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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China Kunming Institute of Botany University of Chinese Academy of Science Chinese Academy of Sciences 132 Lanhei Road Kunming 650201 China
| | - Haiqing He
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China Kunming Institute of Botany University of Chinese Academy of Science Chinese Academy of Sciences 132 Lanhei Road Kunming 650201 China
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2
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Pertel SS, Seryi SA, Kakayan ES. A new approach to the synthesis of lactams of muramic, isomuramic and normuramic acids via intramolecular O-alkylation: Stereochemical features of the intramolecular nucleophilic substitution. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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3
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Wang Y, Siricilla S, Aleiwi BA, Kurosu M. Improved synthesis of capuramycin and its analogues. Chemistry 2013; 19:13847-58. [PMID: 24014478 PMCID: PMC3929971 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Capuramycin and its congeners are considered to be important lead molecules for the development of a new drug for multidrug-resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. Extensive structure-activity relationship studies of capuramycin to improve the efficacy have been limited because of difficulties in selectively chemically modifying the desired position(s) of the natural product with biologically interesting functional groups. We have developed efficient syntheses of capuramycin and its analogues by using new protecting groups, derived from the chiral (chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)(chlorophenyl)methanols, for the uridine ureido nitrogen and primary alcohol. The chiral nonracemic (2,6-dichloro-4-methoxyphenyl)(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methanol derivative is a useful reagent to resolve rac-3-amino-1,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one, the (S)-configuration isomer of which plays a significant role in improving the mycobactericidal activity of capuramycin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michio Kurosu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison, Memphis, TN 38163-0001 (USA), FAX: (+1) 901-448-6940
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4
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Dumbre S, Derouaux A, Lescrinier E, Piette A, Joris B, Terrak M, Herdewijn P. Synthesis of Modified Peptidoglycan Precursor Analogues for the Inhibition of Glycosyltransferase. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:9343-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ja302099u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shrinivas Dumbre
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry,
Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adeline Derouaux
- Centre d’Ingénierie
des Protéines, Université de Liège, Allée de la chimie, B6a, B-4000, Sart Tilman, Liège,
Belgium
| | - Eveline Lescrinier
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry,
Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - André Piette
- Centre d’Ingénierie
des Protéines, Université de Liège, Allée de la chimie, B6a, B-4000, Sart Tilman, Liège,
Belgium
| | - Bernard Joris
- Centre d’Ingénierie
des Protéines, Université de Liège, Allée de la chimie, B6a, B-4000, Sart Tilman, Liège,
Belgium
| | - Mohammed Terrak
- Centre d’Ingénierie
des Protéines, Université de Liège, Allée de la chimie, B6a, B-4000, Sart Tilman, Liège,
Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry,
Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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5
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Aleiwi BA, Schneider CM, Kurosu M. Synthesis of ureidomuraymycidine derivatives for structure-activity relationship studies of muraymycins. J Org Chem 2012; 77:3859-67. [PMID: 22458337 DOI: 10.1021/jo300205b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One of the key constituents of the muraymycins is the 6-membered cyclic guanidine, (2S,3S)-muraymycidine (or epi-capreomycidine). In order to diversify the structure of the oligopeptide moiety of the muraymycins for thorough structure-activity relationship studies, we have developed a highly stereoselective synthesis of ureidomuraymycidine derivatives with the lactone 4a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal A Aleiwi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison, Memphis, Tennessee 38163-0001, USA
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6
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Abstract
A concise total synthesis of capuramycin (1), a promising preclinical TB drug lead, is achieved by high-yield formations of the cyanohydrin 5a and 4'',5''-glycal derivative 12. Capuramycin can be synthesized in eight steps from the uridine building block 5a with >30% overall yield. The synthetic intermediates reported here are useful for generation of analogs to improve pharmacokinetic properties of capuramycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Kurosu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, USA.
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7
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Pereira MP, Schertzer JW, D'Elia MA, Koteva KP, Hughes DW, Wright GD, Brown ED. The Wall Teichoic Acid Polymerase TagF Efficiently Synthesizes Poly(glycerol phosphate) on the TagB Product Lipid III. Chembiochem 2008; 9:1385-90. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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8
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Abstract
This review is an attempt to bring together and critically evaluate the now-abundant but dispersed data concerning the lipid intermediates of the biosynthesis of bacterial peptidoglycan. Lipid I, lipid II, and their modified forms play a key role not only as the specific link between the intracellular synthesis of the peptidoglycan monomer unit and the extracytoplasmic polymerization reactions but also in the attachment of proteins to the bacterial cell wall and in the mechanisms of action of antibiotics with which they form specific complexes. The survey deals first with their detection, purification, structure, and preparation by chemical and enzymatic methods. The recent important advances in the study of transferases MraY and MurG, responsible for the formation of lipids I and II, are reported. Various modifications undergone by lipids I and II are described, especially those occurring in gram-positive organisms. The following section concerns the cellular location of the lipid intermediates and the translocation of lipid II across the cytoplasmic membrane. The great efforts made since 2000 in the study of the glycosyltransferases catalyzing the glycan chain formation with lipid II or analogues are analyzed in detail. Finally, examples of antibiotics forming complexes with the lipid intermediates are presented.
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9
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Bouhss A, Trunkfield AE, Bugg TDH, Mengin-Lecreulx D. The biosynthesis of peptidoglycan lipid-linked intermediates. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2007; 32:208-33. [PMID: 18081839 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2007.00089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan is a complex process involving many different steps taking place in the cytoplasm (synthesis of the nucleotide precursors) and on the inner and outer sides of the cytoplasmic membrane (assembly and polymerization of the disaccharide-peptide monomer unit, respectively). This review summarizes the current knowledge on the membrane steps leading to the formation of the lipid II intermediate, i.e. the substrate of the polymerization reactions. It makes the point on past and recent data that have significantly contributed to the understanding of the biosynthesis of undecaprenyl phosphate, the carrier lipid required for the anchoring of the peptidoglycan hydrophilic units in the membrane, and to the characterization of the MraY and MurG enzymes which catalyze the successive transfers of the N-acetylmuramoyl-peptide and N-acetylglucosamine moieties onto the carrier lipid, respectively. Enzyme inhibitors and antibacterial compounds interfering with these essential metabolic steps and interesting targets are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Bouhss
- Laboratoire des Enveloppes Bactériennes et Antibiotiques, Institut de Biochimie et Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 8619 CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
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10
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Bhavsar AP, Brown ED. Cell wall assembly in Bacillus subtilis: how spirals and spaces challenge paradigms. Mol Microbiol 2007; 60:1077-90. [PMID: 16689786 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although the bacterial cell wall has been the subject of decades of investigation, recent studies continue to generate novel and controversial models of its synthesis and assembly. Here we compare and contrast the transcompartmental biosyntheses of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid in Bacillus subtilis. In addition, the current paradigms of B. subtilis wall assembly and structure are distinguished from emerging models of murein insertion and organization. We discuss evidence for the directed, cytoskeleton-dependent insertion of nascent peptidoglycan and the existence of a periplasmic compartment. Furthermore, we summarize the challenges these findings represent to the existing paradigm of murein insertion. Finally, motivated by these new developments, we discuss outstanding issues that remain to be addressed and suggest research directions that may contribute to a better understanding of cell wall assembly in B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit P Bhavsar
- Antimicrobial Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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11
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Kurosu M, Narayanasamy P, C. Crick D. Synthetic Studies toward the Generation of Uridine-Amino Alcohol-Based Small Optimized Libraries. HETEROCYCLES 2007. [DOI: 10.3987/com-06-s(k)18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Sun DQ, Busson R, Herdewijn P. Synthesis of Deoxygenated Disaccharide Precursors for Modified Lipid II Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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13
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Ravishankar S, Kumar VP, Chandrakala B, Jha RK, Solapure SM, de Sousa SM. Scintillation proximity assay for inhibitors of Escherichia coli MurG and, optionally, MraY. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:1410-8. [PMID: 15793120 PMCID: PMC1068599 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.4.1410-1418.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2004] [Revised: 09/26/2004] [Accepted: 12/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MurG and MraY, essential enzymes involved in the synthesis of bacterial peptidoglycan, are difficult to assay because the substrates are lipidic and hard to prepare in large quantities. Based on the use of Escherichia coli membranes lacking PBP1b, we report a high-throughput method to measure the activity of MurG and, optionally, MraY as well. In these membranes, incubation with the two peptidoglycan sugar precursors results in accumulation of lipid II rather than the peptidoglycan produced by wild-type membranes. MurG was assayed by addition of UDP-[3H]N-acetylglucosamine to membranes in which lipid I was preformed by incubation with UDP-N-acetyl-muramylpentapeptide, and the product was captured by wheat germ agglutinin scintillation proximity assay beads. In a modification of the assay, the activity of MraY was coupled to that of MurG by addition of both sugar precursors together in a single step. This allows simultaneous detection of inhibitors of either enzyme. Both assays could be performed using wild-type membranes by addition of the transglycosylase inhibitor moenomycin. Nisin and vancomycin inhibited the MurG reaction; the MraY-MurG assay was inhibited by tunicamycin as well. Inhibitors of other enzymes of peptidoglycan synthesis--penicillin G, moenomycin, and bacitracin--had no effect. Surprisingly, however, the beta-lactam cephalosporin C inhibited both the MurG and MraY-MurG assays, indicating a secondary mechanism by which this drug inhibits bacterial growth. In addition, it inhibited NADH dehydrogenase in membranes, a hitherto-unreported activity. These assays can be used to screen for novel antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Ravishankar
- AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Hebbal, Bellary Rd., Bangalore 560 024, India
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14
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Walker S, Chen L, Hu Y, Rew Y, Shin D, Boger DL. Chemistry and Biology of Ramoplanin: A Lipoglycodepsipeptide with Potent Antibiotic Activity. Chem Rev 2005; 105:449-76. [PMID: 15700952 DOI: 10.1021/cr030106n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Walker
- The Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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15
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Rush JS, Waechter CJ. Functional reconstitution into proteoliposomes and partial purification of a rat liver ER transport system for a water-soluble analogue of mannosylphosphoryldolichol. Biochemistry 2004; 43:7643-52. [PMID: 15182207 DOI: 10.1021/bi036083o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mannosylphosphoryldolichol (Man-P-Dol) is synthesized on the cytosolic leaflet of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and functions as a mannosyl donor in the biosynthesis of Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-P-P-Dol after being translocated to the lumenal leaflet. An assay, based on the transport of Man-P-citronellol (Man-P-Dol(10)), a water-soluble analogue of Man-P-Dol(95), into sealed microsomal vesicles, has been devised to identify protein(s) (flippases) that could mediate the thermodynamically unfavorable movement of Man-P-Dol between the two leaflets of the ER. To develop a defined system for the systematic investigation of the properties of the Man-P-Dol(10) transporter, and as an initial step toward purification of the protein(s) involved in the transport of Man-P-Dol(10), the activity has been solubilized from rat liver microsomes with n-octyl-beta-D-glucoside and reconstituted into proteoliposomes (approximately 0.1 microm in diameter). The properties of the reconstituted Man-P-Dol(10) transport system are similar to the Man-P-Dol(10) uptake activity in microsomal vesicles from rat liver. Man-P-Dol(10) transport into reconstituted proteoliposomes is time-dependent, reversible, saturable, and stereoselective. The direct role of ER proteins in the functionally reconstituted transport system is supported by the inhibitory effects of trypsin treatment, 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS), or diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC). Solubilization and functional reconstitution are shown to provide an experimental approach to the partial purification of the protein(s) mediating the transport process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Rush
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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16
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Auger G, van Heijenoort J, Mengin-Lecreulx D, Blanot D. A MurG assay which utilises a synthetic analogue of lipid I. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2003; 219:115-9. [PMID: 12594032 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1097(02)01203-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A standard assay for the MurG enzyme using a lipid I analogue [MurNAc(N(epsilon)-dansylpentapeptide)-pyrophosphoryl (R,S)-alpha-dihydroheptaprenol] and radioactive UDP-N-acetylglucosamine was set up. A high concentration (35%) of dimethylsulfoxide was necessary for maximal activity. Separation and quantitation were accomplished by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in isocratic conditions and on-line radioactivity detection, thereby providing a rapid and accurate assay. The kinetic parameters of the MurG reaction were determined; the reaction was shown to also catalyse the reverse reaction at a measurable rate. A lipid I analogue containing dihydroundecaprenol as the prenyl chain turned out to be a poor MurG substrate, presumably owing to aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Auger
- Enveloppes Bactériennes et Antibiotiques, UMR 8619 du CNRS, Bâtiment 430, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay, France
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Abstract
It has been known for more than 30 years that Lipid II is an intermediate in peptidoglycan synthesis. Recently, it has become apparent that it is also an important target of numerous antibiotics, including the glycopeptides, the lantibiotics and ramoplanin. It is also utilized by sortases in the construction of Gram-positive cell walls. Recent progress has been made in the synthesis of peptidoglycan intermediates that can be used to study enzymes which make peptidoglycan. These intermediates also enable studies to probe the mechanism of action of a variety of substrate-binding antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi Lazar
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.
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18
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Cudic P, Behenna DC, Kranz JK, Kruger RG, Wand AJ, Veklich YI, Weisel JW, McCafferty DG. Functional analysis of the lipoglycodepsipeptide antibiotic ramoplanin. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2002; 9:897-906. [PMID: 12204689 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(02)00191-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The peptide antibiotic ramoplanin is highly effective against several drug-resistant gram-positive bacteria, including vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), two important opportunistic human pathogens. Ramoplanin inhibits bacterial peptidoglycan (PG) biosynthesis by binding to Lipid intermediates I and II at a location different than the N-acyl-D-Ala-D-Ala dipeptide site targeted by vancomycin. Lipid I/II capture physically occludes these substrates from proper utilization by the late-stage PG biosynthesis enzymes MurG and the transglycosylases. Key structural features of ramoplanin responsible for antibiotic activity and PG molecular recognition have been discovered by antibiotic semisynthetic modification in conjunction with NMR analyses. These results help define a minimalist ramoplanin pharmacophore and introduce the possibility of generating ramoplanin-derived peptide or peptidomimetic antibiotics for use against VRE, MRSA, and related pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Predrag Cudic
- Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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19
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Cudic P, Kranz JK, Behenna DC, Kruger RG, Tadesse H, Wand AJ, Veklich YI, Weisel JW, McCafferty DG. Complexation of peptidoglycan intermediates by the lipoglycodepsipeptide antibiotic ramoplanin: minimal structural requirements for intermolecular complexation and fibril formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:7384-9. [PMID: 12032292 PMCID: PMC124240 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.102192099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptide antibiotic ramoplanin inhibits bacterial peptidoglycan (PG) biosynthesis by interrupting late-stage membrane-associated glycosyltransferase reactions catalyzed by the transglycosylase and MurG enzymes. The mechanism of ramoplanin involves sequestration of lipid-anchored PG biosynthesis intermediates, physically occluding these substrates from proper utilization by these enzymes. In this report, we describe the first molecular-level details of the interaction of ramoplanin with PG biosynthesis intermediates. NMR analysis in conjunction with chemical dissection of the PG monomer revealed that the ramoplanin octapeptide D-Hpg-D-Orn-D-alloThr-Hpg-D-Hpg-alloThr-Phe-D-Orn recognizes MurNAc-Ala-gamma-D-Glu pyrophosphate, the minimum component of PG capable of high-affinity complexation and fibril formation. Ramoplanin therefore recognizes a PG binding locus different from the N-acyl-D-Ala-D-Ala moiety targeted by vancomycin. Because ramoplanin is structurally less complex than glycopeptide antibiotics such as vancomycin, peptidomimetic chemotherapeutics derived from this recognition sequence may find future use as antibiotics against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and related pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Predrag Cudic
- Johnson Research Foundation and the Department of Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6059, USA
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