA/cm2). The results presented in this paper show that HQDP is an attractive alternative to commonly used AP substrates such as NP and PP. The substrate shows excellent hydrolytic stability, produces larger amperometric responses (than PP or NP), and does not produce sensor passivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Wilson
- EIC Laboratories, Inc., 111 Downey Street, Norwood, MA 02062, USA.
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19
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Serra B, Morales MD, Reviejo AJ, Hall EH, Pingarrón JM. Rapid and highly sensitive electrochemical determination of alkaline phosphatase using a composite tyrosinase biosensor. Anal Biochem 2005; 336:289-94. [PMID: 15620894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of an amperometric graphite-Teflon composite tyrosinase biosensor for the rapid monitoring of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), with no need of an incubation step and using phenyl phosphate as the substrate, is reported. Phenol generated by the action of ALP is monitored at the tyrosinase composite electrode through the electrochemical reduction of the o-quinone produced to catechol, which produces a cycle between the tyrosinase substrate and the electroactive product, giving rise to the amplification of the biosensor response and to the sensitive detection of ALP. The current was measured at -0.10 V 5 min after the addition of ALP. As a compromise between high ALP activity and high sensitivity for the detection of phenol, a pH of 8.5 was chosen. The substrate concentration was also optimized. A linear calibration plot was obtained for ALP between 2.0 x 10(-13) and 2.5 x 10(-11), with a detection limit of 6.7 x 10(-14) M. Different types of milk were analyzed with good results, using an extremely simple and rapid procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Serra
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
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20
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Campàs M, Szydlowska D, Trojanowicz M, Marty JL. Towards the protein phosphatase-based biosensor for microcystin detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2005; 20:1520-30. [PMID: 15626605 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2004.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2004] [Revised: 05/13/2004] [Accepted: 06/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A colorimetric test for the detection of microcystins based on immobilised protein phosphatase (PP) has been developed. A PP2A produced by molecular engineering has been used and its performance has been compared to those of commercial PP2A and PP1. Covalent immobilisation of the enzyme using glutaraldehyde, encapsulation by sol-gel and entrapment with photocrosslinkable poly(vinyl alcohol) bearing styrylpyridinium groups (PVA-SbQ) have been compared, the latter method providing the highest immobilisation yields. Screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPEs), Maxisorp microtiter wells and Ultrabind modified polyethersulfone affinity membranes have been used as immobilisation supports. Whilst the highest immobilisation yields were obtained with microtiter wells, the highest operational and storage stabilities were achieved with carbon SPEs and membranes, respectively. The immobilisation of PP by PVA-SbQ provided a means to preserve the enzymatic activity, which decreased at fast rates when the enzyme was kept in solution. The colorimetric test using p-nitrophenyl phosphate has demonstrated that the immobilised enzyme is able to recognise both microcystin variants (MC-LR and MC-RR), although optimisation work should be performed to achieve appropriate limits of detection. With the purpose to develop an electrochemical biosensor, several phosphorylated substrates have been used. Promising results have been achieved with the commercial enzymes and alpha-naphtyl phosphate, p-aminophenol phosphate and catechol monophosphate as enzyme substrates, guaranteeing the viability of the electrochemical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Campàs
- BIOMEM Group, Université de Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
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21
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Rao VK, Rai G, Agarwal G, Suresh S. Amperometric immunosensor for detection of antibodies of Salmonella typhi in patient serum. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Shamsipur M, Tashkhourian J, Hemmateenejad B, Sharghi H. Application of artificial neural network to simultaneous potentiometric determination of silver(I), mercury(II) and copper(II) ions by an unmodified carbon paste electrode. Talanta 2004; 64:590-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2004.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2003] [Revised: 02/25/2004] [Accepted: 03/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abad-Villar EM, Fernández-Abedul MT, Costa-García A. Gold bands as a suitable surface for enzyme immunoassays. Biosens Bioelectron 2002; 17:797-802. [PMID: 12191928 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(02)00080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Gold bands sputtered over a polymeric material, Kapton, are employed for the development of enzyme immunoassays. The immunological interaction takes place between human IgM and alkaline phosphatase (AP) conjugated anti-IgM. The model analyte (IgM) could be determined following a non-competitive design in the range of 0.05-5 ppm, with a limit of detection of 50 ppb. After the interaction, gold bands are sequentially inserted in a flow system and the extension of the reaction is followed through the enzymatic hydrolysis of naphthylphosphate, AP substrate. The product, naphthol, is oxidised to naphtoquinone in the gold band of the flow cell that constitutes the detector. Parameters affecting the interaction are studied and calibration curves are performed. The reproducibility between different bands (RSD=4%, n=5) and possibilities of regeneration are also detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Abad-Villar
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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Aguilar ZP, Vandaveer WR, Fritsch I. Self-contained microelectrochemical immunoassay for small volumes using mouse IgG as a model system. Anal Chem 2002; 74:3321-9. [PMID: 12139035 DOI: 10.1021/ac0110348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A self-contained, microelectrochemical immunoassay on the smallest volumes reported to date (1 microL for the antigen, 1 microL for the secondary antibody-enzyme conjugate, and 200 nL for the electrochemically detected species) has been developed using mouse IgG as a model system in a sandwich-type enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay, which takes less than 30 min to both complete the assembly of immunoassay components onto the antibody-modified surface and detect enzymatically generated species (excluding time for electrochemical cleaning of electrodes). These studies demonstrate the advantage of the close proximity of electrodes to modified surfaces and their application in the analysis of small volumes. Using a 50 microm diameter x 8 microm deep cavity with individually addressable electrodes on a microfabricated chip, the primary antibody was selectively and covalently attached at a gold, recessed microdisk (RMD) at the bottom of the microcavity to the free end of SAMs of either 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid or 11-mercapto-1-undecanol using 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbodiimide hydrochloride. Nonspecific adsorption to the surrounding material, polyimide, of the microcavity device was eliminated. Electrochemical desorption was used to confine the immunoassay activity at the RMD. Enzymatic conversion of the substrate p-aminophenyl phosphate top-aminophenol is detectable in less than 30 s using cyclic voltammetry at a gold, tubular nanoband electrode, which is on the wall of the microcavity and immediately adjacent to the modified RMD. A third electrode, also within the region of the microcavity, served as the pseudoreference/auxiliary electrode. Calibration curves obtained for 1-microL solutions of 5-100 ng/mL of IgG and for 200 nL-solutions of 5 microM to 4 mM of PAPR gave detection limits of 4.4 nM (6.4 ng/mL) or 880 fmol (129 pg) for PAPR and 56 fM (9 pg/mL) or 56 zmol (9 fg) for IgG. It is expected that the device may be suitable for analysis with volumes down to tens of picoliters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoraida P Aguilar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701, USA
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25
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Xu D, Huang K, Liu Z, Liu Y, Ma L. Microfabricated Disposable DNA Sensors Based on Enzymatic Amplification Electrochemical Detection. ELECTROANAL 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4109(200106)13:10<882::aid-elan882>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Martı́nez-Montequı́n S, Fernández-Sánchez C, Costa-Garcı́a A. Voltammetric monitoring of the interaction between streptavidin and biotinylated alkaline phosphatase through the enzymatic hydrolysis of 3-indoxyl phosphate. Anal Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)00919-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Smith AM, Ducey MW, Meyerhoff ME. Nature of immobilized antibody layers linked to thioctic acid treated gold surfaces. Biosens Bioelectron 2000; 15:183-92. [PMID: 11286336 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(00)00062-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Utilization of 125I-labeled IgG enables an investigation of protein immobilized to gold electrodes sputter deposited on microporous nylon membranes, including the precise nature of the surface-protein bond (i.e. covalent or non-specific adsorption), physical location of the immobilized protein (i.e. on the surface of the gold electrode or within the pores of the membrane), and the amount of protein immobilized. This is accomplished by comparing the mass of protein immobilized to gold surfaces that have been treated in several different fashions, as well as, deposition of the gold on nylon membranes that have been treated differently. It is shown that these microporous gold electrodes, proposed previously for conducting novel non-separation electrochemical enzyme immunoassays, consist of multiple protein layers non-specifically adsorbed. Approximately, half of the total adsorbed protein is immobilized to the gold surface with the remaining protein bound within the pores on the nylon membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Smith
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-1055, USA
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28
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Castañón-Fernández J, Fernández-Abedul M, Costa-Garcı́a A. Kinetic determination of acid phosphatase activity by double injection flow analysis with electrochemical detection. Anal Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)00773-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Fernández-Sánchez C, González-García MB, Costa-García A. AC voltammetric carbon paste-based enzyme immunosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2000; 14:917-24. [PMID: 10722149 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(99)00065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Carbon paste electrodes, previously anodised in a basic media, are the basis for the development of a new voltammetric immunosensor device. Passive adsorption of the appropriate immunochemical reagent was performed onto the electrode surface. Alkaline Phosphatase labelled immunoglobulin was the tracer used in this work, 3-indoxyl phosphate being a very suitable enzymatic substrate for the electrochemical detection of the corresponding affinity reaction. The hydrolysis of this molecule generates indigo dimmer. This product was detected by alternating current voltammetry taking advantage of the adsorptive and inherent electrodic properties that it exhibits. The same electrochemical anodisation was used at the end of one assay to remove the entire protein layer attached to the carbon paste surface, allowing the formation of a new sensing phase and the use of the same support in several consecutive experiments. The methodology was applied to the design of two different immunoassays for the determination of human IgG. Good reproducibility of the electrodic signal and a limit of detection around 10(-10) M were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fernández-Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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Determination of acid phosphatase activity in a double injection flow system with electrochemical detection. Anal Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00772-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Fernández-Sánchez C, Costa-García A. Inhibition of Adsorbed Alkaline Phosphatase Activity by an Anti-Enzyme Antibody. An Approach to Carbon Paste Immunoelectrodes. ELECTROANAL 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4109(199912)11:18<1350::aid-elan1350>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Fernández-Sánchez C, Costa-Garcı́a A. Competitive enzyme immunosensor developed on a renewable carbon paste electrode support. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00557-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Rubio-González C, Fernández-Abedul MT, Costa-García A. Comparative electrochemical behaviour of biotin hydrazide and photobiotin. Importance in the development of biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 1999; 14:729-35. [PMID: 10641292 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(99)00049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic voltammetric behaviour of biotin hydrazide and photobiotin on carbon paste electrodes has been studied. Biotin hydrazide presents an anodic and irreversible process, meanwhile photobiotin presents two, adsorptive in nature. This characteristic makes photobiotin desirable for following the interaction between biotin and streptavidin, being possible to detect a streptavidin concentration of 10(-12) M. The evidence of this reaction has been shown either directly in solution or on the electrode surface. Photobiotin as the molecule portable of analytical information and carbon paste as the solid support could be applied to the development of sensors based on the oxidation of this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rubio-González
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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Pemberton RM, Hart JP, Stoddard P, Foulkes JA. A comparison of 1-naphthyl phosphate and 4 aminophenyl phosphate as enzyme substrates for use with a screen-printed amperometric immunosensor for progesterone in cows' milk. Biosens Bioelectron 1999; 14:495-503. [PMID: 10451917 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(99)00019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
4-Aminophenyl phosphate (4-APP) and 1-naphthyl phosphate (1-NP) were compared as enzyme substrates for an amperometric milk progesterone biosensor utilising progesterone-conjugated alkaline phosphatase in a competitive immunoassay format. Cyclic voltammetry of the corresponding hydrolysis products, 4-aminophenol and 1-naphthol, at the surface of screen-printed carbon base transducers, uncoated or coated with anti-progesterone monoclonal antibody (mAb) showed well-defined anodic responses for both species, with the more sensitive being 4-aminophenol. Scan rate studies produced evidence that surface mAb could impede the diffusion of 4-aminophenol, but not 1-naphthol, toward the electrode surface. This was supported by computer simulation for the electrochemical rate constant (khet) using 4-aminophenol, which gave values at uncoated and mAb-coated electrodes of 6.5 x 10(-4) and 3.0 x 10(-4) cm s-1, respectively. The applied potential for oxidation of 4-aminophenol was 230 mV lower than for 1-naphthol. Nevertheless, by operating below +400 mV versus a saturated calomel reference electrode, it was possible to obtain a chronoamperometric signal for 1-naphthol in the absence of electrochemical interference from milk. Using mAb-coated SPCEs, calibration curves were obtained for progesterone in oestrus whole cow's milk spiked with standard concentrations over the range 0-50 ng/ml, using either 4-APP or 1NP as enzyme substrate. Precision values for triplicate sensors were 5.3-18.3% for 4-APP and 4.1-12.4% for 1-NP. An assay of real whole milk samples from different cows at various stages of the oestrus cycle produced correlations against a commercial EIA of r = 0.840 and 0.946 for 4-APP and 1-NP, respectively, 1-NP possesses the advantages over 4-APP of being inexpensive, easy to obtain and soluble (1-naphthol cf. 4-aminophenol) at high pH. From these observations, it is concluded that 1-NP is the preferred substrate for use with our proposed milk progesterone biosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Pemberton
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
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Dontha N, Nowall WB, Kuhr WG. Development of sub-micron patterned carbon electrodes for immunoassays. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1999; 19:83-91. [PMID: 10698570 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(98)00292-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sub-micron sized domains of a carbon surface are derivatized with antibodies using biotin/avidin technology. These sites are spatially-segregated from, and directly adjacent to, electron transfer sites on the same electrode surface. The distance between these electron transfer sites and enzyme-loaded domains are kept to a minimum (e.g. less than a micron) to maintain the high sensitivity required for the measurement of enzyme-linked cofactors in an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). This is accomplished through the use of photolithographic attachment of photobiotin using an interference pattern from a UV laser generated at the electrode surface. This allows the construction of microscopic arrays of active ELISA sites on a carbon substrate while leaving other sites underivatized to facilitate electron transfer reactions of redox mediators; thus maximizing sensitivity and detection of the enzyme mediator. The carbon electrode surface is characterized with respect to its chemical structure and electron transfer properties following each step of the antibody immobilization process. The characterization of specific modifications of micron regions of the carbon surface requires analytical methodology that has both high spatial resolution and sensitivity. We have used fluorescence microscopy with a cooled CCD imaging system to visualize the spatial distribution of enzyme immobilization sites (indicated by fluorescence from Texas-Red labeled antibody) across the carbon surface. The viability of the enzyme attached to the surface in this manner was demonstrated by imaging the distribution of an insoluble, fluorescent product.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dontha
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA
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Fernández-Sánchez C, Costa-Garcı´a A. 3-Indoxyl Phosphate: an Alkaline Phosphatase Substrate for Enzyme Immunoassays with Voltammetric Detection. ELECTROANAL 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4109(199804)10:4<249::aid-elan249>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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38
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Abstract
Sol-gel processing is used for the first time for the preparation of electrochemical immunosensors. One-step sensor fabrication, based on the coupling of sol-gel and screen-printing technologies, is employed. A low-temperature cured ink is prepared by dispersion of rabbit immunoglobulin G (RIgG), graphite powder, and a binder in the sol-gel solution. The enzyme-labeled antibody can readily diffuse toward the encapsulated antigen, which retains its binding properties, and the association reaction is easily detected at the dispersed graphite surface. Use of anti-RIgG labeled with alkaline phosphatase, naphthyl phosphate as the substrate, and amperometric detection at +400 mV (vs Ag/AgCl) results in a low detection limit of 5 ng/mL (32 pM) for the solution antigen. Tailoring the porosity of the ceramic-carbon matrix can be used for tuning the assay performance. The high sensitivity, low cost, durability, and simplicity of the new single-use immunosensors make them well suited for various on-site applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces 88003, USA
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