Microwave assisted synthesis of N-arylphthalamic acids with hyperlipidemic activity

A new multifunctional hydroxytyrosol-clofibrate with hypolipidemic, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective effects

Oxidative stress has been regarded as the leading mechanism of the hepatotoxicity of clofibrate (CF). To achieve multifunctional novel hypolipidemic agents with hypolipidemia, antioxidant, and ameliorating liver injury, clofibric acid derivative hydroxytyrosol-clofibrate (CF-HT) was synthesized by molecular hybridization. CF-HT exhibited significant hypolipidemia, reducing serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and malonaldehyde (MDA) by 30%, 33%, and 29% in hyperlipidemic mice induced by Triton WR 1339. CF-HT also shown hepatoprotective effect, a significant decrease in hepatic indices toxicity was observed, i.e. aspartate and lactate transaminases (AST and ALT) activities, alkalines phosphatases (ALP), and total bilirubin (TBIL) levels. The liver weight and liver coefficient were also ameliorated. Serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly elevated, and serum catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were remarkably restored. The hepatic glutathione (GSH) content was obviously increased and hepatic oxidized glutathione (GSSG) content was reduced dramatically by CF-HT, as compared to the CF treated mice (p < 0.05). Moreover, the histopathological damage that hepatocyte hyperplasia and hypertrophy was also significantly ameliorated by treatment with CF-HT. Therefore, the results indicated that CF-HT exerted more potent hypolipidemic activity and definite hepatoprotective effect which may mainly be associated with its antioxidative property in mice.

A novel and highly regioselective synthesis of new carbamoylcarboxylic acids from dianhydrides

A regioselective synthesis has been developed for the preparation of a series of N,N'-disubstituted 4,4'-carbonylbis(carbamoylbenzoic) acids and N,N'-disubstituted bis(carbamoyl) terephthalic acids by treatment of 3,3',4,4'-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (1) and 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (2) with arylalkyl primary amines (A-N). The carbamoylcarboxylic acid derivatives were synthesized with good yield and high purity. The specific reaction conditions were established to obtain carbamoyl and carboxylic acid functionalities over the thermodynamically most favored imide group. Products derived from both anhydrides 1 and 2 were isolated as pure regioisomeric compounds under innovative experimental conditions. The chemo- and regioselectivity of products derived from dianhydrides were determined by NMR spectroscopy and confirmed by density functional theory (DFT). All products were characterized by NMR, FTIR, and MS.

Synthesis and hypolipidemic activity of N-substituted phthalimides. Part V

A series of N-aryl- or N-(1,2,4-triazol-yl)-phthalimides (4a-4i) have been synthesized starting from phthalic anhydride (1) and an appropriate amine (2a-2i). All compounds presented hypolipidemic activity, but compound 4d proved to be the most active and reduced plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels in Swiss white mice significantly.