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Roell D, Rösler TW, Degen S, Matusch R, Baniahmad A. Antiandrogenic activity of anthranilic acid ester derivatives as novel lead structures to inhibit prostate cancer cell proliferation. Chem Biol Drug Des 2011; 77:450-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fousteris MA, Schubert U, Roell D, Roediger J, Bailis N, Nikolaropoulos SS, Baniahmad A, Giannis A. 20-Aminosteroids as a novel class of selective and complete androgen receptor antagonists and inhibitors of prostate cancer cell growth. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:6960-9. [PMID: 20826091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Here, the synthesis and the evaluation of novel 20-aminosteroids on androgen receptor (AR) activity is reported. Compounds 11 and 18 of the series inhibit both the wild type and the T877A mutant AR-mediated transactivation indicating AR antagonistic function. Interestingly, minor structural changes such as stereoisomers of the amino lactame moiety exhibit preferences for antagonism among wild type and mutant AR. Other tested nuclear receptors are only weakly or not affected. In line with this, the prostate cancer cell growth of androgen-dependent but not of cancer cells lacking expression of the AR is inhibited. Further, the expression of the prostate specific antigen used as a diagnostic marker is also repressed. Finally steroid 18 enhances cellular senescence that might explain in part the growth inhibition mediated by this derivative. Steroids 11 and 18 are the first steroids that act as complete AR antagonists and exhibit AR specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolis A Fousteris
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Mineralogie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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Papaioannou M, Schleich S, Prade I, Degen S, Roell D, Schubert U, Tanner T, Claessens F, Matusch R, Baniahmad A. The natural compound atraric acid is an antagonist of the human androgen receptor inhibiting cellular invasiveness and prostate cancer cell growth. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 13:2210-2223. [PMID: 18627423 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracts from Pygeum africanum are used in the treatment of prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer (Pca), major health problems of men in Western countries. The ligand-activated human androgen receptor (AR) supports the growth of the prostate gland. Inhibition of human AR by androgen ablation therapy and by applying synthetic anti-androgens is therefore the primary goal in treatment of patients. Here, we show that atraric acid (AA) isolated from bark material of Pygeum africanum has anti-androgenic activity, inhibiting the transactivation mediated by the ligand-activated human AR. This androgen antagonistic activity is receptor specific and does not inhibit the closely related glucocorticoid or progesterone receptors. Mechanistically, AA inhibits nuclear transport of AR. Importantly, AA is able to efficiently repress the growth of both the androgen-dependent LNCaP and also the androgen-independent C4-2 Pca cells but not that of PC3 or CV1 cells lacking AR. In line with this, AA inhibits the expression of the endogenous prostate specific antigen gene in both LNCaP und C4-2 cells. Analyses of cell invasion revealed that AA inhibits the invasiveness of LNCaP cells through extracellular matrix. Thus, this study provides a molecular insight for AA as a natural anti-androgenic compound and may serve as a basis for AA derivatives as a new chemical lead structure for novel therapeutic compounds as AR antagonists, that can be used for prophylaxis or treatment of prostatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Papaioannou
- Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Kollegiengasse, Jena, Germany
| | - Sonja Schleich
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marbacher Weg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ina Prade
- Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Kollegiengasse, Jena, Germany
| | - Stephanie Degen
- Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Kollegiengasse, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniela Roell
- Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Kollegiengasse, Jena, Germany
| | - Undine Schubert
- Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Kollegiengasse, Jena, Germany
| | - Tamzin Tanner
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Leuven, Heresraat, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank Claessens
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Leuven, Heresraat, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rudolf Matusch
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marbacher Weg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Aria Baniahmad
- Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Kollegiengasse, Jena, Germany.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Leuven, Heresraat, Leuven, Belgium
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Papaioannou M, Schleich S, Roell D, Schubert U, Tanner T, Claessens F, Matusch R, Baniahmad A. NBBS isolated from Pygeum africanum bark exhibits androgen antagonistic activity, inhibits AR nuclear translocation and prostate cancer cell growth. Invest New Drugs 2009; 28:729-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-009-9304-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Prescott J, Jariwala U, Jia L, Cogan JP, Barski A, Pregizer S, Shen HC, Arasheben A, Neilson JJ, Frenkel B, Coetzee GA. Androgen receptor-mediated repression of novel target genes. Prostate 2007; 67:1371-83. [PMID: 17624924 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The androgen receptor (AR) plays a pivotal role in prostate cancer (PCa) initiation and progression. To date, studies have focused disproportionately on androgen-stimulated genes such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA), while repressed genes have gained little attention, even though they too may be involved in regulating cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. METHODS ChIP Display was used to identify putative AR target genes in the ablation-resistant human PCa cell line, C4-2B. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis was used to measure gene expression in cells subjected to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) timecourse and dose-response, as well as AR knock-down and bicalutamide-treatments. RESULTS We report on three genes, KIAA1217, CHRM1, and WBSCR28, which were newly identified in a screen for AR-occupied regions in C4-2B PCa cells, and which were repressed by treatment with DHT. AR knock-down resulted in increased KIAA1217, CHRM1, and WBSCR28 mRNA, indicating that, like PSA stimulation, AR represses these three genes even in the absence of added ligand. DHT decreased KIAA1217 and CHRM1 pre-mRNA levels, suggesting AR-mediated transcriptional inhibition. Cycloheximide attenuated DHT-mediated repression of CHRM1, suggesting the requirement of new protein synthesis. Furthermore, bicalutamide treatment did not mimic, but rather antagonized DHT-mediated KIAA1217 repression. Unlike the handful of androgen-repressed genes studied thus far, AR occupancy at KIAA1217, CHRM1, and WBSCR28 was mapped outside their respective 5'-promoter regions. CONCLUSIONS Many more genes likely share AR-mediated gene repression through distal regulatory elements. Further study of such targets and their transcriptional regulation may help explain the receptor's tumorigenicity in PCa.
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MESH Headings
- Androgen Antagonists/pharmacology
- Anilides/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cycloheximide/pharmacology
- Dihydrotestosterone/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Male
- Nitriles/pharmacology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptor, Muscarinic M1
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/physiology
- Receptors, Muscarinic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Muscarinic/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tosyl Compounds/pharmacology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Prescott
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Moehren U, Papaioannou M, Reeb CA, Hong W, Baniahmad A. Alien interacts with the human androgen receptor and inhibits prostate cancer cell growth. Mol Endocrinol 2007; 21:1039-48. [PMID: 17356171 DOI: 10.1210/me.2006-0468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer cell growth is initially androgen dependent. Androgen antagonists are used in prostate cancer therapy to inactivate the transcriptional activity of the human androgen receptor (hAR) and to inhibit the proliferation of prostate cancer. Here, we have characterized Alien with characteristics of a corepressor as a novel interacting factor for the antagonist bound hAR. Alien is recruited to hAR in the presence of the AR antagonist cyproterone acetate (CPA). The interaction of Alien with hAR is verified in vivo and in vitro by a modified mammalian two-hybrid system, coimmunoprecipitation, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and in vitro binding assays. In contrast to other nuclear receptors, Alien binds to the amino-terminus of hAR with the receptor SUMOylation (small ubiquitin modifier) sites being involved. Furthermore, cellular localization of Alien is changed towards a predominant nuclear localization upon treatment of prostate cancer cells with CPA. Notably, stable expression of Alien in LNCaP cells inhibits both endogenous prostate-specific antigen expression and proliferation of these cells in the presence of CPA but not in the presence of an AR agonist. These findings underline the importance of corepressors for inhibition of prostate cancer cell growth by androgen antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo Moehren
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Kollegiengasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Ding D, Xu L, Menon M, Reddy GPV, Barrack ER. Effect of GGC (glycine) repeat length polymorphism in the human androgen receptor on androgen action. Prostate 2005; 62:133-9. [PMID: 15389799 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human androgen receptor (AR) contains glutamine (CAG) and glycine (GGC) repeat length polymorphisms. Normal glutamine repeat length affects androgen action, but an effect of normal glycine repeat length has not been studied. METHODS To determine whether glycine/GGC repeat length affects AR function, we constructed AR cDNA expression vectors with different GGC repeat lengths in the physiological range (13-17 GGCs). AR constructs were transfected into AR-negative DU145 human prostate cancer cells along with an androgen-responsive reporter plasmid (PSA-firefly luciferase) and a transfection efficiency control plasmid (Renilla luciferase). RESULTS Glycine repeat length had no significant effect on androgen-dependent AR transactivation activity expressed as firefly luciferase per unit amount of AR protein. However, AR protein levels (normalized for transfection efficiency) were inversely affected by glycine repeat length (P < 0.001; r = -0.9; e.g., GGC13 yielded 2.7 times more AR protein than did GGC17). Therefore, the net amount of AR activity per cell would be higher in cells expressing AR with a short glycine repeat. Based on programs that predict structure from RNA sequence, the GGC repeat can form a hairpin structure, the free energy of which decreases (i.e., hairpin stability increases) as a function of increasing repeat length. This suggests that hairpin stability may interfere with translation, accounting for the inverse effect of GGC repeat length on AR protein yields. CONCLUSIONS The ability of a short GGC repeat to enhance androgen action provides a biologically plausible mechanism to account for reports that a short GGC repeat in the AR gene is a risk factor for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dacheng Ding
- Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Hospital and Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, One Ford Place, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Shatkina L, Mink S, Rogatsch H, Klocker H, Langer G, Nestl A, Cato ACB. The cochaperone Bag-1L enhances androgen receptor action via interaction with the NH2-terminal region of the receptor. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:7189-97. [PMID: 14517289 PMCID: PMC230325 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.20.7189-7197.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Bag-1 family of cochaperones regulate diverse cellular processes including the action of steroid hormone receptors. The largest member of this family, Bag-1L, enhances the transactivation function of the androgen receptor. This occurs primarily through interaction with the NH(2) and COOH termini of the receptor. At the NH(2) terminus of the receptor, Bag-1L interacts with a region termed tau 5. Bag-1M, a naturally occurring variant of Bag-1L that binds to tau 5 but is defective in the COOH-terminal interaction, is less efficient in enhancing the transactivation function of the receptor. Surface plasmon resonance and transfection studies showed that the molecular chaperone Hsp70 contributes to the binding of Bag-1L to tau 5 and to the regulation of the transactivation function of the androgen receptor. Chromatin immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that the androgen receptor, Hsp70, and Bag-1L are all targeted to the androgen response elements of the gene that encodes prostate-specific antigen. These studies demonstrate the regulation of transcriptional activity of androgen receptor by a molecular chaperone-cochaperone complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov Shatkina
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Schulz M, Eggert M, Baniahmad A, Dostert A, Heinzel T, Renkawitz R. RU486-induced glucocorticoid receptor agonism is controlled by the receptor N terminus and by corepressor binding. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:26238-43. [PMID: 12011091 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m203268200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced gene transcription has been shown to be mediated by coactivators bound to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). The glucocorticoid antagonist RU486 interferes with the steroid-mediated activation and can also exhibit partial agonist activity, a response in which corepressors have been implicated. Here we have shown that deletion of the N terminus of GR totally abolishes the agonist activity of RU486. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that corepressors bind directly to the RU486-bound GR as determined by glutathione S-transferase pull-down, mammalian two-hybrid assay, and coimmunoprecipitation. Fine mapping of the interaction regions within GR and the corepressor NCoR reveals a complex interaction profile that involves a number of domains in each protein. Notably, the N and the C termini of GR are both involved in corepressor binding. Thus, the N terminus of GR is a major determinant for RU486-dependent NCoR interaction as well as for RU486-mediated agonist activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schulz
- Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58-62, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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Dotzlaw H, Moehren U, Mink S, Cato ACB, Iñiguez Lluhí JA, Baniahmad A. The amino terminus of the human AR is target for corepressor action and antihormone agonism. Mol Endocrinol 2002; 16:661-73. [PMID: 11923464 DOI: 10.1210/mend.16.4.0798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiandrogens inhibit the ligand-induced transactivation by the androgen receptor (AR) and have a widespread use in the treatment of prostate cancer but their mode of action is not fully understood. Here we show that the ability of the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate (CPA) to inhibit transactivation by the human AR (hAR) involves the corepressor SMRT (silencing mediator for retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptor). We detect binding of SMRT to hAR when treating with the antiandrogen CPA, but not with the antihormones casodex or hydroxyflutamide. Interestingly, we find that SMRT binds to the N terminus of the hAR. Thereby, SMRT modulates the activity of hAR in receptor-negative CV1 cells. In addition, we have used receptor point mutants that exhibit normal transactivation potential and unchanged partial agonistic activity when treated with CPA, but lack both SMRT binding and SMRT-mediated inhibition of CPA-bound AR. This indicates that mechanisms involved in hAR-mediated transactivation are distinct from antihormone-induced receptor inactivation. Furthermore, we show that treatment of transfected cells with a cAMP analog or coexpression of the catalytic subunit of PKA, known to activate hAR, inhibits the binding of SMRT to the AR. This suggests that the association of SMRT with hAR is regulated at the level of cross-talk mechanisms and that ligand-independent receptor activation is due to corepressor dissociation. Taken together, we provide novel insights in AR regulation, antihormone action, and functional nuclear receptor-corepressor interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Dotzlaw
- Genetisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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11
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Traish AM, Kim N, Min K, Munarriz R, Goldstein I. Role of androgens in female genital sexual arousal: receptor expression, structure, and function. Fertil Steril 2002; 77 Suppl 4:S11-8. [PMID: 12007897 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(02)02978-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In women, androgens modulate the physiological function of many reproductive and sexual organs, including the ovaries, uterus, vagina, oviducts, clitoris, and mammary gland. In this article, we review the mechanisms of androgen action and discuss new data on the effects of androgens in vaginal and clitoral tissues. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) In this study, we characterized the androgen receptor expression in rabbit vaginal tissues from control and ovariectomized animals treated with or without androgen replacement therapy. We investigated the effects of androgen deprivation and replacement on the expression and activity of nitric oxide synthase and arginase and on vaginal smooth muscle contractility. RESULT(S) Androgens enhanced nitric oxide synthase activity and down-regulated arginase activity in proximal vagina. Estrogens down-regulated nitric oxide synthase activity and increased arginase activity in distal vagina. Androgens facilitated vaginal smooth muscle relaxation to electric field stimulation and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, whereas estrogens attenuated vaginal tissue relaxation to electric field stimulation and to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. CONCLUSION(S) These observations suggest that androgens may play an important role in modulating the physiology of vaginal tissue and contribute to female genital sexual arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmaged M Traish
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts, Boston 02118, USA.
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13
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Grierson AJ, Mootoosamy RC, Miller CC. Polyglutamine repeat length influences human androgen receptor/c-Jun mediated transcription. Neurosci Lett 1999; 277:9-12. [PMID: 10643885 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(99)00844-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor and c-Jun are known to interact to modulate each others transcriptional activities. The androgen receptor contains a polymorphic polyglutamine repeat and expansion of this repeat to beyond approximately 40 causes spinobulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA; also known as Kennedy's disease), a genetic form of motor neurone disease. Here we show that the size of this polyglutamine tract influences both c-Jun regulation of androgen receptor-mediated transcription and androgen receptor regulation of c-Jun activity. c-Jun is a key mediator of neuronal survival and death by apoptosis. Inappropriate interactions between c-Jun and androgen receptors containing pathological length glutamine repeats may therefore be part of the pathogenic process in SBMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Grierson
- Department of Neuroscience, The Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
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Cato AC, Peterziel H. The androgen receptor as mediator of gene expression and signal transduction pathways. Trends Endocrinol Metab 1998; 9:150-4. [PMID: 18406259 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-2760(98)00039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The current model of action of androgens involves activation of a cytoplasmic receptor that migrates into the nucleus to regulate the expression of specific genes, either positively or negatively. While positive regulation requires direct binding of the receptor to DNA, negative regulation occurs mainly through protein-protein interactions of the receptor and other transcription factors. More recent findings have shown that the receptor also mediates non-conventional responses attributed hitherto only to activated growth factor receptors. These actions proceed principally through activation of cytoplasmic kinases and they suggest that in addition to its genomic functions, the androgen receptor also regulates non-genomic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Cato
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut für Genetik, Postfach 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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