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McCowen SV, Doering NA, Sarpong R. Retrosynthetic strategies and their impact on synthesis of arcutane natural products. Chem Sci 2020; 11:7538-7552. [PMID: 33552460 PMCID: PMC7860588 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01441a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Decisions, decisions, decisions: the interplay between different retrosynthetic strategies in the synthesis of the highly bridged, polycyclic arcutane natural products.
Retrosynthetic analysis is a cornerstone of modern natural product synthesis, providing an array of tools for disconnecting structures. However, discussion of retrosynthesis is often limited to the reactions used to form selected bonds in the forward synthesis. This review details three strategies for retrosynthesis, focusing on how they can be combined to plan the synthesis of polycyclic natural products, such as atropurpuran and the related arcutane alkaloids. Recent syntheses of natural products containing the arcutane framework showcase how these strategies for retrosynthesis can be combined to plan the total synthesis of highly caged scaffolds. Comparison of multiple syntheses of the same target provides a unique opportunity for detailed analysis of the impact of retrosynthetic disconnections on synthesis outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby V McCowen
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA .
| | - Nicolle A Doering
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA .
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA .
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Begliomini S, Sernissi L, Scarpi D, Occhiato EG. A Short, Chemo-Enzymatic Synthesis of Both Enantiomers oftrans-3-Hydroxypipecolic Acid. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Schrittwieser JH, Resch V. The role of biocatalysis in the asymmetric synthesis of alkaloids. RSC Adv 2013; 3:17602-17632. [PMID: 25580241 PMCID: PMC4285126 DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42123f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaloids are not only one of the most intensively studied classes of natural products, their wide spectrum of pharmacological activities also makes them indispensable drug ingredients in both traditional and modern medicine. Among the methods for their production, biotechnological approaches are gaining importance, and biocatalysis has emerged as an essential tool in this context. A number of chemo-enzymatic strategies for alkaloid synthesis have been developed over the years, in which the biotransformations nowadays take an increasingly 'central' role. This review summarises different applications of biocatalysis in the asymmetric synthesis of alkaloids and discusses how recent developments and novel enzymes render innovative and efficient chemo-enzymatic production routes possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg H Schrittwieser
- Department of Biotechnology , Delft University of Technology , Julianalaan 136 , 2628 BL Delft , The Netherlands . ; ; ; Tel: +31 152 782683
| | - Verena Resch
- Department of Biotechnology , Delft University of Technology , Julianalaan 136 , 2628 BL Delft , The Netherlands . ; ; ; Tel: +31 152 782683
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Bartali L, Casini A, Guarna A, Occhiato EG, Scarpi D. Enantiodivergent Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of 4-Hydroxypiperidine Alkaloids. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Faber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 16, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Gianluca Ottolina
- Istituto di Chimica degli Ormoni, C.N.R., Via Mario Bianco 9, 1-20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Sergio Riva
- Istituto di Chimica degli Ormoni, C.N.R., Via Mario Bianco 9, 1-20131, Milano, Italy
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Carrea G, Ottolina G. Stereoselective Synthesis of Drugs and Drug Precursors by Hydrolases and Oxidoreductases. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10242420009015241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kazlauskas RJ, Bornscheuer UT. Biotransformations with Lipases. BIOTECHNOLOGY 2008:36-191. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1002/9783527620906.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
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Breit B, Demel P, Grauer D, Studte C. Stereospecific and stereodivergent construction of tertiary and quaternary carbon centers through switchable directed/nondirected allylic substitution. Chem Asian J 2007; 1:586-97. [PMID: 17441097 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200600100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study introduces the ortho-diphenylphosphanylbenzoate (o-DPPB)/o-DPPB oxide system as a switchable directing/nondirecting leaving group in a copper-mediated allylic substitution with Grignard and organozinc reagents. With this system, the regioselective, stereospecific, and stereodivergent construction of quaternary as well as tertiary carbon centers is possible in a reliable and predictable fashion. Starting from one substrate enantiomer, both optical antipodes of the substitution products are readily available. Hence, this methodology features reversed polarity in comparison to established enolate alkylation chemistry and may be an interesting alternative, particularly for the construction of quaternary stereogenic carbon centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Breit
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Iimura S, Overman LE, Paulini R, Zakarian A. Enantioselective total synthesis of guanacastepene N using an uncommon 7-endo Heck cyclization as a pivotal step. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:13095-101. [PMID: 17017789 PMCID: PMC3804222 DOI: 10.1021/ja0650504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A convergent, enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-guanacastepene N was developed that features a 7-endo Heck cyclization as the key step. In the course of this synthesis, short syntheses of the enantiomerically pure cyclopentenone and cyclohexene building blocks 5 and 6, which constitute A and C ring fragments of guanacastepene N, were developed. These fragments were linked by a challenging conjugate addition reaction that also generated the C11 quaternary carbon stereocenter. Regioselective 7-endo Heck cyclization gave rise to a tricyclic intermediate, which was elaborated to complete the first total synthesis of guanacastepene N and the second enantioselective total synthesis of a guanacastepene natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Larry E. Overman
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Ralph Paulini
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
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Barnier JP, Blanco L. Chemo-enzymatic Preparations of (R)- and (S)-3-Iodocyclohex-2-en-1-yl Acetate. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-120021839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Barnier
- a Laboratoire des Carbocycles (Associé au CNRS) , Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay , Université de Paris-Sud , Orsay, France
| | - L. Blanco
- a Laboratoire des Carbocycles (Associé au CNRS) , Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay , Université de Paris-Sud , Orsay, France
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ter Halle R, Bernet Y, Billard S, Bufferne C, Carlier P, Delaitre C, Flouzat C, Humblot G, Laigle JC, Lombard F, Wilmouth S. Development of a Practical Multikilogram Production of (R)-Seudenol by Enzymatic Resolution. Org Process Res Dev 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/op034179k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rotticci D, Norin T, Hult K. Mass transport limitations reduce the effective stereospecificity in enzyme-catalyzed kinetic resolution. Org Lett 2000; 2:1373-6. [PMID: 10814450 DOI: 10.1021/ol005639m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction-see text] The kinetic resolution of seudenol catalyzed by Candida antarctica lipase B in hexane was investigated. Large differences in reaction rate and stereospecificity were observed when different enzyme preparations were used. These differences were ascribed to mass transport limitations which reduced both reaction rate and stereospecificity. Lyophilized enzyme preparations were more apt to give this problem than immobilized preparations. Further, low substrate concentrations enhanced the effect. Thus, high alcohol concentrations and enzyme immobilization can be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rotticci
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, and Department of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Arvidsson PI, Hansson M, Khan AZQ, Ahlberg P. Solvent-induced stereospecific isomerization of an allylic alcohol to a homoallylic alcohol catalyzed by a chiral lithium amide. CAN J CHEM 1998. [DOI: 10.1139/v98-052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Deprotonation of cyclohexene oxide, 1, by lithium (S)-2-(1-pyrrolidinylmethyl)pyrrolidide, 2-Li, on changing the solvent from tetrahydrofuran (THF) to, for example, 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran (DMTHF) or diethyl ether (DEE) has been shown to yield, besides the lithium alkoxide of 2-cyclohexene-1-ol, 3-Li, the lithium alkoxide of the homoallylic alcohol 3-cyclohexene-1-ol, 4-Li. It was shown that compound 4-Li is formed from 3-Li. No such rearrangement has been observed in THF. We have now shown that the solvent-induced isomerization of the lithium alkoxide of (S)-3-methyl-2-cyclohexene-1-ol, (S)-5-Li, catalyzed by 2-Li to the lithium alkoxide of (S)-3-methyl-3-cyclohexene-1-ol, (S)-6-Li, is 100% stereospecific. Furthermore, deuterium-labeling experiments suggest that the rearrangement of the proton is close to 100% intramolecular.Key words: 1,3-proton transfer, chiral lithium amide, intramolecular, solvent-induced isomerization, stereospecific.
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Yokomatsu T, Sato M, Abe H, Suemune K, Matsumoto K, Kihara T, Soeda S, Shimeno H, Shibuya S. Synthesis of (2′S,3′S)-9-(4′-phosphono-4′,4′-difluoro-2′,3′-methanobutyl)guanine and its enantiomer. Evaluation of the inhibitory activity for purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Tetrahedron 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(97)00704-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Adam W, Mock-Knoblauch C, Saha-Möller CR. Kinetic resolution of hydroxy vinylsilanes by lipase-catalyzed enantioselective acetylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(97)00124-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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The Candida antarctica lipase B catalysed kinetic resolution of seudenol in non-aqueous media of controlled water activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0957-4166(95)00399-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Indole alkaloids. A combined chemical and enzymatic route for eburnane ring construction : Formal synthesis of (−)-Eburnamonine. Tetrahedron 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)85522-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kinetic resolution strategies II: Enhanced enantiomeric excesses and yields for the faster reacting enantiomer in lipase mediated kinetic resolutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(00)80119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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