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Stehouwer JS, Birnbaum MS, Voll RJ, Owens MJ, Plott SJ, Bourke CH, Wassef MA, Kilts CD, Goodman MM. Synthesis, F-18 radiolabeling, and microPET evaluation of 3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-alkyl-N-fluoroalkyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amines as ligands of the corticotropin-releasing factor type-1 (CRF1) receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4286-4302. [PMID: 26145817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-alkyl-N-fluoroalkyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amines were synthesized and evaluated as potential positron emission tomography (PET) tracers for the corticotropin-releasing factor type-1 (CRF1) receptor. Compounds 27, 28, 29, and 30 all displayed high binding affinity (⩽1.2 nM) to the CRF1 receptor when assessed by in vitro competition binding assays at 23 °C, whereas a decrease in affinity (⩾10-fold) was observed with compound 26. The logP7.4 values of [(18)F]26-[(18)F]29 were in the range of ∼2.2-2.8 and microPET evaluation of [(18)F]26-[(18)F]29 in an anesthetized male cynomolgus monkey demonstrated brain penetrance, but specific binding was not sufficient enough to differentiate regions of high CRF1 receptor density from regions of low CRF1 receptor density. Radioactivity uptake in the skull, and sphenoid bone and/or sphenoid sinus during studies with [(18)F]28, [(18)F]28-d8, and [(18)F]29 was attributed to a combination of [(18)F]fluoride generated by metabolic defluorination of the radiotracer and binding of intact radiotracer to CRF1 receptors expressed on mast cells in the bone marrow. Uptake of [(18)F]26 and [(18)F]27 in the skull and sphenoid region was rapid but then steadily washed out which suggests that this behavior was the result of binding to CRF1 receptors expressed on mast cells in the bone marrow with no contribution from [(18)F]fluoride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Stehouwer
- Center for Systems Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, WWHC 209, 1841 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Matthew S Birnbaum
- Center for Systems Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, WWHC 209, 1841 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Ronald J Voll
- Center for Systems Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, WWHC 209, 1841 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Michael J Owens
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Susan J Plott
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chase H Bourke
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael A Wassef
- Center for Systems Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, WWHC 209, 1841 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Clinton D Kilts
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Mark M Goodman
- Center for Systems Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, WWHC 209, 1841 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Long J, Lee WS, Chough C, Bae IH, Kim BM. Synthesis toward CRHR1 Antagonists through 2,7-Dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-α][1,3,5]triazin-4(3H)-one C–H Arylation. J Org Chem 2015; 80:4716-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jo502894r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghai Long
- Department
of Chemistry,
College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Sup Lee
- Department
of Chemistry,
College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Chieyeon Chough
- Department
of Chemistry,
College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Hak Bae
- Department
of Chemistry,
College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - B. Moon Kim
- Department
of Chemistry,
College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
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Reul JMHM, Holsboer F. On the role of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors in anxiety and depression. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2012. [PMID: 22033745 PMCID: PMC3181666 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2002.4.1/jreul] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of extensive basic and clinical studies, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and its related family members are considered to play a pivotal role in stress-related disorders, such as anxiety and depression. CRH is regarded as the principal mediator in the brain of the stress response, as it mediates neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses to stressful challenges. Recently, this neuropeptide family has expanded due to the discovery of two new members, urocortin II (also termed stresscopin-related peptide) and urocortin III (also termed stresscopin), which are selective agonists for the CRH receptor type 2. They show a discrete neuroanatomical localization and are involved in stress-coping responses, such as anxiolysis. Here, on the basis of recent developments, we suggest that CRH, the urocortins, and their receptors form a complex system in the brain, which is recruited during both the acute and the recovery phases of the stress response.
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Sullivan GM, Parsey RV, Kumar JSD, Arango V, Kassir SA, Huang YY, Simpson NR, Van Heertum RL, Mann JJ. PET Imaging of CRF1 with [11C]R121920 and [11C]DMP696: is the target of sufficient density? Nucl Med Biol 2007; 34:353-61. [PMID: 17499724 PMCID: PMC1933490 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2007.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Revised: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM Overstimulation of the CRF type 1 receptor (CRF1) is implicated in anxiety and depressive disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vivo binding characteristics of [11C]R121920 and [11C]DMP696 in the nonhuman primate for application in positron emission tomography (PET) studies of CRF1. METHODS PET imaging with the two novel CRF1 radioligands was performed in baboon. In vitro binding studies for CRF1 were performed in postmortem brain tissue of baboon and human to assess sufficiency of receptor density for PET. RESULTS Both [11C]R121920 and [11C]DMP696 distributed rapidly and uniformly throughout the brain. Washout was comparable across brain regions, without differences in volume of distribution between regions reported to have high and low in vitro CRF1 binding. Membrane-enriched tissue homogenate assay using [(125)I]Tyr(0)-sauvagine and specific CRF1 antagonists CP154,526 and SN003 in human occipital cortex yielded maximal binding (Bmax) of 63.3 and 147.3 fmol/mg protein, respectively, and in human cerebellar cortex yielded Bmax of 103.6 and 64.6 fmol/mg protein, respectively. Dissociation constants (K(D)) were subnanomolar. In baboon, specific binding was not detectable in the same regions; therefore, Bmax and K(D) were not measurable. Autoradiographic results were consistent except there was also detectable CRF1-specific binding in baboon cerebellum. CONCLUSION Neither [11C]R121920 nor [11C]DMP696 demonstrated quantifiable regional binding in vivo in baboon. In vitro results suggest CRF1 density in baboon may be insufficient for PET. Studies in man may generate more promising results due to the higher CRF1 density compared with baboon in cerebral cortex and cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Sullivan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Kumar JSD, Majo VJ, Sullivan GM, Prabhakaran J, Simpson NR, Van Heertum RL, Mann JJ, Parsey RV. Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of [11C]SN003 as a PET ligand for CRF1 receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:4029-34. [PMID: 16529935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2005] [Revised: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and evaluation of [O-methyl-11C](4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)[1-(1-methoxymethylpropyl)-6-methyl-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-4-yl]amine or [11C]SN003 ([11C]6), as a PET imaging agent for CRF1 receptors, in baboons is described. 4-[1-(1-Methoxymethylpropyl)-6-methyl-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-4-ylamino]-3-methylphenol (5), the precursor molecule for the radiolabeling, was synthesized from 2,4-dichloro-6-methyl-3-nitropyridine in seven steps with 20% overall yield. The total time required for the synthesis of [11C]SN003 is 30 min from EOB using [11C]methyl triflate in the presence of NaOH in acetone. The yield of the synthesis is 22% (EOS) with >99% chemical and radiochemical purities and a specific activity of >2000 Ci/mmol. PET studies in baboon show that [11C]6 penetrates the BBB and accumulates in brain. No detectable specific binding was observed, likely due to the rapid metabolism or low density of CRF1 receptors in primate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Dileep Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA.
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Contoreggi C, Rice KC, Chrousos G. Nonpeptide corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor type 1 antagonists and their applications in psychosomatic disorders. Neuroendocrinology 2004; 80:111-23. [PMID: 15523186 DOI: 10.1159/000081785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2003] [Accepted: 07/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Overproduction of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and stress system abnormalities are seen in psychiatric diseases such as depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and addiction. Investigations of CRH type 1 receptor (CRHR1) nonpeptide antagonists suggest therapeutic potential for treatment of these and other neuropsychiatric diseases. However, overproduction of CRH in the brain and on its periphery and disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis are also found in 'somatic' disorders. Some rare forms of Cushing's disease and related pituitary/adrenal disorders are obvious applications for CRHR1 antagonists. In addition, however, these antagonists may also be effective in treating more common somatic diseases. Patients with obesity and metabolic syndrome who often have subtle, but chronic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal hyperactivity, which may reflect central dysregulation of CRH and consequently glucocorticoid hypersecretion, could possibly be treated by administration of CRHR1 antagonists. Hormonal, autonomic, and immune aberrations are also present in chronic inflammatory, autoimmune, and allergic diseases, with considerable evidence linking CRH with the observed abnormalities. Furthermore, autonomic dysregulation is a prominent feature of common gastrointestinal disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome and peptic ulcer disease. Patients with irritable bowel syndrome and other gastrointestinal disorders frequently develop altered pain perception and affective symptoms. CRH acts peripherally to modulate bowel activity both directly through the autonomic system and centrally by processing viscerosensory and visceromotor neural signals. This review presents clinical and preclinical evidence for the role of CRH in the pathophysiology of these disorders and for potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications of CRHR1 antagonists. Recognition of a dysfunctional stress system in these and other diseases will alter the understanding and treatment of 'psychosomatic' disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Contoreggi
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Kumar JSD, Majo VJ, Simpson NR, Prabhakaran J, Van Heertum RL, Mann JJ. Synthesis of [O-methyl-11C]-4-(1,3-dimethoxy-2-propylamino)-2,7-dimethyl-8-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)[1,5-a]pyrazolo-1,3,5-triazine ([11C]DMP696): a potential PET ligand for CRF1 receptors. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ernst M, Kimes AS, Jazbec S. Neuroimaging and mechanisms of drug abuse: interface of molecular imaging and molecular genetics. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2003; 13:833-49. [PMID: 15024965 DOI: 10.1016/s1052-5149(03)00109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Whereas ligand studies can inform the end-products of dysregulation of genetic expression, reporter gene imaging can provide the means to understand the genetic origin of these end-products. As with radioligand studies, in vivo direct measurement of gene expression will allow genetic processes to be monitored over time in the same subject, use of a subject as his/her own control in intervention studies (i.e., measurement before and after an intervention), and monitoring the spatial distribution of molecular events in the whole brain. Furthermore, reporter gene imaging, by advancing knowledge of the biologic mechanisms of disease states, has important clinical implications, particularly in the development and monitoring of treatments. We expect PET to play a prominent role in the elucidation of substance abuse mechanisms and contribute significantly to the development of innovative treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Ernst
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 15K North Drive, Room 118, MSC 2670, Bethesda, MD 20892-2670, USA.
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Saunders J, Williams J. Antagonists of the corticotropin releasing factor receptor. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2003; 41:195-247. [PMID: 12774695 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(02)41006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Saunders
- Department of Chemistry, Neurocrine Biosciences, 10555 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Zhang G, Huang N, Li YW, Qi X, Marshall AP, Yan XX, Hill G, Rominger C, Prakash SR, Bakthavatchalam R, Rominger DH, Gilligan PJ, Zaczek R. Pharmacological characterization of a novel nonpeptide antagonist radioligand, (+/-)-N-[2-methyl-4-methoxyphenyl]-1-(1-(methoxymethyl) propyl)-6-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-4-amine ([3H]SN003) for corticotropin-releasing factor1 receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 305:57-69. [PMID: 12649353 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.046128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro pharmacological profile of a novel small molecule corticotropin-releasing factor 1 (CRF(1)) receptor antagonist, (+/-)-N-[2-methyl-4-methoxyphenyl]-1-(1-(methoxymethyl)propyl)-6-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-4-amine (SN003), and the characteristics of its radioligand ([(3)H]SN003) are described. SN003 has high affinity and selectivity for CRF(1) receptors expressed in rat cortex, pituitary, and recombinant HEK293EBNA (HEK293e) cells with respective radiolabeled ovine CRF ([(125)I]oCRF) binding K(i) values of 2.5, 7.9, and 6.8 nM. SN003 was shown to be a CRF(1) receptor antagonist inasmuch as it inhibited CRF-induced cAMP accumulation in human CRF(1)HEK293e cells and CRF-stimulated adrenocorticotropin hormone release from rat pituitary cells without agonist activities. Significant decreases in the B(max) of [(125)I]oCRF binding by SN003 suggest that this antagonist is not simply competitive. To further explore the interaction of SN003 with the CRF(1) receptors, [(3)H]SN003 binding to rat cortex and human CRF(1)HEK293e cell membranes was characterized and shown to be reversible and saturable, with K(D) values of 4.8 and 4.6 nM, and B(max) values of 0.142 and 7.42 pmol/mg protein, respectively. The association and dissociation rate constants of [(3)H]SN003 (k(+1) 0.292 nM(-1) min(-1) and k(-1) 0.992 x 10(-2) min(-1)) were also assessed using human CRF(1)HEK293e cell membranes, giving an equilibrium dissociation constant of 3.4 nM. Moreover, [(3)H]SN003 binding displayed a single affinity state and insensitivity to 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate, consistent with characteristics of antagonist binding. Incomplete inhibition of [(3)H]SN003 binding by CRF peptides also suggests that SN003 is not simply competitive with CRF at CRF(1) receptors. The distribution of [(3)H]SN003 binding sites was consistent with the expression pattern of CRF(1) receptors in rat brain regions. Small molecule CRF(1) antagonist radioligands like [(3)H]SN003 should enable a better understanding of small molecule interactions with the CRF(1) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Zhang
- CNS Diseases Research, the Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceuticals Research Institute, Wilmington, Delaware, USA.
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The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis: A major mediator of the adaptive responses to stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7443(03)80055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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12
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Kumar JD, Majo VJ, Prabhakaran J, Simpson NR, Van Heertum RL, Mann JJ. Synthesis of [N-methyl-11C]-3-[(6-dimethylamino)pyridin-3-yl]-2,5-dimethyl-N, N-dipropylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-7-amine: A potential PET ligand forin vivo imaging of CRF1 receptors. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Grammatopoulos DK, Chrousos GP. Functional characteristics of CRH receptors and potential clinical applications of CRH-receptor antagonists. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2002; 13:436-44. [PMID: 12431840 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-2760(02)00670-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) plays a major role in coordinating the behavioral, endocrine, autonomic and immune responses to stress. CRH and CRH-related peptides and their receptors are present in the central nervous system and in a wide variety of peripheral tissues, including the immune, cardiovascular and reproductive systems, and have been associated with the pathophysiology of many disease states. These observations have led to the development of several CRH receptor type-selective antagonists, which have been used experimentally to elucidate the role of CRH and related peptides in physiological and disease processes, such as anxiety and depression, sleep disorders, addictive behavior, inflammatory and allergic disorders, neurological diseases and pre-term labor. Because of the complex network of multiple CRH receptor subtypes and their tissue- and agonist-specific signaling diversity, antagonists need to be developed that can target specific CRH receptor isoform-driven signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris K Grammatopoulos
- Sir Quinton Hazell Molecular Medicine Research Centre, Dept of Biological Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK CV4 7AL.
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Gold PW, Chrousos GP. Organization of the stress system and its dysregulation in melancholic and atypical depression: high vs low CRH/NE states. Mol Psychiatry 2002; 7:254-75. [PMID: 11920153 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 872] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2001] [Accepted: 10/17/2001] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Stress precipitates depression and alters its natural history. Major depression and the stress response share similar phenomena, mediators and circuitries. Thus, many of the features of major depression potentially reflect dysregulations of the stress response. The stress response itself consists of alterations in levels of anxiety, a loss of cognitive and affective flexibility, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and autonomic nervous system, and inhibition of vegetative processes that are likely to impede survival during a life-threatening situation (eg sleep, sexual activity, and endocrine programs for growth and reproduction). Because depression is a heterogeneous illness, we studied two diagnostic subtypes, melancholic and atypical depression. In melancholia, the stress response seems hyperactive, and patients are anxious, dread the future, lose responsiveness to the environment, have insomnia, lose their appetite, and a diurnal variation with depression at its worst in the morning. They also have an activated CRH system and may have diminished activities of the growth hormone and reproductive axes. Patients with atypical depression present with a syndrome that seems the antithesis of melancholia. They are lethargic, fatigued, hyperphagic, hypersomnic, reactive to the environment, and show diurnal variation of depression that is at its best in the morning. In contrast to melancholia, we have advanced several lines of evidence of a down-regulated hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis and CRH deficiency in atypical depression, and our data show us that these are of central origin. Given the diversity of effects exerted by CRH and cortisol, the differences in melancholic and atypical depression suggest that studies of depression should examine each subtype separately. In the present paper, we shall first review the mediators and circuitries of the stress system to lay the groundwork for placing in context physiologic and structural alterations in depression that may occur as part of stress system dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Gold
- Clinical Neuroendocrinology Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIMH/NIH, NIH Clinical Center, Room 2D-46-1284, Bethesda, MD 20892-1284, USA.
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Chapter 3. New developments in the study of corticotropin releasing factor. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(01)36043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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