1
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Wu YJ, Meanwell NA. Geminal Diheteroatomic Motifs: Some Applications of Acetals, Ketals, and Their Sulfur and Nitrogen Homologues in Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9786-9874. [PMID: 34213340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Acetals and ketals and their nitrogen and sulfur homologues are often considered to be unconventional and potentially problematic scaffolding elements or pharmacophores for the design of orally bioavailable drugs. This opinion is largely a function of the perception that such motifs might be chemically unstable under the acidic conditions of the stomach and upper gastrointestinal tract. However, even simple acetals and ketals, including acyclic molecules, can be sufficiently robust under acidic conditions to be fashioned into orally bioavailable drugs, and these structural elements are embedded in many effective therapeutic agents. The chemical stability of molecules incorporating geminal diheteroatomic motifs can be modulated by physicochemical design principles that include the judicious deployment of proximal electron-withdrawing substituents and conformational restriction. In this Perspective, we exemplify geminal diheteroatomic motifs that have been utilized in the discovery of orally bioavailable drugs or drug candidates against the backdrop of understanding their potential for chemical lability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jin Wu
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Discovery and Chemistry and Molecular Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb PRI, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
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2
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Khera RA, Ali A, Hussain M, Ibad MF, Villinger A, Langer P. Site-Selective Suzuki-Miyaura and Sonogashira Cross Coupling Reactions of the Bis(triflate) of 2,4'-Bis(hydroxy)diphenyl Sulfone. ChemCatChem 2012; 4:356-362. [PMID: 32313586 PMCID: PMC7162099 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201100257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Described is the synthesis of novel arylated and alkynylated 2,4′‐diphenyl sulfones based on what are, to the best of our knowledge, the first palladium(0)‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions of bis(triflates) of 2,4′‐bis(hydroxy)diphenyl sulfone. The reactions proceed with very good site‐selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasheed Ahmad Khera
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert Einstein Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock (Germany).,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040 (Pakistan)
| | - Asad Ali
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert Einstein Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock (Germany).,Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KPK (Pakistan)
| | - Munawar Hussain
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert Einstein Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock (Germany)
| | - Muhammad Farooq Ibad
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert Einstein Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock (Germany)
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert Einstein Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock (Germany)
| | - Peter Langer
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert Einstein Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock (Germany).,Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock e.V. Albert Einstein Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock (Germany)
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3
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Riahi A, Shkoor M, Fatunsin O, Lubbe M, Reinke H, Langer P. First synthesis of 4-(arylsulfonyl)phenols by regioselective [3+3] cyclocondensations of 1,3-bis(silyloxy)-1,3-butadienes with 2-arylsulfonyl-3-ethoxy-2-en-1-ones. Tetrahedron Lett 2009; 50:115-117. [PMID: 32287440 PMCID: PMC7111812 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.10.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 10/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The formal [3+3] cyclization of 1,3-bis(silyloxy)-1,3-butadienes with readily available 2-arylsulfonyl-3-ethoxy-2-en-1-ones resulted in regioselective formation of 4-(arylsulfonyl)phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolmajid Riahi
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Mohanad Shkoor
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Olumide Fatunsin
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Mathias Lubbe
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Helmut Reinke
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Peter Langer
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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4
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Palani A, Dugar S, Clader JW, Greenlee WJ, Ruperto V, Duffy RA, Lachowicz JE. Isopropyl amide derivatives of potent and selective muscarinic M2 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1791-4. [PMID: 15026073 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2003] [Accepted: 01/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Low molecular weight amide derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as M(2) receptor antagonists for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Isopropyl amides 19 and 31 are highly potent, selective and low molecular weight M(2) receptor antagonists with structural features different from our clinical candidate 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandan Palani
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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5
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Clader JW, Billard W, Binch H, Chen LY, Crosby G, Duffy RA, Ford J, Kozlowski JA, Lachowicz JE, Li S, Liu C, McCombie SW, Vice S, Zhou G, Greenlee WJ. Muscarinic M2 antagonists: anthranilamide derivatives with exceptional selectivity and in vivo activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:319-26. [PMID: 14723952 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Anthranilamide analogues such as 23 are potent and highly selective muscarinic M2 antagonists that also show good oral bioavailability and in vivo activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Clader
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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6
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Boyle CD, Vice SF, Campion J, Chackalamannil S, Lankin CM, McCombie SW, Billard W, Binch H, Crosby G, Williams MC, Coffin VL, Cox KA, Grotz DE, Duffy RA, Ruperto V, Lachowicz JE. Enhancement of pharmacokinetic properties and in vivo efficacy of benzylidene ketal M(2) muscarinic receptor antagonists via benzamide modification. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:3479-82. [PMID: 12419388 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00742-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported the initial discovery of a novel class of stabilized benzylidene ketal M(2) receptor antagonists. This paper discusses new analogues consisting of benzamide modifications which not only improved M(2) receptor affinity and selectivity, but also enhanced the pharmacokinetic properties of the series. These changes led to the discovery of a highly potent and selective M(2) antagonist, which demonstrated in vivo efficacy and had good bioavailability in multiple species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig D Boyle
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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7
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Auld DS, Kornecook TJ, Bastianetto S, Quirion R. Alzheimer's disease and the basal forebrain cholinergic system: relations to beta-amyloid peptides, cognition, and treatment strategies. Prog Neurobiol 2002; 68:209-45. [PMID: 12450488 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0082(02)00079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of degenerative dementia and is characterized by progressive impairment in cognitive function during mid- to late-adult life. Brains from AD patients show several distinct neuropathological features, including extracellular beta-amyloid-containing plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles composed of abnormally phosphorylated tau, and degeneration of cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain. In this review, we will present evidence implicating involvement of the basal forebrain cholinergic system in AD pathogenesis and its accompanying cognitive deficits. We will initially discuss recent results indicating a link between cholinergic mechanisms and the pathogenic events that characterize AD, notably amyloid-beta peptides. Following this, animal models of dementia will be discussed in light of the relationship between basal forebrain cholinergic hypofunction and cognitive impairments in AD. Finally, past, present, and future treatment strategies aimed at alleviating the cognitive symptomatology of AD by improving basal forebrain cholinergic function will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Auld
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, 6875 Blvd Lasalle, Verdun, Que, Canada H4H 1R3
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8
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Boyle CD, Lachowicz JE. Orally active and selective benzylidene ketal M2 muscarinic receptor antagonists for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Drug Dev Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.10084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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9
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Boyle CD, Chackalamannil S, Clader JW, Greenlee WJ, Josien HB, Kaminski JJ, Kozlowski JA, McCombie SW, Nazareno DV, Tagat JR, Wang Y, Zhou G, Billard W, Binch H, Crosby G, Cohen-Williams M, Coffin VL, Cox KA, Grotz DE, Duffy RA, Ruperto V, Lachowicz JE. Metabolic stabilization of benzylidene ketal M(2) muscarinic receptor antagonists via halonaphthoic acid substitution. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:2311-4. [PMID: 11527721 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The potential toxicological liabilities of the M(2) muscarinic antagonist 1 were addressed by replacing the methylenedioxyphenyl moiety with a p-methoxyphenyl group, resulting in M(2) selective compounds such as 3. Several halogenated naphthamide derivatives of 3 were studied in order to improve the pharmacokinetic profile via blockage of oxidative metabolism. Compound 4 demonstrated excellent M(2) affinity and selectivity, human microsomal stability, and oral bioavailability in rodents and primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Boyle
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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